REPORT The C ore C om m ittee JU STICE SH IV R A J V . PA TIL

REPOR T
O n
PR EV EN TIO N
O F
CH ILD M A R R IA G E S IN TH E STA TE
O F K A R N A TA K A
The C ore C om m ittee
H eaded By
JU STICE SH IV R A J V . PA TIL
FORM ER JU D G E, SUPREM E CO UR T OF IN D IA
Subm itted O n
30.06.201 1
A t
V IK A SA SO U D H A , B EN G A LU R U
V olum e l
l

k
Volum e I
Chapter 1: lntroduction
C ontents
Chapter II: Child M arriage: Causes and Consequences
(2 llltlltt,r 111: laztAxr étrl cl I7oli()r l?rétrl ew ork.................................... ë5 d5
Chapter lV : Strategies for Better lm plem entation of the Law a'nd
isrytcliflâktit)rl c)f (2 lRilti 14: étrriété;tl ............................................. 1 () 6)
Chapter V : Reeom m endations and Action Plan
V olum e 11 - A nnexures
Annex tre 1: Copy of the W rit Petition No. 1 1 154/ 2006 (PIL) - M /s/
Mutham m a Devaya and Budeappa v/s Union of India .................. 1
Annexure 2'. Copy of the O rder of the Karnataka High Court dated
1% C)X?C rfl 17 er 1 ()y';1 () 1 ()- ........................................................ 1 :3 ;!
Annexure 3: Order of the Governm ent of Karnataka dated Novem ber
;2 ç@, :@ () 1 () tcl cclrl stittl te tlR e () c)re () clrrlrrlitte e .................................... 1 :3 C)
Annexure 4: Proceedings of the first m eeting of the Core Com m ittee
il e1cl q)za UJ zkrltl gtr)r 1 6$, ;) () 1 1 .................................................. 1 dp 1

Annexure S: Proceedings of the one day State-level consultation on
Prohibition of Child M arriage held on Febnzary 19, 2011 ....2......... 145
Annexure 6: Proceedings of the District level consultation held on
lkf Etrt)ll 1 t$ Etrz cl 1 :7, (2 () 1 1 Et .lDlEtrAArgtcl .........-............................. 1 (5 :3
Annexure 7: Proceedin' gs of the District level consultation held on
A; âtrelR ;! E$ étrltl .:1 (5, :! () 1 1 Et ()lzll) Etréjâk .............-.................,....... 1 ($ :$
Anne= re 8: Proceedings of the District level consultation held on
7tlAr4l d$ Etr) cl r1, û! () 1 1 Ekt i; ag'M kote.................................,....... 1 :' 1
Annexure 9: Proceedings of the District level consultation held on
yîlnr4l ;? () ckr) cl :? l , :1 () 1 1 ât Iè :ki clAlz r......................................... 1 >? (8
Annexure 10: Proceedings of the District level consultation held on
btlDr1'l (1 (sy i) () 1 1 ét i3 el1 .................................................... 1 6) 1
Annexure 11: Proceedings of the District level consultation held on
2ïI7r11 ;@ 19, ;2 () 1 1 ét Ad)r sore.................................................... C@ () ;?
Annexure 12A; Copies of tbe press clippings in Kannada............. 207
Annexure 12B: Copies of the press clippings in English ........... ... 238
Annexure 1a: Proceedings of the Ccm sultation held on M ay 12, 2O1 1249
Annexure 14: The Karnataka M arriages (Registration and
M iscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1976 and State Rules 2006 ........... 262
' 1

+
Annexure 15: Governm ent Order No. M M E 99 M M A 2006 dated
October 17, 2006 and Governm ent Order No. M M E 35 M M A 2008
dated M arch 10) 2008 for Bhagyalakshm i schem e ...................... 283
Annexure 16: Causes for Ch l' d M arriage and Linkage m 'th Schem es
Etrl Cl 17r0 élrstflrl e S io JlrcNrcrlt it ............................................. 1$ () E$
Annexure 17: G ovelm m ent of Karnataka Notification dated M ay 2,
2008 of the appointm ent of Child M arriage F'rohibition O ficers
Annexure 18A : Content on child rights and child m arriage in English
to be included in the curriculum of school bo' oks ........... .. . . .... ..... 335
A nnexure 18B: Content on child rights and child m arriage in Kannada
to be included in the curriculum of school books.......... . .... . . . .... . . . .350
Annexure 192 Detailed note on child participation in curbing child
m arriages
Annexvre 2O: List of Existing atad Proposed C .M .P.OS . .... . .. .. . .. . . . . 31l
Annexure 21: G overnm ent Notification No. W CD 10O SW W , 2006
dated 07. 1 1.2007 on appointm ent of Vilage Accountant as M arriage
Iê e jji strztiorl yttl tlA ority.......................................... . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . :3 :? :5
Annexure 22: Suggested Roles of C .M .P.O S ........... ...... .. ... ..... ... .. 376
Annexure 23: Circular from Saxwa Shiksha Abhiyan SSA/ BBSP/
Child Rights/zoog- 10 for form ation of Child Rights Club dated 23.05.

Annexure 24: Circular fzom RD PR no. G ra Ah Pa 638 Gra Pam Ah
2007 that contains guidelines for fonnation of M akala G ram a Sabha
Annexure 25: Governm ent O rder dated April 29) 2010 on com m unity
(lkltre Etcll t)r 1) ell Strtrrlerlt ()f l7tlice ........................................ :! is E9
. Annexure 26: M andatory Procedures for M ass M arriages ............ 395
Annexure 27: Govenlm ent Order dated M ay 02, 2007 on Adarsh
s/i.s/itilik l)jh 1) C)l ftrtrflelAt ()f IkesrelRtl e ....................................... :5 6) t$
Annexure 28.* M andatozy noz'm s for Age Verification .......... ........ 408
A nnexure 29: F'orm at for application for Age Certilica' te . . .. . . ') . . . .. . . .. . 4O9
.
lkzlzkdlzztzrfl :3 (). Anorrl Stt for ?%E;e (2 ertl'f-lczte .........................,...... dp l ()
Annexure 31A: Proposed State-level Coordinatiop and Review
Annexure 31B: Functions of the State-lcvel Coordination and Review
Annexure a2A : Proposed District-level Coordination and Review
com m ittee
Annexure 32B : Functions of the D istrict-level Coordination and
lteArieAN; C ()IT1 m itiCC'..........................................................y dl 1 15

+
Annexure 33A . Proposed Taluk-level Coordination and Review
cclrrlrzlitte e ....................................................,...... . zp 1 ($
Annexure 338'. Functions of of the Taluk-level Coordination and
Annen re 34A : Propo>ed Vilage-level Child Rights Protection
Arm exure 348: Functions of the Vilage-level Child Rights Protection
Annexure 35: State Level M onitoring Cell at Directorate of W CD ... 42 1
Annexure 36: Circular on M ahila Sanchari Jagrithi D ala dated
Septem ber 23, 2005 from the Oflice of the D G & JGP ........ .... ....... 424
Annexure 37: Content for Notice Board to be displayed in Tem ples and

. - . . . - .
PREFACE
'
. ---.. --
Pursuant to and in terms of the order m ade on 10.11.2010 by the Division
Bench of the Hon'ble High Cour't of Karnataka in W rit Petition No.
11154/2006 (GM-RES-PIL), a Core Com mitee on prevention of child
m arriages w as constituted by the Governm ent of Karnataka by the order
No. 310/2010, dated 21.12.2010.
The Committee started its work on 13th January 2011 on which day vario'us
aspects and issues touching and having bearing on the subject were
broadly discussed. State jnd district level consultations were held to know
about the ground realities and also to get suggestions. First district level
consultation was held on 16th and 17Lh February 2011 at Dhanvad District
for the districts of Dharwad, Gadag and Belgaum . The second district level
consultation w as held at Gulbarga on 25th and 26th M arch 2911 for the
districts of Gulbarga, Bidar and Yadgir. The third district level consultation
was leld at Bagalkote on 6th and 7th April 2011 for the distrîcts of
Bagalkote and Bijapur. The fourth district level consultation was held at
Raichur on 20th and 21st Aprjl 2011 for the districts of Raichur and Koppal.
The fifth consultation w as held at Belary on 26.4.2011 and the last district
level consultation w as held at Mysore on 28.4.2011 for the districts of
Mysore, Mandya and Chamarajanagar. The Core Committee with the co-
operation, co-ordination and concerted eforts of the Officers of the State,
N.G.0s, experts, m em bers of Centre for Child and the law , National Law
School of lndia Llnjversity, Bangaltare, Social Activists and m edia exam fned
the issues, identified the causes, and thought about tbe rem edies. Based on
tlie experience gained the recom m endations are clystalized and action
V

%
plan is draw n, com prising short term, midterm and long term
measures/steps to be taken up by the Government of Karnataka and a1l the
concerned.
Chapter 1 of the report gives the backgrpund, procedure adopted and the
w ork done by the Com m ittee in som e details. ln Chapter 11 causes for and
consequences of the child marriages are identified and enum erated.
chaptei- 1I deals with the existing legal fram ework for eradication of the
evil practîce of child m arriage, to prevent it and to punish the o fenders,
Chapter IV speaks of strategies for the effective enforcem ent of law and for
dicatiop' pf child m arr-iages on the ground , taking note of the realities
era
and prevailing conditions in the society. In the last Chapter V,
recomm endations are m ade and action plan is drawn to take effective
steps, to prevent child marrfages, to elïminate the practice of child
m arriages, and also to provide some suppor't to the vîctim s of chîld
m arriage for their rehabilitation.
Child m arriage' being a serious social evilz is a grave violator of hum an
rights of children resulting in robbing of their childhood, destroying their
future and in the final analysis affecting in a w ay the strength and
developm ent of the country in the long run, particularly looking at the
significant num bers of child population.
The need to elim inate the evil practice of chjld m arriage totally and if not
m inimize the num ber of child m arriages year by year at the earliest, is both
urgent and imperative. Dam age done already is itself heaky. lt is the tim e
to act seriously, sincerely and firmiy to stop the practice of child m arriage.

The Com m ittee strongly recom mends and e' arnestly appeals to the State
Governm ent to act on the r'ecom m' endations m ade and the action plan
d h ' tice of child
drawn , w ithout any delay in putting an en to t e prac
m arriage at the earliest as each day's delay dam ages precious rights of the
children. There is neither dispute nor debate as to com bating against the
practice of child m arriage to put an end to it. To fight this battle w hat is
required is a strong political w ill, com mitted executive, honest law
enforcing agencies and co-operation of civil society.
The State Governm ent have put in place several social beneficial schem es,
project.s and programmes including a unique scheme like 'Bhagyalaxmi'.
Reference to these schemes and Central Governm ent schem es is m ade in
the report stating as to how these schem es/programmes if
implerfented/executed esectively and honestly shall help jn bringing
dow n the number of child m arriages drasticaly and finaly elim inate the
practice.
1 hope and w ish that the Governm qnt of Karnataka shal act on the
recom m endations m ade and execute the action plan draw n w ith al
seriousness and concern for the cause, dispelling notions in som e quarters
that such reports 1ie on a rock or cupboard catching dust. The Com jnittee
does not desire to take pride only in delivery of this report but shal feel '
rewarded w hen it delivers results in practical term s translating intention
into action on the grdund. lt is m ade clear that the recom m endations m ade
and action plan drawn do not involve serious financial im plications br any
substantial burden on the financej of the State. The report dem ands, as
already stated, e fective implem entation of the schem es, program m es qpd
strict enforcem ent of law and rules relating to the child marriages.

1 am grateful to the Division Bench of the Hon'ble High Court of Karnataka
for providing the opportunity to serve a social cause and thank the
Governm ent for the support given through the Department of W om en and
Child Developm ent in carrying out the w ork of the Core Com mittee.
The report is produced based on the consultations held, discussions made,
experiences gained, testim onîals from children and interactions both at
individual and institutional level.
1 acknowledge the co-operation and positive contribution of the m em bers
of the Core Com m ittee, O ficers both at the State and Distrjct level, NG0s,
Social activists, institutions and staff of the Core Com m ittee, in producing
this report.
Justice Shivraj V.patil,
Former Judge,
Suprem e Court of lndia,
Chairm an, Core Com mîttee
J-lstl

Chapter l
Introdu ction
'G c are guf/f .y of many errors andfauld, but our worst crime is abandoning
the children, neglecting thefoundation of lTe. Many of the things we need can
wcft'. The child cannot; right npw is the time his bones are beingformed, his
blood is being m ade and his senses are being developed. To him wc can
answer 'tom orrow '. His nam e is 'today'.
Gabriel M istral, noted Nobel Laureate
Children are the suprem e asset of a nation they being the greatest gift to
humanity. They are ultim ate optim ism that present day could have for the future.
They are to be nurtured, loved and protected. They have an inborn right to
justice, freedom and opportunity for development irrespective of their
nationality, caste, creed and sex. lnvestm ent in term s of providing protection and
opportunities for the growth of the children is sine qua non to ensure their
developm ent to fu l potential, 0ne of the greatest achievem ents of progressive
dem ocracies in the last century is to have recognized the rightful place of the
child in the societal fabric both in international forum as w el as jn dom estjc
arena. Positive action tow ards realisation of child rights is evjdenced by way of
various United Nations Conventions, domestic legislations, and judicial
interpretations and pronouncements. Child jurîsprudence has given a new
dim ension to the role of 1aw in social engineering. Starting w ith the Declaration
of the Rights of the Child, adppted in 1924 by the League of Nations that says
'' m ankind ow es to the Child the best it has to give', there have been endeavours
by the international com m unity in protecting the .jnterest of. the child. The
Declaration of the Rights of the Child, 1959 and the Convention on the Rights of
Page I
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the Child, 1989 of United Nations, ratified by our country as w el in 1992, contain
legal standards necessary for realising social, econom ic and cultural rights of
children. The Universal Declaration of Hum an Rights, 1948, the lnternational
Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the Covenant on Econom ic, Social and
Cultural Rights, 1966 are the other instrum ents that reinforce the rights of the
child. At the dom estic level, the country has been m aking eforts to place the child
in a better position. In this regard, reference can be m ade to 86th Constitutional
Am endm ent that m ade education a fundam ental right for children in the age
group of 6 to 14 years. Policies, legislations, schem es and program m es are also in
place so that the rights of the children are respected and children really enjoy
them.
children are the potential and useful hum an resource for the progress of the
country. W e should rem em ber and rem ind ourselves that it is only the strong,
knowledgeable, and virtuous children who can m ake the country strong and
great. Art. 39(8 states that children are given opportunities and facilities to
develop in a healthy m anner and in conditions of freedom and dignity and that
childhood and youth are protected against exploitation and m oral and m aterial
abandonm ent.
Children cannot and should not be treated as cattle or saleable com m odities or
playthings. Children are also capable of becom ing as great, as good or as useful as
elders and even m ore. lf we neglect and do not provide for even basic needs such
as good food, health, and education of children, heavy price wil have to be paid in
future. lt is appropriate that the people are aware of the rights of the children
and they realise the im portance of their grow ing as respcinsible and productive
citizens. As per the Census 2001, children below the age of 6 years w ere 158.8
milion, accounting for 15.24% of the country's population. Ll'he census 201 1 data
for t/?e child population wcs. not available til the writing of the report). Their
holistic developm ent should be of great concern in their interest and in the
Page 2

interest of the country as we3l. The Constitutfon of lndia refiects the concern for
the children as is evident from Articles 1S, 24, 39(e),' 39(9, 47 and 51(A).
Children are to be looked after and groom ed w ell not merely on the'basis of the
constitutional or statutory provisions, but also w ith great hum an touch and
concern. lt is wel to rerhember that w e have both obligation and duty tow ards
their w ellbeing.
Child m arriage still remains a comm on phenom enon in India and other parts of
the w orld, despite endeavours on the part of the Governm ents and civil society.
M arriage at an inappropriate age, before children are physically, m entaly and
em otionaly developed for it, robs the children of their norm al childhood and
deprives them of tkeir basic human rights, which they rightfuly deserve and are
entitled to. lt also compels them to take on the' responsibilities m eant to be taken
by adults, m ay be even leading a child to bear a child and take care of it and the
fam ily. In India, w here illiteracy, ignorance and poverty are prim ary causes for
the practice of child marriage, cultural values coupled w ith blind beliefs, saving or
retaining the property or expenditure of m arriage, unburdening the so caled the
responsib ity of parents; m ind-set, sentim ents and elnotsons etc., provide further
im petus to it. Added to the existing legal fram ework, of late tbere has been an
increasing concern am ong the com m unity, civil society and the State w ith regard
to continued prevalence of child m arriages and to m ake invigorated efforts to put
effective and adequate m easures in place to eradicate this practice.
Background
A W rit Petitionl 5o. 11154/2006 was filed in the High Court of Karnataka at
Bangalore by two petitioners against 8 respondents including the Departments of
Governm ent of India and State Governm ent. lt is stated that the petitioner No.1
1 Copy of the Writ Petilîon No. l l 1 541 2006 (PIL) - M/s/ Muthamma Devaya and Budeappa v/s
Union of lndia is enclosed as Annexure 1 .
Page 3
j.,; ''

has been working for the cause of wom en and child developm ent for the last few
years and is an activist for disabled. The petitioner No.2 is working on the îssue
of child m arriage for m ore than six years and he is the Director of a Non-
Governmental Organization (NG0). Various averments are made in the writ
petition reflecting the prevalence, extent and consequences of child m arriage and
pleading for the effective im plementation of the provisions of the Child M arriage
Restraint Act, 1929. The petitioners in the writ petition sought for various reliefs
and directions. The Division Bench of the High Court comprised of Hon'ble Judges
Justice J. S. Kehar and Justice A.S. Bopanna on consideration and after hearing the
learned counsel for the parties made the order in the writ petition on
10. ,11.20102. ln the order it js stated thus:
'The narration of facts in the present w rit petition is heart rendering. The
photographs appended to the writ petition have been a cause of deep
distress to us. The photographs reveal, the m arrïage of m inor girls, not yet
in their teens, to fully grow n m en. In one of the photographs, the girl has
been m ade to stand on a chair, so that she could garland her tal and fuly
grown groom . Forces m arriage of the girl child, one realize, is one of the
m anifestations of cruelty, possibly w ithout any equivalent comparison.
seems that the practice is com monplace in this part of the w orld. lt m ay
have rem ained unchecked for a variety of reasons including poverty , lack
of education, culture and ignorance. W e are of the view that alowing the
evil to continue w ithout redressing it, would make us a party to the
disgraceful activity.
As a first step, a Core Com m ittee needs to be constituted, which will expose
the extent to w hich the practice is in vogue. It would suggest w ays and
m eans to root it out from our society. A nd also, prevent it. to the extent
possible, so that w ho have n0t falen prey to it can be saved.
2 Copy of the Order of the Karnataka High Court dated Novelnber 1 0 , 201 0 is enclosed as A nnexure 2.
Page 4

3. Having been assisted by the learned counsel for the rival parties, w e' are
satisfied, in constituting the folowing Core Commitee, for the broad
objedives narrated above.
1. Hon'ble Justi'ce Dr. Shivraj V. Patil, Former Judge, Supreme Court of
India, Chairm an.
2. The Secretary to Governm ent, Departm ent of Revenue, State of
Karnataka, Ex-officio Member.
3. Secretary to Government, Departm ent of W om en and Child W elfare,
State of Karnataka.
4. Chairperson, Karnataka Child Rights Com m ission, Bangalore - Ex-
O ficio M em ber.
5. The Dîrector, Departm ent of W om en and Child W elfare, Governm ent
of Karnataka, shal assist the tltlrnm ittee as fts M em ber Secretary.
Needless to m ention that Core Com m ittee shal be com petent to
formulate its owp procedure, as also, the area of its jurisdiction,
around the broad objectives narrated above.
Pursuant to and in term s of the aforementioned order passed in the w rite
petition, the Government of Karnataka vide order dated 22nd yovember 20103
constituted the Core Com m ittee in relation to the issue of child m arriage.
Approach and M ethodology of the Com m ittee
The first m eeting of the Core Com mittee w as held on 13.1.2011, during w hich4 it
w as decided to focus m ainly on the folow ing aspects:
3 Government of Karnataka order dated Novcmber 22 201 0 to constitute the Core Committee is
enclosed as Annexure 3.
4 Proceedings of the Grst meeting of the Core Committee held on January 1 3, 201 1 is enclosed as
A nnexure 4.
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Page 6
1J Creating awareness about serious and evil consequences of child
m arriage with a view to change the m ind-set of the people. This can
be done by producing and telecasting docum entaa , wal writing, street
dram as, using electronic and print m edia etc.w ithin a given tim e frame.
2) Identify causes and reasons for child marriages: It is considered
necessary to identify causes, reasons and consequences of child
m arriage so that appropriate rem edies can be suggested and m easures
m ay be taken for prevent-ion and eradication of child m arriages.
3) Constitutional and legal framework in support of Prevention of
Child M arriage: lt is considered useful to exam ine and state about the
existing legal fram ew ork in support of prevention of child m arriage and
also to suggest amendm ent to the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act
2006 and Karnataka State Rules 2008. Further to suggest
comprehensive guidelines/orders relating to the grant of permission
for conducting m ass m arriages, form at for age certificates and
compulsory registration of m arriages etc.
4) Identify the factars and reasons which come in the way of
effectively jmplem enting provisions of the Prohibition of Child Marriage
Act 2006 and actual prevention of child m arriages on the ground. In this
regard, the folow ing suggestions w ere made:
i) Prominent persons attending mass marriages and their
organisers should ensure that there are no cases of child
m arriages prior to acceptance of invitation or organising mass
m irriages.
i) They should bear in mind that violation of the provisions of
the Prohibition of Child M arriage Act, 2006 w ould attract
penal consequences leading to punishm ent.

iïi) There must be authentic and approprîate age proof whfch is
crucial in determ ining wbether it is a child m arriage or not.
iv) The Chairman suggested looking into best practices followed
in other states and also districts of Ifarnataka w here NG0s
have played active role and assisted in preventing child
znarrjages.
The Chairperson directed the Secretary of the Core Comm ittee to organize a one
day consultation, which w ould com prise of a larger group not exceeding 25
m embers.
Accordingly, one day consultation on Prohibition of Child M arriage ih Karnataka
was organized on 19.02.2011 by the Core Com m it-tee w ith a larger group of
m em bers.s ln that m eeting there w ere deliberations and discussions relating to
the four areas m entioned in the proceedings dated 13.01.2011. Further, it w as
decided to hold district level consultations especialy in North Karnataka where
the practice of child marriages îs ram pant, in order to understand the ground
realities as to the impediments, difficulties and deficiencies, w hich com e in the
w'ay for effective im plem entation and enforcement of the Act and prevention of
child m arriages.
Consultations at district Ievel
First district level consultation w as held on 16th and 17tb February 2011 at
Dharwad District for the districts of Dharwad, Gadag and Belgaum .fh The second
distrîct level consultation was held at Gulbarga on 25th and 26th M arch 2011 for
the districts of Gulbarga, Bidaf and Yadgir7. The third district level consultation
5 Proceedings of the one day State-level consultalion on Prohibition of Child M an'iage held on
February 1 9 20 l 1 is enclosed as Annexure 5.
' Proceedings of the District level consultation held on M arch 1 6 and I 7, 201 I at Dharwad is enclosed
as A nnexure 6.
' Proceedings of 1he District level consullalion held on M arch 25 and 26, 20l ) at Gulbàrga is enclosed
as Annexure 7.
Page 7

w as held at Bagalkote on 6th and 7th April 2011 for the districts'of Bagalkote and
Bijapur8. The fourth district level consultation was held at Raichurg on 20 th and
21st April 2011 for the districts of Raichur and Koppal. The fifth consultation was
held at Belarys' on 26.4.2011 and the last district level consultation was held at
Mysorell on 28.4.2011 for the districts of Mysore, Mandya and Chamarajanagar.
The m em bers present actively participated in the consultations, explained about
the ground realities and m ade valuable suggestions. These consultations
facilitated interaction w ith the district level functionaries prim arily the Deputy
Com m issioners, Chief Executive Officers of Zila Parishads, District Superintends
of Police, District Registration Officers, District Health O ficers. Deputy Directors
of Public lnstructions, Deputy Directors, Department of W om en and Child
Developm ent, Sarva Shilsha Abhiyan, NG0s, children as w el as the taluka and
panchayat level functionaries in the districts, grass root organisations w orking on
the issue of child rights and child m arriage. These consultations also provided
opportunity to the com munity m em bers, w om an activists, teachers, Self Help
Group members and also the members of Child W elfare Committees (CW Cs) and
Juvenile Justice Boards (JBS) to share their views on the issue and the practical
difficulties in the prevention of child m arriage.
As a m atter of fact these consultations sim ultaneously helped in generating
awareness on the issue at district level, serving in a way, one of the objectives set
forth by the Com m ittee, Since m embers from the com m unity, sorne vilage
leaders, NG0s, students and the primary stakeholders w ere present during these
consultations, the com m ittee w as able to reach out to a larger group in the areas
8 Proceedings of the District Ievel consultation held April 6 and 7, 201 l at Bagalkote is enclosed as
A nnexure s.
9 Proceedings of the District level consu lation held on April 20 and 21 , 201 1 at Raiclyur is enclosed as
A nnexure 9.
10 Proceedings of the D istrict level consultation held on A pril 26 , 201 1 at Bellary is
enclosed as Annexure 1 0. ' '
1 ' Proceedings of the D îstrict Ievel consultation held on April 28 , 201 1 at M ysore is enclosed as
Annexure 1 1 .
Page 8

where the practice of child m arriage is ram pant. The proceedings of the
éonsultations w ere w idely covered by the print and electronic m edia in Kannada
and in Englishlz and this helped in creating awareness am ong the people
including the participatjng children in the respective areas and sensitising
oficers and social activists w orking on the issue of prevention of child m arriage.
This is evident by the fo low ing facts and figures.
Table 1: Com parative Statem elit of num ber of Child M arriages prevented during
2010-11 & u to une -2011
Sl 2011-12 (Jan
. Nam e of the 2010-11
No District
2011 to June Tom l
2011) '
1 Ram anagar 0 0 0
2 Chitradur a 0 0 0
3 Bella 52 7 59
4 Ba alkote . 6 2 8
5 Tum kur ' 0 2 2
6 Gulbur a 0 2 2
7 Haveri . 0 ' 2 2
8 Mandya 2 5 7
9 Ko al 108 99 207
10 Bidar 0 . 1 1
11 Raichur 25 75 100
12 Bi'a ur 2 8 10
13 Chickrna alur 0 2 2
14 Kolar 0 0 0
15 Dharw ad 55 15 70
16 M sore 4 5 9
17 Bangalore U ' 1 1 2 i
18 Davanagere 1 6 7
19 Cham ara'na ar 12 57 69 '
20 Hassan 10 6 16
21 Gadag 51 2 53
22 Shim o a 3. 0 3
23 M an alore . 0 0 0
'2 Copies of the press clipping are enclosed as Annexure 12.
Page 9

24 Chikkbala ur 0 0 0
25 Bel aum 1 16 17
26 Yada iri 0 0 0
27 Udu i 1 0 1
28 Koda u 0 0 0
29 Karawara 0 0 0
30 Ban alore R 0 1 1
TOTAL 334 314 648
* In the absence of adequate data these figures have been gathered by the Department of W omen and
Child Development (DWCDI' Government of Karnataka through various sources.
The table shows that 334 child m arriages w ere prevented in the entire state
during the entire year. W hile the num ber of num ber of child m arriage prevented
during the period of six months only 314. This was a result of aw areness
generated through various consultations.
Meetings with Fxpert Individuals and Or uqanisations
In addition to the above consultations, the Chairperson had m eetings with m any
child rights organisations, experts in the area of child rights as wel as the chjld
rights activists and discussed various aspects of the problem, such as causes and
consequences, occurrence and prevalence, understanding the bottlenecks and
possible strategies to combat this problem and identify the areas of 1aw reform ,
including am endm ents to the PCMA, 2006 and the State Rules. The Comm ittee
also consulted concerned governm ent officials from the departm ents of health,
polîce. education, and the members of Child W elfare Com mitee (CW C) and the
State Commission for Protection of Child Rights (SCPCR) in this process.
Consultation w ith the Sub Groups
In order to ensure optim um output by all the people involved in the process, sub
groups w ere form ed to w ork in the key areas identified by the Com m ittee. To
discuss the w ork done by the sub groups one consultation w as organised on M ay
12, 2011 in the presence of Chairm an, Core Com m ittee, during w hich al1 the sub
Page l 0

'
group representatives m ade their presentations . serva
' 13 Ob tions were m ade and
discussions were held on the presentations. Further, two m ore m eetings w ere
organised with the sub group coordinators on April 25th and June 6th 2011 in this
regard. Afler detailed discussions and consultation am ong the groups, the outputs
these w orking groups' w ere taken into consideration in m aking the
recommendations/ preparing the Action Plan.
Sources oflnformation
A wide range of sources w ere referred to during the process of preparation of this
report. In addition to the inform ation and. data available w ith the various
governm ent m inistries and departm ents, bookj and research papers by em inent
e'xpert individuals and organisations working in the field w ere used in order to
develop understanding on thç conceptual and anthropological aspects of the
issue.
Case Studies were identified and docum ented w ith al the relevant details w ith a
view to ilustrate the causes and impacts of child m arriages, Efforts w ere also
m ade to docum ent the strategies and success stories wherein child m arriages
have been effectively averted, and/or community has been mobiliseé against this
practice, and/or the authorities such as Child W elfare Committee, Chîld Marriage
Prohibition Officer or any NG0s w ere successful in generating positive responses
towards prohîbition of child m arriage.
Legal research was crucial to the understanding the legal fram ew ork and
suggesting am endm ents to the Act and. the State Rules. Altogether State Rules
from 14 states 'drafted under the Child M arriage Prohibition Act 2006 w ere
13 Proceedings of the Consultation held on M ay 1 2, 201 I is enclosed as Annexure l 3.
Page 1 1

eviewed and analysed för the purpose of draw ipg the positive com ponents for
the Karnataka State Rules and suggest am endm ents to it.
National level policy on the issue as w el as the various schem es and plans
initiated by and other such m easures taken by the central and state governm ents
m eant for the welfare of children were analys' ed and compared in the light of
their adequacy and im pact in relation to prevention of child m arriage. This was
done with the objective of drawing from them and including the prov' isions that
have worked w el at the ground level and reaped positive results, from the
schem es which are in place in the State of Karnataka.
Additionaly, the Comm ittee also sought suggestions and recom m endations
relevant and relating to prevention of child m arriage from general public.
The Issue: Child M arriage
Al1 over the world m arriage as an institution is regarded as a m om ent of
celebration and a m ilestone in a person's life. But this m om ent turns into the
beginning of anguish and grief if the m arriage takes place before the person
reaches an appropriate age, The prevalent practice of 'child m arriage' deprives
the child from enjoying his or her natural childhood. More often than not, the
imposition of marriage on the children not only subjects them to sufering, but
also com prom ises on the hum an rights that they are entitled to.
W hat is child m arriage and w here is it prevalent?
ln sociological term s. m arriage is a form alized binding partnership betw een
consenting adults, it is a respected and valued social institution throughout the
w orld and m ay take djfferent form s in different cultures. Child m arriage, on the
Page 1 2

other hand, involves either one or both spouses being children and m ay take
place w ith or w ithout formal registration under civil, religious and custom ary
laws. Throaghout the developing w orld, m illions of girls are m arried while they
are still children. The practice of child m arriage spans in diverse cultures and
societies with its variants in term s of causes and stim ulators.
Child marriage can be defined as a phenom enon where a child is m arried before
he or she attains adulthood. Since the Convention on the Rights of the Child
defines a child as any hum an being below the age of eighteen, any marriage in
which either the boy or the girl is below that age can be referred to as child
marriage. How ever, in lndian context, as per the Child M arriage Prohibition Act
2006, a m arriage can be defined as child m arriage if the girl is below 18 years of
age or/and the boy is below 21 years. Hence, In lndia any marriage carried out
below the age of 18 years for girls and 21 years for boys, is defined as child
m arriage.
Page 1 3

A closèr look at the prevalençe of child m arriage w orld over reveals that it is
m ore w idespread in the developing countries. The table below show s that it is
m ainly seen in South Asia, Africa, and Latin Am erica.
Table 2: Child M arria es around the W orld
Top 20 Countries w ith highest rates of Child Marriages
Name of the Country (Ranks) Percentage of Married W omen Younger
than 18.
1. Niger 76.6
2. Chad 7 1.5
3. Bangladesh 68.7
4. M ali 65.4
5. Guinea 64.5
6. Central Afrièan Republic 57.0
7. Nepal 56.1
8. M ozam bique 55.9
9. Uganda 54.1
10. Burkina Faso 51.9
11. India 50.0
12. Ethopîa 49.1 '
13. Liberia 48.4
14. Yem en 48.4
15. Cam eroon 47.2
l6.Eritrea 47.0
l'Z.M alaw i 46.9
18. Nicaragua 43.3
19. Nigeria 43.3
20. Zam bia. 42.1
Page 1 4
* United Nations Population Dfvf-wbl? 2000

Child m arriage continues to be a widespread social evil in India. In the year 2000,
the United Nations Population Division recorded that 9.5% of boys and 35.7% if
girls aged be- een 15-19 w ere m arried. The National Family Health Sulwey
(NFHS-II) of 2005-2006, which provides the latest statistics available on the
occurrence of child m arriage carried out in 29 states, confirm ed that 45% of
women w ere m arried before the age of 18 years. The NFHS l1I findings further
revealed that 16% of women aged between 15-19 were already m others or
pregnant at the tim e of the survey. It was aiso found that m ore than half of the
lndian wom en w ere married before the m arriageable age as per law as com pared
to 16% of men.
The incidence of child m arriages in India varies in different reglons and states. It
is w orth m entioning that accordjng to NFHS 11, the percentage w as m uch higher
in rural 'areas (58.5) than in urban area (27,904) and exceeded 50% in eight
states. The percentage of w om en m arried by the tim e they are 18 'years, stood
61.2% in Jharkhand folowed by 60.3% in Bihar, 57.1% in Itajasthan, 54.7% in AP,
and 45% in Karnataka. According to the lnternational Centre for Research on
W omen (ICRW ) 50% women in lndia get married before the age of 18 years.
Page 1 5

According to UHICEF'S 'State of the W orld's Children-2009' report, 47% of India's
w om en w ere m arried before the legal age of 18, w ith 56% in rural areas. The
report also show ed that 40% of the w orld's child m arriages occur in India.
According to UNICEF, 82% of gîrls in Rajasthan, where the practice is particularly
w idespread, are m arried by 18; 15 tliof girls in rural areas across the country are
married before 13; an' d 52 giof girls have their first pregnancy betw een 15 and
Figure l:percentage of M arried M en and W om en by Exact Age of 21 Y ears and 18 Years respectively
Page 16
IS, ATCHED
Per cent mam'ed hy lle exact ag . e.t)f 18 years for women
and 21 years for men . . 63.4 :4 .:
Q w
gm en
1 . Men 55.1
61 .2
- ' u.' '
. .
'-
. -
47 .4
'
. . y.:r -
')r!I5k/-'-' 7:,:(ykjk;k:t!à; . w . -pid,jtjl a
. . . w
. .
, . r
. . '
R . .
. . - .
.. m.
, g .w. . 43.6
- t:.:l - - - . 41 w
u . x .8 .m r yr . .g.
- '
. - .
. ;s. . : . . % y . >- . syp ,N. >. y .
v< . a 2 - z -= : - . . . ? :J< . k v o .
.
. 7-.).: ï . ' . ' y J 7 ' XWG s tyct =. jy = . ' .
. .
. .
- lï'm' t . . ) - .j .s . ..ta .
. %. -'= -= .. --.g'J A' x .,.X ' . ' z+= j%q' - . . . .- >
, . a. . . ukity C' .
, > .
. ;k . v . - asy jaj T'Jf# 2 ..s. .
' .
( J . - : . - . W .r s
.= it k . - v'
z . . - .- . xr y
oz C'Y2 . * ' .>
. J - .
J . .
.
. =: NA.4
' + . xk ' . o 9.* . l t , . .
:C .j)1). - . ' z ; PFe ' - S,. 'A'NL' '.( '
y r ev. . . , .(r?t . .-x. .zj .
.sjjy Jg - . : h.=. i rtr .,: . ikr s .
> ' '
VV
#g
J
.
' ' y .
Y .
. .
itVjyZIQ.
y X .j c V. . ' ' , j. C . a q
x z yjy J . . ,. , . .0 . . yxyyy . w .,
f - 20-24
' . =. w -.'. jlr.tw qj .
25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44
Ctlrfent açe in years *nata fw men not available' Sourca: NFlfs-a 2:95.06
Source 1: NFHS-J, 2005-06

Figurt 2.: M arriage Register - #ercentage t)f currently married waman aged 20-24 year's who were
married before 18 years
prwew . . . . a.u g
'urkuan 1* . 29.4
1.1::1a1 lnd-ka . o. ' e .48
Him acha IPX Y 9.:
iuakshadweep 4 4.T
Ptmjab . . 1. ' 5.N
:ra ata 15 b
Puduchv.rzy . :7.4
ro a ; ' - - . 1 9, . 1
ItM khard 19 J
t37ane arh 2 1 .8
iaarnaa a oàu . ' 22.1
re xx'arn ' JB-M
Tam ; Netâu , 24.0
œ
DeXi
aznan & Nknixar
' !- v 24.2
24.5
Aam mu a Kaxhniir .24.5
M an:ipur ' 24 7
Jkndnachal :PTadY . . 2,5.2
Haryana . 28.0
Gikkjm . . . B().6
M eghasaye 34.3
Gpjar.nt ... .
Oe a5 . a
Assam
. .
sy . s
Tqpura
G thataw azh . .
.
- yw .
'
. ' .
4.0.4
43.6
Dadr.a & Nagar Haw li 45-2
Kam ataka
E
Andhra Hadesb
' Q . .
. . ' .
' ' . . .
.
$ 50.2
Nsadln'a FhradeKh - ' 1 ' ' 5 1 9
w es't Be rN al
Ut'ar efadG.A
.
' '
'
' '
A'
d
53-8
SX V
Jjxarkjxana z . . . . u,u o
Rap sthkan . - . ' = . . 7 K% E 7
sjuar . z -.. . . . . . 5 y .g
f =t ' v. : .- . z'-: '. . . - . 68 .2
Sx rce: CIUI&-B 2007-.%
Page l 7
O 1 () 20 BO 415 50 00 79
Scurce 2: DLHS 2u37-08

According to latest figures from UNICEF 'State of the W orld's Children-zoll'
(SOW C 2011) more than 1/4+ of the marriages in the country are of girls below
18 years (27%) and out of every 1000 births, 45 births are given by girls aged 15-
19 years. In Karnataka, 22% of girls get m arried before they turn 18.
According to the census of India 2001, 300,000 girls under the age of 15 had
gi'ven birth, som e for the second tim e. The National Fam ily Health Survey show s
slightly lesser' figure than SOW C. According to National Fam ily Health Survey
2005-06 (NFHS-lI1), 22.6 % were married before they were 16, 44,5 tyowere
m arried when they w ere between 16 and 17, and 2.6 tliw ere m arried before they
turned 13.
Table 3: Percentage of adolscent girls giving birth
Age Have had a Iive birth Pregnant w ith first W ho have begun
(0/0) child (% ) child bearing (% )
15 1.3 1.2 2.5
16 4.1 2.3 6.4
17 8.6 3.8 12.5
18 17.9 6.1 24.0
19 29.7 6. 1 35.7
*source: NFHS - 1lI
Teenage pregnancy rate am ongst adolescents as per NFHS-II is given above.
From the table it is observed that 12 percent of girls aged 1 5-19 natjonally have
becom e m others and an average of 4 percent of w om en aged 15-19 were
currently pregnant w ith thejr first child. This m eans that one in six girls in the age
group of 15-19 have begun chîldbearing so early. 3 0A of girls had begun
childbearing at the age of 15 in India as against 36% by the age of 19.
W hile looking at the rural - urban breakup, it is observed that child bearing in the
age group of 15-19 years am ong ruril girls is 19% which is more than tw ice than
Page 1 8

that of urban woman whijh is 9%. 0ut clf the total wcman in the age group of 15-
19 years who have begun child bear' ing , n'early 1/3 were iliterates and this goes
an decreasing w ith the increase of education level.
According to District Level Househoid Sulwey on Reproductfve Child Health
(DLHS-RCH) I1I (2007-08) 23.4% of boys and 22.1% of girls were married before
attaining m arriageable age according to law. The graph below show s that least
propol-tîon of marriages is for boys below 21 is in Kerala (1.2 %9 and for girls
below 18 is in Himachal Prakesh (1.6 ?4). In Karnataka 22% of women get
m arried before 18 and this is same as the national average. .
Figure 3: Percentage ()f Girls M arrying Below 18 years by State-slQ.
% of Girls M arrying below 18 years by States
c œ œ œ œ x X
M M M * *
- .:,.:11111111
< -
. ,
; rl 71 2 Z 2 Z 7
a, 1 j
= Q.fl = & ê 'D'QX ' r; u rw .a . s c ..0 :> y x.c rl r; s J .= +w a r; s u r .= < < .- .z .c vo mV = to .0 to = m = % fp=
tq o w (a ta o o u u c = o . ja .0 >. o o = oo q; x o o m s uo.o ,
0 'g o = e S o tv a.a rp Q . u . .a g) s ux J .o x. = k W%' (jy .c = o .t.% o -c: *.s o fv I':r:.I to fu o . x .. r: o o .0 o .0 o . fv % .az a c œ * 0 .w >.= o < r: 'gw < u u, y v . vj mg
a.y
u 'o tz c: u a. œ u . u s. x. x u u .sx
c. fu Q /4 = tp fr le Q. 6 5 w*.t r; o * o =. rn Q. q. œ rc .
o z. .==
'N œ
tn
ta rv
n.
o
tv &
O
=
Ql
.c
tp Y
QJ =
e
.u
= C
*
k
t> ..z W S rn < e o D
.- 6 'U m e = &
r s
r Q Ql W CU
< '> < c
14 The Graph shows rounded-off 'Ggures.
Page ! 9
e Z
Source ;: DLHS-RC.H I1I (2007-08)

The states with a high proportion of .girls gçting m arried below age 18 are Bihar
(46 %), W est Bengal (41 %), Rajasthan (40 %), Jharkhand (36 %), lttar Pradesh
(33 96), Madhya Pradesh, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Andhra Pradesh (29 %). In
these nine states m ore than one-fourth of the girls are m arried before they are 18
years old.
The Scenario in Karnataltals
Tw o out of five girls in the state are m arried off before they atain the age of 18.
According to the census 2001, the child population (0-18 years) of the State
41% of the total population. The population of adolescent girls in the age group of
-
10-18 years is 5,202,954 and the population of boys in the age group of 10-21
years is 7,200,909, both together constitute 23% of the total population of the
state. The projected population of adolescents for the year 2011 is almost 26% of
the total population.
15 The data referred to in this report, in graphs and elsewhere , is based on the repons of various
agelcies prepared at different points in tim e. Hence there is variance in tNe statistics .
Page 20

' d ' * ' * ' * '
Fi ure 4: Percenta e of irls married before com letin 18 ears
%d#k mgrk ke r. OmpldNliyœ
* n q h w.
e% . * * * w
S q * x * x. .
o a ,
w m m N - G n * ,: % 7 .
m m h n h * . Nw a . )
q q A . o œ . w - w - ol a j t r . : ' : . j
t
q M * * * - - - - z .: . r : ! t ;
o - v- t .
.
.
N $ ' . .
. . , . ' j . :i t
- h * V* ( j .
. i ' 7 ' . .: - è )
m h N q . w. y , . ( k. P: H * f . ' . h u f . r y ;. . . . .
E'.'. ' 'r
'
'
'
.
.
-'. '!-. 1ë). . .5. .
-. . : -. -;E .-. . i:i .
.!-!- .
. . 2-: . . -
.
.
- Iè .' . 1.
,.. e . c u x .
> * û o %. x
. = : = a q * : R , a u t > * xe u . . . e a œ a E 2 x
* w a o . & œ = . o ê e o a x. .* o a > . z * * a q y œ a c . u V
q = Q . * œ * k % . o > o œ k 4 * = - a v e . a : o
a . : a œ ue œ o e
e X * ; * -! . : 1 w * q a 2 œ œ q .R o > * m œ 9 x zW œ
.% - c 1 = : ae R > O
X ê
- e : œ * œ * , Q *
x * * e * 2 7 o q ê 2 *
.
ê 2 a e œ Q o M X e.
u
* c . , q u
4 v o . * o*
source 4: DLIiS-RCH 2007-08
According to DLHS-RCH 2007-08 also, nearly 1/4tb of the girls in the state
married before attaining their age of 18 yiars (2210. In Bagalkote pearly half of
the girls m arrîed before 18 years and least child m arriages w ere recorded in the
state was Uttara Kannada (1.7%), The percentage of child marriages is often high
in alm ost al1 northern districts of the state when com pared to southern districts.
In 11 districts this percentage is m ore than state's average, w hîch is 22.06% .
Page 2 1

ln Karpataka as show n in the graph, lltya of boys nearly one out of ten, get
m arried before the age of 21 years. ln the state, Raichur district recorded the
highest m arriages am ong boys 28.2% and in districts like ldupi, no such
m arriages were recorded This also points towards the correlation betw een
poverty and iliteracy on one hand and higher incidences of chjld marriages on
the other.
Fi ure 5: Percenta e of bo s married below 21 ears
% of boys married below zlyears
- * * Q * . œ . >: U5 'cl 'U5 'rd
rH
> V x ' - . œ. œ.
. . > > % > > > N
'
. '% m
r< % kn
.
m . . .
m I
. ru
.
M
*
*5
m m vg -
. = x *
=u.: l IF 7 T 7 7 . : ' ' ' ' - ' ' 7 ' - ' 'l
'- G = tv q) u r; > = ru - u fv fv UJ 'c: tzo o = = r; (v x. = u œ +- = > - ro u
Ou :> = txe w- o ru = uo X tko .M ru S x ru u o = = rD uo =
. -
= tv o = R = .M m '- o o = o fu tkn = f5 = to = œ -M n . fs n. = =
= = ''* to > ..- ru = +- C (v m
. . ru c w az E to E > r r; ro = = = fo x: uo rs cj x rs - ro . ru =. = o n o . ro .w
.n
M r? = ru x = c œ = o s. cj ru = X = M . u u - r; = =
to fu 7* = ru (u rp co tD
= x co >
ru w E - E2 fv * fu
. X *-
= N *- = E = O
c QJ
Page 22
D = = P B! = .M .- = (D ho o .= o = . ru x . = .= '. = x - r?
IZ .= X
D w r? =
= =
*
rq
Source 5: DLHS-RCH 2007-08

Fi ure 6: Chan e in irls m arried before 18 rears
Change in girls married before 18 years (% )
2 / . 2 . . a
ar 0 a ' wQ 'Y % e) . . e e . o, = kn . .= . o z .0 =
.z o fv s fv o e (r j .: . q o .u O c: 'e a .z 8 s o .: .a o 'e = B o a x m = g o = j a m a * a 2) ZI
* c o z = o qr fj q' f7 e) F '> o C ;2. & 'i; o
2 o a . r: ,x (u o = e o œ c ;c z s tv a = .s 0) ru o) o 0)
jy >- .6 œ 7 a 2 a E = a .c tu z x z œ a: e mo
O * 2 o o n Q > .2 .b J$ 4: m
fl = e f? O
.
o..
o o o o o m œ
- + - 2002-04 -'e- 2007-08
Source 6: DLHS-RCH
The comparison betw een statistics from DLHS-RCH 2002-04 and 2007-08 reveals
that, during this period the percentage of child m arriages in the state has been
reduced in several districts, But in the districts like Koppal, Gulbarga, Bijapur,
Bagalkote and Belgaum where the incidence of child m arriagas ére high, the
situation stil rem ains alm ost sam e, w ith few negligible exceptions.
Eradlcating child m arriage has long been on the agenda of the international
com munity and of individual countries. Early m arriage is an issue .of signifjcant
concern to policy-makers and human rights advocates. Governm ents in
developing countries face increasing pressure to eradicate the practice with lega) '
sanctions against parents who m arry daughters before a standard age cf consent.
Proponents of 'child protection' and 'age of consent' law s argue that forcing
parents to delay marriage wil increase female educational attainm ent and
reproductive control and decrease incidence of dom estic violence. For the sam e
reasons, social programm e snch as educatfon scholarshïps for girls ïncreasîngly
Page 23

contain program rules excluding girls who m arry young in an effort to discourage
the practice.
Tackling child m arriage is a daunting but possible task, requiring political will
and proactive multi-pronged strategies at the international, national, state and
com m unity levels. It is an irony thatthe phenom enon of child m arriage despite all
the laws and international standards and it continues to thw art the natural
grow th and developm ent of children of the country thereby affecting the growth
and progress of the entire nation. Governm ents and local civil society
organizations have to actively work with greater întensity to discourage the
practice by raising comm unity awareness about the adverse consequences for
children, running program mes that provide them w ith alternatives and by
dem anding rnore efective enforcem ent of the laws.
Against this backdrop, the report looks into the causes that lead to the practice of
child m arriage, records the severe consequences of this practice on the lives of
children, especialy the girl chîld, and identifies the bottlenecks in the
implem entation of relevant law s, difficulties on the ground, schem es and
program mes m eant to be used for erâdicàtiofl of child m arriage, w ith specifjc
focus on the state of Karnataka.
Most im portantly, the report also seeks to provide a road m ap for the eradication
of this practice by w ay of an' alyzing the eficacy of the legal fram ew ork and
draw ing from the best practices in various jtates in India thereby suggesting
pragm atic strategies as w ell as reform s in the law w herever required.
This report, including the recom m endations and the action plan, is prepared in
relation to issue of child m arriage in the state of Karnataka and m ay also be useful
to other states in som e respects where the practice of child m arriage is in vogue.
Page 24

A1l the relevant inform ation, docum ents and details have been annexed w ith the
report.
r. j. . ju jjxjey
il ' ' ' ' ' ê
Every child in this country has a right to care, protedion, development,
>
enjoym ent of childhçod ' and 4o J' develop . into . a complete . . and ' ful individual,
regardless of her/his social, economic and cultural backgrourid. These rights are
em bodied in the Constitution of India and further articulated in the various
international instrum ents; In this backdrop Child m arriage'is a blatant violation
nf these rights of children as enunciated in the Constitution of lndia and other
international instnlm ents, as it denies them rights to good health, nutrition,
eduéation, and freedom from violence, abuse and exploitation.
Child m arriage above a1l viol@tes the child's fundam ental rjght to educauon.
Children remain iliterate, igzorant and unskiled, which in t'urrl limits their
opportunities for economic em ploym ent and econam ic independence as a grown
a dult .
'
Despite the above said consequences, child m arriage continues to prevail in lndia.
The children especially the girl children are m arried off before they attain
physical and m ental m aturity. The problem in India rem ains deep rooted in its
complex social-economic and cultural fabric of religious traditions, beliefs,
customs, social practices, and economic factors and deep-rooted social prejudices.
Child m arriage constitutes a gross violation of hum an rights, leaving physical,
psychological and emotional scars on children for life.
The practice of Child M arriage is rampant, especialy in the Northern Karnataka.
Disturbed by the problem child rights aciivists filed a W rit Petition in the High
tourt of Karnataka. Taking cognizance of the problem in relation to the writ
petition, the Honourable Hiéh Court of Karnataka issued direction to the
governm ent to constftute a Core Com m îttee to com e up with a plan of action to
address the deep rooted social evil, under the Chairmanship of Honorable Justice
Dr. Shivraj V. Patil and comprising of other senior oficials and the chairperson of
the Karnataka State Com m ission for Protection for Child Rights.
The chairperson of the Core Com m ittee along with other m embers toured
Page 25

extens i ve l y4n
Karnatakat e'kpe' cially the northern distriçts to u'nderstând ihû
'
.
situàtiop i'ri p. tord . .?:. . ' l. Ejkryrakv.u:y .cï. '). . .bï.
aer to cop e wlth pt. ppràciièal ând implem eùtable actioil , plan aty.
4ddress tlke issue in it> entirety, rséverAl roùnds of Com ultations gt state and
- district u . c ( é. . . J . . . - .
lxevkb; Focujeti. Group Dljzlzàsion: abd one to Lne interaction werq
undertaken. u'p by the tommittee tp get a deeper' insiglt on the isstle of child,
m arriage mld sought the suggesflons frozp the primary stakehplders for.
yrevention qf its occurrence in tli: stnte. The present report subm itted by the
t .
çore Com m ittee is thê result of .) ' the widedpread and extensive . 'éonsultative
'( .
process w ith a1 prim aryàtakeholdérs and dl'aw n from the I'ic.h know ledge as part
of their day to day to experience ànd struggles to tackle the m enace of' Child
m arriage. - w l
.
. .)
.
. ( .)
Thus, the Report is thé, outcom e' of an enabling and consultative process, an.d
pzbduct of many minds drawn from various cross sections of people including the
children. The report lools into the cause: that lead to the practice of child
'
m arriage, records the severe consequences of this heinous practice otl the ljves of
children, especialy the girl child, and identifies the bottlenecks in t'he
inplem entation of relevant laws, dim culties on the ground, the scope of
im plem entation, the schem es qnd program m es m eant for eradication of clïild
m arriage, w ith specific foctzs on the state of Karnataka.
Most imporj antly, the report also seeks to provide a road map for the eradication
of this practice by way of analyzing the efficat:y of the legal fram ework and
draw ing from the best practices ip various states in India thereby suggesting
pragm atic strategies as w el as reforms in the law w herever required.
This report, including the recom m endations and the action plan, is prepared in
the context of the state o'f Karnataka and m ay also be useful to other states in
som e respects where the practice of child m arriage is jn vogue. '
Page 26

Chapter 11
Child M arriage: Cau ses and Con sequences
Child of today cannot develop to be a responsible and productive member of
tom orro'w 's society unlejs an ènvironm ent which is conducive to his social and
physical health is assured to him. fkc?y nation, developed or developing, Iinks
.
itsfuture with the status of qhe child . Neglecting the children means Ioss to
the society as a whole. lf children are deprived of their childhood- socialb,
economicaly, physically and mentalw the nation ,gcr.ç deprived of the
potential human resourcesfor social progress, economic empowerment and
peace and order, the social stability andgood citizenry.
Throughout the developing w orld, m ilions of children are m arried off while they
are stil very young, m ost of the tim es idolescents. lt is difficult to ascerlain the
origin and attribute it to one or two factors. The practice of child m arriage m ay
be, prevalent due to a colnbinat-ion of econom ic, social, sociological and cultural
factors functioning sim ultaneously.
'Although it is scientificaly proved that m arriage carried out betw eert individuals
who are below the age of eighteen years is detrim ental to the physical,
7 7
physlological and psychological grow th of ch ldren and has serious consequences
for the individual, fam ily and the society, the practice of child m arriage is not
'
j
totaly stopped but continues to prevail in lndia and in m any other parts of the
w orld.
A child m arriage, that too at a very young age has severe repercussions for the
lives of both the boys and the girls, however, the cascading efect and the
com plexity of the problems are m ore jn the case of girls.
Child m arriage, by itself, is a violation of hum an rights of children since it
deprives them of their very right to childhood and all the other rights and
enjoyrnents that come naturally to them by virtue of being children and human
Page 27

eings. ln a proper perspective, child m arriages m ust be view ed in the context.of
force, coercion and inducem ent involving pressure and em otional intim idation;
where children lack the choice or capacity to give their ful and jnform ed consent.
Hence, child m arriage m ay be considered to be forced or im posed m arriage
because of the absolute absence of valid and inform ed consent.
lt becom es m uch m ore cam plex to underst-and the reasons and the causes of child
m arriage in the given situation in lndia where it is enveloped in the guise of social
and econom ic necessity by describing it by the parents as a m easure towards
P rotection of girls from uxvanted masculine attention or promiscuity or
$ t:,
perform ïng their duty and discharging their responsibflity. It is unfortunate that
the parents think that m arrying a girl child is a great responsibility, not realising
that providing a better future and w elbeing of a daughter is a greater and
m eaningful responsibility.
There is consensus globaliy for the prevention and eradication of child m arrfages,
which is reflected in the international instruments. Even the national legislatjons
also prohibit child m arriages; stil 'the practice is not totaly elim inated . ln lndia
also despite the legislative m easures, the practice of child m arriage continues to
prevail ow ing to several com plex social, sociological, cultura! and econom ic
factors.
Causes of Child M arriage
The existence and prevalence of the practice of child m arriage can be attributed
to a wide variety of interrelated com plex factors ranging from the socio cultural
m ilieu to the sociological and econom ic conditions. Role of parents and fam ilies
assum es param ount im portance w hen it com es to the m arriage of their w ards
w hich is perceived as a responsibility as w ell as a prerogative. M ore often than
not, parents and other senior m em bers of the family play pivotal roles in
m arriage of the girl child w ithout looking into the best interest of the child, Apart
Page 28

from this, on m any occasions girls are not sent' to schools and m arried o f very
early due' to several external factors such as absence of any other alternatives ,
poverty, lack of awareness as to the im portance of education for her future life,
peer pressure, etc. orjust for unburdening the responsibility of parents.
lt is both vital and necessag to know and understand the reasons and factors
responsible for the prevalence of practice of child m arriage. A loling them to
continue and not seriously com bating against this grave social evil which has
adverse im pact on rights .of children and their future is unpardonable. Once the
causes and factors for child marriages are diagnosed and known, it wil facilitate
to take effective m easures to prepare appropriate action plan for effective and
m eaningful application of provisions of law, policies and schem es to eradicate the
practice of child marriage, totally, if not immediately but at the earliest. Any delay
in eradicating or atleast minim izing child marriages w il result in violation of the
rhum an rights of children leading them to su fer in terms of health, education,
career, freedom, denial of enjoyment of childhood etc., paralyzing their overal
developm ent and consequently denying them their right to participate in the
developm ent of the country by contributing their ful potential.
Iliteracy, ignorance and Iack of aw areness
W ellbeing of any society is mainly dependent on the level of education and
awareness of the people. lliteracy and ignorance, which culm inate into the lack of
înform ation, alow the evil cultural practices to continue w ithout the realization
of serious consequences that folow .
* lgnorance aboutserious consequences
tlnawareness of serious conseqtlences that a child marriage entails is itself a
ciuse for' either not preventing the practice of child marriage or remaining
com placent about it, As a result of jliteracy and poverty, people particularly
Page 29

in rural areas are' not aw are about the consequeùces of child m arriage. In the
State of Karnataka, child m arriage is prevalent in alm ost a11 the districts,
although numbers may vary. However, large number of child m arriages take
place in Nor'th Karnataka in com parison to South Karnataka. Historically, and
for various other reasons including political, South Karnataka area, except few
taluks, is rnore advanced in terms of education and economy, w hereas North
Karnataka was at disadvantage. As a result by and large, North Karnataka
rem ained backward because of iliteracy and poverty. This fact is w el
reflected and supported by facts and reasons stated in the report of
Nanjundappa Committee.
. lgnorance about the prevalent Iaw prohibiting the practice
Legal framew ork in support of prevention and eradication of practice of child
m arriage is given in Chapter II1 of this report. Despite International
Instrum ents including Covenants, domestic Law s, and Rules fram ed by
various States under the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006, and various
Governm ent orders and guidelines, it has not been possible to effectively and
successfully prevent or totally eradicate the practice of child m arriage.
lgnorance of law relating to the prevention of child m arriages and penal
consequences that folow is one of the reasons for continued prevalence of
child m arriage.
Though ignorance of Iaw is no excuse, in defense or in a trial for ofences, but
actual aw areness of the 1aw am ong the people in regard to the prohibition
chjld m arriage and the penal consequences, w ill help in som e m easure to
change the rnindset and prevent child marriages.
It is very m uch necessary to create aw areness am ong the people and
sensitizîng field functionaries i.e., officers, governm ental agencies, NGOs as
w el as social activists.
Page 30

lgnoraace regarding the importance ofeducationfor children
It is better to m ake children them selves as assets rather than m aking assets
for children. However, iliterate and uneducated parents do not realize the
im Poftance
of educatio' n for their children . lt is m ore so when it com es to the
education of girls. School is seen as irrelevant in societies w here a girl's role is
restricted to the horne. Many girls are kept out of classes to do chores such as
cooking, sw eeping, washing vessels, tending to animals or fetchihg water, etc.
On the other hand, it is also seen that higher education increases the price a
bride has to pay for a spouse w hen social norm s require that husbands have
higher education Ievels than w ives.
Also, in lndia, the girl child is counted as 'another's property', a guest in
parents' house' or a dthing which has to be given aw ay'. Such perceptions
discourage the parent to invest in daughter's education before m arriage.
ln term s of dem ographic distribution also it is generaly seen that incidence of
child m arriages is m ore in jtates where educational levels are low as com pared to
states w here educational levels are high on account of better access to education.
w here opportunities .are not available for continuing education or access to
educational instîtutions and ftnding no alternatives,' the iendency is to perform
m arriages of children at early age.
W ithin states also, djstricts w ith low level of literacy rates h'ave recorded larger
num ber of child m arriages. Northern districts of Karnataka nam ely: Bagalkote,
Belary, Belgaum, Bidar, 'Bijapqr, Dharwad, Gadag, Gulbarga, Havery, Koppal and
Raichur, the incidences of child m arriages are m ore on account of lower level of
ducation as can be seen in the folow ing'graph .
e
Page 31

Fi ure 7: Fem ale Literac Rate
Female Likracy rate (% )
m %
to x k xeo
* *
r- e- W> * to
e- e- %D O to O to P- p- to œ
œ œ to to W $o > *D lo rq *N tN v .
Qo qo tn qo W> * p. to xo
u> m so Ko *
ua uo o
u < .-. < = o - .-. u < - q: w .>. .q r
œ < œ c xz c x a: c: œ œ œ œ QD > .4 Q: œ .= œ 2
O x aa œ
q* xr v c ar o o. a: tr az < œ az ra xr
œ ar
z. cr a% < -2 o < Q: œ
< co qa ta
ch
Seurce 7icensus of lndia 201 1
Especialy, there is a strong correlation between fem ale literacy and child
m arriage.
Acqpr/ing yp cç.n!.us.;011, thç felnale lj-trracy.rayç pf K4rnytilka is#8b. Bangalore
urban district has highest female literacy rate (85%) and Yadgir has lowest
female literacy (410/a). 0ut of 30 districts in the state, only in 11 districts, the
fem ale literacy is m ore than state's average and in rest of the districts it is less
than state's average, w hich is 68?4.
P a g. e 'a 9
*

. . Fi ure 8: M arria e below 18 ears
'
... a .
'o rs o . u. u. u. x. 7 .w.
= . = < 0) ,v = u e Jx. rp % o -%
= m e = rp t7) .0 o ar y s %
. fv .u .a: o = o 'o o e:
o)-w
a >
œ
e)
ru
ou
(>z
Q>
re r.
*
u
î <
0) a
o) >)
fv
Q.
D
.P
fl
2 Q'
e
=
u
;:tê
o
= o D s s . â? * = oc a: Qz q) 'o 'v IY >) a: = tv fv t Q m 2 o) 'e D œ re
. o >. m o qr = cr f (p qr = 'e = - o 0)
œ
'v 1- . (zz .2
œ
œ a e œ
rv u
= œ
(a
=
c
=
>
r;
s
*
a
'>
s
S 'e
.
m œ
m
2
a
<
u
*
m
fv
o . .
ql .* o = n 2 o = s '; fv .e
u
0) re
.v O 0)
.q2 fv tv = =
- = G o
= O t: m œ
- + - Marriage below 18 yrs -+ - Literacy rate *
Source 8: Cenkus of 1 ndia 201 1
The correlation betw een the fem ale literacy and occurrence of child marriage is
given below . From the graph, it can be seen that in districts w hich have higher
literacy like Uttara Kannada, Udupi, Kodagu, Dakshina Kannada and Bangalore,
the percentage of girls m arried below 18 years is less. 0n the- other hand, in
districts which have lower literat:y rate such as Gulbarga, Koppal, Bijapur and
Bagalkote, the percentage of girls married below 18 years is high.
Poverty and the Econom ic Factors
Acute poverty and som e other econom ic factors also contribute tow ards child
m arriages. lt m ay also be associated w ith the practice of gettiàg young girls
m arried to older m en which is believed to benefit the child and her fam ily both
financially and socia ly.
Page 33

. Scarce Resources tofeed
Parents who cannot provide for the basic needs of their children m ay give a
young daughter in m arriage so that they have one m outh less to feed and to
ensure that she survives. Such is the situation in areas w here poverty is acute
and fam ilies are large and resources are lim ited.
. Child marriage as l'rtznstzcrft?n
ln som e com m unities child m arriage is practiced as a transaction for econom ic
gain/advantage. In such child marriages girls have no say in determining their
future and take decisions about their lives.
The context of poverl , the practice of paying bride price can encourage early
m arriage. ln som e cultures, boy's side pays m ore m oney for younger girls. And
thus by m arrying their young daughters, parents lessen their econom ic
burdens.
. Early marriage is 'economical'
ln India often parents of girls on the occasion of marriage need to give dow ry
to bridegroom or his fam ily either in cash or kind. The am ount of dowl'y m ay
go on increasing as m arriage gets delayed. As the age of the girl increases she
would need an older m an who m ight be m ore educated. This w ould lead to a
higher dem and for dow ry. Therefore the practice of dow ry has also adverse
im pact leading to child m arriage.
W hen w e look at the linkages betw een child m arriage and poverty, it
observed that in several djstricts like Raichur, Koppal, Bidar and Kolar the
num ber of child m arriages is directly related to the num ber of BPL fam ilies in
the districts. These districts have w itnessed m ore num ber of child m arriages.
Page 34

Fi ure 9: Percenta e of BPL fam ilies
% of B P L Fa m i Iies
%
* u:
v' %
c L % .
* Z cu o y j.t
% fS O O '
' o m N to tR m s. P * o w v - v v j' :1.
- . m m m v- j s jà s ï y , j.
.
> q v m r' t ) :, t!.
U1 TH : *' E m y - -; LC' 9 î J y # Y
T2 % m * s: o . * 'f ; '!' ?j( j j, : . t: 'z . :C ) .- 1 j :y , I ; j
. Iv
- . . l) ! ' : '
. !1k' 26! 1. ïvl ;th :1. 7 t. 61 . . ri 1. . z. yat, . . j
. li , : & 814; z% . . -. i. . . .: .
L' D D o o < < w . ë r * m * = I x q) w. > u) N x E L' D * = . < = = < L' r r 2 L' L' r
-
U' m o N '-' o o @) O u = D M M u' = Q . S o =
= a J =0 c u m œx g j lo E ..* ! m ' m- : g v z . :
E o o D x .- = = = O x m x - œ F > m m . m m
.
x 2 r . I r w. = z m x
.- m o * x X m o c o
O = m m ' Z z
u
Fi ure 10: Relationshi between BpL and G irls below 18 ears
.* .. /
. w <
Re Iatio n
Source 9: Census of lndia 20l 1
* . : . R. z A N.
'. ' .' ' 1; 1
,
. ' '. ,. '
/ w
e c u u w u u
2
s- =
o:
%
u =
rg
= .
s u
= '=
rg =
fv
ru
eh
o o
< 'P
=
f qs = rv r o * o P 'o = .x a z 0:- 2 = M o =
v o tz S m >. = ro .P S O ro cp - e:
S a: = o o o = .- œ u m > ru a œ . = s = = (o m œ
rl .Q N: .S * .9 *'a m '- TU ID (.7
= r: qs .cz f. .-. =
x
fa e) u * = tg
= a .= =
= o c co
Page 35
o) = œ = a: :a o w = = rl co :2. -g )x: .S '
- v - % below BPL - .w .- % of Girls below 18 yea rs
. ,' ,.
Source 10: Cenjus f)f l ndia 20l 1

The graphs exhibit ihe direct correlation between povezly and incidence of child
m arriage, with som e negligible exceptions.
Globalization, liberalization and privatization result further in pauperization and
destim tion of poor and m arginalised. Children are m arried along w ith elder
siblings to save m arriage expenditure and strain. Also in fam ilies where the m ales
or heads of the fam ily are not earning and are addicted to bad habits, the mother
of a child unable to sustain, is com pe'led to perform ing early m arriage of a
daughter to reduce to strain on her.
Socio-cultural and religious practices
Religion, culture and tradition are integral part of peoples' life in India and
influence every sphere of their lives. Traditional, religious and social acceptance
of child m arriage is a predorninant reason for the prevalence of child marriage.
* Rehjqion, Culture and Tradidons
Religious foundations and consjderations have to som e extent influenced the
sujtenance of the praçtiçr of child m arriage. For instance, in som e of the
religious com m unities, m arryjng off the girls before they attain puberty or
im m ediately after first m enstruation is considered as very auspicious for the
girl and the fam ily. The religjous belief that the m arriage of a young girl can
fetch salvation for the entire fam ily is also one of the factors that lead to child
m arriage.
Ih m any cultural groups, the age of m arriage is defined in the tradition itself.
Any deviation from this is looked down upon and is not w el received in the
clan considering it to be violation of the traditional values. Fear of sanctîons
from the com m unity could also discourage them from devjating from these
Page 36

'
cultural and religious dictates. ln som e comm unities m arriage of children is
seen as their cultural obligation. '
. Blind beliefs andsocialpractices
Beliefs such as, early marriage is a way to ensure chastity and virjinity of the
girl, children m ay not listen to the parent.s once they grow etc-, further
encourage child m arriages. lt is also perform ed to fulfil the w ishes of the
aged/ailing parents and elders in the family. Lack of scientific and secular
education to enable people to overcom e . blind beliefs and custom s is also a
reason for child marriage.
: .r j.q .op p t Qr. '.7 j.;. .z! !t . c ri ' !$ i ' è p 'G '. .= 'N'. e.7J .). ' 'Q ' k I .,* *' .' '! :.# '* .t
.
-
..- j. j'xrt.usk s4-j .4'>., & ).U pmap-ied. tll618?- '
.m - .;-q. 4c- , -' )-:,q- . t).:It ;%. -.tF y-. ty -,.#;)tsr të:k r-t-kjù ïtlsptrïr fylrstg :t3:. - t) i-F-.r C-ap. t-mar vy. f noklt vkt - z.;s: j'Y*yhki' t,;.'às.'t.- ' n. $
@r,- )k. ;s? vzwf . ; ' . . ..
'
p)!.:iï.,-ze,. -. ./1 vtkfrksz-zgy-jt-'jè.pr:k s -t;t C-z$. t: ;.c -(- . .k.ï t lj . - . .g . kltp -it s r . rq 23. : '.u .
. .. . . . . .c 7) ; :$èr. ; j a ..z
., . rjt r:j $.ëft(, :. 8;-,. >tj '. s ojtgryjgk -' 't. .&. J qlr .ë q.;y.'. . ) tgp . k . (-.j. ; . .jy .r.gj , . .
.. s )j( j .;j;. -.:.qkz .s.,. ,. yj.c . .y )y J jr: - .î ciï k.b . .:.1L . sf ): kâ r t . .,;L. (k .t- ,ji).
y : ; .a;..);). . . , ,
.k;.' yj.y w)jrtjy; .*14. ) j :. e.J?.x. . yr, . ;:r , ;v. , . ks,. . . .y . ; ;. .,. ,y
)Lf. ;a.-.g)tp .èf6s'
,yq.: . .
. . j;h ,;:kr ; .. .,rty; (c z;r z4:. kE:g. : .y.
. pr: y . . h -? , /th $* 24 t-)r -. t;. . ,V-. .=kqr- .ztLtê . .k. . ë .7o . . . -#k . . . -.- . . . ? - .
.
. i .. .,x.
The .vppaTak-ce. fh. munlty ' ln.zfchamarwéfi. àgà. r dlstrict.bqliekes thgte' girls ,àbb#e.
-và;r . iwp' i.yx . . is (-)4 j,J. ze .s. J . :.îT ë .! . 17 :t a . . z. . .è?' '- . rh t '.;. Ci7 - ? .1!û. .c ? ' . -. .? '.' 71/11 ' r ?:.t Ji / v 7. r. . SL e
the àge '(j. f--lfvarexlneligible , . forz.,m arz' . iqgq an. d/they cm. ust get mapriéd. tbéfo. rqy
th . $ c lk ' 'e-sl., , ' *: .'ak k#: t.!c. JF . . j . #q ' .7. q. . . ' :- ', . ' -' ' i.' : :4 sFït-)- . t
ey.tu'rnfl. 8 ' This'lis .part.hf their.fultuère'.and is 'still'.w idely.pl-'acti.ced'b.'ald'.glrl,-
. ; C . 7 u 1.
. . . r '.: . . :r;'tk- ' J . '$ . .!; . jh' A . /' '. . ' 7 : .j . ' . . : % ' 't I h . v .; . ' : . . ;. . . .X' . ' . :'F. . ; ' : . . î' . w . 'r . J . ) ' !
who . . . : . : . q . ç v : g . . . c . . ! . .cross. : ' L f ' . ! . 1 ' . . ; . ) j.' . y' j ' .'j s I.j
1 F
.8. . .yearsw:âçe. re . )e. éted ias.lzbrjdesrsin xuthe-.c -ém munil . Péople o k -.
- ); . . au . Tr x %;z.)-j. q' . ()cp qïtqr p s. e bq?t. '. . . ' ?é tjr .s '.'@ . C r. .'
- - , . h:' . -. :' '
. s .z.'.'
, :7 ïz : . i. - . . -: c < : . 1; f .$/kls. - i lg z' '%u k2' 'ikl).t ' y;'.
' comm uïfitv .thbs'm éra 'their.rdaugh't.ers .vtftlnc. .becéuéè of th'e wpkeistf. r'e .frbnit.
-
. .. , th t 6:9 $ .: .)( à . . çj . ' - : '. . ' . kr 7 . . ., o i' . s. .t .u> .
e ' 151 eérsqaùd.eld' .
' é' r'stfn thé' f' a' mflyz A : p' e'r t'he.ln' 'form'àtion èolected. .byCan NGO ;'
. . u o . . . .- . . . q, tjy ; . . - . . . ' . u. . . . : . .. . . Bh' . l >. 's. : .; i '- J .13 ' . *1j.' f . . lc v a .: . , . - j ; . : .
.j, : a. .A.z .)
arat Gvan-kvin an-sam itiu'fBGv.s) sunported bv. . the D. èputv. .com mkssionec-iri?
2' s . . .w . -u- . < ).,j. : = v . .= !.t J w . , L..Lh. . r > - # .-. .% k .A. -.: . . j) .:xj.S.= : ; -'- . ur . u-uz.uk ! . . : .. >< -u - . i . . u - . = . nra . t )y.t = uy ;j . ' =. . .w. J ) a s .
.005.a1on.é-,'à103 child m ar/iagqs. w èi-Ftepp/tèd ih. IJ ppar (i fainiles. fol. ow ed '
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58.
.:
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. q
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.
7 '7',1nè2007,
. r . . ë.
61
. J:
ln both
8
2008'>and
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'2009.
. : . .! .4
Llppara',
: . . ' '.L . .j '
cém
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rhuflitk
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. jï- . . . . c # . jt. . . . . . . ; ;. . -q . ! . ' j) k' .
bx' hibit< ' théxrtletLuo' fsFblinrdfs beliefs'. aàd - sociàl 'prattlèes . as) reasion .s . 'for lthé.
. . . .: . . . , Q
k .t . .. . . 'r u
.y
. . .: il . . .: . .: . . . h : . . practice of 'child parriage j s . .
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; . ( jr . ur :. . jp . . . ' .' r ' . . . .1 ; . . . .
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Of late' thze tre'rid is ch?nking and the community is becoming awarg a.. boptthis
. ' '
' . .z ,. ! . ' à. . - -s.w . Ij( =- tjr tè ' àt . I t j:'! . !, .: .:'; . 1k , . ;. , '. . j, . . ' . n-. . ': . !. . ' )j . : . ' z.;r t. . #: L .! . = @ z . .'>t! . - 1 ucï ' . ' 7 Jk J. 't ' : e . ' . t *i. ' ub ' . .'z ' t ' ' .,f T.
problèilf . Decrqaàe sifl . . the fI ulnher of .chl-ld marriégès % hannehinc' în .tthe
.
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.
.
. : . . : . . ' . Y. . Z . . ' . ' , '. - .' . . '
(lbm inanit-y'kwà: L!l!;(i . clyar in the district .level consultiti:fi bf-càniséd in .
. . . : . 4' x . è '. . . ljr ' jâ . li ' :' z .. y . ' , . ' . . . . 17 ' . * ' . '. '
1$41 :t' . :; t:h 17.(1, ; s :'q . .e z. .zjz. cs b.:'-z . .c t. r . .z. lrs q , . j'.. - t?j .
. ) . .
. - c rc j . . .u!r '. .'.' q .p ; t :. yL.t-'. fs ti. . x. è ë t;. . -. f . : . ' . .
'
Caste system
z . a - à: ). u . ' . .'
The caste hierarchy in lndia perhaps also has a role to play in perpetuating
child m arria'ge in som e castes w here population is very Iess. The caste system
Page 37

which is based on birth and heredity discpurages m arriages betw een
m embers of different castes. Because of the sheer necessity to preserve itselfa
this could have helped in practicing and perpetuating child-m arriage in the
state. Im balance in the sex ratio also adds to this.
. Pressuresfrom the community
com m unity custom s regarding gender roles, the appropriate age of m arriage
and the fam ily's honor can put pressure on families to m arry their young
daughters. In com munities where child m arriage is prevalent, there is strong
socia) pressure on families to conform. Failure to conform can often result in
idicule disapproval o' !- fam ily sham e . Invariably, local perceptions on the
r ,
ideal age for m arriage, the desire for subm issive wives, extended family
patterns and other custom ary requirem ents, also subscribe in a w ay to child
m arriage.
Patriarchal society
ln a predom inantly patriarchal system , parents, perform m arriage of their
daughters with a view to transfer their responsjbilities to another man and the
fam ily.
ln view of the fam ily, daughter's success rests in her making a good m arriage
and linking her family to another fam ily. Young girls may also be encouraged
to m arry older m en, due to the perception that an older husband w ill be able
to act as her guardian to ensure respectable behavior.
. Fixed gender roles and gender discrim ination
Gender roles in the society, particularly in rural areas, are alm ost dem arcated.
The role of girl is largely contined to the.role of housew ife and giving birth to
Page 38

children. ln 'such a situation , marriage is considered as' a great responsibility
as against necessity of providing good ca' reer a'nd future of children , leading to
child marriage.
. Dominant notions V rnortz/fty, virginity and pregnancy outside marriage etc.
These are important factors encouraging the practice of child m aqriage. These
are influenced greatly by the im portance placed on maintaining 'fam ily
honour' and the importance attached to girl's virginity. Hence, in order to
preserve the honour of the fam ily and virginity of the girl # m arriage is
- !
perform ed at an early age. Parents fear that a girl w ho becom es pregnant
outside of marriage will losr respect and fail to secure a husband later.
* M arriage as a security
Parents also say they w ant to ensure their daughter's safety by entrusting her
to a regular m ale guardian,' and that m arriage will provide security for their
future. They expect that married life w il shield girls from exposure to any
such physical and physiological vulnerabilities.
. Adultism '6
ln Indian society, children are generally considered as lesser hulpan
beings w ho do not have adequate capabilities to take decisions for
them selves. Lack of readiness am ongst the adults to recognize the
I
rights of children as hum an rights and the attitude and arrogance of
adults in the s'ociety to treat children as commodities or objects under
their control and they are free to m ake any decisions; like sale, pledge,
16 Adullisim is the attitude of adtllt towards children that considers them as incompetent to take
decisions.
Page 39

abandon and also marl'y them off an early age without their inform ed
consent.
Lack of Alternatives to Child M arriage
lt is a sorl'y state of afairs that ow ing to the lack of opportunities either for
further studies or vocational training and nothing else to do, and keeping in view
the safety of the gîrls, fam ilies perform marriages of children at early age.
Non - availability and înadequacy of the educational facilities, such as distance
from schools, nonexistence of functional toilets have 1ed to girl children dropping
out of j'çhool early and consequently pushing fam ilies to get them m arried early.
This problem is much graver in rural areas as compared to urban areas.
In the guise of m ass m arriages
Mass m arriages also attract the parents to perform m arriages of children at early
age w ithout any expenditure and also to gajn some advantage such as, cash and
other benefits, This is particularly so when the parents are poor and belong to
schedule castes, scheduled tribes and other disadvantaged sections of the society.
Som etim es in order to gain'popularity-and' m ileage from m ass m arriages, the
organîsers do not m ake any serious eforts to avojd child m arriage as part of rnass
m arriages and take pride in show ing big num ber of m arriages conducted by
them.
Lack of political w ill and Poor enforcem ent of law
The lack of political w ill and executive com m itm ent tow ards enforcing and
im plem enting the provisions of the anti child m a'rriage law s are giving scope to
the prevalence of child m arriage. lt appears that the due seriousness the issue
Page 40

dem ands is not attached in relation to the prevention of child markiage by the
authorities.
Decreasing Sex Ratio
The im balance in the sex ratio also encourages parents of young girls to get them
married early if they find som e suitable m atch. Even in case of boys, parents tind
it convenient to perform their m arriages w henever they find a àuitable girl,
irrespective of whether they have attained m arriageable age as prescribed by
la&v.
Spread of HIV AIDS
HlV afected parents or parents suffering from terminal ilness also desire to get
their children m arried during their life tim e even before people com e to know
that they are the children of HIV affected parents.
M igration
Socio-econom ic problem s such as m igration also contribute to the prevalence of
child m arrjage. W hen people m igrate from one place to another ow ing to various
factors -they want -to mnburden- themselves .from the burden of girl child. For
example, m igrant Iabourers prefer to perform m arriage of the children before
m igrating as the children cannot be Ieft alone.
Other factors
ln addition to the factors m entioned above, there are a num bef of reasons
contributing to either the prevalence of the practice of child marriage or
indirectly encourage it by not addressing it. Some cultural clans jujt folow the
practice blindly without even understanding the ramifications. ln the cultures
w here, m arriages w ere traditionally used to settle disputes am o'ng conflicting
fam ilies, the practice has not abandoned even after the changes in socio political
Page 4 1

envîronm ent . Also, the global comm unity is although aw are, is. not exerting
adequate efforts towards in this direction. It has been w idely recognized that if
the international com m unity attempts to tacltle developm ent problems in States
where child m arriage is ram pant, the practice w il persist.
lt is apparent frorn the above analysis that the causes that lead to the practice of
child m arriages are m ultiple, com plex and interrelated and m any of them are
em bedded in our socio-econom ic texture and the cultural system s.
Consequences of Child M arriage
The consequences of the child m arriages are also equaly com plex and serious. As
m entioned earlier, child m arriage is not only detrim ental to children's growth
and developm ent; it deprives them from natural childhood w hich they are
entitled to by virtue of being children. lt is a brutal violation of hum an rights of
children and m ay actualy leave long lasting severe consequences on the lives of
the children, fam ily and also the com munity in general.
There are num erous serious and irreversible consequences w hich can arjse as a
result of child m arriages ranging from physical, em otional, psychological and
otli er' deve' lop' ment 'related i'ssuis. The' phe'nomenon of child marriage affects
different age groups and gender differently in varjed m agnitude and scale. Not
only children but society and the country also get adversely affected by the
prevalence of this practice. Early m arriage prevents the developm ent of children
to their full potential and thereby denying them effective participation and
contribution to the developrrlent of the country ultim ately.
Page 42

Stunted Developm ent of the Child
'Marriages solem nized am ong children can actualy afect the physical,
psychological, social and economic growth of the child and deprive him/her from
such development which may have been possible if he/she had got married after
attaining legaly m arriageable age.
. Dep' rivationfrom Educational Facilities
Child m arriage generally leads to term ination of education in order to m ake
the girls to take over house hold responsibilities. Instead of reading books in
classroom s they are seen w ashing vessels at hom e. Child m arriage com pels
young girls who should bê going to school, to be confined to the domestic
sphere instead. The rewards of a girl child's education are seen as extrem ely
rem ote to rnost fam ilies. Even if the child is not deprived of the' educational
facilities, the responsibilities and burden that com e along with the m arriage
m ake it difficult for them to continue and concentrate on education.
. Lost opportunities of employment and income
If educational opportunities are taken away from children at an early age, it
wil inevitably lim it their opportunities for employm ent and incom e
generation in future. Additionaly, coupled w ith term inatjon of education, the
chilh won't be permltied to work to earn their own money either and hence
they don't have any prospect for an independent life. It restricts personal
freedom , as they rem ain dependent on others a1 their lives.
. Crippling personality developm ent
Child m arriage by restricting the educational opportunities, especially for the
girl child, blights the careçr prospects of the children and also by isolating
them from the outside world upsets the normal course of theif personality
developm ent. M oreover, this renders w om en incapable of realizing their full
potential w hich directly reduces their capacity to contribute m eaningfuly to
the developm ent of the society and the country.
Page 43

Health Hazards associated to Child M arriage
The health of children and ultim ately the entire nation are actualy on stake if the
practice of child m arriage continues.
Effects on the reproductive health
Early onset of sexual activity after marriage and the persistent pressure on a
gir) child to conceive can have irreparable and adverse consequences for the
health of both the m'other as w el as the child . In other w ords, it can m ean the
endangering of the health of the adolescent due to early child-bearing,
repeated pregnancies and the risk that the children born w il be sick or may
even die in infancy.
Tâble 4: M ol-tality Rates in lndia
Mother's Neonatal Post Infant . Child Under 5
age M ortalit'y neonatal M ortality M ortality M ortality
M ortality

stages. The m ortality risk ratio is high for teenage mothers (2.6) when
compared to other age groups (0.9). According to State of W orld' Children
(SOW C 2011), nearly 6000 adolescent mothers die ever.y year in India.
Chances of infant death are 50% m ore am ong mother aged below 20 than
those in the age group of 20-40 years,
. High level OI-MMR (Maternal Mortality Rates)
Com plications like the ones m entioned above have a direct beaqing on the
!
m aternal m ortality rate and the infant m ortality rate. There is a likelihood of
w oman dying during child birth, m any wom en su fer chronic djsabilities after
child birth. The chances of girls aged 10-14 dying in pregnancy and childbirth
are five tim es m ore than that of w om en's aged 20-24.17 Since they bear
children before they are mature enough to do so, their health is çndangered.
Additionaly, gjrls w ho m arry younger have less access to quality health care
than those who m arry when they are olderl8.
' > Maternal Morhfï'r .,v
Apart from the above mentioned indicators, there is another consideration
that com es into the picture i.e. m aternal m orbidlty. A signlficant portion of
maternal m orbidfty fs associated with the unsafe abtlrtfon and complications
arising out of it leading to prolonged sickness. Abortion contributes to
infection, infertility and liortality am ong young wom en in developing
countries prim arily because the m edical services are dificult to access due to
econom ic as w el as geographical conditions. According to the United Nations,
maternal mortality in India (which indicates the number of women dying in
l?united Nalions Populatîon Fund (UNFPA) and the University of Aberdeen. 2004. Maternal
Mortality Update 004: Delivering lnto Good Hands. UNFPA: New York, NY.
'S N FHS - 111 . 2006-07.
Page 45

childbirth or from pregnant-related causes) is 25 tjmes higher for girls under
15, and two .tim es higher for ls-lg-year-olds.
. Lktra emotional s'tres.ç and mental health
The gîrls, in spite of not being mature, are required to sim ultaneously cope
with their ow n and their baby's physiological, em otional and econom ic needs.
Therefore, it îs evident that child m arriage can have detrim ental efects on the
physical as w ell as m ental health of the child involved. Child m arriage along
w ith lack of education, econom ic dependence, m ore so in case of resultant
prolonged ilness, denial of decision m aking pow er and capacity, inequality in
the hom e and sexual exploitation has a negative im pact on the personality of
the child as a whole, including mental health.
. Vulnerable Sexual Health
Another consequence is that m arriage exposes adolescents to higher risk of
unw anted pregnancies and sexualy transm itted diseases. W ith absolute
absence of prem arital counseling, there are very 1ow chances of her being
aw are of the protection for safe sex, and even if she is, it wil be unlikely that
she would be able to ever use any form of contraception. Child brides'typicaly
experience high rates of unprotected sex and are unable to negotiate safer sex
w îth their older spouses.lg The girl and their children w il be susceptible to
HlV and other diseases and as a consequence dam age her reproductive
organs. One prom inent reason w hy m arried girls m ay be m ore vulnerable to
HlV is that they m ay have little know ledge or access to m eans to protect
them selves against it,
19 Child M arriage- A Fundallental Violation of Human Rights: Causes and HeaIth Consequences ,
M .B. Julius.
Page 46

High Infant Mortality Jnd Poor lnfant HeaIth
Children born to teenage m othérs also suffer health problem s. A child born to
a m other in her teens is twice as likely to die before the age of one as
com pared to a child bbrn to a m other in her Y enties. M arrying as a m inor
leads to a higher probability of having poorly spaced births and consequently,
the infant health is also afected because of low bil'th w eight, prem ature birth,
poorer healthcare and inadequate nutrition. Even if infants survjye, they are
likely to receive poorer health care and nutrition as a result of the m other's
ignorance or inability to feed the child adequately.
E'ffect on the demography
A high m aterna! and infant m orlality rate has an adverse efect on the
dem ographics of the countly wfth wom en being unhealthy ftlr the mos't part
and having less parlicipation in the social and political life as w el as being less
advantageous in the econom ic arena. Adolescent mothers genéraly suffer
from anem ia, high blood pressure, delayed or obstructed labour,
'
complications in pregnancy and w eight loss and m alnutrition during lactation.
Such a scenario leads to a generaly unhealthy subsequent generations also.
'
. . ! .: . .. . . . ij r . z '.k. . . .' . .1' . . - . . . Qr . o s , l < j .* J . .% . .( J c ' ' R ' a à ' . r '- . .r' ' ' '
: ' Chlld M arkm geils J'FJO. latlon tl .fslzmfm rll.lcqàf.s ofchildrtnl
. . : . . . .
. .. .4 #. . i . .: . j . . . . - . - . . . .
' ; )è x. . k : .
. 1 v . t't . ( . ' ) . k . e. v . L.1. . ' w . .
. Sk ' .j ' t'. u Jga. . . 2 .p . .:. . az :.' .e . ' . . #' . .
. . ' . ' ...vg *t 8 ' ,:r4 . .k. 1;. . r: .' I'. . ké '.( . . 7 , - . : -z. . . / . . pv . . : 3. .(;.! . . .1 . ., y .
' lt' Right to Ji fré' e and' joyful.ch. ildhotid is aviolatltd *- henithéy'. get.édditional
.z ' . . iz : 4 .q .Jj . jh . .j . 1. )4j n : .k . y . . ;. r . .
yj 17.125 25; p, ö )7j :j . iL . 1:) .
. iL l i 12 i (2, 1; . c. CL ' a . .j-. , '.'. . y , .; '(. ,. .: y . g' g, .(;'. .' . (.z 4.y(, j . j.p , ' ' ' .
, yju yj. j j, , y; .:j'. . ,.
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. . '
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.
. 'j ..,J
u z'E.(t v. .).C . . , '% 4 l .L.L' .e . . . 4 ' . s.o . . . .. j
p.s ' .j. ./.,2 r ' x ' . .' + 11' . : . ; 2 x r .j. a ), > ' . .Q . z. . . ' . ,J. J z ;j. . ., ; ,. . jrk .x . . , .;. z' ju . ' sz , . .
- . . J ,./ i ! . j . 7 : '
x f .4 . ' '
. . . s .. . : . . 4 . .
'èdttèation iszkiolàted'W hé'n. they' arè not able.foLattendzséhtiols . .
''2..ë;ItiRht.tb .
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.. ) , j . . . .j y q . . j . xj. . ky . y . t ' .r . . .
.
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3.'- Right tb developm ent is violated'When thev are sublect ttl éd 'ult roles and
. . $ J ' . 't ' lï ()- . . 4 . s ' .F. E ' . L. . ' :. . ' Q . , ' . j . '
. - doanot getathe.cohdilèive environm ebt.andrédtlcétibfl' .
. . . . - . . .
. . . j.
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'
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4.' Right'toùpartièipation is violatçd Whqn the. y cannöt say thev do not w ant
' to.ugèt .'m 'al-ried .yapd .w .ith .'xwhomtrpand'. tatè 4 i1 ) informedë' about the
' re ercusjiofls 1 ';. . . . . .' ' ' ' . - ' . '
Page 47
r%
(' 'h'

% 'cir' 'mi%tbew.Ik.vi. a.ïk%4epr'N.W . . - . .vzw.t;'. . w% L>*

eing who is inferior to her m ale counterpart This has a disastrous consequence
on her self-este' em and confidence to face the w orldf
. Polyyamy andyoung widows
Studies have indicateà that high rates of polygamy also have a direct
correlation w ith the highest age gaps in the w orld. If a girl is m arried younger,
she is m ore likely to h'ave a husband w ith m any w ives since a large age gap
between a child bride and her spouse plays a dominant role in her subjpgation
and her opinion becom e im material. How ever, the w orst thing asspciated w ith
early m arriage is child w idowhood. Large age gap also often results in young
brides becom ing youpg w idows scarring them for whole of their life.
Som etim es they becom e w idows even before the m arriage is consum m ated-.
' n. è, x. ass ;t .p=li . j 4.,y i ' e !jx '#,'j ..;j>) '.k z.(:j:oL Pil .' . l -'. . 'zst ' . vz ' . ' qi2 t' *1%.6 ' '* . ' ,=' ' CV . V ! 'it . ' . ' - . o Y ' Fx i: ' - . '3: ' ' i ? : . e #J'.7zu ' a P '
-k. .,- .kx
.
. '
.Lb -
,e
. .,- -t,k . z-. . lt. . z.vz. . - 4c-. -
- z. . i . ' . ' : r .-4'f t .'.z, - : ' . 'E. lnhtee. mave. a r, . oldlwslddamm aldld. Cnot , . 'ow. -'w. .hat. wm a.rrta. gek.m eant zswh .
e. nxLsh' e '
. / ' iwylj' . xflt -e .1,. . v.':% ' (FJjJ . vLk, zskj:'q .-: -'. .)2. *t wj .A'. i 1 qànkskng . .z:< 'r1 je.a .'. , . e . . z 'x) g. '. ly Yw : .u .y. . . dt t - . '.î.' . . - .>'.'njq% . x - . 'vjgz; .kh't . .n ' t . x.y.' n. v . pbtj' . ç> . ,Iu: . q% v :jz. . >Jf' 'j; l2j . :. . . ' -. ' . . .
' .tled/' . .t.he. an.u.ptR. alp'rkn'o,t.:' S.he.'ls'.in. ow pa w ld. ow ' 1Iw nR,.w lth. h. er.'.m. other-Laft. er, belnR
. 1 .- iwvqjrLz r'. k' kr Jw < . s.,r --Kr: . x.. .)h> . zgk;qï.-.bzu-z* .< . :r) v'1-r .s'- zï';7b;1?-n . . , Jt-2: : ?v.-J-. r , u.- ' 'r2-' . ; Lï r.7.'f7-.,j-y kz:( -7'. . -'sy.i' '-- - --- -'
. . --'
.: Lkiîv -yvmvvs-sy . .? . . ' ' . u .. . - .J ' . ; â Jr q'. ' v ' . .' .' . . . . ' ' ) . . . m .. k'.:. J ns .
' :)y ? # j. J) ) t '' f ' ,- , . ' . v iF ' e M. gr:. ' ' . . ' . 1 . . 1. ' . ;t . Ir .u.' . ' v ; . C d '.' :' > 5z'.
' - .1. av-f .. . ' ./.:*+
ln orthodox Hindu Society, it is difficult for the w îdows to get rem arried and
they becom e instrum ents of social discrim ination and isolation, w ith no m eans
to survive and vulnerable to social malractices, ilicit relations and even
prostitution.
Page 49

p z( matter offate no! chol'ce
The child bride has neither the freedom nor the m aturity to choose her life
partner since these m arriages are arranged by the fam ily or m ore specifically
by the parents of the child often endïng up in coznprom ising the childhood of a
child by forcing her into an institution and relationships that she isn't
physicaly or m entaly ready to take up and deal w ith. These marriages do not
involve the conscious choice of the bride and even if it does it is impossible for
her take an inform ed decision because of her age and lack of inform ation
available to her.
Physjcul and sexual vulnerability
Young and new ly m arried w om en are pow erless, secluded and voiceless, Their
choice or say is very lim ited when it comes to sexual behavior. Marital status
further legitim izes sexual activity. M arital rape is one of the extrem e forms of
institutionalized violence against m arried w om en. In child m arriages the
incidence of child m arriage is very high and it is silent form of oppression and
a violation of her reproductive rights. This becom es further serious given that
the husband is exem pted from crim inal liability for rape if the girl is fifteen or
above fifteen years old.
The pressure of socjal acceptance and econom ic security forces a girl child to
conceive im mediately after marriage. This not only im pairs the reproductive
health of the girl child but also violates her right to Iive w ith dignity as she is
being treated as a m ere m eans to satisfy her husband's needs and fam ily
expectations, The early age and lack of aw areness about her rights m akes the
girl child m oreo vulnerable to such j11 treatm ent and hum iliation. The
structures of patriarchy, w hich are responsjble for creating cultural systems in
the favour of child p arri4ges is plso responsible for the fostering gender
norm s w hich support the m ale dom inance in a sexual relationship.
Page 50

Physical, sexual 'and m ental harassm ent of the child brides m ay result in a
disastrous m arital life w hich often ends in divorce or abandonm ent of w ives.
Studies have shown that the divorce rates are rather high in early m arriages
w hen com pared to adult m arriages.
Sustenance of Gender Divide and Rise in Violence and Sexual Abuse
Early m arriage of girls invariably results in loss of autonomy of the wom en. In
patriarchal societies, child m arriage reinforces m ale dom inance by conûning the
girl child to the dom estic sphere from a very early age and restricting her
participation in w ider society. There is norm aly least or np participation in the
decision m aking also, be it with regard to the household, fam ily relations or even
for herself. This also leads to a situation w here abuse and violence against
m arried w om en are ram pant.
In som e cases she alm ost rem ains as prisoner confined to her in law s' house w ith
lim ited access to m eans of çom m unication with the outside world. So m uch so
that girls w ho m arry younger are m ore likely to accept dom estic violence as the '
w ay of life. ln such relationships of dominance, abuse is present in physical,
em otional as w el as sexual form . Child brides often show signs sym ptom atic of
child séxual abuse and post-tratim atic stress. '
An Obso cle to National bevelopment
Although child m arriage affects the lives of chîldren and the fam ilies at m icro
level, its m acro im pact for the dem ography, health status as well econom y of a
nation are equaly, if not more, severe. For a socie )'and
a nation the child
m arriage reinforces povqrt'y cyclesz and increases population pressure, health
care costs resulting in lost opportunities of hum an developm ent. Comparatively
iow age at m arriage in varfous states in Indïa is also realised as a dom inant cause
Page 51

for the rise in population which hinder the developm ent in ql fields. Hence,
continuation of the practice of child m arriages can render efforts m ade by a
nation in the fields such as health care, em powerm ent of poor and im proving
gender balance, as futile and put the country at a lower rung of developm ent in
the w orld. This is detrim ental to the w elbeing of society, nation and civilization,
as a w hole.
An analysis of the consequences of child m arriage points tow ards the pressing
nature of the dem and to take efective steps to curb this phenom enon.
.
'
. .
. tk . . . !) . : . . t i
.
. ' :. );ï1 . ) . . z . .f ' tu a t .
. , . ,. . . . .,j y . y .
. ) ' jyj jijmj e f @ Q '. .
. j . z .t) . . . - . ' .j. (' . y y q . .
Tlae pracsce ' pf clkild. inur/àge immensely tontr' 'ibutes to numerous wspcial
economic and cultufàl jroblems in the àpciety. lt breeds into acute poyertyz'
iliteri cy malhuifitiotl- -
.r infani mortality / low' life' e' xpedi ancy, perpetuation' of blind .
beliefs and custotns, and'aboke al1 the gross yiolations of hum an rights of èhildren
. . . '
The state-wide consultations conducted by the Core Com m ittee brought to light
the magnitude of child marriage practice in some districts particularly in Belaryi
Belgaum, Dharwâd, Gadag, Koppal, Raichur, and Chamarajnagar The Committeea
while interacting with the primary stakeholders also found thât tlte
im plementation of the law s and rules fram ed for the abolition of Child Marriages
apd efforts gf' qpvernmçnts :re not hpving the deqired efective at the grpund
level.
ln the course of debates and discussion on the issue, the Com m ittee identified
various reasons for the rampant practice of child marriage in the state. Som e of
the major causes identified by the committee are as folows.
Poverty and Economic interdependence: Poverty is a critical and central factor that
encourages child m arriages. Rather, it is one of the reasons behind child m arriage
practice. W herever poverty is existsz a young girl mpybe regarded as an econom ic
and social burden and her marriage is believ' ed to benefit the girl child as F el as
her fam ily, both socially and econom icaly. The poverty and 1ow incom e pushes
fam ily to a helpless situation, and the recourse is to ensure the so called
economical 'safety' of their daughter through early marriage.
Page 52
tu

tonsequently, the most commèn and prevalent practice among vulnerable and
poor familiéyq è early m arriage of minor daughters. This is a rampalit pçaçtice in
.
..
the northem =y pzrt .u . . of . Itarimtalkz . . j yu
. Poverty also com pels farûil# mèmbei's and
parents to plrform early marriage either during mass marriages or durlng any
other elder yibling's marriàge iri the fam ily. . : i
Lack of Reproductive HeaIth Educadon: The psychological and health need of
adolescent girls and their w el-being is im portant for a child's dévelopm ent.
There are enùugh rèsearch evidence to show that prevention of child m arriage
requires equippjng girl children w ith adequate inform ation about reproductive
health, sexuality, capacity for sound and healthy decisions in relation to these
aspects on one hand and simultaneously educating their fum ily m em bers, parents
and com m unity at large tq understand the il efects of child marriage and thereby
éreatingun environment in which alternajiyes to early marriage are supported.
The Core Com m ittee recognise the lack of adequate m easures to educate the
adolescent girls about the im pbrtance of reproductive health education and its
linkage to prevention of early m arriage and enabling the child to m ake a decision
to delay the marriage.
Customs and Blind beliefs dn thefamilp and society: The conservative culture and
blind believes com bined with patriarchal pow er relations has attached high
values on fem ale virginity in lndian society since very long. It is perceived as a
dishonour to fam ilies if a girl going is not v'irgin at the time of her m arriage.
Hence, parents start searching for a groom . for their daughter even before her
puberty. For instance, the Uppar community in Cham araj Nagar district believes
that girls above the age of 18 are ine3igible for m arriage and girls above 18 years
are rejected as brides in the comrnunity.
The socio-econom ic discrim ination, issues of family and personal honour,
relationships w ithin the caste and com m unity, custom s and beliefs, religious
practices perpetuate the child m arriage practice.
The caste hierarchy in lndia also has a role to play as the caste system 'w' hich is
based on bir'th and heredity does not allow m arriages betw een m em bers of
diferent castes. 0ut of sheer necessity to preserve itself, caste groups resort to
child-m arriage.
Page 53

* '
Lack oftegal Aw arèness . . k . '
. . .
. Z.SC . '. ' ' '
.
'
. :
':' '? '.' ' . ' ' 'S:
'
.
'
aarriaje is a celebratipù in 1rl' i i) ,.èlùld' marriagç is' reflective. of a.yocièt'#'
. . . . x , . !
.
- .
.
W hilea
inqepsitive and ipdiferent to its ( hildfhn. . .' . r
.
. '
, ) . . . .
t ' . f / .' . '. ' . .
.
. .
Accor àing to the Prohibition pf' thild, Marriages Act 2006 child marriage is' .an
ofence and. punishable under tie law. It is illegal fpr parepts pr advocate: of
child m arriage to m arry children beldw m arriageable age. '
The Core Com mittee found that m ore often the laW Ls not ènforcedv and fam ily
. m embers and. parents m arry their daughters before 18 years. Creating wide
spread aw areness about the legal consequences of child m arriage is one of the
im pprtaét strategies to put an end to this harm ful practice. ' : .
Illiteracy and inadequate education facilities
Educated w om en are m ore likely to delay m arriages, ensure their children. are
im m unis' ed , better inform ed about nutrition for them selves and their children,
and choose safer birth spacing practices. Their children have higher survival rates
than those of uneducated w om en and tend to be better nourished. Educating girls
gnd w om en is not only pivotal to im proving m aternal health, but it also has
tangible benefits for fam ilies and ïocieties, The practice of Child Marriage denies .
basic rights to quality education and thereby denies freedom from violence, abuse
and exploitation.
Contrary to this, every child has ftm dam ental right to education-and the-state has
an obligation ti provide suc'h an opportunity for the child to receive good quality
of education in the mainstream school kcolege at least until the age of 18 years.
The Core Com m ittee has recognised the inseparable linkage between quality
education and prevention of child m arriage. If the state is able to provide quality
edùcation to al children in general and girl children in particular up to 18 years
the practice of child m arriage Wil be completely rooted out.
Further, the Com mitlee has recognised education as an im portant strategy to
prevent child marriage and strongly reçom rnends that quality education to al girl
children up to class XI1 w ould not only address the problem of child m arriage but
have an overarching efect on a1l other related problem s such as iliteracy,
' jbverty, lack of skiled work force etc.
Page 54
. .

Conséiluencç: oi'/hild Marriage ' . . .
'
. v y .
2 . . : . g j . . .j) . . : . . . v. s . ). . y . . .
'p The Cofnm ittùe .F hile delibérating on the' causes of child m arriage has also
..
, . ' ' '
.
idèntitied the waqonsequencls y; o/rhild . . marnage. ;, The :. k, Committee . recognisej . . thatthe
p radice of càildè rparriage has Vany detrimental and harmful consequences on
.
the young thil j' . Theàe consequences ) iould be classitled . as physical,
. .z . . . ' .(.)
developm ental, psychological énd social. '
Physic al C onsequences: W hen' a girl child is m arried at an early age shi is likely
to be forced into sexual aèti 'Ly with her spouse w ho is usualy m uch older than
her, As the bride rem @ins physicaly and sexualy imm ature it has serious health
consequençes. The child is'also exposed to domestic violence and i1l èquipped to
protect
herself.
Developm entnl Conseqtiences: Child m arriage lim its the developm ent of a girl
child. Early m arriage of a ggrl cllild 'results in a low Jevél of education and lîfe
skils, increases vulne'rability to abuse and poor health and thus results in the
vicious circle of poverty.
Psychological Consequences: A girl child m arried in her early age has to carry
the burden and huge respon'sibili'ty of the fam ïly ad wjfe and m other. Since the
young girls are not physicàly, em otionaly not prepared for this the heavy burden
has a serious impact on thqir psychological w el being.
social Consequences: Early m arriages have also been found to have connections
with abandonm ent and increased levels of divorce. Child brides oflen face the
danger of being w idow ed with severe consequences their developm ent Som e
brides are reduced tcl slaves of the family they are m arried into.
Health: There are serious and irreversjble consequences on the health of
children w ho m arry very young. Early and repeated pregnancies dam age the
reproductive healt'h of the girls and are the major reasons for high maternal and
infant m ortality and m orbidity in India. This also gets rèflected in the overall
health status of the entire country.
Page 55

Chapter III
Law and Policy Fram ew ork
One ofthe greatest achievemend ofprogressive democracies in the
last ccntz/?y is to have recognized the rightful place of the child in the societal
fabric. Both fn the internationalforum as wel as domestic policies, positive
actionfor the child's welfare is evidenced by wly ofvarious United Nations
Conventions, State Iegislations andjudicial interpretations. The c//brts
towards preserving environment and bringing aboutsustainable
development are aimed atgiving our children what is naturalb theirs. Child
centric human righdjurisprudence has cclmc to be a ncw dimension t:l the
larger role oflaw in sociql engineering.
The pelwasiveness of the phenom enon of the child m arriage across various socio
econom ic cultural milieus has evoked responses in varjed degree by the
international com m unity as well as the national governm ents. In m any countries
there has been an increasing recognition that child m arriages are detrim ental to
the entire nation's w elbeing. Legislative m easures, although m ay not be a
co'm plete answ er and pailaèeifftp this, have to be put in place to keep a check on
this social evil and prevent violations of'hum an rights of children which they are
entitled to enjoy otherwise.
There has been a range of responses by the law and legal fram ew ork, both at the
national as wel as international level, through which attem pts have been m ade to
exterm inate the harm ful practice of child m arriage. lnternational hum an rights
law, particularly, Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), Convention on
the Elimination of al1 Forrns of Discrimination against W olzlen (CEDAW ) and
Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRQ , discourage the practice of child
m arriage on the basis of the principles of hum an rights. Further, m ar!y countries ,
Page 56

including lndia, have expressed their commitment by adherinj to these
conventions and also by m aking relevant laws based on their respeitive irfternal
socio econom ic situations.
ln addition to aforem entioned conventions, lnternational Covenant on the Civil
and Political Rights (ICCPR), lnternational Covenant on Economic Social and
Cultural Rights (ICESCR), Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimpm Age for
M arriage and Registration of M arriages as w el as the Milennium Developm ent
Goals (MDGs) also have bearing on the practice of child m arriage and its
eradication.
The binding legal fram eworl in India in the form of legislation is of utm ost
im portanèe in the pursuit of eradication of heinous practice of child m arriage.
How ever, an overview of the legal fram ework point.s tow ards the need to revîsit
the existing provisions w ith a view to strengthen them by plugging the loopholes
and rem oving the deficiencies to m ake them m ore effective in dealing w ith the
issue, particularly at the grass root level.
Page 57

Legal Com m itm ent.s of India towards Prevention and Eradication
of Child M arriages
klnikelxal dèclayh-tion-tfji Hiltnail Rigl/s
rlpiei-pa i iclna 1 c4 y enqflt o' 1 cilril . al'ld'p . l'ltit' :!. '1 Jliglts . .
'
etnternaiolal Cév,'1l -aiïiq : (;il Ec-o' non' 'kic Social and (lultàral RlJ lts
. . , . e g
kcoùv' entixjn olftlïè Elinïinatiol) of AI1 Fonns of Disrinlination agailzst W'olnelh
: . . ' ' ' . . ' ' . '. ' '
' . .colvention ofï tlye Righti oftle Child'
. . - . '
-
.conventionvo-n tse cônkeùt to 'kolai' age, Minimum Age of Maniage
wiqillenniuln Developnlellt Goals
. J . . ' .7
.
- .
.prollibitiml of child MarriageActa 2006
' ' '
. acolnpl l sow R ekrls ' trbtibn' of Mani'a ge
. ' . , . tLegislatipq on otler related issues c qal'e And Protection ol7 lildT.el, Dowly. Traflickilg
ê.-. '
. & Doineslif .violeflce.
. . t, - l
j '
Page 58

International Legal Fram ew ork
Child m arriage is a practice that is gravely detrim ental to the interest of a child, .
more so in case of a girl child w here she has to face m any unw anted and
undesirable conditions / situations in her household. She is physicaly and
em otionaly not ready for the circum stances she is forced into by' her fam ily
mem bers. ln m ost cases she is grossly unaw are of the circum staricej and is
ofered an untrue and rosy picture. ln cases where she is aw arç or unwiling, she
is simply vetoed. This in most cases leads to serious consequen'ces ts stated in
Chapter 2 of this Report. International conventions, standards and norm s based
on the principles of universality of hum an right.s have taken cognizance of the sad
state of affairs with rega'rds to children , although ini'tially it has been m ore
2
focussed on the fundam ental freedom s such as equality and the right to free
choice.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rfgàt.ç (UDHR), 1 948
10th Decem ber, 1948 w as remarkable day in the modern history of m abkind. That
is the day on which the United Nations m ade declaration on human rights. This
declaration w as not a sudden or m iraculous event. It was the effect of a
cumulative and continuing m ovem ent of hum an conscience and changes in
thinking that w ent on over a lon' g period, Tbe UDHR has been a m ilejtone in the
journey of granting international recognition to the conceptual understanding of
'hum an rights'. lt was the effect of a cum ulative and continuing movem ent of
hum an conscience and changes in thinking that w ent on over a long period. lt
strongly advocates the idea of non-discrim ination and aim s to secure equal right.s
to al. The IJDHR did m ake an efective move tow ards curbing child marriages as
can be seen in the folowing artiçle:
Page 59

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ocle and' the. Stateb lt-/:' .z.au.'1Js' =+.a--J wna-e' .e.A. s.ït-. o.-g.asu-r. v',z., s,'sv .c.,a.,t . s .cs' s. v u . .-.
The IJDHR ca'n' be said to have an effective fncorporation curbing child m arriage
where it em bodies the elem ent of 'consent' as an essential to a valid m arriage.
Free and ful consent of the contracting parties to the m arrîage is only possible jf
the parties possess the m ental capacity to understand the institution they are
entering and the changes that folow. This is not possible before they attain yhe
age of majority.
lwternqtiqnql Covepqlt pn f'ivit and Political #f ,g.àts' (ICLPR), 1.966
This Covenant w as adopted by the Unjted Nations General Assem bly on 16th
Decem ber 1966 and the sam e w as entered into force on 23rd M arch 1976. It
elaborates the civil and political rights and freedom s spoken about in the
Universal Declaration of H um an Rights.
Article 23 stresses upon the free and full consent as an essential com ponent to a
valid m arriage. The consent of the parties to a m arriage can be said to be valid if
both the parties have attained the marriageable age (i.e., 18 years for the bride
and 21 years for the groom in India as per the Prohibition of Child M arriage Act,
2006). Hence, this article can hence be considered as an jnitial measure to
obstruct child m arriage. State pérties to this Covenant are requjred to incorporate
Page 60

such laws w ithin their domestic legal structure so as to give efect to this article.
Furtherm ore, this article talks about equal rights and protecting a child în m atters
relating to m arriage or its dissolution.
. (k . u - irfuàk ï,Y. -A. . - tmzès-:lvr-':c .7 : ' '
' 'A ec . 'rti . c l'eQ p .3'. - .. o. f ' th - e C o n ventu . ' t). n' .. h .. 'asJz . .zL n . i . m p a ct . o. ' . h x -cbld' . . / m'ar-nagelw . , h - ere'. . ,'1. t'.s tre . ssesàr-t: - '
& .' ' 7 ' ' tzy' w .tb.u.;- x r- s'l'-.s'ax s. Jsrzao i .:1$ 't.s >j. r.uf . ' .r.kw'n 4 ' s-.J;'k4'w#c : ' e7.:+-/., .L
na v.é.:4. a ' 'kl'îjjv- s>-.- vwb'yt.yvuq.' .+ ..z. swwm. Xnu . cqo ;.z à .,=>. . . . v-,*'i.' zva/z..r .u' ., . 'b;.y.-.l&.=s sktmtxw'k.kr Y'h'- àt.-$.' Y ' S! 5.-c.' ' .r&t.aè r . %' .:
kNlwe-irl jsr-. . '-a'krs- 'Gs ' x.w.ka.- . o, x x .-v y.,
.. yl t : . yoa p#.r. 764, . u. . . ; , . x . , j j. . j, jy. j j.jyjy z y.u.j yj. y. ygyg . yj,.jg, . rya. tyj . .j j. jk. jtzv,. y k.j, ),.jry.
.m. p o. q. th e . n e c es sl .to. f lnf o. , 'ed xco' n s.ent. x.a n . , e.qu a 1 .,.'c o .k . . - . , -o-,u. 1 ,.>: s, -Js g .:; Z' ' ' ' : vv. . ,v x' c kéi ' y! . IL'. .ajs . q s sz.j& . à.;. v%zs-ö;. < jjk);. : .yj;. 16 tyajy.p . .;y . .53 ' ? :. .3 . 78 '. ' & .u a :js.,. vq vzyu q. . vl+t z. .jr.J =; . ir 7:.!j: . .tz)j tyrjs . tx lt'!. . t: s tsna .a.5tj a? y 1t. .t. .- . x. : . (. y; Ak .). mi k . a jxy : k. . j q. . ,( n . .y. -.;. hj. , . a .;y.q, .
x. .= x) .. : l.-.x/ 4' 4-2'+:;4.:j -.. -x . .2:? . : u. J,. . r l:l . a ... .a, < '. ;. F'h .a.c y .g .. u.-x-.x.. . ' . Q' 'uj.'& rRC;' it aétpt.v J' .' z .u' 'v4à )1;.B= . * '.t e'mgls . *< 7,-=.: '.; .ps . > .qn= < '# E.1qc . y. . xy
. < Q.5 's r' :c .h@: p qr-éë -!h
'=' pz,. 7; t J. ' s '-' )zaji m:@.z.zà
x a. nr;

consideration of the @ge-factor. Adolescent girls m arried before the m arriageable
age, are at a greater risk as com parbd to thoje m arried after they attain
prescribed age. This is because gifls married at a very young age lack the
bargaining pow er in the household, have an inadequate understanding regarding
health-related m atters and are denied any say When it com es to child bearing.
M ore so, in lndia they are required to be dutiful to their husbands and bear a
child when they are asked to and not when they choose to. ln m ost cases, they are
hardly aware of the choice that w ould have been available had they been m arried
after they attain a certain age or m aturity level. These unfortunately lead to
higher rates of child and m aternal mortality prim arily because of the fact that a
girl before a certain age is not physicaly suited to bear a child. If forced into
m otherhood at this point of tim e, it m ay invite extrem e risks' for both the m other
and child. These are facts often (w erlooked by fam ilies w hen they give a girl child
in marriage. Article 10 of ICESCR has therefore very strong impact on child
marrfage especfaly where ît fntends to secure the health of the m other and
special m easures being taken on behalf of children w ithout any form of
discrjmination. The practice of the non-discrim ination principle would result in a
' bar on child m arriage irrespective of the sex or the econom ic status of the child.
'
.
' '
- . .
.
.
Artide 10 Of. this Covèrïant deals lit étt j p . r j? : ,
jj' . j jjjt j tj (;j j tjyke soy ' c n'op jg'. jrtd.
also supportj pq*yention' and .éfqd,catlbia .of child
; J . . :.fë . ;' L J L. : . 'j j' . - L . ; IL.;j,t ;r'l t' / S.J r JJC': : . . .' t' ! ' : $ > ' .
sq'cial . .exploitetlon and - .
j.j aj:
.F' j g e X 'i . wt . 7 - : .J ' J . ' . ' . ' . 7 z.l .w : .y . .C . j . u. t ' .r'w ' .? .' . ' . è C . '?7 (! ' J -
. . :. : . J. . j , - . .
1. .. Theéùtidèsçpossï ihle pintection c/tptfrjejf-lérlàkcer.jàty . n/l, bè cccorlet/ to . thv ./-sa/zlf/.p'
. . . . . . . . .
. - . .@ : . :. . . . . . ..,.-rs ,r:$. :., é . s . . , . . .
f. . / z .) ;k . .z., -.- : .
which. . '. t . fjs. thq/np. &wsrq / qm.eîltqt; p(p
. .sgt?-np,.J'Ad. .qy .,,(.'j.4vf?t?T. . . ' . r t -a. . ( : :. l js - .t ; '. . ' . .' t' ' -. g r'e f xy-r. : . ï clt . . q? . .qi.ep;, . Jiba.rtit. - . zi . y/4. . ': ' orl.lt,'./>r . z . ; .' z . it. . L s. '
qstabtishpqnt 'and'bvhile fr. ls i'esponmble,forutbq. carq qnd education. (, ./'.kJ epèhàènt
.: L . '. Q k Nsu. Lhili; ' 1 nnsîuarç.' ' .:qj l(? (. .(@'è :.w ) my mvst' . . ' .i.er-entl?titz. - C xz i. J . z . r . ' :jJ mtobî s. -C' ' XL8L tb. 1';(y$ ' àeuypge- S. :,z:lg. . x . '. x . ' ' : ? . -. '.' : . J jt. .y xtî: j; t. ' y ' . .'; Ly' J .'. .- . - .r ' . r g c Z.; . .' . . ê-
.
- . v . ; . ) . . . . . . . . . .
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k ? . . ' - - ' .
. syèp/tz/,prkti titîon . .shoulà be 'accoràed tp nmother's .durin .q f!, reako. ylôyxperft?jf
'
befobe and ' tz/tér ch ' àb ' th Iltlrjrw' sy é' 'lf
' 'pèr'jodx' p'or/dn g mothers kht?' uid b'e
. il lr . . , .
. . : E . '
atcorded paid lèave'orleave with J'dequatg.jb .çf.l?.sccur/l'bcke/t; . ' . ' .
Page 62

z . : . '. > t . >'J* VS'>X ' Y-z. > J' .*- r . 1 w-Q-.iV=z FXi ' Y#ith5Tw.e 'V0;t.+'W e 'tz*'. . X Jf'V .1?W. '* 'X- YP'YW : t*V zX F :
,J. Speclal,; meas. lfreszrofswrt? tecp. o. nytln dvass.l.st-ancevésh 'oul. d.y-io ectakenqlonçnb' -e'?lJf.J40t./';.y al'
:% ,!.r .- .T . , .jyg-v, w.g.&7' - .-. .. jj-cxy. v . pxwr- awMom' . s'.rxv adi .< e: . Lkhk. . :.. k-x. . su.ov' ' : x. .- x'u 4 , . P 9%; . 'oy.zx7r z ?'z/:ksa-. . ' :p.a'-.jy.g.-=1 f .a. Q L X'.VJ-' . .u a'é-lib . :. v . l ':2.,u. . '. ' . , 4 = . * ' . -q
r o v .ê. s?)u,. y . g. ç.1p Jt.utyr7:rj) ;)? ysqa -' -z-y.x-.ci ' sn sq.? 2 .> , ': wy. . x .* gw. ' . Nl.v % -ftm a ' $ ) .*. 'e. . rjz . . wz. Y'ip. . .r.- i vy.yk ï .j. . y k y o g . n.qz z . r x . .d
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Auvjue:,
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y yp.,açgywr.hy
=. . 'r'' y z ; - v
.
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mrk'
-
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. ' . ' .U. -.Sa,Pr. otec. tlonv an d n'asslstaïnc.
eYshould. be: acco. rsded' t'oc'th . e f,am lyc.Marn, age .musk'
q' .be
L' . 'Y C.'Y 4 va z s.
7f jkV .#. (j.;g L . g N. .r'1i w . j .v. . , ;. . . .y .y .x.u.y a . , .
ïentered' lntob',wlth th ev ee .' consent' o Lboth.-. sp. ouses.-s. 'p. 'ec Ic. lm rotectlo ,n.i should .be.
-g. ' 4 y.p.su-.j , ' . - u. . '-. x. k(.j. y. ' y L:E. . .j ' s ..7J1' -.,s . x.w7.,è - . YJ ' .- Z;.ix, . 4j: - . %y fpyj ' .#.t * -' ' * .r.+' z(y :. z - & (. 4 ï .V xyau . I ' pkjt ' tàv IS':V .k' '
kk. .?.n.%. .aa.r.:1. i 6;w p. . .'-. . .tv ' tf . 'w.ï. . .%.r WW'rJC:#' . p=i
tpr.ovldedibto- ,y'.m. m.iY.. . 0th. .era. Specl'a. /4'.m . e . asures ,x s houldïibe z'taken.kl. . % k on'j b.e. lftzz-/rju(:)fz'f-c#.à' ildtki'
s y.;)' +vy : . ' 'L. J s:' .:. j'c (Q. z . T';J . . x % .1 ' . -$ ,:( . ' e'L ).-t.ok'.a. Mao . .-iazzMlve.r . wK . ;.z , . ' z .qv .u % 'a..kL hj: . J.p 'G;y. y '.-%*.' . . . src.gj .4 .kzï. u& .ï.g. - .- ç ju' . ' . .-.T.'to u:. c ' . '. A-
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l !ks '-v #v.-.es>., .v-..bœ. vql; ' ,.-1,.. - e - .% . ., ,l. - .v.,. ) , h!.7f's .: sroz' i/k. .. tm' tvt'v.*.- d -k '
.x,:

. . Article 16: CEDAW ' '
' .
, . - -. l.
. . if ' . . . . .
1. sstates . parties shal take' atl apprbbriate rzjicprest'zo . elimtnàte . discri'minatbn
aggiv t wnrù en in aII rnltfc/.g felfitip.t tp rhàhriage JJIJ famik relnùqns and. in
. . . - . . . . .
. . . , . -c zh( é. . . .p , -j 4 yts'jl r . : , . ., - w . : . :. x.a . . ,
ahicularshal ensurq, on a ààâ'z.ç ofequalitk ofmen and Svtlrzlen?
. . ( ) 23 L . ., . . . '
p . i .
. .
. . . > . g. . ' . . L . ië . . .
a) Thè same righ r to enter into marridge; ' ?ï
. . .;. . t y ).E )j . ï. . . . :7
b) The same rtyht/-ec/y to chbose a spouse tzn; to enter into marriage gnlv with
theirfree andfull coïisent; '
c) T'he same rfmgàts and responsibilities dlzrfp.g marriage and at fr.s disjolution;
d) The same r/phrs and responsibilities as pti rents, frrespective .0./- thefr marîtal
status, in matters relating to their children; in qp cases ihe interests ofthe childcen
.shal beparam ount; .
e) The same ztyht.ç to dcc/defrecty aTd responsiblk on the number and spacing O.J
their childrên and to have access to the inforiation, education and meanà to enable
them to exercise these' rlyht-ç;
X The same rfghts and responsibilities with regard to guardianship, wardship,
trusteeship and adoption of children, or similar institutions where these concepts
exiàt in national Iegislation; in al cases the interesbs of the children shal be
param ouat;
g) The same personal r?khts as husband and wle, including the right to choose a
family aame, a profession and un occupation;
h) The same rfghts for b0th spouses in respect (?./- the ownership, acquisition,
managementl administration, enjoyment and disposition ofproperty, whether Jrcc
of charge orfor a valuable consideration.
2. The be' &r' thal and the marriage of a child shall have no legal e/fccti and al
necessary action, including legislation, shall be taken to s'pecly-k a minimum agefor
marriage and to make the registration of marriages in an ofhcial refgt'zy
com pulsoïy.
Page 64
.

Millennium Developm ent Goals (MDGs). 2000
The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) are set to be achieved by 2015
for m eeting the w orld's m ain development chalenges. The M DGS are draw n from
the actions and targets contained in the M illennium Declaration adopted by 189
nations and signe? by 147 heads oî state and governm enl, including lndia,
during the IJN Millennium Sum mit in September 2000. These MDGS are divided
into 21 quantifiable targets that are m easured by 60 indicators.
z. - . d . . r - ax: z .-. .t. z a) . JK :y) . . .' .j5-!l. . >L x .r- r. 4 k/u yz:g.L4ï .jïs% fï.' ,1, .n %k. $1r'f: - ej). L3n . % v naI nt*.
-
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. .iju vkj . - c. . . ..j z rvzlt. s'. . . @v.. v' ' .
.
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w ' s '
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. . .1; . d : ;f ..j . .5 . .k7 , . (.'i.x. , 4 - . . 4 't'.a ' > 1 . y A r'.a - w.,L.w.y.%.?'t -' .r.s.s.z .$ w k. p . . - . ? .
Goal's r ' l.1'rêl . roven*.r ; s . !ze 'e: ' ternalahenlth' . pj'.k . - = > . 'z .b*$'. ,*' ' 'J' i. a 1-' .< * /'< - . ' . 3-:.-1' Y' ' - '-'%'-' VX & t' ' = z.' ' ' .4 - . Y ' -)7 -= ' . ' e ' . .jv '*' ' '- . '-' - m c
. ç . -. . # . . . . . om tl . l .F= . . . sm-t .g. -'.4'.k:e-.r. ALU. 2. . 1 ae: z X.-J.. xwo . .y -. % . .. . . sl-zoc. . v wv . . .:.0. +. . . y 4. .'.wk,r' . a x èxys-w. . : .y n =.. kr. .aw-. 'v. .tp,u. seup. . k r(, vjrjz. w'. . .,i)a;. 4, ;-Q=4 Go a . ,. . -. 7. w . a. z -s . N p -. . '. . '., r . ' . . .
. . . tsvzk . ' z' . . '.;A%w . ' . . . ,.:N%' . - w, > ' zoJ.- v.œ.v z6. rxi3a r .-' iznzuî J m'zu x w'=+.Txv'o> z:k z ' .'u.- . l . x .? : . - + :
: . -ar. . ge . .u. e. .u.c.e,z. .,ys,. . r.ee.z-q. u gr't . .ers., . b. e . een. .*199,0. k-can dp 2,0 ,15. : t. .h erwm ater-nal .
' $ . ,
' n '- ' . 't xur . jtcjs- ' 4'0. +:s'.4z E u. .
s o'%
x .'y lk;M . .914 s# . E-#. ' ;r,'a' y? z ., r :.r - -. 2%. . i', ' .' uk. P.' . c;); .' JQ zb' >t1$ ; 'LKê8LQjy-jCU- G mp:ï -h 2: ah %F.*ç':e ' '. .s ' . *':2-2 ' z$' '-.' - . ' '.
? r
..
: . ' . Ifl O X' a ) ' J' F a tl O 'V ;c ?. -'X ';k lk.v .; . ' .'y. . 'YC. w. o é&a. N 1'% . ' SXSX -vZ ' N. z 'tg c . ' 'x y , (a, . ' ;t z &. i':;:f â .ö'.tm' .- ru 'Y a'j u 'e -%:AL vj ' . X . : ;.. . p 'e. .à '.Y ' : 'a ' ' -. ' w . . J b . . ' .
' , . n . -. . '.l%rpcf= . . m v, . C'agys ...a . 4 .. x & . $.1'.*4' . . l w' L 1 - . f z' t ' . - z jw' at p a. = .' ' '' y ' . 'j. . 1. Pb . ' v. ! g.:. > ï = ' ' ) .
' . . Tar et.5B 'hA ch levei b .'2.0.1.5 un' l-vers-'al a'tce-ss'.tb- r-e' . rodudtw- e' h ealtht', '
. ' '.
' '-
e
' :
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.g. . y . .p . . . . . . '
. . az . = .:*.e J=. : . r'z F' . x.%$ . # 'A ,' z : v.t . ' . 'Jr' . . ! ' > 'e' r 'r? %' T r. ' ;' ' .
A glance at these goals, especialy the fifth goal gives us an idea as to the efforts to
be made iowar-ds cul ing ch'fd marriage. 'ffls goal by Way of-ili-é- envisaged
targets, has focused on the issue of m aternal health and the childbirth. To ensure
these, it is necessary that w omen are married at an age when they are physicaly
ready and also aw are of the health related issues that com e along w ith marriage
and pre' gnancy . W hen married at a young age, girls are usualy uninformed and
lack an educative insight into the health related issues of childbirth and early
pregnancy and their consequences. How ever, this goal though does riot expressly
'
talk about curbing child m arriage; it has an inb'uilt impact on minimizing child
m arriages.
Page 65
)

Convention on the Af .ghl.s' of the Child, (CRC), 1 989
The General Assembly, by it.s resolution 44/25, adopted the Convention on the
Rights of the Child, which was opened for signature in New York on 26 January
1990 and cam e into force on 2nd September 1990. The Convention has been
ratified by a1l countries w ith the exception of the United States and Som alia.
W hile child m arriage has not been dealt wîth specifically as an issue in the CRC,
given that it has ram ifications for the realisation of other rights - such as the rjght
to express their view s freely, the right to protection from al form s of abuse, and
the right to be protected from harmful traditional practices - w hich are
exhaustively addressed by the Convention and the Com m ittee on the Rights of the
Chfid constftuted thereunder. The relevantAlticles fn the CRC are;
Article 1:A child m eans cver .p hum an being below the age of einhteenyçars unless,
under the law applicable to the thild, Frlllor'ft.y isvattained earlier.
zrêfc/e 2.' Freedom .#'(?m discrim ination on any grounds, including sex, religion,
ethnic orsocial on/fn, birth t?r other status.
Article 3: In all aaions concerning children . the f?c-st interesd ofthe child shal be
a prim ary consideration.
Article 6:
1. States Parties recognize that evcr .)z child has the inherent right to ytfc.
2. States Parties shal ensure to the maxfmum cAetcnt possible the spz-krfvt?/ and
development of the child
Article 12: The rlqht to express his or her Wcwsfrec)z in all matters affecting the
child, in accordance with age and rnlttlrfty,.
Article 1 9: The rg//lt to protection .lr(?z? al forms of physical or mental violence,
dn -jur.)z or abuse, m altreatm ent t?r exploitation, including sexual abuse, while
care ofparents, guardian, or any other person.
Page 66

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This Convention reaffirm s the consensual natmre of fnarriages and requires the
state parties to establish a m inim um age by 1aw and to ensure the registration of
marriages. Article 1 reads:
Anicle 1: - ,
( '( t . . . (' ' . ( . ' '
.1. No marriane s'ht7/! be lé#' alyxep' tered into without thefull andfree conqent 0.fb0th
. . ' J '
p'anies, such conyent (o lw expbeàsed by them in person' cft'er due nublicity and in
. . (. ' . ' e ' A .
the prescnce ofthe Juthtlrft.y tompetent to solemnize the marriage and ofwitnenes,
' y.
as prescribed by law. - :.;' k
. 2 . Notwfthstanding anyth j ng ' in paragraph 1 abgve, Kshal / not tj e necessaryfor one
of the plrtfe.s to be prcyj'nt when the c/mpetErt authority is satished that the
éircumstances are excepdonal and that the part .y Lcs,
before a competent authority
flrld in S'NCX m ânnec JS i1(J# b e PTBSC rïbetf il .)z Dw zexpresscd
and nqt withdrawn
consent.
Artfcle 2: State Parties to the present Convention shall take legislative acdon to
spcct/-k a minimum age for marriage. No marriage shal be Iegaly entered into by
any person under this age, except where a competént authority has granted a
dispensation as to agegforserious reasons, in the interest ofthe ïrlt'cntffn.g spousesi
Article 3: Al1 marriages shall be registered in an appropriate om cial register by the
competent authority.
This Convention does not ban child m arriage specificaly or expressly. Although
im portance has been given to the 'consent', requiring prior consent does not
usher the end of child m arriages, because the consent can be either uninform ed
or ill-inform ed in the case of a child. Also, under Article 2 the com petent authority
m ay dispense w ith the rninim um legal age required for m arriage if there are
'
special reasons'. The competent authority's own prejudices could alow for the
Page 68
'
.
'
.
-

perpetuation of discriminatoly traditions thus alowing early m arriages. The
Convention does not definitively ban child m arriage, but m akes the registration of
marriages compulsory.
laegal Position M :.IA regard to Child M arriage in India
lndia has endorsed m ost of the international instrum ents aim ing at the
realisation and protection of rights of the children and w omen, however, the
constitutional provisions pertaining to the rights of children are of utm ost
im portance w hich also lay dow p the foundation for realisation of these rights.
Constitutionalprovisions
Following provisions of the Constitution of lndia have bearing on the rights of the
child.
1. Article 14 provides that the State shal not deny to any person equality
before the law or the equal protection of the laws withih the territory of
lndia.
2. Article.lst3l provides-that 'Nothing in this article-shal prevent the State
for m aking any special provision for w om en and children.'
3. Article 21 provides that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal
liberty except according to procedure established by law.
4. Article 21A directs the State shall provide free and com pulsory education
to al children of the agè of six to fourteen years in such manner as the
State may, by law, cietermine.
5. Article 23 prohibits traf ( icking of h uman beings and forced labour.
6. Article 24 prohibits em ploym ent of children below the age of fourteen
Page 69
years in factories, m ines or any other hazardous occupation.

$
7. Ardcle 25-28 provide freedém of conscience, and free profession, practice
and propagation of reljgion.
8. Article 39(e) and @ provide that the State shal, in particular, direct its
policy tow ards securing to ensure that the health and strength of w orkers,
m en and w om en and the tender age of children are not abused and that the
citizens are not forced by econom ic necessity to enter avocations unsuited
to their age or strength and that the children are given opportunities and
facjlities to develop in a healthy m anner and in conditions of freedom
and dignity and that the childhood and youth are protected against
exploitation and agaînst m orai and m aterïal abandonment.
9. Article 45 envisages that the State shall endeavour to provide early
childhood care and education for a1l children until they com plete the age of
sixyears.
This constitutional com m itment has also found place in the policy statements,
dom estic legislations, plans, program mes and schemes at the national and state
level. In the context of prevention and eradïcation of chfid m arriage, the PCMA
2006 .@n.d ttle Karnayaka. 5t@!:# tlul.gs fram d Jmdqr-yhe-Açt A-rq-jn .place. and are
enforceable. Persons violating the provisions of the Act are liable to punishment.
Besides there are other policy docum ents, plans and schemes etc. at both the
central as wel as state level w hîch are aim ed at realisation of rights of children.
National Policyfor Children, 1 974
In 1974, the Governm ent of India adopted a National Policy for Children,
declaring the nation's children as -suprem ely irnportant assets'. This policy lays
dow n recom m endations for a com prehensive health program m e, supplem entary
nutrition for m others and children, nutrition education for m others, free and
com pulsory education for all children up to the age of 14, non-form al pre-school
Page 70

education, promotion of jliysical education and recreational activities, special
conslderation for the children of w eaker sections of the population like the
scheduled castes and the schedule tribes, prevention of exploitation of children
and special facilities for children w ith handicaps.
The National Policy for Children 1974 is the first policy docum ent concerning the
needs and rights of children. lt is a very brief docum ent that covers few but does
not cover large number of issues faced by children'in India. lt rec'ognises children
to be a suprem ely im portant asset to the country. The goal of the policy is to take
the necessary steps in ensuring the constitutional provisions for children and the
UN Declaration of Rights are im plem ented. It outlines services the state should
provide for the com plete developm ent of a child, before and after bjrth and
throughout a child's period of grow th.
Som e of the aim s that are relevant in the context of the issue of child m arriage
are: Children should be protected from abuse, neglect, cruelty and exploitation.
Existing laws need to be am ended to take into account so that the beqt interest of
the child is always first priority. The policy outlines that program m e form ulation
and implementation should give prioritk to child health, nutrition, orphan and
destitute children, crèches and childrenw ith disabjlities. .@
The National Plan ofAction for Children, 2005
The National Plan of Action for Children, 2005 prom ises to ensure basic rights to
all children under the age of 18 years, w here the Governm ent w ould have the
prim e responsibility to guarantee an en'vironment for the growth, developm ent
and protection of children. The Plan has been divided into
Page 7 1
1. 'Child survival' dealing with Child health, Maternal health and
Nutrition;
.?

2. Child developm ent' dealing W ith Early childhood çare and
education, Rights of the girl child, Adolescents, 'Children w ith
disability, Child and environm ent and Education;
3. 'Child protection' dealing w ith Children in dificult
circum stances, Children in conflict with law . Sexual exploitation
and child pornography, Child traficking, Combating child labour
and Children afected by HIV/AIDS;
4. 'Child participation' and
5. 'M obilising resources, lm plem entation of the plan and
m onitoring'.
lf this Plan of Action îs im plem ented effectively as envisaged, it w il certainly help
în preventing child m arriages and eradicating its practice w jthin a reasonable
tim e.
W ith special focus on the child m arriage issue, the introductory part of the Plan
m entions that the abolition of fem ale foeticide, fem ale infanticide and child
m arriage is required in order to im prove the development and protection of girl
children. Under the m aternal health section, the Plan speaks of preventing and
progressively eliminating child marriage and the practice of under-age childbearing
caused by the non-enforcement of the Child Marriage (Restraint) Act.
How ever, the relevant section of this document is the one on the 'Rights of the
girl child' which defines the goal of the Plan as being to elimînate chîld m arriages
by 2010. The corresponding strategies to be taken up to pursue this goal w ould
be to im plem eht and enforce law s protecting rights of the girl child through the
generation of social support and invoking necessary action.
Further, under the 'Adolescents' section, the goal of the Plan is stated as to
elim inate al the child m arriages by the year 2010. Although this has not been
possible.until now because of various reasons.
Page 72

Priority G oal Key Strategy Stipulations
Area '
Elim ination of ' . Advocacy through sociala political and
child M arriage by religious leaders and through a'll
2010 i governm ent program m es to change
Assurance of, attitudes and practices discrim inatory
equallty of status for towards gjrls.
girl child as an . Enforce laws that protect the equal rights
individual of the girl child by generating social
Ensure survikal, support and through other necessary
developm ent and action.
protection of the girl * Encourage and support non-governm ent
child and to create organizations and com m unity based
an environm ent organizations to prom ote positive attitudes
w herein she lives a and practices row ards the girl child.
life of dignity with * Take afjirm ative action for rem oval of
'
ful opportuniv for gender discrimination against the girl child
choîce and and inform and sensitize society about the
develo m ent tradltional and custom aly pradjces whfch
Stop sex selection, are harznful to the girl child.
fem ale foeticîde and
Protection infanticide
* Prom ote gender sensitization am ong all
those in authority, inqluding the judiciary,
Of the
Rights of
Protect the girl child
from deprivation
Poice and local authorïtfes and members
Of the general public.
the Girl and negled and > Develop and prom ote day care services in
child ensure equal share Order to relieve the girl child from sibling
of care and Care responsfbilities. This w ill enable her
resources in the to access opportunities forher ow n
home and the
com m unity and
equal access to
developmentz
. Take m easures to ensure that alI uîrl
chfldren receive Iaolistic laealth c are'- and
sew ices. protection jncluding preventive and
Take m easures to ' Curative services covering their health at
pro tectgirl children all ages, including reproductive health
f rom any treatm ent inform ation and services.
W hich undetmines
thejr s'elf estiem- and
* Address nutrition discrimination . against
the girl child through sensitization,
causes tjjejr
ex l ion from
c us
soc iai m ainstream
aw areness and outreach program m es to
ensure that she has eqtial access to food
allocation witbin the bom e.
.
E
qual opportunity
for free and
. Take preventive, protective and
rehabilitative m easures to address . the J
Page 73
compulsory
elementary
education to a)1 ifls.
greater vulnerability of the girl child to j
econonlic and sexual explojtation.

The provision relating to the developm ent of adolescents is also im portant in the
context of prevention of child marriage, w hich talks about incorporating
m easures to m ake the process of abolition of child m arriage m ore efective and
implementation-friendly. Another im portant aspect of the Plan is the inclusion of
NG0s as wel as the com m unity itself, in supporting the cause against child
m arriage.
The 11th Five Fesr Plan and the Issue ofchild Marriage
The 11th Five Year Plan as released by the M inistry of W om en and Child
Development, Government of lndia, with the fundamental objective of revievipg
strategies and program mes for the protection, welfare and developm ent of
children. 0ne of the priorities in the l1th Plan has been to em power the girl child
m ulti-dim ensionaly by seeking to uphold its dignity and security in their family
as well as in the society, with utmost focus on social justice.
This Plan also talked about am endm ent.ç to be brought to the Prohibition of Child
Marriage Bil. The Plan also em phasised on the need for States to possess a
special child m arriage prevention cel preventing solem nization of child
mari-iaj-esi'ari-d fubkequently jkokiding counselling selwices. lh order to prevent
the happening of child m arriages, this 5 year Plan suggested the initiation of
advocacy and sensitization program m es even involving m ulti-m edia cam paigning
should be undertaken to cater to al sections of the society. The Plan reafirmed
that by prohibiting child m arrjages, the socîety w ould be ensuring better health of
the girl child as w ell as facilitating higher education, econom ic productivity due to
w el-designed skils.
In the context of the issue of child marriage, the Plan reiterated that the objective
of the state w ould be to ensure that schools, Balika Sanghas and Youth Groups
im part com pulsory education on reproductive health. W hen the registration of
Page 74

marriage is made com pulsory/mandatory, by appropriate 1aw by the states and it
is efectively enforced, it wil check the perform ance of child marriages in as m uch
as no child m ar.riage can be registered. The party violating the 1aw and
performing chfld marriajes w'fl take the consequences. This may act as a
deterrent factor in prevention of child m arriages. ln the state of Karnataka such
law is already in operation but the deficiency is, it is not effectively enforcedzo.
The Plan prom ised to overcome the obstacles to girls' education like
domestic/sibling responsibilities, child labour and preference to child marriage
over education. The Plan also took note of the fact that w hile the m arriageable
age for w om en has increased from 15.5 years to 19,5 from 1961 to 1997, yet
44.5% of girls are still being 'm arried of before the age of 18 which results in
early pregnancies, affecting negatively the health of the pregnant child as w el as
the child born. In view of tackling such issues, the Eleventh Plan attem pted at
com pulsory registration of marriages, calling for the verification of age atthe tim e
of m arriage. On the other hand, it also cautioned that the decreasing Eex ratio and
annihilation of the girl child w ould leid to a spiral of chjld m arriage rates.
National Policyfor the Empowerment of Ie rnerlz 2001 (NPEW)
This policy adopted in 200ï with several goals set to be accom plished by 2010,
sought to bring about adyancem ent, developm ent and em pow erment of w om en.
0ne of the core objectives identified by the Policy was the 'elimination of
discrimination and al1 forms of violence against w om en and the girl child'. The
policy recognized a special need to have a holistic approach to wop en's health
which includes both nutrition and health services catering to the neeàs of women
and the girl at al stages of the life cycle. The Policy proposed to make registration
of m arriages com pulsory so that good and accurate data at m icro level is available
20 The Karnataka Marriages (Registration and Miscelaneou's Provisions) Act, 1976 and State Rules
2006 are enclosed as Annexure l 5.
Page 75

to efectively m eet the problem s of early m arriage. The Policy had set 2010 as the
deadline to elim inate child m arriages through spread of education, com pulsory
registration of m arriage and special program m es, which help in delaying the age
of m arriage. But, unfortunately it has not happened.
F'urther, elaborating on the rights of girl child, the policy aim s at elim inating a1)
form s of discrim ination against girl child and violation of her rights 'by
undertakfng strong m easures both. preventive and punitive w ithïn and outsfde
the family.' The Policy focused on the strict enforcem elit of laws against prenatal
sex selection and the practices of fem ale foeticide, fem ale infanticide, child
marriage etc. Ancilary to the issue of child m arrjage Js also the need for
education which w il have direct and indirect impact op .child m arriage. The
Policy seeks to address that as w el by proposing equal access to education for
wom en and girls.
Considering the fact that 2010 is already over, still the goals and targets set.s by
this policy have not been achieved due to various reasons and shortcom ings. ln
this view there js a need for focused attention and vigorous action on the issue of
child marriage and it needs to be dealt with specificaly, strongly and firm ly.
The National Youth P6li@, 2003
The National Youth Policy, 2003 is a comprehensive docum ent which seeks to
involve the youth of the country in developm ental processes by developing them
socfaly, culturaly and econom icaly. The youth targeted through the Policy are
from the age group 13 to 35 years, through the respective sub-groups 13-19 years
and 20-35 years. The Policy m eans to showcase the com m itm ent of the country to
the overal developm ent of the youth ' by preparing them for charging ahead
tow ards national reconstruction and social transförm ations in the fklture. As the
Policy itsèlf explicitly states, its objective is to stimulate the youth to rise up to
global challenges through their contribution to the w ell-being of the com m unity.
Page 76

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of child m arriages. Further, the Act declared offence cognizable only for the
purpose of investigation othelw ise it would have proven to be a major deterrent
for the solemnization of child m arriage.Also, the penalty envisaged in the Act w as
rather m eager and disappointing. The maximum punishm ent for such grave
o fence w as sim ple im prisonm ent, w hich could extend to three-m onths, and a fine
of Rs.1000/- only. Under the Act preparation, negotiation, abetment had not been
m ade punishable
The Act did not have provision fof m andatory registration of marriage and non-
registration of the m arriage did not affect the validity of the m arriage.
Ow ing to aforem entioned reasons, am ongst others, the CM IA having failed to
serve the purpose w as replaced by Thç Prohibition of Child M arriage Act, 2006,
The Prohibidon of Child Marriage Act, 2006 (PCMA)
To overcome the shortcomings of Child Marriage Restraint Act, 1929 (CMRA) the
Governm ent of lndia enacted the Prohibition of Chïld Marriages Act, 2006
(PCMA), which received the assent of the President of India on 10 January, 2007
and it came into force on the 1st Novem ber 2007. The Child M arriage Restraint
Act has bee'n f'ep-ealed with the introduction of the PCMA. This Act is an
im provernent over the 1929 Act. According to its Pream ble, it is an Act to 'provide
for the prohibition of solemnisation of child marriages.' However it attempts to
ensure usjng a m ore nuanced m ethod than merely penalising those involved in a
child m arriage as w as done under the Child M arriage Restraint Act, 1929.
The Act also defines a 'child' as a m ale w ho has not com pleted tw enty one years of
age and a fem ale w ho has not com pleted eighteen years of age. Therefore if either
or both the contracting parties to a m arriage is a child as per this definjtion, the
m arriage is considered as a 'child m arriage'.
Page 78

Voidability of marriage at the option of child: The legislation makes child
marriage voidable at the option of contracting party who' w as a child at the tim e
of m arriage. Child can file a petition for annulling m arriage at the distrjct court; if
he/she is a minor, though guardian or next friend along with the Prbhibition of
child m arriage O ficer. Petition is to be filed w ithin two years of attaining
majorïty. According to the Act no order for nulity shal be passed unless the
l
concerned parties have been given notices to appear before the District Court and
show cause why such order should not be passed.
Maintenance and Residence for the Female Child: Act makes a provision for
maintenance and residence to female contracting party to child m arriage. If the
child m arriage is canceled or nulified, the district court m ay also m ake an
interim or final order directing the m ale contracting party to the child m arriage,
and in case the m ale contracting party to such marriage is a m inor, his parent or
guardian to pay m aintenance to the fem ale contracting party to the m arriage until
her rem arriage..
The quantum of m aintenance payable shal be determ ined by the district court
having regard to the needs of the child, the lifestyle enjoyed by such thild during
her m arriage and the m eans of incom e of ihe paying party,
The Act also makes provision for custody and m aintenance of children of child
marriage. W hile m aking an order for the custody of a child, the welfare and best
interest of the child shal be the param ount consideration.
Other party to marriage m ay be given access to the child in such a m anner as znay
best serve the interest of the child, and such other orders as the district court m ay
in the interest of the child deem proper. The district court m ay also m ake an
appropriate order for 'providing m aintenance to the child by a party to the
m arriage or their parents or guardian. '
The district court has power to m odify the orders of custody and m aintenance if
there is any change in the circupstances.
Page 79

Legitim acy o .f childrenk Children of child marriage are deemed legitirnate
irrespective of the fact that the m arriage has been annu led by a decree of nullity
of m arriage.
The colrt to' wàfc?l the petition should be m ade: The appropriate forum is the
dîstrict court w here the defendant or child resides, or w here the m arriage was
solem nizad or w here the parties last resided or w here the petitioner is residing
on the date of presentation of petition.
Punishm entï The punishm ent for a m ale adult above 18 years of age , who
contracts a child m arriage, shal be rigorous im prisonm ent w hich may extend to
two years or fine upto one lakh rupees or both.
W hoever, performl, . conducts, directs or abets any child m arriage shal be
punishable w ith rigorous imprisonm ent w hich m ay extend to two years and shal
be liable to fine w hich m ay extend to one lakh rupees unless he proves that he
had reason to believe that the m arriage w as not a child m arriage.
If parents, guardian any other person any m ember of an organization or
association of person, do any act or negligently .fail to prevent, and/or attend/
parlicipate in the child m arriage, they shall be liable to upto tw o years of rigorous
im prisonment and fine upto one lakh rupees.
Presum ptiont It is'presum ed, unless and tlntil the contrary is proved, that w here
a m inor child has contracted a m arriage, the person having charge of such m inor
child'has negligently failed to prevent the m arriage from being solem nized.
M arriages to be null and void in certain casesl Sec,12 further lays dow n
circum stances in which the m arriage of a minor child is to be void, That is where
the chîld
Page 80
(a) is taken or enticed out of the keeping of the lawful guardian, or
(b) by force com peled of- by any deceitful means induced to go from any
place, or

(c) is sold for the purpose of marriage, and made to go through a form of
m arriage or if the m inor is m' arried after w hich the m inor is sold or
trafficked or used for im m oral purpose.
Power of fburl to issue injunction to stop conducting of child m arriage: Sec.
13 gives the power to cour't to issue injunction prohibiting child marriage's in
certain circum stances.
* On application by the Child Marriage Prohibition Officer or op receipt of
inform ation through a complaint or otherwise from any person, when
satisfied that a child m àrriage in contravention of this Act has been
arranged or is about to be solemnized, the Magistrate shal issue an
injunction against any person including a member of an organization or
any association of persons prohibitfng such m arrfage.
0n a com plaint by any person having know ledge or reason to believe,
regarding a possible child m arriage or likelihood of solem nization of a
child m arriage.
The injunction is issued against any person or member of any organization or
association of persons after giving a notice and givfng an opportunity to show
cause against ihe issue of injun tlon. At t:e same time, i'i is provided tlià-f in the
case of urgency, the court shall have the power to isstle an interim injunction
without giving any notice under this section. Any child m arriage solem nized in
contraventjon of an injunction order issued under Sec.13, whether' interim or
fina! shal be void ab initio.
According to the Act, District m agistrate has power to take appropriate m easures
to stop child marriage, using m inim um force. The Act also considers o fences
under the Act as cognizable and non-bailable.
Page 8 1

Child Marriage Prohibitipn Om cers (CM POs): A l the state governments are
required to appoint for the whole of the state, or such part thereof as m ay be
specified, Child Marriage Prohibition Ofîcers (CMP0s) under the section 16 (1) of
the Act. The state government may also request a respectable m em ber of the
'
Gram Panchayat or M unicipality or an officer of the governm ent or any
public sector undertaking or an ofice bearer of any non-governm ental
crganfzatzon to assist the CM PO and such m em ber, officer or office bearer, as the
case m ay be, shall be bound to act accordingly
Duties ofthe CMPO, among others, are:
(a) to prevent solemnization of child m arriages by taking such action as
he m ay deem fit;
(b) to colect evidence for the effective prosecution persons
contravening the provisions of this Act;
(cJ to advise either individual cases or counsel the residents of the locality
generaly not to indulge in prom oting .' helping, aiding or alow ing the
solem nization of child m arriages;
(d) to create awareness of the evil which results from chfld marriages;
(e) to sensitize the community on the issue of child marriages;
(f) 't-o - 'fufMijh ' èju-éh-j-é-/itfdièal fàttïi-nj and j'tatisticé as the Staté
Governm ent m ay direct;
The Act also says that the state governm ent m ay invest the Chjld Marriage
prohibition O ficers w ith such pow ers of a police oficer.
-: . - ? vivq . .,r ),1,.fp.,.5.-.r.:,. .- # zyt.b.c. jt-.y-:,y. ytl sss. prjyioty ty- 'c.:).) è a s- .y.; è.:t t'y 2 .; .t! , s.u-qst.z- : .,-;,T-.z. . . , j.,.y.,. .v . - t uyu . .-,. s
t g y .J r= . yj jj rjj. = ' y.j ' g tj.' 'yj é # jj j' jjjyj yQ c g' ' n(.;j% g (j. x ,.g.#p e,zbq.-.k. . ri .a oifit - -pp. .èd to'dé.àPWlth: càsqs '
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.
V ' Child.l' m artiages' 'can bé detlàrèd .f3'till. jrïd' koid at ' the optionsvbf r'the .
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. ' .. èùfiyiùtyiflg pértyu-a clnild u withïn .tWijyeàrà ip f his/hér àttaining ï'flajtli-iyy.'
-
Page 82

'
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thk .k.rh. .o. . fl . 7= . é. v . 'yVkél. ' u 'â
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a...!E+:>. Ae zfe' . :+.x,. ,-. ,+7,$+311. r ' . . ' ,+. p ' ' .c'- s' .
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>.J . .z. y .ë'p. éra. pkufltxlp. nsldèratbnkr. -- -z , ' .' : ?' z .b-ù' . ,- ,.vI r . -.y i- :.. . - . :jkjqE. . -- (N.A. 'qlpi,i.'-.$ri9;1tl?ù;ijf) ' . cqit' . ..-w- . . - . m- Ft , C? .0 . . x . . .ù ) ' * .. ' ' t . . ) . r . . qp + 0
.u ., ' . - : .
v ( +r 'T'hq ' Cb.tlrt ' $' 'have'. fthe' ppwer' ' töz isàue ' . ' ' i b. 'jzynctiprt .fi). ' r pèohibltihg Chîld'ï
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ylyyoz- M.ar.riagts'r'frqm'LtaKogkp.' . lac# .y . jy,.w .vwjgv,.w . .u . . a. . s'.' $ . y.- .t- - . - ' : ; ' . ' . -. . - f' ' .2 't y 5 P = 'N.J ' zs = .
x.rs. .+ . -. .) ' . .-. wrk . ',-.
How ever, w hile the PCMA is certainly an ipprovem ent over the CM lkA,
several key issues still rem ain. These include:
. Validit .y of Child Marriagès: PCMA does not automaticaly invplidate any
m arriage even those of children below a certain age. The child m arriage is
declared void in certain circum stances which have been covered ip section 12
of the Act.
Inconsistencies with Personal l'cw.5.: As things stand the personal law s on
marriage as w el as the Indian Penal Code Provisions are not entirely
'consistent with the provisions under the naw er PcMA.-various personal laws
allow the marriages even before the marriageable age prescribed by the Act,
. Registration of marriage has not been made compulsory under this Act,
w hich could have discduragid many.people to conduct child m arriages.
. No punishmentfor Ojficials - the Act does not prescribe punishrpent for the
officials who alow child marriage or negligently fail to prevent it.
Page 83

#
. lt is also interesting to note that wom en are exem pted from im prisonm ent as a
punishm ent for prom oting solem nization .of child m arriage or negligently
failing to prevent it.
In addition, it is also to be noted that the Act irnplicitly acknowledges
traditional m arriages, such as those perform ed in temples and w ithout any
form al registration etc. these m arriages cjould also be m arriages involving
children. However, the Act îf implem ented in true letter and spirit has the
potential of contributing tow ards eradication of child m arriages in lndia. W ith
regard to the validity of child m arriage it could be argued that the approach
taken in the Act is far m ore practical to the extent that it recognises that in
certain circumstances, having the marriage annu led m ay not be the best
option for the child.
Karnataka State Rules, 2008
W hile the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, 2006 provides f0r the legal
fram ew ork at the central level for the elim ination of chîld m arriage for entire
nation, it also em pow ers the state governm ents to fram e State Rules for the
carrying out the provisîons of the Act. Accordingly, in exercise of pow ers
conferred by sub-section (1) of section 19 of the Prohibition of Child Marrîage
Act, 2006 (Central) Act No.6 of 2007), the Government of Karnataka has framed
Rules and the same are caled as the Prohibition of Child Marrjage (Karnataka),
Rules, 2008.
There are altogether Five Rules under the Prohibition of Child M arriage
(Karnataka), Rules, 2008. W hile first and second Rules are pertaining to the title
and definitions? Rule 3, 4 and 5 are substantial in term s of their content.
Rule 3 states that Any person w ho has reason to believe that an act of Child
M arriage has been or is being or is likely to be com m itted m ay give inform ation
Page 84

'
about it to the Child Marriage Prohibition Off-icer (CMPO) in the prescribed
format.' lt further says that in caje the information is given to the CkP0 orally, he
or she shal cause it to be reduced it in writing jn the prescribed form and shal
ensure that the sam e is signed by person giving such inform ation. And in case,
the infonnant is not in a position to furnish written information, the CMPO w ill
satisfy and keep a record of identity of the person giving such inform ation.
Rule 4 enum erates the functiops and duties of theCM P0. It says that the CM PO
shall ensure that the organizers of m ass m arriage shal m aintain a register and a
list of the proposed eligible càuples to be married, and record details after
verifying their photographs, birth certiticate/school certificate/medical
certificate in proof of age from a registered Medical Practitioner.
Rule 4 (2) states that the Child Marriage Prohibition Officer shal ensure the
person/applicant to avail the benefit of legal services under Karnataka Legal
Services Authority in obtainihg injunction, prohibitory orders, maintenance
orders, custody orders and m atters pertaining to the enforcement of the Act.
The CMPO is em powered to m ove the court suo m oto for get-ting interim orders
like injunction, prohibitory ordèrs, maintenance orders, custody orders and also
getting suitable orders as to the residence of fem ale contracting party to the Child
Marr j age.
' - -
- . I - .. ë
The CM PO is also required to m aintain a directory of Non-Governm ental
Organizations registered under Karnataka Sccieties Registl-atian Act,
lg6o/companies registered under the Companies Act, 1956 or any other law for
the tim e being in foqce, The CM PO at Taluk level and at the District level shall
report the statistfcs of the incîdence of Chïld Marrfage periodicaly (quarterly; as
per Sec.16(3)(f) of the Act to the Director, W omen and Child Development in a
prescr'ibed format . lt is also a duty of the CMPO to collect evidence arid assist the
Court/Magistrate in efective prosecution of.the cases. .
Page 85

&.
According to the Rule 4 (7) the CMPO shal facilitate in getting appropriate orders
from the courts for custody. of the children born out of the Child M arriage and
provide al possible assistance to stop the Child M arriage and to ensure the
person/applicant, police help, if any, in the event of occurrence of Child Marriage.
W hile discussing tbe approacb to be adopted by the CM PO tbe Rules say tbat it
should be prim arily preventive and rem edial and presecution should be resorted
to only, if al other m easures and directions are found ineffective or parties fail to
comply with thè orders or directions within the stipulated tim e. And he/she is
supposed to discharge his duties with due care, decorum , and privacy and in a
manner to uphold the dignity and harm ony of the child and the family
relationship.
Rule 4(12) authorises CMPOS to take any aétion that they deem fit in order to
prevent child m arriages in the state. This is a very important rule that em powers
CMPOS in Karnataka for taking appropriate m easures for preventing child
marriages in the state,
W ith regard to the action to be taken in case of em ergency , Rule 5 states that
whenever CMpo/person receives reliable information through e-mail or
telephonic.cal or the like, either from any person who has'reason to believe that
an act of Child Marriage is being or is Iikely to be com m jtted in such an
emergency situation, the CMPO kperson shall seek immediate assistance of the
police, w ho shal accom pany the CM PO to the place of the occurrence , record the
incident in w riting ancl report the sam e to the Magistrate w ithout any delay for
seeking appropriate orders under the provisions of the Act.
Page 86

Shortfa ls in the Karnau ka State Rules
The experience show s that there are'deficiencies' in the State Rules , w hich require
to be rem edied by appropriate am endm ent to effectively prevent and eradicate
child m arriage from the state. Although they spel out com prehensively the
l
responsibilities and d'uties of the CM PO, there is naed for m aking them perform
their duties and discharge their functions effectively. The linkages w ith other
corresponding administrative structures have not been defined in term s of nodal
officer at the state level or at the district level in order tp ensure coordipation.
The Rules also fal short putting 'in place a sound m echanism for the rehabilitation
of the vidim s of the child marriage and also do not prescribe any penalties in case
of non-perform ance of the duties by the CMPOS or punishm ent to the oficials on
being oblivious to the occurrence of child marriage in their respective areas.
Omission of police from the list of CMPOS is also unexpected consïdering the
critical role played by the police in the ca' ses of child m arriage. The Rples also do
not prescribe any specific m easures to combat the problem especially in the areas
where m ost of the child m arriages take place, such as religious places, by which
the m arriages can be monitored very effectively.
Specificaly, Rule 3 and 4 do not include the netw orking and sharing of
in l ormation wit h s takeholéers wliicli is lmportani-'glv--e-' n '-il-i e -- comp ' l'é x'liy'
of the
issue and involvem ent of various stakeholders. 'rhe provisions are frail w ith
regard to the maters concerning confidentiality and security of the inform ers. ' '
Further, vigilance and Sharing of inform ation with the concerned oficials
dqsignated under the Im moral Traffickîng Prevention Act do not form part of
CMPOS, as the rehabilitation plan and m easures for the victims.
The Rules are though progressive in so far as they list a w ide range of
responsibilities for the CMPOS, there are few weak links, as stated above, that are
required to be overcom e, largely. by additions or m odifications.
Page 87

Other Law s having Bearing on the Issue of Child M arriage in India
In addition to the speci:c law to prohibit child m arriages, it is pertinent to
exam ine such other laws also that have bearing on the practice of child marriage
and those that are to be review ed in the light of problem s and issues faced w hile
making attem pts to elim inate this practice.
Compulsory Registration of Marriage
As mentioned above, one of the major drawbacks of the Prohibition of Child
M arriage Act, 2006 is that it does not m ake the registration of marriages
compulsory. The Suprem e Court in the case of Sm t Seem a 7s. Ashwani Kumar
2007 (12) Scale 578 directed the State and Central Governments to create Rules
to ensure the com pulsory registration of m arriage as it w as seen as an effective
m ethod of curbing the practice of child m arriage.
ln Karnataka, the Karnataka Marriages (Registration und Miscellaneous
Provisions) zlcti 1976 currently provides for the compulsory registration of
marriages. The com pulsory registration of m arriages w il significantly contribute
to curbing child m arriages. W ith such provision oficials shal not register a child
m arriage at all. Also, in the absence of registration of m arriages parties shal not
be able to exeFcise their rights arising out of such m arriage.
Juvenilelustice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000 as amended by the
Juvenilelustice (Care and Protection of Children) Am endm entAct, 2006
In addition to providing for the protection and fair treatm ent of children in
conflict of the law the Juvenile Justjce Act (JA) not only provides for the
protection and . fair treatment for, 'children in conflict with law ' but also for
'children in need of care and protection'. W hen the children are under the care
and protectjon of child welfare com m ittees, child m arriages can be efectively
Page 88

prevented and in case child marriages have already taken place suitable rem edies
can be provided. As per sectio'n 29 of the Act, every State Governm ent is to set up
Child W elfare Committees (CW 'C) and any child in need of care and protection
m ay be brought before the CW C by a police oficer, public servant, helpline, state
recognised voluntary organisation, social worker or by the child himself/herself.
Thereafter, the CW C shall be the final authority regarding the care, protection,
treatm ent. developm ent and rehabilitation of the child. It shall provide for
his/her basic needs and ensure the protection of his/her human rights.
According to the Act, in addition to the State & District Child Protection Units,
Juvenile Justice Boards, and Child W elfare Committees in each district, there
should also be Special Juvenile Police Units, Homes for Juveniles in conflict with
law, including Obselwation Hom es and Special Hom es as wel as the Hom es for
children in need nam ely Children's Hom es and Shelter Hom es. By doing so, the
Act provides institutional and adm inistrative m echanisms for the rehabilitation of
such children in need.childrén's hom es and shelter hom es are particularly
important for preventing child m arriages and for providing alternatjves for
children who protest against m arriage. In instances where child m arriage is
reported, CW C m embers can intervene and counsel parents.
Additionaly, the role of the CW CS is also critical w ith regard ' to inquiry,
restoration as wel as rehabilitation. Several m echanism s have been introduced
under the Act for the rehabilitation and social reintegration of the 'child. These
include adoption, sponsorship by fam ily or stay in a children's hom e, the
establishm ent of after-care organisations to take care of children after they leave
the children's hom e and creation of linkages between governm ental, non-
governm ental, corporate and other com m unity agencies to facilitate the
rehabilitation of the child in a co-ordinated m anner. The rehabilitation aspect of
Page 89
9

the victim s of child m arriages can be téken care of very effectively w ith such
options being available to a child.
: + Few C'ases 'handled br-rtW y f:rlangal*o ore U'lbeean IGI*-K r ) kyjvzov:t * ' 'L4%-4ît -uz . 'X-u/3' y -z.
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.
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W ith a1l this there are som e deficiencies in the provisions of the Act apd w hile its
im plem entation, the CW CS also face certain dificulties in relation to restoration
of the child to his/her parents. This may be an ill-conceived notion in the case of
victims of child m arriage because it is often at their parental hom e that their
problems begin.
The D ow r .p Prohibition Act, 1 961 (DPA)
The object pf this Act is to prohibit the evil practice of giving and taking of dowry.
This is in addition to S. 498-A of lPC which deals with offences of cruelty by
husband or his relatives, on wife. The Dowry Prohibition Act w as enacted in 1961
and has been am ended twice si'nce then . Other than providing the legal definition
of dowry, the DPA provides penalties for those who give and take dowa as w el
as mandates the appointment of Dowry Prohibition O ficers (DPO) vested with
the charge of ensuring' the implem entation of tile law . This Act assum es
significance in the context of issue of child m arriage since it makes the practice of
the transaction of dowry a punishable offence. In the context of the issue of child
marriage, adequate im plém entation of this Act can actually contribute towards
rêdutink th'è l-umbe'r of girls-géttih'g m arried very early. ' - -' '- -
The burden of dowry is one of the major reasons responsible for the tendency
am ong parents of getting their girls m arried very early when girls aré young, they
need to pay less dowry and with the increasing age the demand of dow ry of keeps
on increasing. In this situation, parents are tem pted to m arry their daughters
F
whenever the find suitable m atch. However, if there is no need to pay dowry,
parents would not prefer getting their daughters married at an early age. This Act
with its stringent provisions and m echanism s hgs the potential of contributing '
tiw ards eradication of this practice.
Page 9 l

'
The Immoral Frv/ic (Prevention) Act, 1 956 (IMTPA)
Title of this Act itself clearly states that it is enacted for the purpose of prevention
of imm oral trafic. The im portant aspects of this Act for the purposes of study on
law s related to child m arriage include that it deals w ith the children and intends
to prosecute the offender of traficking and coercion of children into the
commercial sex exploitation/prostitution. Since, many a tim es children are
traficked for com m ercial sex work in the guise of m arriage, at tim es forcibly.
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. J. 7 . 't . .p y . ' 5 . k r 1 . r .- ?xW'u .:7 . . ) r, .# j L . ' 7 z . f . . ' . 7 a . 1* . ' ., . .- . .R' r ' 1 xou'.r . si( m . i' c * ik . .; ' j.f.i 7 ( . y ( .j- ' . . 6 : k . . . (y - -) ' . ' 2 ' n V' . ; . V .u ' . w '. . Q ' . ' - '.
d .- . . . . . . . . . .
. . . anvhct dealna w?r?l chlldren for the safe cu stodv of chlldren.' ' '. c , .z .' ' ' ' .
The im portance of this Act can be ascertained in the context of coercion of
children into m arriage as well as the punishm ent to those who force children into
m arriage through deceitful m eans resulting in their sexual exploitation. Resorting
to section 17 of the A ct, the m agistrates can also refer the victim to the Child
W elfare Committee or the institutions established under J Act, which are the
bodies em pow ered to take required decisions for the rehabilitation of the
children.
Page 92

Sc h em es and
Program m es
Pover-ty, ignorance, unem ploym ent, lack of opportunities and other such factors
are w idely cited as the prim ary reasons that lead to and promote the practice of
child m arriage in India. These can actualy be considered as push factors that are
required to be tackled through provision of som e services, supports and
opportunities to children, especialy for the girls. Since, it is also understood that
the econom ic status of the fam ily also com pels the families to give aw ay their
daughters in m arriage, any approach for eradicating child m arriage m ust also
focus on the family and provide necessary support.
Going by this argum ent, schemes and program m es that'are especialy m eant to
provide assistance to the families in term s of basic needs such as food, as w el as
those directed specificaly toWards the realisation of rights of children such as
F '
education, health, nutrition, etc; m ust be looked into and strengthened.
ln India at the national level there are several schem es prim arily initiated and
implemented by the Ministry of W omen and Child Development (MW CD),
Governm ent of India either directly or through the stata departm epts. Sim ilarly
there are several schem es initiated by the Government of Karnataka. These
schefne'j a-fe-ex-ëctftë-d ' b-k-thé-' # D'è-p-âifhe t-of 'W b-rh-ën-A-d Chïld Dékelopment
.
( DW Cb) and varîous other Dep'artments. If only a1l the schemes are properly and
effectively implem ented, the benefits realy reaching those for whom they are
m eant, prevention or eradication of chjld m arriage wil be effective.
Briefly stated, the schemes, their objectives, eligibility criteria, nodal authority for
p I .r . 1
implementation and major provisions and entitlements, are given as folows:
Page 93
( - ..kl

National Level Schem es
Page 94
Balika Sam riddhi Yojana IS.$'FJJ This scheme airns at changing the
exfstfng negative com m unity perceptigns towards the glrl child and her
mother at child birth, improving the enrolm ent levels and continuation of
girl children in schools, increasing the m arriageable age of girls, and
assisting girls to engage in incom e-generating activities. lt is im plem ented
in both rural and urban areas, where girl children of fam ilies below the
poverty line are benefitted, provided they are born on or after 15tli
August, 1997. However, it is restricted to only two girl children in a
household, irrespective of the number of children in the fam ily. The
schem e is being im plem ented through lntegrated Child Developm ent
Scheme (ICDS) infrastructure in the rural areas and through functionaries
of the Health Department in urban regions. (The application forms being
available w ith Anganwadi W orkyrs in vilages and Health functionaries in
urban localities.) An important provision states that girl children are
entitled to the folow ing benefits: A grant aznount of Rs. 500. W hen the girl
(born after 15-08-1997) begins attending school, an annual scholarship is
given. This scheme
Nutrition Programme for Adolescent Girls (NPAG): Addressïng the
problem of under-nutrition in adolescent girls and pregnant wom en and
lactating m others, is in the epitom e of this schem e. The scheme was
intrcduced t)n a Pilot Project basis jn 51 backward distrfcts. 6 kg of free '
foodgrains are given per m onth to undernourished adolescent girls of the
age group 11-19 years and weighjng less than 35 Kg. The state
governm ents and union territories im plem ent the schem e at the state level,
This schem e by taking care of the nutritional aspects of young girls from
the poor families decreases the chances of them geting marrjed soon just
because of the inability of fam ilies to feed thejr children.

Page 95
Swayam sidha: Dedicated to W om en's Empow erm ent, this schem e is a
Self-ilelp Groups- based programme with emphasis on lonvergence
activities. The objective is to ensure that Self-ilelp Groups' members avail
the benefit of a11 schem es and services in an integrated and holistic
m anner. The efori is to socially and econom icaly epsure their direct
access to and control over resources. M ostly w om en are eligible for the
benefjts under the schem e. SHG w om en of 1279 groups are doing Incom e
Generating Activities such as Food preservation, Dairy Farm ing, Verm i-
Com post Tye ' and Dye, Cutting and Tailoring, Em broidery, Kitchen
gardening, and Petty shops çtc. Financial independence can be easily
secured by wom en'through this'schem e which could lead to em pow erm ent
and the ability to take theîr ow n decision particularly w ith regard to their
ow n m arriage.
Swadhar. This is a Scheme which provides for prim ary need of shelter,
food, clothing and care to the women/gjrls ljving in difficult circumstances
and w ithout any social and economic support; to provide em otional
support and counseling to such w om en; to rehabilitate them socialy and
econom icaly .through education, awareness, skil and personality
developm ent; to arrange for specific clinical, legal support for w om en by
linking and netw orking w ith other organizations; to provide for help-lines
to women in distress. lmplementing agencies are the Social W elfare/
W om en and Child W elfare Departm ents of w ho in turn ihlplem ent it
through State Governfnent, the ' W om en's Development Corporations,
Llrban Local Bodies, and reputed Trusts or NG0s for the rehabilitation of
such w om en. This can help in the rehabilitation of the children who are
either victims or are vulnerable to child m arriage.
Kishori Shakti Yojanal The objectives of this scheme are to improve the
nutritional and health status of girls aged 11-18 years; to provide the

equired literacy skils through the inform al stream of education; to
stim ulate a desire for m ore 'social exposure and lnowledge and to help
them improve their decision making capabilities; to train and equip the
adolescent girls to improve/ upgrade hom e-based and vocational skils; to
prom ote aw areness about health, hygiene, nutrition, fam ily w elfare, hom e
managem ent and child care, and to take a1) m easures to facilitate their
m arriage only after 18 years; to enable them to gain a better understanding
of theïr socïo-environm ental ijsues; to encourage' girls to jnitiate
productive activities and be useful m embers of the society. The
scheme caters to adolescent girls between the ages 11-18 years.
(ljawalaL This scheme is geared towards the prevention oi' traficking and
rescue, rehabilitation and Re-lntegration of victim s of traficking for
Com mercial Sexual Exploitation. This is done through social m obilization
and local involvem ent, awareness generation program m es; to rescue
victim s and provide rehabililation services by providing basic am enities; to
facilitate reintegration of the victim s into the society and the repatriation
of cross-border victim s. The implem entîng agencies of this schem e are the
Social W elfare/W om en and Child W elfare Department of State
Governm ent, W om en's Developm ent Corporations and Centres, Urban
Local Bodies, reputed Trusts or NGOs, w ith adequate experience in care
and protection of victims. This schem e can contribute tow ards
rehabîlitation of the victims of child m arriage.
Eight Schem es as identitied bv the Aoex Court
Suprem e Court of lndia through its interim orders in the case of PUCL vs Unjon of
lndia, identifjed eight schernes which are forertlnner in the realization of right to
fot?d and ensure fsod security for the vulnerable groups, which can be divided
into three different categories:
Page 96

Entitlem ent Feeding Program m es
. Integrated Child Developm ent s'endccs': Covers all Children under
the age of six, pregnant and lactating m others and adolesçent girls.
M id Day M eal Schem e: Covers al1 prim ary school childrep.
Food Subsidy Program m es
* Targeted Publicbistribution System : Provides 35 kgs per month of
subsidised food grains at half the cost of the economic price to al1
families identified as living below the poveo line (BPL families).
* Antyodaya Anna Yojana: Provides 35 kgs of rice per month at Rs.
3/- pjr kilo or 35 kgs of wheat per month at Rs. 2/- per kg. This
schem e is aim ed at 1 crore poorest of the poor fam ilies.
Social Assistance Proçram m es
. National 0ld Age Pension Schem e Provides a monthly pension to
al BPL adults above the age of 65.
* National Ftfzrlfty Benelit Schem et Provides compensation of Rs.
10,000/- in case of death of bread winner of BPL familieé.
* Annapurna Yojana: Provides 10 kgs of free food grain for destitute
I
poor who are not covered under the National 0ld Age Pension
Schem e.
Food schem es are converted by the Suprem e Court into 'legal entjtlem ents' in its
order dated 28 November 2001. Em bedded in this order is a directjon to State
Governm ents to fu ly im plement them according to official guidelines. Meanw hile,
central governm ent passed ehacted a law - Mahatma Gandhi National Rural
Guarantee Employment Act (MGNREGA) - which provides work guarantee to the
rural people, w ho are deem ed the m ost destitute segm ent of the population, to
improve their purchasing pow er and eventualy aleviate their poverty.
Page 97

A l these schem es are targeted at the resourceless people and if im plem ented in a
coordinated and' com prehensive m anner can nu lify the poverty as the reasons
for giving away their young daughters in m arriage. '
Schem es at State Level
In addition to the central schem es, Governm ent of Karnataka has also initiated
m any schem es that are m eant for improving the status of girls and w om en in the
society by providing them incentives, services and opportunities. Folow ing is the
brief overview of such schem es.
Bhagyalallshm i Schem ezl
Bhagyalaskmi Schem e is a pioneqring schem e of the state governm ent of
Karnaoka that aim s at overal w ellbejng of girls. This schem e seek.s to
prom ote the birth of girl children in below poverty line fam ilies and to
raise the status of the girl child in the fam ily in particular and socîety in
general. A1l girl children born in BPL fam ilies after M arch 31st 2006 are
eligible to be enro led as beneficia'ries under the schem e , w hich is alowed
upto one year of the birth of chjld on production of birth certificate.
However, the conditions are that benefits of the schem e are restricted to 2
girl children of a BPL fam ily; the father, mbther or guardian should have
undergone term inal fam ily planning m ethods and the total num ber of
children should not exceed 3; the birth of the child should be com pulsorily
registered and the child should:
a. be im m unized as per the program m e of the Hea1th Department
b. be enroled in the Anganw adi centre
c. take adm ission in a school recognized by the Education Departm ent.
d. not to becom e a child labourer
e. not to m arl-y until the age of 18 years.
21 Government Order No. M M E 99 MM A 2006 dated October 1 7, 2006 and Government Order No.
M M E 35 M M A 2008 dated M arch 10, 2008 for Bhagyalakshm i schem e are enclosed in Annexure 1 5
Page 98

Page 99
Thq Department for W om en and Child W elfare of the state is the nod'al
authority for im plem entation of this schem e.
Major provisions or entitlementbz After enrolment and due velification by
the department, An amount of Rs. 19,300/- wil be deposited wifh the
financial institution in the nam e of the first girl beneficiary and Rs.
18,350/- in the name of the second girl beneficiary of the sam e family. On
attainm ent of 18 years of age, the first girl beneficiary of the fam ily w ho
fulfills the conditiàns of the scheme wil get a maturity amount of Rs.
1,00,097/- and the second girl beneficiary will get Rs. 1,00,052/- at the
tim e of getting m arried af-ter 18 years.
The beneticiaries who are desirous to continue higher education
after passing SSLC und have attained 15 years are eligible to pledge
the bond and avail Ioan upto a maximum of Rs. 50,000/- from
recogn' ized banks .
Interim paym ents such as scholarship and insurance benefits w il be
m ade available to the beneficiary on continued fulfilm ent of the
eligibility criteria out lined in the schem e.
If the girl child fals sick, m edical insurance claim s upto a m axim um
of 2s.25,000/ - is p*ro-vided.
lf a natural death of the insured person takes place, fnsurance of
Rs.42,500/- is given.
lf the insured person djes in an accident, insurance of Rs.1,00,000
w il be given to the family.
Bhagyalakshmi is a comprehensive scheme covering al major aspects of
girls' life. Not only this contributed tow ards im proving the status of girls in
.
,
the society, the provisions in the scheme directly fulfil the finpncial needs
especially related to health and education; thereby openink up better
venue for girls.
1
*

Page l 00
Hostelfor Girls
' Hostels for girls have been started in the back w ard areas of the State with
an objective to enable girls form rural areas to pursue higher education
and reduce school dropout of girls. Adm issions to the hostels are available
for students residing in rural areas, whose family incom e is
less than Rs.10,000 p.a. and are studying in 6th Std. and above up to post-
m atric courses. Su' ch a facility provides a pragm atic alternative for the girls
of poor fam ilies who are pushed to m arriage at a very young age because of
the scarcity of resources.
Attqndance Scholarshipfor Girlsfrom RuralAreas
Scholarship is provided to girls from rural areas in order to reduce the
dropout rate at prim ary and secondary school levels, to encourage rural
girls to pursue and improve their education, The scholarjhîp is linked to a
zninim um of 80% attendance and successful completion of exam inations.
Family income of the girl must be below Rs. 10,000/- per annum and she
m ust be a resident of the vilage with a population less than 20,000. An
amount of .Rs.25/- p.m. fer 10 months is given to girls studying in 5th to
7th standard and Rs. 50/- p.m. to girls studying in 8th to 10th standard.
The im portance of education especially for the girl child norm aly takes a
back seat, however, this schem e encourages and m otivates parents to send
their daughters to school regularly and if that is done, the m arriage
autom atically takes place at an appropriate age w hen they have finished
atleast their schooling. And if the gîrls have been .very regular till 10Lb
standards in their studiesz there are a1l the chances of them and their
parents taking up higher studies m ore seriously.

Page 1 0 l
Incentive Scholarshipsfrom f to W std student.
The main aim of this scheme is to minimize the dropout l'ate am ong
schedule caste sm dents at their prim ary educational level. Each child is
given an incentive of Rs. 75/- per annum. A1l SC students studying in Govt.
/ recognised or aided schools are eligible for the award of scholarship at
the rate of Rs. 75/- per 'annum. The Taluk Social W elfare Officer at taluk
level or District Social W èlfare o fice at district level is the nodal agqncy for
this schem e which is targeted at providing educational incentives to
children from backw' ard sections of the society.
Three M onth Chinnara Angala Special Training Program m e
Under this schem e, special classes are conducted for children w ho have
dropped out of schools and for children who are yet to be enrolled in
schools. Special classes are to be held for a period of 3 m onths during the
summer holidays, so thai the children could be enroled in normal schools
at the end of this period. Children below the age of 14 who are yet to be
enroled in schools, or those w ho have dropped out from schools are
benefitted from this schem e. This schem e is specially targeted to the out of
L . . .- .i
skhöi)l children dts thét- the# ébul'd be miirijtfëalked ihti the regular
schoolïng system, which could also help in reducing the nuniber of child
m arriages.

'
Page 1 02
Incentive Scholarshipfor High School Going Girls
This schem e aim s at reducing the dropout rate am ong high school going
girls who are SCs, and to encourage them to st-udy further. An lncentive
Scholarship of Rs. 500/-was sanctioned for high school going girls
students, in addition to the Pre-Matric scholarship of Its. 100/- per annum.
A1l high school going girls except those residing in Govt. / aided hostels are
eligible for the scholarship. There is no incom e lim it for these scholarships .
As the nam e suggests, this schem e works as an incentive for parents to
encourage their daugilters to complete their studies even in high school ,
since it was noticed that the dropout rates am ong girls arc quite high at
thjs level. This scheme could also help in in postponing the age of
m arriages or preventing child m arriages.
Pre M atric Scholarships
These scholarships are given to encourage students from the schedule
caste to com plete their education. A l SC students studyjng from V to X std
who fulfil certain conditions are eligible for benefiting from this scheme . .
This schem e is implem ented by the Taluk Social W elfare O ficers at the
taluk level. lmplem entatîon of this scheme also can encourage the parents
to m ake their children, especially girls , continue their education.
In order to inculcate a com petitive spirit am ong SC children for scoring
better m arks in the exams, Merit scholarships are given in addition to Pre-
Matric scholarship. Any school going student w ith good m erit in annual
exam s is eligible for M erit scholarship. This is also an incentive based
scheme of the governm ent that encourages the parents and they attach
m uch m ore im portance to the education.

Child Tracking System
The Department of W omen and Child Development is working towards
quick access to data which s essential for tracking children in the
context of protection, continued education, prevention of child m arriage .
and folow up on the growth and development of children. 'fhis is done
through the Child tracking system in Karnataka w hich is developed w ith
the assistance of national informatics centre (NIC). ' The software
:
developed enables the Departments concerned to know the status of the
beneficiaries w ith regard to health, education, m igration from one place to
another and other benefits availed from other departm ents in different
schem es and also the status of paym ents to the beneficiaries from time to
I I
tim e. 'This system plays a pivotal role in keeping a tab on the overal
developm ental status of children and thereby works at a deterrent to the
practice of child marriige. Addition of the child m arriage also as an
inform ation to be colected can also work as a deterrent.
*p
ln addition to these, there are several other schem es run by various departm ents
aim ed at alleviating poverty, ensuring education and health facilities, and so 0n.22
An overview of various schem es at the national and state level actualy reaffirm s
the belief that the goal of eradication of child m arriage is very m uch ichievable. lf
a fam ily has access to most of the schem es m entioned above - their food security
is taken care of, health and nutrition for their children are ensured, and they are
m otivated enough to send their children especialy daughters to' school, the
m enace of child m arriage w il soon perish in the want of conducive environm ent.
22 causes of Child Marriage and Linkage with Schemes and Programmes to prevent it are enclosed in
Annexure / 6.
Page l 03
. i

lt is clear that ppverty and illiteracy cannot be used as excuses for performing
child m arriages any m ore.
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Role of Judiciary on the Issue of Child Marriage in India
Judiciary in lndia has always played a proactive role in interpreting and evolving
socialy beneficial legislation. 0n the issue of child m arriage also Suprem e Court
of India and High Courts of various states have given landmark judgments in the
direction of eradicating child m arriage.
Child Marriage as Void / Voidable, In litender Kumar Sharma v State and
anotherpz3 the Delhi lligh Court after examining the provisions of clause ( i) of
section 5 of The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 and the Provisions of The Prohibition
of Child Marriage Act, 2006 held that 'The principle which is now applicable is
that a marriage in contravention of clause (ii) of section 5 of The Hindu Marriage
Act, j.%S5, is not fpso facko voièl Vut could be voît if any of t'he cîrcumstances
enum erated in section 12 of The Prohibition of Child M arriage act is triggered and
that, and that in any event al m arriages w ould be voidable at the option of the
' child' spouse in term s of section 3 of The Prohibîtion of Child M arriage Act,
2006'24. lt is the option of the victim girl to accept this m arriage or not.
Lhild Marriage is violation ofhuman rights: The Delhi High Court in the case of
Association for social justice & research Union of lndia& others, 2010
recognized child m arrjage as a violation of hum an rights.
23 W P (CRt.) 1 003/ 20 l 0
24 P'P (CRL,) ! 003/ 20 10, para 14
Page l 04
mi-wuiow-cy.

M arriage Registration: As m entioned earlier, Suprem e Court in the case of
Seema IY Ashwani Kumar. 2007(12) Scale 578, obselwed that one 1 wày of
eradicating the child marriagçs would be to register al m arriages. The court
maintained that the compulsory registration of marriages would be a step
in the right direction as the' practice of child m arriage w as stil prevalent in
m any partd of the country.
Punishm ent The M adras and A lahabad High Court in Ayyah Pili k( M anik Pilai25
andlwala Prasad Z Emperor case26 had held that a priest invited to perform the
marriage ceremony was legaly bound to make an inquiry about the age of the
parties. Similarly, in Rambhauvs. Rajraml' case the Bombay High Court held the
creditors guilty of advancihg m oney to guardian for the m arriage expenses of
child under CMM . The Suprem e Court Parsaram Z Sm t Narani Dcvï28 said that
major members of the family be punished for their act in making arrangements
for celebration .of child m érriage
In the Neetu Singh 75. ThJ State & 0r.ç29 the High Court ofDelhi held that m arriage
of m inor 'is neither void nor voidable' but only punishable. ln the case of M anish
Singh 7s, State tyovs of NCT and prs30 wherein a writ of habeas corpus was filed in
a m atter pertaining to 'run aw ay marriages', considering various factors such as
th'e s-tat-em-eni of tEe girl W ho Was af th'e threshold of maturitk, the High Court of
Delhi held that the m arriage on account of m inority of the girl is neither void nor
punishable under the PCMA. Such m arriage is punishable only under Section 18
of Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 w ith imprjsonment of 15 days as also under the
Child M arriage Restraint Act and the W rit Petition was disposed of w ith this
clarification.
?1( l 965)1 Madras'Law Journal 172
CbA IR 1 934 ALL 331 '
07AIR l 956 Bom 250
2SAIR I p72 Alj 357 at p359
2977( l 999)DLT6()1
30AIR2006De1hi37
Page 1 05

'
Another im portant case w itb regard to the m easures to be taken to curb the
practice of child m arriages, The High Court of Rajasthan in the case of Sushila
Gothala l&, State of Rajastan3ï directed the state to stop the menace of child
m arriage in an effective m anner and also punish the oficers responsible for not
prohibiting child m arriage. The governm ent replied to petitioner it had taken a1
possible m easures to stop child m arriage and message from the Chief M inister of
Rajasthan and Deputy Inspector General of Police was published in the
new spaper appealing to the people not to m arry of their girl below the age of 18
years.
. .E .s ' '; ïè. E. . . . .
The practjce of child maf'r i age has . been prohibiteil'sttàrpugh a number of
. . ) ' '.
&
lnternational Ihstruments; cbnventions; covenant s anil treaties.
'
The Universgl Declaration of Human Rig ,
. '
.
J.
hts 1948 stateà'tflrough its Article 16 (l)
that men and w om en of fu l age have the right to m arry and form a fam ily. They
k, '
are entitlçd to equal rights as to marnage, during m arriage and its dissolution.
M arriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending
parties.
The Convention on Consent to M arriage, M inim um Age for M arriage and
Registration of M arriages, 1964 reafirm s the consensual nature of m arriages and
requires the state pal-ties to establish a m inim um age by 1aw and to ensure the
registration of m arriages.
The Convention on the Elim ination of Al1 Forms of Discrim ination against W om en
(CEDAW), 1979 is specificaly designed to eliminate all'forms of discrimination
agajnst wom en. The m ember States are required to respect and act accordingly
b 'taking à'uitabl'e steps in this regard .
y .
This convention aim s at providing 'sam e' rights to women as are available to men,
31 AlR 1 995 Raj 90
Page 1 06

Article 16 seeks io ensure equal rights of w omen in ' 'à'l1 matlers' ' re' latin'g to
marriage and family relatioàs? Thij iittcle has made an immensely important'
move toWards elufl k tn ating
ct i1d marriage where it has lvgaly invaldated sucl
marrtages and has required stqtçs to enact Iaws prohibiting child marriages by
p rescribing age lim its.and ehjtli-ing regiéiiation of marriagec.
.
The Convention on the Right.s of tke Child; (CRC), 1989 has been ratified by all the
countries with the exception of the IJS & Som alia. A numbeq of articles under the
CRC hold relevance to child m arriage like Article 3, Article 19, Article 24, 28 29
and 36.
ln addition to the internationpl legal instruments the Indian Constitution
provides manf provisions for the safety and upliftment of children. Some of the
important pro< sions of the Cbnstitution are as folbws:
1. Article 14 provides for equality before the law
2. Article 15(3) provides for special provision forwomen and children,
3. Article 21 provides for personal liberty.
4. Article 21.A provides for free and corhpulsory education to a1l chjldren of
the age of six to fouhteen years
5. Article 23 prohibits trafticking of hum an beings and forced labour.
6. Article 21. prohibits employm ent of children below the age of fourteen
years
7. Article 39(e) and (0 provides for policy towards ensuring that the health
and strength of workers, m en and w om en and the tender age of children
are not abused
8. Article 45 envisages that the State shal endeavour to provide early
childhodd care and education for al children until they com plete the age of
six years.
The Prphibition of Child Marriage 4ct'2006 (PCMA) and Karnau ka Sote
Rules 2008
India has a history of taking concrete m easures to restrain the practice even
before independence through concrete legal m easures such as the Child
Marriage Restraint Act 1929 The PCMA replaçes the previous Restraint Act.
. !. . . . . . . -. . . . .
The shift reflects the strongqr întention of the state to not sim ply to restrain
but prohibit child marriage. W hile the new law maintains som e paralels with
Page 1 07

the otdçr law, there are signific'ant departtlres in the. interest of tlie 'child. As in
the previous Açt the d efinition
of 'cililt remains the s'àm' e in the new law- i.e. a
* *
.
.
7 t ) . :; .
child is a m ale under vzlyears otùje tihd a female under 18 years àtage,
.
. ' ( (. .
J. l
The State Rules framed under the Açyhrovide popers.tt? the CMPOJ to prevent
' '
'. r: L. 'R ' ': ' ,' ' '.
c ..
hild maniage aflti- tàke appkojriate measurej' to su'pport ' thè. victims.
However, lack of rehabjlitation m echanisms and absence of the system s for
information sharing ànd networkinj àfe the areas of concern, among others.
others law s, schem es and program m es
ln addition to the PCMA, there are other policies, laws, sçhem es and
program m es in plâcè that have bearihg on the rights of the child and practice
of child m arriage. W hile National Policy for Children, National Plan of Action
and National Charter for Children provide policy fram ework for the realisation
of the rights of the -children a legislétions such as Juvenile Justice (Care and
'
Protection of Chil èl ren) Act 2000 is crucial especialy for providing
rehabilitatîon through the Child W elfare Com m ittee and institutions as
provided în the Ac-t. Provisions of the Jrnrnöral Traficldng Prevention âct are
è
relevant in the cases of coercive and deceitful m arriages am ong children. Also,
it is believed that the enforcem ent of the Compulsory Registration of
M arriages Act wil d'iscourage child m arriages since child m arriages wil not
get registered.
Schem es and program m es of the central and state governm ent being
implem ented through various deparim ents, if implem ented in true letler and
spirit can actualy help in reducing the incidence of child m arriage. This is
because of many of the major causes such as pover-ty, iliteracy and lack of
educational and health facilities, etc. can be easily elim inated. Schem es like
Bhagyalakhm i and Adarsha Vivah of the State Governm ent of Karnataka can be
used efectively to provide financial assistance to the girl children and
protecting them from getting m arried before the m arriageable age.
Page 1 08

Chapter IV
Sœ ategies f#r Better Im plem eno tion of
the Law and Eradication of child M akriage
' There is need to make people aware about rik/;B' of children Jtll as to the
importance of theirgrowing as responsible and productive
citizens. Educational institutions, Covernm ent, NC0s and m edia can play
vital role in this regard. Social com m unication needs to be stim ulated at
dlfferent Ievels and tbrough muldple channels across t7/?: plural
society. Methods and mechanics are to be deslLqned to inform children and
parents through the educational system and other m edia to sensitize public
functionaries and opinion makers. Voluntary organizations could be powerful
means of social mediatiop Jnl communication in promoting r/gàr.ç of children
and equalb in preventing thèir exploitation and suffering. In the democratic
I
set up, the m ost im poi-tant need is institutional support at the political and
licy levels. '
P:
'l' ' .
India has a hjstory of taking steps to prohibit the practice of child m arriage even
before independence through legal m easures such as 'The Child M arriage
Rqstraint Act 1929, the prpblç/ rerlqins to be addrejjed urgçntly. In 2006, India
cam e up w ith a new legislation; the Prohibition of Child M arriage Act 2006 to
address this social m enace w ith renew ed com m itm ent and perseverance.
How ever, ground reality show s that these legislations are not jrùplem ented
effectively to address the .problrm of child marriage either to eradicate it totaly
or reduce it substantialy. This can be attributed to a num ber of factors such as
Page 1 09
(-w
5-11 l

the deficiencies in the law, lack of political will, wànt of adequate com m itm ent ofl
. the part of the enforcem ent m achinery, non-active involvem ent pf civil society
and people not being aw are about its consequences, etc. itself as w el as the
problem s related to its implem entation. The slow progress and inaction in
addressing the social issue is of serious concern and posed a big threat for the
considerable chunk of child population to enjoy their childhood.
The fact that despite legal control, the age o1d m enace of child m arriage stil
persists in lndia and the m ulti-dim ensional im pact of child m arriage com pels us
to delve deep into the subject.
W hat has been done so far?
Taking cognizance of the inadequacy of the erstwhile CM RA, of 1929 the
Governm ent of lndia passed the Prohibition of child M arriage Act in 2006
dem onstrating its desire tow ards the complete eradication of child m arriage. The
state governm ents w ere em' pow ered to draft Rules under the Act for carrying out
the provisions of the Act.
Accordingly the state Governm ent of Karnataka form ulated Rules under the
PCMA, 2006 and the sam e w ere notified on Tebruary 6th 2008. Child M arriage
Prohibition Officers w ere appointed at state, district, taluk and hobli levels vide
notification dated 2nd M ay 200832.
Subsequently, directions w ere issued to al Deputy Directors and Child
Development and Protection Officers at district and taluka levels (CDPOS across
the state to m onitor m ass m arriages for preventing 'the incidents of child
m arriage.
32 Governm ent of Karnataka Notification dated M ay 2 , 2008 of the appointm ent of Child M arriage
Prohibition O ficers (CMPOs) is enclosed as Annexure I 7.
Page 1 ! 0

W hile realising the seriousness of the issue and the complexity of the problem of
age determ ination, the Secretary, DW CD also w rote letters to the Secretary,
Departm ent of Health, Governm ent of Rarnataka asking for issuing instructions to
a1l District Hea1th Officers (DH0s) regarding sensitivity for age certihcation.
It is said that the State Governm ent took the initiative to orient over t5000 police
personnel including 900 Child W elfare Officers (CW 0s) and 35 Senior CW 0s of
SJPU on PCMA and its enforcement as part of the training on violence agaipst
women and children.
Few other initiatives on the part of the State Governm ent of Karnatuka to curb
child m arriage are fo low ing:
. 'Prohibition of Child M arriage' was the Central Them e for the Children's
. -
Page 1 1 1
Day program at state level and in the districts-as sensitisation program
0ne of the conditions laid down in the Bhagyalakshm i Schem e Jwhich
is a
pioneering schem e of thç state governm ent, is that the beneficiary should
not m arry before 18 years of age. The schem e is presently covering 9 lakh
girls in Karnataka since April 2006.
Focused intervqntion in.lkaichnr-gistrict gs.pqrl-qf-the District.proyection
Plan on Child M arriàge during w hich:
Intensjve intervention by District Adm inistration and Police during the
m arriage season
Networking with 32 organisations that organised Mass M arriages
Orientation and netw6rking w ith heads of religious institutions, social
organisation and m onitoring
Orientation to district and taluk o ficials on PCMA and specificaly 103
Revenue Department'j enforcement Officials of Raichur taluk
' '
Orien tation of g'irl children in schools on United Nations Convention on
the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)

Media Campaign and lnformation, Education and Cdmm unication (IEC)
m aterials distribution to taluks
Additionaly, a m odule for training of trainers on the issue of Child m arriage w as
also prepared in the year 2010.
A l these m easures, put together, had som e effect and resulted in preventing child
m arriages although in a lim ited manner:
Table: Num ber of Child M arriages Prevented for the past 2 years
No of Child No of Child
Sl.No
Nam e of the No of Couples in
Couples M arriages
District M ass M arriage Identified prevented
; Raichur 977 130 130
2 Belgaum 56 21 21
3 Dharw ad 1000 33 33
4 Gadag 1875 26 26
5 Bagalkot 9 6 6
6 Bellary 300 49 49
Total 4220 265 265
Page ! 1 2
Source: Department ofbqymen Jntf Child Developmenz Governmeat of
Karnataka, June 201 7
* Thesehgures are not based on the comprehensive and complete information
survey.

Table: Num ber of Child M arriages prevented in Individual m arriages and
. num ber of cases booked for the ast two ears
Details
Sl.No Nam e of the District
Cases booked Cases Prevented
1 Haveri ' 2 '
2 Belgaum 2 5
3 Raichur ' 1
4 Tum kur 1 '
5 Hassan 1 5
6 Bijapur 2 2
7 Bangaloretlrban) 3 .
8 Ram anagar 1
Total 9 16
Source. Department of Women and Child Development, Government of
Karnataka,june 201 1
* Thesepgures are notbased on the comprehensive and complete
Information slzrve.y
The tables above show that after the im plementation of the Act in the State, the
governm ent w as able to prevent 265 child m arriages which were about to take
place as part o'ftle
ma' s's' marriages. Also i? cases were booked across the state for
the violation of PCMA.
The D eficiencies
Despite the eforts m ade at various levels and through various m eans, including
legislative and administrative as wel as by the civil society, the practice of child
m arriage could not be eradicated com pletely and hence there is a need to
understand the dynamics and the com plexity of this issue, both at the micro level
as wel as the macro level.
Page 1 13

The Core Comm ittee through its interaction w ith the stakeholders at various
levels identified several procedural issues and gaps in the im plem entation that
confront the agenda of eradication of child marriage. CM POS w ho are the focus of
the eforts have not been adequately equipped, trained and sensitised for dealing
with the issue. Even the identification of the CM POS also did not represent a1l the
relevant departm ents and authorities, police and health being left out from the
list. M any of the CM POS w ere neither serious nor comm itted in perform ing their
duties, exercising their powers and discharging their functions.
lt has been noticed that the enforcem ent officers under the Act are them selves
largely not weli informed about their roles, responsibilities and the ways and
authority available to them in preventing child m arriages. Further, not only w ere
few important departments left out, the nodal authority/departm ent also was not
identified leading to am biguity and confusion regarding the specific roles and
responsibilities. There w as no provision m ade tow ards regular training and
capacity building of the identified CMPOS resulting in the lukewarm response at
the ground level. Absolute absence of any m echanism at the taluk and district
level to mobiljse data /information on the. issue, prevented from the precise
assessm ent of the problem . M ost importantly, there w ere no system s put in place
for m onitoring or preventing, and responding to incidence, which led to
lacklustre and fragm ented efforts w ith very lim ited impact.
ln lndian context the occurrence of child m arriages happen both as individual
m arriages and also as part of m ass m arriages. It is interesting to note that
individual incidences of child marriage largely happen in tem ples and other
religious places and at som e other places, in a clandestine m anner. M onitoring of
Page 1 1 4

such m arriages is difficult and such incidences of child m arriages m ore often than
'
L
not, go either unnotlced, and even if noticed go unreported.
M ass m arriages on the other hand happen on large scale, norm ally with wide
publicity. Such m arriages are norm ally conducted by individuals such as religious
heads, politicians or influential or rich people, to gain popularity. Social service
organisations also organise such m ass m arriages. Organisers of such m arriages
norm ally w ish to exhibit a big number of couples that they have got m arried. ln
the process, invariably, child m ar-riages also take place. These m arriages are
traditionaly accepted in lndian societ-y and (amilies also find it convenient and
less expensive to get their daughters married together even if they are under
aged.
Constrainu
Despite the existence of policies and plans that not only address the prohibition
of child m arriage but also' define strategies for its elim ination, there are several
key issues both in term s of legislation and im plem entation that act as constraints
towards tfi-e goals of eradicatihg càild marriage. beficiencies in the' leglslation,
lack of political w il and comm itm ent, and awareness am ong the im plementation
authorities are just a few to be mentioned.
The Prohibition of Child Marriages Act, 2006 does not invalidate ariy m arriage
performed even belçw the m arriageable age while lPC stipulates that sexual
intercourse w ith a w ife under 15 years is punishable. Further, there are no
deterring m easures such as punishm ent for officials for alow ing the practice to
flourish.
In addition to the legal constraints, social factors such as poverty, iliteracy,
ignorance about the law and the social beliefs and m aintainihg cop paratively
Page 1 1 5

low er status of women 'in the society, also com e in the w ay of eradicating the
practïce of chïld m arriage- and it rem ains socialy accepted.
Further, the administrative and procedural issue such as nodal authority to be
approached in order to prevent child m arriage, inadequate training and capacity
building of the functionaries and lack of consistent follow up are som e issues that
need to be taclded through a m ulti-pronged approach-Absence of any specifjc and
authentic norms concerning age determination and guidelines relating to grant of
perm bssion to cenduct m ass m arriages also leave the enforceznen' t agencies
som etim es helpless.
Strategies for Effective Im plem entation of Law and Eradicalion of
Child M arriage
Understanding of the constraints pertaining to the eradication of practice of child
marriage, points towards the need for a m ultipronged strategy along w ith a
roadmap for better implem entation of the law . This would include adopting a
clear and unambiguous position on various issues such as appropriate age
certficate for m arriages and rectifying the legislative loopholes between
religious, custom ary and civil m arriages? generatihg aw arenèss am ong aIl
stakeholders, including parents, on the negative im pacts of child m arriage,
creating safet'y nets for girls and young w om en who escape a forced, and often
violent m arriage, prom oting gender equality and the right of girls and young
w omen to education, prom oting and protecting the sexual and reproductive
health and rights of girls and young w om en, availability of servjces and
inform ation and com m unity outreach, to name a few .
Sgch a strategy should be a cornbinatbon of preventive, prohibitîve and enforcîng
Pag,e 1 1 6

m easures, and such m easures can have overlap in terms of prevention
prohibition and as w ell as enforcement of the law.
Rehabilio tion of the victims of child m arriage is also very im portant aspect of
dealing w ith this issue. A child w ho has been a victim of child marriage m ust be
bröught back to the m ainstream . Depending upon the sim ation, the cbildren m ust
be provided the assistance in terms of psychological help, tinancial assistance and
above al1 empow erm ent through education, skil training, and em ploym ent.
Preventive strategies
Preventive strategies could be considered as those m easures w hich can help in
preventing any incidence Yf c' hild marriage.
1. Awareness Generation
Page 1 ) 7
Child m arriage îs a practice that concerns fam ily and the comm unity. The
most critical part .of the strategy towards eradicating is to generate
awareness am ong the people - com m unity, children, religious leaders and
a1l other stakeholders, l ith regard to the iIl effects of early marriage. Law
alone is not enoug'h to deal w ith the issue such as child m arriage, it
requires the change in the m ind-set of people. People should be m ade
aw are of the negative consequences of child m arriage as w ell as the penal
provisions under the law . Aggressive cam paigning needs to done by using
various media extensively such as print, electronic and even folk m edia so
as to reach out to even the last m an in the state with the least resources at
his disposal. The aw areness brought about like this can actually persuade
the community and the fam ily to shun away from thks practice.
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consequences of child m arriage and the law prohibiting child m arriage, be
inserted in the text books of all the classes in a custom ised m ann' er . This
w ould require revision of the curriculum and textbooks covering children
' in the age group of 10-18 spread across classes from 5th to 12th.
Training and sensitisation program m es for both the teachers and children
should also be organised to' com plem ent this. Relevant content and
provisions on child rights with special focus on child marriage should be
incorporated into the school sy labus, pre-service and in-service teachers
training prqgram m es and all other programm es undertaken by education
dçpartment as part of awareness and capacity building.
The Content across various subjects could be on awareness (IJNCRC, Chjld
Rights Charter, current situation, child rights, legal aspects, adverse effects
of child marriage), Prevention (education of the community, SDMC, local
civil society organisations, roles and responsibilities of the stake holders),
Protection -using SDM CS as vehicles of aw areness building, prevention and
m ain streaming girl children to receive equitable quality education, and
m ost im portantly, whom to approach in case of violations33.
Religious leaders
In lndiaz religion plays a major role in peoples' life and partjcularly, an
occasion as important as marriage has major influence from religious
tenants. It is equaly im portant to sensitise the religious leaders since the
wrong perception is that the practice has sanction from the religion and
.
also because m ost of the m arriages take place at the religious places. Once
33 content on child rights and chifd marriage in English and Kannada lo be included in the curriculum
of school books are enclosed as Annexure 1 8.
Page 1 l 9
1
M
( .
*
(*

eligipus leaders are sensitised they can influence the m asses and
discourage them to conduct child m arriages.
2. M edia sensitisation
Page 1 20
M edia, that too electronic, has im m ense potential in spreading m essage
across the country in a very short span of time through TV channels etc.,
and also in a very efective manner. Because of their great reach, both print
and electronic m edia canbplay a vel'y important role in dissem inating the
inforrnation and creating the public opinion. Not only the media can be
used for publishing the evil effects of child marriage, it also needs to be
sensitive enough in reporting the cases of violation of child rights,
incidents of child m arriage, successful prevention of child m arriage and
about rescue and rehabilitation of the victim s of child m arriage.
Sensitisation and capacity building of enforcem ent om cers
The experience at the ground, as gathered from the district level
consultations, has revealed that the enforcem ent ofticers, specialy the
CMPOS incharge, are m ore often than not adequately sensitised about their
role and responsziliies fn com%ating tl-e practice of'c- hidd marriage. The
capacfty bujlding process for the CM POS should be institutionalised and the
designated CM POS should be given training in the area of child rights in
addition to the know-how about dealing w ith the issue of child m arriage.
Such m ethodical and ongoing training on a regular basis can im part vigour
to the attem pts fn eradicating child m arriage.

4. Review and reporting M echanism
As things stand today, there is no efective' mecàanism of reporting
review ing and providing feedback on the perform ance of the CM POS which
actualy leads to non-seriousness and does not alow the vertical or
horizontal flow of m otivation and ' revitalisation of efforts tow ards
preventing child m arriages. lf such a system is put in place CM POS and
other functionaries will plso be able to incorporate suggestions and wil be
able to retain the m om entum. This could include details related to the
action taken to address child marriage, and im pact on the local comm unity
(including success stories), in order to build community's ownership of and
faith in the com m upity m onitoring process.
5. M onitoring
The m onitoring strategies geared tow ards keeping a check on the practice
of child m arriage must include identification of institutional structure
through w hich the incidences of child m arriages could be effectively
m onitored at various levels.
. Constitudon of Child M arriuge Monitoring Committees (CMMCS)
Such Com m ittee should be set up at varîéuj le-kel: -killagéa taluk, district
Page ) 2 l
and state - and their prip al'y focus should be m onitoring and preventing
any fncfdence of child m arrfage. Ccm mittee should involve a wide range of
people includjng children, child reporters, families, professionals,
comm unity leaders, NG0s, teachers, doctors, and governm ent functionaries
in the m onftorfng process. As m entioned in the sectfon cn role of children
in eradicating child m arriage, em pow erment of children should be ensured
for them to be able to play an effective role.
T
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-w kqpvtcgo-z- e..p kk#.'xav,T.J. .aeu'iTjr.(#Jc.*t'$ zrfo tk'c >-4jct(%. J '.z.= /,. .j.,.74- IX7 , =Lïiukg.ng- 1- * '. ' h t't 'rL'tz+J .' k'-f-ukyu' .. L .'rjM.,rz. . J z).as. s c .v g . ç*. ' .vcw' . cY'.'X. . r-#a. ' sp rlv .w#!O./,*. = ile' u. Nc . -.'Xq l .d' . 'm. a . ,' .> a'rr-la' t=. lt.s.skw.': -'ge-qln'.t.h'eiv .jv . '$.':e .L.> x' l' a' . w-wçhkuv' e.' ulcj'i. -.RC 'kx .%. 'F'. .7. . * : % 'Q. .u':='ti. ' 'i.?t-a. zs-ycparfl-zsz . -t.y.,.l'?-x . :
' - ' ' ï'tnecxvt J.'-: 2tk- u- -tt - Y?u.'4 v N,vm,'.ws,a..,k .> .v.x.,.cw'ù'.' . ..a-=-. . ..-. y.w.-4.àv.v.;t-w. - . .N'M . Azkar' hnzc : N.('; pr'c,s p'e.A v zytyztozoczi.c m. 'c .r.k'..o ==tP.4'm,rew,?)R1.># zv e ky'-'v-ê . 'qtavte-rr .p.y:.0 frk. > 4aa.a .p% - 4 - z( tN; . ,teuzvrz?'z.hk mtuk =< cmbz ' .j. . u. v-eJ w . .> s. or . a. spn . . îzcvg.s ?:G?( tp 1. k. myrxal J.wz zw uzu: z e. jk.
nv4.ua
, . 'C.u.
J.â irto?e a:'t.k (1L. 4r' 1 E; -:' :2t 'n 1:,. - l t). (jg î:- , . j;i 4y)- - .éq; è .eIw j; ':(g,.12r'(:, - hkjr lyf ,. (; I.j. .4-.(:-.:1. . :k -.j:k f) ) ):j. .: 1. ->,!.j' c. (,.1- :;k. . ,- pyzy-tkz ' l:k' ' )g, '(rI -s r>' - '- '. - ' .- t.ys-.7î . .iF. - 437 -
.
. .. , , .. . . ., .,. . -.-... . . ., -., v.- . ... . -. .. . . ?zc.'.L x .g , .sr . : . x . p . , ' .x - ou # mx . u. . r . ' Q v . : . - . $ . . . '.I
; s i'trquoztci' ,p- .0 . z-. .R V ?:v2/.ra. 6% wrblo ->- ckcyz'tl 4 . . =. - r.v i ,.A .- z'i.'>t. > 'w o . . aasx T '1:.x. ; % V' . v7:. : h.N -'.H '#. . .v Jwosei'v' x - z 'vs.-.+. +6-:2- -.paw,t.w. k1'F.r%Y.' .r 4 J!-'-.4, mk ' ,G- .'=lJ: e ' 'sx * Ju4e. - 1yux- 1 . vq ?.ï .:& . ' u-'F , . S.>rxo- :F 'lf.tîiL-a>à.rzs'r 4o. :
.i.-B1: ?' '-1k . 7 t:.:j l'l.' ):). '1 ;iL :br ' -'i.';2t- )- (2l 1k 12,.1 1'1: 1-1,1. (:p lqkyl 17'tJ/-. '1-1.1'1. épi ' -(2.'.l:k- ri 1.(j1. .lC(1ë ':pL ' 17-1-. l :)L1ij'(i, ' :9-. . ., rkcz. :./.' - f- z'./.? ï:',;' '.'v nl'-. . .2-,k. . u. vrïz; .4 r'e-l/wz z fè G-
=C w -.W O . . . = y r J e'w .Jez7.1.C :. zl .k
A 1 the duty bearers under various law s m eant for the protectîon and
prom otion of the child rig-hts should also be linealy connected in order to
enable bottom up inform atgon sbaring and m onjtorjng and vjce versa.
Recomm endations for a detailed Plan and M ission Statem ent to be adopted by
each CM M C at each level to be evolved w hich w il contain the Long Term and
Short Term Objectives, Goals, Outputs. '
w M apping at-risk com m unities, seasons, geographical Iocations
Page 122
The Core Com m ittee has taken note of the incidences of child m arriages
happening across state and has realised that there are several com m unities
in w hich the practice of child m arriage is very com m on because of the
cultural and traditional values and norm s.'Also, few days in the years are
considered very auspicious on which m arriages happen on large scale and
cbildren also get m arried along w ith the adults, 5ot only this, few pockets,
geographical iocations are (nuch m ore prone to the practice of chfld

m' arriage . ln the case of Karnataka, northern parts of the state w itnesses a
larger number of child m ar'riages; W hile devising any strategy or action
plan, such vulner4bilities should be taken into account and additional
eforts should be m ade for deterring the practice of child marriages. Special
attention and endeavours should be invested in such areas and appropriate
provisions should be factored into the plan.
6. Access to education, especialy for girls vocational training
Inadequate access to the educational facilities for girls is often cited as a
reason for early m arriage of girls. Apart from the aw areness generation
1 :
w ith regard to the im portance of education, it is equaly important to m ake
a1 the educationab facilities and infrastructure available for children,
especialy girls so that they are not pushed into m arriage for w ant of these
requirem ents. Also, the education should be m ade m eaningful so as to
enable them to m ake use of it when they grow up as adults.
7. Alternatives for adolescents
Provision of pragm atic alternatîves to m arriage is required for the
adolejcents aé it is seen that m arfy young girls and bo#s -ére*nbt able to
resist m arriage because they do not know what to do after a point finding
nothing else to do. Facilities in terms of vocational trainings, free or
subsidised higher studies and engagem ent in other constructike actîvitjes
I
or career planning activities can delay the age of m arriage in m any cases.
8. Data Bank and lnform ation M anagem ent system should be set up and
Page l 23
equipped w ith al the necessary resources, in ordef to keep a track on the
children in a gjven area, their status especially viz a viz their health,
educatfon and vulnerability to be pushed into labour or early m arrfage.
*
jex'

Such a data m anagem ent system w ould definitely help in coordinating and
converging al1 the m easure taken by the centr'al and state governm ents ad
wel as the local adm inistration and ensuring that the benefit of a!l such
m easures reaching the intended.
9. Com plaint m echanism system
A Com plaint m echanism system should be set up that would enable
com plaints relaung to Child M arriage and the sam e should be addressed by
a1 concerned authorities at District and State Level after centralïsed
colection, analysis and addressal. This can be done through set-ting up a
centralised toll free help line in the state w ith adequately equîpped back
end support. A m obile num ber for the state can be used and popularised so
that each and every person in the state could reach this helpline 24x7.
Parallely, complaint box system and the system of receiving com plaints
through post also can be adopted.
10. Role of children in eradicating child m arriage3l
Children and adolescents are critical observers of their ow n condition and
should be participants in decisions concerning themselves and their lives.
Theje young people need to participate in finding solutions to the
problems they face. Specific ways through w hich children can play an
efective role in the process of eradication of child m arriage should inciude
the following: lt has to be ensured that a1l children have access te a1l
relevant information including the negative consequences of child
m arriages, the existence of law that prohibîts it, advantages of the birth
registration, and the availability of options to resort to if they.are w itness
34 A detailed note on child participation in curbing child marriages is enclosed as Annexure 19.
Page 1 24

'
to any child m arriages. M ost im portantly, children should be m ade aw are
about the rights they are entitled.
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. .- .x;(. jy:y-.yqtl -zkjg. ' .vq);kà.nv. ., '. - x,, ywo.' . '
. .x.ie ëj a. ;é.' jfu'ajrtp:. j.. dtëzktà'avètd:' 4h5?::j1g ' '>.î*= flytywtkî ï.z L 'jh.tyxîlz--qilkqthzsij7lfljly.
.r. . ru-. >ex &.v? . vt z ' L 4 -'. z-'.vi.:t#!tl 'àhiti C'.Z1: '. . 't)$>j7 kqjg't -t) rt&i:@. - IE p'w. SEFJTXMFJES' '*-' *-' ,b;.m a ''jyk-
1,. z) .: !t .4.'.jz-. 5-. '; ?tL='- x' .ï.t L
.-s vz -. ei - ïî'ïinl . . . t.z:tL . rky-ascyk/j s vj. zxzra u.a, J. Jj 7?. (.:.,.) :;r8 krtkyw. z. 2 y. . .s.. . zvzt .
.e, . -.. rt .q)x . =- ,'1/:. .- % .*. 'u
x-
. q-â. -&,.(tjë. ?bjt v ;t' pqr'.jry1i. . u 1 ,
1 j!z 1 1t 1) 1:' t Ii (ZhJI*ZJIC (24' 171 1; i) 1 lâk.s;a *.- . -zj b .1j'. . .!r.#. ). -4. . tj'. '. u, g.
sv. v- .; x ;.x *zLï . . cjk, :Ja.k. :. .4,;:. . , .wr' .xypwz .n ',. Tlre: -. +
. . ,y -. (p . z torm. - . yà. % r -'
.. un . . '. .
: jr. . s' ;:4, -r. t7 . 1-1: ? . ..6î .. )!:. ls;. .. ,q. ';yj)y;T1 -
. .j)$ -'$) : ' -. x
e. 7. Y ..'!4y . ' . .jë. c
,u. , tk .a. = : . .tjitj: y. $; . 6;uét'. -: wp ?. '. ): . fp-er ocoj . ' .'i.za; v . fty . y t s! . . k J . .( , ly .t .t yst .:.k . .)uk( . jpq. ; s > . : 7, t . q . làf #r . zkïp y
.4/. , .$/6. eàkzdz'. 1!6!*>y .r.x xçz.î. -u:t': k., '-!-' RtJC .:;t : ,:. fL.1 .î' .sJj . . n. .0., . .l?:i..sz. y .: .. ., .--: t . -.. è E
. 'r)('!7 . . $ -s.v? . lqgfr éky4k.!kr. i-.,s.. . . . )#;xj% .aft zG. l
;j*- . k ' .u,CI ,bA'. . 't 'xtJ. rkè '?. ak.z T 'm .vi;n? k.tn e ; .yi=à'71.l.z;k.ryy p. ,. . .*.f!4 . L %.elyo.7 - .b' é;7, .a.*
el ' '-I.T' h e actw lstsfbfl-lkla'll-' 'P. -trledt' tol'.conv. in' 'ce 'h'erf aren' t.s'r#a' b o. u t . the' '2.1 legal: 1 . 2.0. f
the m- arrlage . . , and. . 'the - . . p'enal u .pro'v.lslonsx'bu.t.'faled. . . . . . , ' . -'tï'z.' j . . r.->-' . Sr u, . .fnkL%k'z4 kg 1 v. '. .aa '.'-z'57 . . ' .h ,f.% < I'vc' AL . a' - t?.;. . ;. < . '
z.'. . ' . ' o.bv . ..Jr - 'h& .7 (. L '. . . 'k .jh u' - .J'.';ji'TL,cJ1. .:.:% é*aki . .ji. ,.-' .lùl U 1 k jls: .= = zx , . .*1. .y. vz-'xs/c m>* *i .' .
. . tN' . .. ?TIt .= z. .'
. ...tt. .gb$.T'- L. 3.713.1 . . . .. .
.. cs. ' . ) r .$ rj:.,.= Ayc .'va1k- r . A1: féuê'éi' . . . .' . ik 7k. . ù . '. 4. %
: . > : . *5 ( . . q(. ) . 4. . - . ' . . 4t . . -. 6 . j.v. yz. . - . 7'5U. ; . ? 7ï. .: . .- )h < z . -. .%ry/ . . .( . .).j .qh.k:.j(. . a '.k . ù J+ -. 4- xw '- .w = ' .7 . .1( ; r 31 c. v c. - tt. '
. < . . .. .
A . u - t. ).. . 7 l jr. - vy$7 lp '. hï. t. . rzgç . c .91-* u,i Y. . u.. . . t . . j a.>. é y x ; * ;j. = rs z'.zj.j.t - us x û' sa . . t .; .; . ej . ' k. 4rop. . $ , )ij . v . y.
.
Th . 01 ' Sthe j . . Chil'd VErevelo'pm' sa. .' . . < y.y . . . enr z . Proje'c' . . . t ' u . Officer .r . . &mu m. persona'ly 7 . . :2 zw Lx. . . . ic z . ' vis' é .2 it -e'd . . Sunltha's'-'ho'us'e' . . 4 '
,
. . . ;. . j . . . y . 7J . . p' > . .4. : . . . . a . s . j. . .. .j. v. .r ;, j ,
j. ' . E . ?'r r - .:$. ,;( swy 'j z. sc . + j.5 . s >' i x.'r x . .j. '.% ,'i. ! . - . . I . . ,$. zt . z . - . -
. . ' '
., . .; . . 't A. ' . ' '. j. : . & . .%. = , . ! '.A.'Y . . :5:.* V'Li5 G % . ectf'à.k 6 R' p-. : > œ . ,ï
and counseled her parentsg The CD PO warned them 'w.of-the.'leRalhconse' . nuences of '
. . ..
. .
. Q.. ' . $.,J;.j. t . p .ctz.? . )5Jr. . .w . .1 .k ' . Ja . .mu . : .z . - . .' ' .'. .i . . 7. .7'. r . -. J . . ' - . a .k J-k . ' -@ j. . u :.7. . :.2. w F . . v
. t '
. vr . à . . ;q7 . .)tp .4 ; .( . .j) .# i,j .:. . .. . ,. . .y- t.
...tq '
.c .,.' .t.1 . -: . 'to;k , . '.y . . .-.j ,. . y z . ,
the' chld rflarrlagekr-tli'? . - 0-b .* j, ;-. . .v- e ' . z c. . t ( . ,t1, . '. . . >.' . 'f. ' .! . %. '.' 4 u':- . 7 . u .j' ' è . . .
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.tg:.aty 1 u . -z zw. q1'.F. ' '. ê.'?.:2v.i;nz' . ,.,: ;L s.j . u. r. s-uçy.: ca .x2 . .ts:. -.w. .#.:' tj . .-.y -12. . '
... > B4 ( .
. j 's r! :FQ. r . r r;c -,' azïzjr .y#- C .r ;). n.-.4) ,t4;: -;y. - -.Jy2;y - . ,. -)vz-' . >. - a.-'.ît .- . J- c , -
.t ' . ' ê' ' . i 'Q ' . T # !n? . WN : ' . . . j. - . i .r u.%. . vâ. 44 = . mwyrw :.kj:. . .: . ,. . . < .= . . .
The parents s . : . ; . . v . . J - . r. . . . v . - 1 -
, Nnaly a-.agreeadj,to.. . s.top the .m anrlage.land. . alow /sun. ltha con . tm ue .hqr
e ucatlon .A Jublant Sunltham ow w ants to vaet. throuch. S.SLC, co through .tralnlng
. . . . . . a. .r .Lk b - ' 'g:' . ' *' . . ' . .' r .
at. the .lndustnal T. ra' tnlna 'lnstltute' and :. secu' r'.e ab decen' t 1. 1'ob'v'. He'r. father has
'
. changed hls.m. .)n .d xn. 'ow .
. and ls.ïm llng to .suppp r . t herced .u . c . atlon..z q . . - - . . '
. r. . : . '
'
' ' i . : c:/ . . rs . , s ' . p . a, jy . . . $ . :. .: . . gvg a .s j . .
. :. . . kx q.c. . $ . , :3r , . -i!T.j44 . , ) c j.qt) )j. ,ë vtr; , i;. B .L'. . Làb . .!k. lj -'. '. . t .: >éj -,' .1. .z .nj) x jt' . .' ;I' > . kq?.:.'. .>r. ék .',yT ' x H-' rzs.giùj
rave Sunltha.motoo. nly . prev-en ted .her m arnage but 'also'ma'chleve'.her'xdream , to
n , u j;L'.; :i l7' .à !' - . jk . . .
. .. u . :. - --.r 'ep zfu # ',. :) .'i z E .k . u z . .y .t':'.'r. .- . ,.! .c . i.u . .': . . t't . ? -a . . . . s . ;' ' . :. ' . ; e '
. - .e. k : z>. .t , # . t' . .,' c .' . ; ,J.; ./ . .' .'> . . ' s ' - ' s' -.
Contlnue her.educatlon an P . . . c v ' . . . . ; '.
.
. ' . . . q w u . . u . .. . .s . . L . .f . ' . . .( . z. ' ; 17 . l . . .
. . t . . . . . . w ?, .'k g 1 !r j. . t; R , . ' . Q :ï'. - t . . : . . q $ '.4 . y9 .. .> zuL.,? - .. .-k. . ( k'n. ' . . . i . . '
Page 125
.
'
% .=-k
f )

' children succçeded in preven'tingl arriagelof thçir classmaiè'
. k .
adivalg,veerabhadrâfpa ' y . ' ' r . $) , . and . Manjéiltfrta c ' 7.Cr ' . ' ' .ï ' .
w/re. alI set to m arry o f theiri'lz yeqr
? Id daùglitesRadha a sttiàent of clàjs'vl tù lter unclts.jurèjh of Byalal kilage in
: .
zarapaila qlli taluk. èf' Davangere disirict' Tlé . girn m atermal and 'paternal
grandfptàers had d' ied. alinpst a year bqék. The residents of the village hold the
belief th4t auspicious ceremonies like 'marriage should be held within a year of
'
the death of elders in t'he ? am ïl y. Suèh a belief spurred Radha's famïly te arrange
her m arriage.'
Radha whp did not w' ani to màrry so young and lpse out on her education
'inforziled her claysmates of her family's plan. Shocked at this her cfassmates
decided. to act fast and prevent the disaster. They sot opt im nie'djately, on a
l
procission to Radhé's house, to deznand that the marriace plan be dropped.
Some of the youngsters, determined to stop the child marriage markhed tci the
nearby police station and appealed to the officers to heîp them . to s' top the
The policem en zccom panied the girls to Radha'à house and persuaded her
parents to cal off the inarriage. They briefed them about child m arriqge being
ilegal and that such acts are punishable offence, The colectjve force of the
children resulted in preventing a child m arriage and thereby assuring a better
future for Radha.
Children are likely to have access to inform ation about im pending m arriages jn
the com m unity. How ever, when they share such inform ation, there should be no
compulsion on them to express their names/identities. In additional they also
need mechanisms such as 'children's post boxes' in schools through w hich they
can share yheir inform ation w ith responsible persons without the danger of
repercussions. The functioning of these m echanism s should be w orked out in
details in such a m anner to ensure fo low up action on one hand and ensure
protection of children on the other,
Page 1 26

Representatives of children should be part of the Child Right.s Protection
C OD;n3 ittees. Their particip' ation in the com mittee wil have to be w el supported .
Attention should be paid to their needs and requirem ents - including in ftxing the
tim e and venue for the m eetings, providing child friendly docum ents etc. lf not,
i
their participation wil be m erely tokenis:c and can also be m anipulated.
Enforcem ent Strategies
There are a num ber of preventive m easures that, if adopted, can help in reducing
the incidences of child m arriagés. Although there is a possible overlap between
the preventive and enforcing m easures, enforcem ent m easures largely aim at
'
making the existing system work, througà prescribing some procedures helping
and ensuring the im plem entation of law.
1. Code for m ass m arriages
Genuine concern for the poor and needy in organising m ass m arriages by the
prom inent citizens, NG0s, trusts, tem ple authorities and others is a good
gesture towards social responsibility. Organising m ass m arriages by itself
.6
cannot be commented on adverseiy, what is to be condemneh and àiscouraged
is a lowing or including child m arriage in such m ass m arriages.
As discussed in the previous section. a large number of child m arriages are
conducted conveniently during the m ass marriages and in the nam e of social
service. There js an urgent need to tackle this issue, without loss of any tim e,
by adopting com prehensive guidelines to regulate this practice and by m aking
them m andatory to be obselwed.
Page I 27

Comprehensive Code for Mass Marriages (Jftztlfltzêor.g
Procedures)
Since som e child m arriages take place as part of the m ass m arriages, it is very
J
im portant that the m ass m arriages are regulated through som e norm s, guidelines
and procedures. The Revenue Departm ent based on code and procedures, should
issue Governm ent Order incorporating the sam e.
2. Legal support to victim s
Guidelines tm tf
As a strategy to curb the practice and encourage the reporting of
occurrence of the incidence, it is suggested that the as far as possible all
support in term s of legal aid, taking the service of legal services authority
as w ell, and access to rehabilitation options m ust be m ade available to the
victim s of child m arriage. This wil help in overcom ing the fear am ong the
victims and encourage them to file com plaints at any given point in tim e,
either during or after the incidence.
3. Prosecution of violators
Stringent procedures need to be put in place in order to ensure that the
violators of the 1aw are prosecuted . and- aw arded w itla optirnum
punishm ent and this itself w il w ork as a deterrent and those w ho intend to
conduct child m arriages w ill be discouraged to do so.
4. Role of CW CS and SJPU
ln addition to the adm inistrative m achinery of the state, the role of Child
Page 1 28
W elfare Committees (CW Cs) and the Special Juvenile Police Units (SJ Pls)
is equally impprtant. W hile the SJPUS can play a pivotal role in pl-eventing
the occurrence of child m arriage in thejr areas, CW CS' role is very

important for the adequate rehabilitation of the victim of clild abuse or
those who are being forced into m arriages.
5. Age determ ination norm
I
Although the prohibition of child marriage act (PCMA) 2006 expressly
prescribes the m inimum age for girls and boys, there have been no norm s
to determ ine or verify the correct age of girls and boys. And experience has
show n that this has actually given way to m any child marriages going
unchecked.
The com m ittee suggests' that the birth certificates and school certificate
should be considered as the age proof and the option of m edical certificate
be resorted to in the cases where these two are not available Jr child has
never been to school. The Core Comm ittee as suggested norm s and
relevant form ats to be folow ed for the age verification of the children
alleged to have been forced into marriage.
6. Role of Com m unity and Civil Society
Al1 thè eforts made by ariy jiwtérn'fnént depaftment-s ma# nbt be that fruitful in
the absence of com munity and civil society support and participation in the
process. Comm unity incluàing the parents, children and the NGOs can play a ley
role in combatting the practice of child m arriage by inform ing the concerned
agency about the incidence of child m arriage and thereby assisting to prohibit
child m arriage. The role of the com m unity and the civil society organization is
also im portant in organising various program m es to empow er com m unity and
form ulating opinion against the practice of child m arriage thereby bringing about
requisite changes in the traditional and. custom ary practices in com munity
Page 1 29

Convergence
Convergence is critical for placing the systems for mutual support in tandem with
each other and ensuring adequate coordination tow ards reaching the desired
results. In the case of children, convergence am ong various stakeholderg' enables
the child to have secured and m eaningfùl childhood. Such 'convergence is seen as
a vehicle to ensure that preventive inechanism together with the al other
m easures are being efectively' im plem ented and the rights of the children are
being protected and prom oted.
There is an urgent need to bring together various departm ent.s f)f State
Government such as Women anU Child Development, Eéucation, Social Welfare,
Revenue, Rural development and Panchayat Raj (RDPR), Police, Health and
lnform ation and Publicity, under one umbrela so that various aspects of the issue
could be tackled w ith efectiveiy and fn a coordfnated m anner. The Department of
W omen and Child (DW CD) should be the nodal department responsible for the
efectfve îm plem entation of the law . The suppart of other line departm ents is
crucial for the efective im plem entation of the law and the recom m endations
being made by the Core Com m ittee. Therefore, the operational key in ensuring
success in preventing child m arriages are: Inter-sectoral convergence and
Com munity Ownership steered through grass-root dem ocratic instjtutions.
Page l 30

Process for Convergence: The process for lnter-departmental linkages and
coordination for networking is listed in the diagram below. The process shal
ensure that no child m arriages take place.
Page 1 3 1

Key Players in Convergence: Folowing are the key players in convergence. A basic
description of each of these players and their roles and responsibilities as folows:
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(9 Implementation of poliéies, programmes and 1aw OJ Act, CMP Act, and so
on)
Q) Implementation of welfare schemes with the support of a1k concerned
departm ents that benefit the children and fam ily
(.) Coordinating w ith a1l line departm ents for the efective im plem entation of
policies, program m es and law s
e Ne- orking at all levels to build powerful social m ovem ent against child
m arriage
(8 Folow-up, docum entation and tim e-to-time recom m endation for suitable
changes in the policies and program m es
Departrnent of Police plays the key role of assisting the nodal departm ent to
enforce 1aw to prevent child m arriages.
Roles and Responsibilities
(F) lssuing relevant Governm ent Orders to al subordinate institutions to assist
the im plem enting authority for an effective im plem entation of the laws
G) Registering cases, and filing FIRs and charge sheet.s on instîtutions and
people violating the law s or practicing child m arriages
O Proxid.i.ng-ng.cqysAry-pm tvctîon.to.pnqvent r. clztld -marrt-agq
either at family
level or during m ass m arriages
(:9 Organising interaction w ith com m unity as part of aw areness building to
Page 1 33
prevent child m arriages

Departm ent of Revenue plays the key role 'of assisting, supporting and
coordinating with the nodal departm ent to enforce the law to prevent child
m arriages
Roles and Responsibilities
e lssuing m andatory guidelines, certification and registration of m ass
marriage and individual marriages.
(i) Providing support to aIl famîlies 'for econom ic and social developm ent
e lssuîng guidelines to Vilpge Accountants and Revenue lnspectors to keep
constant vigilance in the jurisdiction to prevent child marriages
O Maintaining relevant records on the issue
Denàrtm ent of Health plays the key role of assisting and supporting the nodal
departm ent to ensure good healthcare access to every gir) child and thereby
preventing child m arriages.
Roles and Responsibilities
e Age verification-certiscate, tools for the sam e established, standardized
criteria / measures
(.) Provide m edical assistance to affected person
(.) Aw arenesj program mes in Governm ent Hospitals
(F) Aw areness building and adolescence education program m es in
collaboration with education department about ill-efects of chîld marriage
(F) Im plem enting al1 health related program m es to benefit the girl child and
Page 1 34
her fam ily

Departm ent of Education plays key role of assisting and cooperatipg w ith the
nodal department to ensure equitable quality education to every girl child and
thereby preventing child m arriages.
Roles and Responsibilities
O Taking measures (0 impart education against child marriage practice
through curriculum at a1 level as part of awareness and sensitization to
parents, teachers, children and com m unity.
e SDM C as an institutional body to be considered as a key player at the grass-
root level to achieve im pact
(:!) W orking hand-in-hand to implem ent al1 special progrém m es m eant for girl
children to ensure quality education ' '
Q) Taking al necessaly m easures to ensure free education to al children
until they complete 12th syandard
(9 Reserve at least 5 percent of seats in al1 residential schools m eant for
children for the children affected by child m arriage practices
Denartm ent of Rural and Panchayatrai plays im portant role of assisting and
supporting the nodal departm ent to implem ent al developm ent program m es
through Grarn Panchayats.lGp) to prevent child marriage
Roles and Responsibilities
(:9 Aw areness and sensitization to al1 PD0s and GP ' m embers on child
m arriage practive at the zram panchayat level
Q) Conducting special Gram Sabhas in the child m arriage intensive pockets to
' ' V ' *' '
sensitize parents and com m unity
e Taking efective measures to conduct Makkala Gram Sabha m ore
m eaningfuly, as part of child rights aw areness program m e
e The PDO at the GP levei should be made the responsible oficef- to prevent
Page 1 35
child m arriage practice at vilage level

Departm en-t social W elfare: plays the key role of assisting and supporting
ofthe
nodal departm ent to im plem ent the policies and prograrns to prevent child
marriages among SC/ STs.
Roles and Responsibilities
e Implem entation of w elfare schem es w ith the support of all concerned
departm ents that benefit the SC and ST children and fam ily.
(*) Coordinating with :11 line departm ents for the effective im plem entation of
such schem es and program m es m eant for m arginalised children.
(9 Networking at al1 levels to build pow erful social m ovem ent against child'
m arriage.
Com m uniw -parents-NGos-children play the key role of inform ing the nodal
agency about the incidence of child m arriage and thereby assisting to prohibit
child m arriages, This can also be done thrpugh the formation of child rights
+
protection com m ittees. .
Roles and Responsibilities
(F) One-to-one cam paign to create awareness about chîld m arrïages
e Dissem inating inform ation to educate com m unity m embers about the il1
efects of ch id m arriages
e Assisting the nodal agency and other line departm ents for the effective
implem entation of policies, program m es and laws to prevent child
m arriage practjces
e Mobilizing people at various level to prevent child m arriages
e Function as the Ambassador in the comm unity at 1a' rge to prevent and
Page 1 36
prohibit child m arriages

'
(8 Organize various program m es to lem pow er com m unity and religious
leaders to understand the il effects of child m arriages on childhood and
thereby seeking their assistance to implem ent various policies,
program m es and laws to secure childhood and to empow er fam ily
e Form ulate opinion against child m arriages, to bring about change in the
traditional and custom ary practices in com m unity
lf a1l the departm ents w ork in' coordination with each other and a1l the schem es
and programm es run by various central and state departrpents are im plem ented
adequately, child marriagçs can be effectively reduced in the state of karnataka3s.
The issue of child marriage is, though a com plex one, it can be tackled by the
coordinated and concerted eforts from vigilant civil society, dediéated NG0s,
honest and committed 1aw enforcem ent agencies, proactive judiciary and positive
and m eaningful m edia. Although the governm ent has the obligation to put a1l
system s, procedures and m echanism in place, participation of al so keholders,
inclùding the comm unity and civil society and children themselves only can m ake
them effective.
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35 causes for Child M arriage and Linkage with Schemes and Progr'ammes to prevent it is' enclosed in
Annexure 1 6.
Page 1 37

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CHAPTCR V
Recom m endations and A ction Plan
Sociallustice must begin with children. Unless the tender plaat is properly tended
and nourished it has f/lt/e chance ofgrowing into stron,g and Iuefzl/ tree. So theprst
pr/or/! .)z in the scale ofsocialjustice must be given to the welfare of the children.
PART 1 - RECOMM ENDATIONS
Subba Rao J., Social Justice and tle Law (1974)
The state and district level consultations, and discussions with senior officials of
key departm ents, cross section of stakeholders, civil society organizations,
children and Kishore group m embers, functionaries, legal and m edia experts and
others concerned facilitated detailed analysis of the prevailing situation in the
state, and the em ergence of various recom m endations and strategies for effective
im plem entation of an action plan.
The Recommendations are delineated under the 3 major strategies:
- : #
1. Awareness on the consequences of child marriage to jrevent its
occurrence
2. Reformation to Legîslative and legal fram ework, including am endm ent to
the existing Prohibition of Child Marriage Act and state rules.
8. Effective lm plementation' of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act by
Page 1 39
addressing the constraints and hurdles.

.1. Awareness on consequences of child m arriage for preyention its
occurence
As discussed in the earlier chapters prevention of child m arriage and
protection of rights children can becom e a reality only when there is wide
spread aw areness am ongst the parents, children, family, com m unities and
society at large about the irreversible im pact that child m arriage has on an
individual and the fam ily, society and nation at large. The need of the hour is
for powerful com m unicatîon and c'onsistent m essages through appropriate
channels that can reach various sections of society; and bring about
behavioural and attitudinal change, dîspeling m yths, w rong notions and blind
beliefs that w ere obstructïng eradïcqtion the heïnous practice of chîid
m arriage.
Since the form ation of the Core Com m ittee, several consultations w ere held at
the State level as w ell as Distrîct level. There w ere district level consultations
coverïng the districts of Dharwad, Gadag, Belgaum, Gulbarga, Bidar, Yadgir,
Bagalkot, Bijappur, Raichur, Koppal, Bellary, Mysore, Mandya and
Chamarajanagar. Owing t/ the actlve and meaningful participation of
stakeholders including the district -level- oficersh. 5G0s, . social. activists,
children and znedîa in large num bers in every such djstrict level consultation
besides having the benefit of know ing the ground realïties, aw areness was
sim ultaneously generated about the issue of child marriage. Testim onies were
'
heard from children. The m edia coverage i n this regard has been extensive
and m eaningful w hich was one of the im portant factors as regards creating
awareness sim ultaneeusly. Consequently there was significant prevention of
child m arriages, both as individual cases as w ell as in m ass m arriages through
coordinated action. The Tablq as given in Chapter 1 of this report indicates the
Page l 40

impact brought about in just a few months, due to awareness post
consultations.
The district level consultations w ere prim arily aim ed at discussion on district
and region specific issues, and the awareness generated in the process was a
spin off rather than a planned, strategic intew ention. lf such an unchartered
m ove could evoke spontaneous response and lead to synergy in action from
the enforcers and civil society, then a focused, system aticaly planned and
sustained aw areness cam paign by the State would go a long w ay and bring
about the desired social transformation - prevention of child m arriage even in
districts that are considered to have high incidence of child m arriage.
Developm ent of content for awareness is critical to a successful aw areness
campaign. The m aterials and m essages to be developed need to specificaly
contain the 4 key elerpents of a) the serious consequences of child marriages
on children, especialy girls, families and society at large, b) the punitive
provisions of the legislations, c) the rehabilitation provisions in a1 the Act.s
and the other services and schem es available for children,
famjlies/individuals, and d) the scope for child's contribution to his/her
individual development, that of the fam ily, comrnunity and the n'atjon at large,
if provided opportunity and access.
The aw areness cam paigns and m essages should necessarily target the m ost
vulnerable population to bring in the desired change. The m essages developed
need to be tailor m ade to m eet the requirements of specific sections of society
who are directly involveél in organizing or party to the child m arriage. The
awareness programs wil efectively use print, electronic and jopular media
including folk arts, com m ercial theatres etc through a cost effective
system atic, planned and sustained strategy. The state should declare the year
Page 1 4 1

14th Novem ber 2011 to 14tl: November 2012 as yhe 'Year of Cam pafgn Agajnst
Child Marriages', to create yearlong aw areness intensively and continuously
by m ultifaceted approach to reach the last m an in the state.
Towards a People's M ovem ent
The vision of a pow erful and intense advocacy and awareness cam paign is that
it ultim ately snow bals into a people's m ovem ent for protection of rights of
children and conzem nation of practices and beliefs that violate these rights.
W hat law and legal m easures cannot do, change in people's thinking and
perception can. ln India, m ore so in rural India w here behaviour is guided by
io-cultural and reli'gious dictum s , change in m ind sets of people can bring a
soc
m ore lasting im pad. W hen the intrinsic value of chjldren and their
developm ent fs understood and appreciated by each and every one, the seed
of transform ation is sown and the process of change m oves from the hand of
the state or the initiator, to that of the people.
The one point agenda of a strategicaly developed and wel im plem ented
cam pajgn for the prohibition and prevention of child m arriage w ill lead to
m ulti-dimensional impact for change. This coupled w ith access to education,
skill developm ent leading, possibility for employm ent wîll bring in a m arked
change in the value for girl child, her status and autonomy, health and
w elbeing of children, economic and social progress of the fam ily and
com m unity.
Hence it is strongly recom m ended that the state design an effective aw areness
cam paign, in colaboration wjth civil society organizations and m edia experts,
and implem ent it w ith com m itment realizing that it yields useful dividends. To
w in the w ar against the age old evil practice of child m arriage the state and the
Page 1 42

concerned a'ctors 'shall not rest till the last m an in eve' ry village and slum is
touched. This shal be the driving m otto of the' state and enforcers advocating
for annihilation of a deeply entrenched heinous practice of child m arriage. The
one-year long campaign in Karnataka wil m ove into every nook ahd corner of
the state to wake people up to fight against the evil practice of chid marriage.
By 14th November 2012, no person in the state shal rem ain uninf6rm ed to say
that he/she does not know that child marriage is a crime, a social evil and has
serious adverse im pact on the child, family and com m unity.
2. Law reform ation - Am endm ents to the existing Prohibitibn of Child
M arriage Act and State Rules.
The implem entation of the Prohibition of Child Marriage Act in the state
com m enced in 2007, w ith the state notifying the state rules and subsequently
in 2008 notifying the Child Marriage Prohibition Officers. The implem entation
of the Act and the Karnataka state rules by the state, in coordination with the
non-governm ental organizations, UN Agency such as UNICEF and other
m echanism s like Child helpline service, have brought to fore serious field level
issues that have implications on the legislation.
As discussed in the earlier chapter child m arriage in Karnataka fnanifests in
two ways - as indivikual incidences that are more clandestine and hard to
intervene; and child m arriage disguised as part of rnass m arriages conducted
by organisations or eminent individuals of the comm unity. The enforcem ent
therefore dem ands m aking m andatory specific procedures for dealing w ith
the siuation appropriately. Likewise the weak implementation of the
Karnataka Compulso:y Registration of Marriàges Act also has im plication on
the prevalence of child m arriage as procedures require strengthening. Hence
Page 1 43

ecom m endations for reform of both the central legislation and the state rules
becom e imperative.
The existing legal fram e w ork and the improvem ent needed in that regard are
stated elaborately in Chapter 3 of this report. The am endm ents are also
suggested keeping in view the state's com m itm ents to the IJN CRC and in
tandem with the other child legislations in the country, especialy the Juvenile
Justice Act and Right ta Campulsoly Education Act.
2.1. Recom m endatitm s for Refprm s to the Act
Keeping in view what is stated in Chapter 3 of the report the PCMA needs
celp ln amendments.
0n the punitive measures the amendments proposed are - a) women should
also be brought under the purview of im prisonm ent as often they are equaly
responsible for the child m arriage and m any a tim es they are used as a front
by the rnale elders of the families, b) the Act indirectly confers validity to a
child m arrîage and hence need to be am ended such that the provisions to
make the child marriage void ab initio are incorporated c) Sections 9,10,11 to
include 'a minimum term of imprisonment of 3 months', c) inclusîon of
prohibition of 'engagement' of m inors or couple w ho are under age as this act
is considered as preparation for marriage, d) to explicitly state the role of
police in takjng cognizance of the crime and act suo m otto.
2.2 Recom m endations to Am endm ent to State Rules
The recom m endations to the state rules are m ade after careful and detailed
exam ination of the prevailing ground realities, and the required changes. that
would ensure strengthening of procedures for im plem entation.
Page J 44

The recommendations to the amendments to the state rules shall include (fall
within the folowing c'ategories) -
Page 1 45
Child friendly approach ( Sec 2) in implementation of the legislation
to uphold the 'best interest of the child' as enshrined in the UN CRC to
ensure sensitive handling of the incidences and cases, avoiding
secondary victim isatiqn of the child, tim ely response to reduce traum a,
appropriate rehabilit-ation, space for child to express her/his opinions
and decisions, m aintaining confidentiality to safeguard the child's
interests etc .
i. Expansion of functions and roles CM POS (Section 16, Rule 4, 5) -
the functions of CMPOS are determined by the 2 central objectives of
the PCMA - 'Prevention and Prohibition of child m arriage'. The rules
therefore need to delineate with clarity the roles and functions of the
CMPOS towards these'objectives commensurate with the departmental
functions and responsibilities.
The functions of the CMPOS shal take into consideration al1 other child
legislations that have bearing on the case as m ay be - for e.g. when
tra ficking of a child happens in the guise of m arriage taking
épjkojriâte mèasùréj' and' info/inirig conderned authorities under the
ITPA.
i. Procedures to be specilic (Section 3,4,5, Rule 4) pertaining to
production before the Child W elfare Com m ittees such as the step by
step process, orders to be passed, tim e frame for com pletion of inquiry,
roles of the CM POS and CW C members to be delineated in the hearing as
w ell as rehabilitation' process.
iv. Procedures for Rehâbilitation ( Sec 3,4,5, Rule 4.) so as to aensure
holistic and comprehensive support for the victim/survivor and

Page l 46
vulnerable children through a convergent approach, and to include
educational, shelter both short term and long term, legal, counseling,
recreational, vocational services and support and also repatriation and
restoration wherever required (as mandated in the state rules of the JJ
Act)
v. Punitive M easures for CM POS and om cials for non-com pliance and
dereliction of duties including m entioning personal Confidential
Records and initiating departm ental action
vi. Reporting by and Data (Sec 16 (2 Rule 5) from CMPOS and al1 field
functionaries and agencies dfrectly ïnvolved in prevention and
prohibition of child m arriage as m andatory. Data to include prevention
of child marriage as individual instance as w ell as part of m ass
m arriages.
yii. Procedures to include guidelines and procedures for
prevention of child m arriage in m ass m arriages, process for age
verilication and com pulsory registration of organisations and
individuals who conduct m ass m arriages, as m andatory to prevent
child m arriage in m ass marriages and other m isuse of the
scheme/benefits.
v i. Sensitisation of CM POS and organizers of m qss m arriages on the
procedures and guidelines, process for age verification issued by the
state.
ix. Prom otion of child participation through providing forum s for
children in school and out of it, to ensure aw areness on the issue of
chïld m arrfage, chïld rights, sensftïsation and active partïcipatjon as
peer support, as wel as space to hear the child who is a victim/survivor
or potential target to child m arriage

X. Confidentiality of arld protection to informers, especialiy children
(P'roposed Rule) as a responsibility of the state to proindte active
people's participation in prevention of child m arriage
xi. M onitoring and review m echanisms to be set up (Proposed Rule)
such as Child Rights Com mittees at vilage levels and Child M arriage
!
Prohibition M onito 4lng
com m ittees at district level, the Coordination
Com m ittee at state levels. The com position of m em bers and their role
and functions is a' s proposed in the schedule .
xi. Rules to Lake cognizance of the 73rd Am endm ent (Proposed Rule) -
role of Panchayat. institutions prevéntion, prohibition and
importantly m onitoring.
In the light of the recom m endations m ade necessary steps m ay be taken
expeditiously by the governm ent for carrying out the am endm ents to the
Child Marriage Proàibition (ltarnataka) Rules and the Karnataka marriage
(Registration & Miscelaneous Provisions) Rule.
' The Com m itlee recom mends that the state propose am endm ents to the
central governm ent for bringing about am endm ents to the Prohibition of
Child M arriage Act, 2006. A w orking paper on the proposed am endm ents is
being subm itted to the DW CD for future use.
2.3 Recom m endations for the revision of the notication of CM POS
W hile' the onus of the implem entation of the PCM A is that of the nodal
Department of W om en and Child Development other key departm ents to have
definite responsibilities in im plem entation, given that child rights protection
is a shared and convergent com m itm ent Hence it is recom m ended that the
departments of Education; Police, Hea1th, RDPR, Revenue, Social W elfare,
Backw afd Class and M inorities, Urban and M unicipal Adm inistration be
brought w ithin the purview of the Act.
Page J 47

ln continuation of the above section on recom m endations to the state rules
the Comm ittee strongly recom m ends the inclusion of lleads of departm ents of
key departm ents at state level and other key oficials of line departm ents at
district, taluk and gram panchayat level for im plem entation and m onitoring,
com m ensurate w ith the departm ental functions and responsibilities, in the
light of recom m endations m ade in Chapter 3 of this repor136.
2. 4. suggestions for Am endm ena to the State Rules of the Karnataka
Marriage (Registration & Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1976
The KMA m andates registration of al m arriages with the Registrar of
M arrîages under the Revenue department at Taluk and district level. Officials
have been appointed at vilage, panchayat and taluk level to tw ersee the
implem entation. Enforcem ent of this Act w ould also adequately ensure
preventjen of child marrlage. However the state rules need to be revjewed,
procedures spelt out with clarity and jn tandem w ith the PCMA.
Section 3 of the Karnataka Marriages (Registration and Miscelaneous
Provisions) at 1976 m andates compulsory registration of al1 marriages in the
State. How ever, Section 8 states that non-registration dnes not invalidate the
m arriage, Thîs contradiction needs to be addressed as it is not favorable for
efective im plem entation of the Act. Hence it is proposed that an am endment
be made to the Act and Section 8 (a) include that parties to marriage who fail
to get their m arriages registered w ithin a period of 30 days shal be liable for
punishment up to three months or fine of Rs. 10,000/- or both.
lt fs therefare recom m ended that the Depaz-tnient of W om en and Child
Developm ent and Departm ent of Revenue, the nodal departm ents for
im plem entation of this Act am end the state rules based on proposed
Jb Lisl of Exfsting and Proposed C.M .P.OS is encfosed as Annexure 20.
Page 1 48

amendments such as a) delineation of the roles and responsibility of the
authorities under the Act fof effective enforcement b) mechanism for stepping
up marriage registration across the state and review c) protedures for
implementation of penal provisions of the Act d) measures for dealing with
oficials for non-com pliance and dereliction of duties including m entioning
I
personal Confidential Records and initiating depa/mental action (Proposed
Rule)
3. Effective Im plem enm tion of the Prohibition of Child M arriages Act by
addressing the constraints and hurdles
Social policy implementadon involves the accomplishment ofpolicy objectives
through the effective and efhcient planning and programming such that the
desired result and outcom es are achieved
Brynard P.
The process of im plem entation of protective legislations and social policies, as
experience has show n, are not one of administrative responsibilities alone, but
importantly one of good governance and political Wil. The challenge is further
. .. - .. j
enhanced in the im plementation of protective legislations for children as
every delay impacts the tim ely growth, developm ent and protection of rights
of children.
Strategies for successfully im plem enting social legislation such as
Prohibition of Child Marriage Act, m ust necessarily take into consideration the
key elements of struc t ures f or planning,
r'oad map for action, tasks for the
perform ers and m echanisms for m onitoring and perform ance review . This is a
chalenge as implem entation involves m ultiple players, multiple tasks and at
m ultiple levels.
Page 1 49

Central to the Core Comm ittee's recom m endation of the Im plem entation
strategies for addressing the issue of child marriage are the 3 key objectives of.
the Act a) Prohibition and prevention . of child marriage b) Protection and
rehabilitation of victims/sulwivors and c) Prosecution of offenders.
The road m ap for im plem entation is charted through the series of
Recom m endations and the Action Plan in Part 11 of this chapter.
3.1 sensitisation of Enforcem ent Oflicials and Functionaries
E fective enforcem ent of any legislation requires com m itted, trained and
efficient personnel. Proper knowledge of the legislation, understanding of the
provisions of the law , skils in application and tim ely response to cases of
vîolation or abuse becom e imperative for m eeting out justice to the aggrieved
persons. Justice to chîldren should be timely as their balanced, wholesome
developm ent is at stake. lt is recom m ended that sensitisation and enhancing
the capacity of the enforcem ent personnel and field functionaries therefore
are prerequisites for effective implem entation of the Prohibitions of Child
M arriage Act.
W hile the objective of the sensitization program is to impart knowledge and
skill at one level, at another the core purpose is to bring about attitudinal
change in the personnel. Empathy tow ards the issue, sensitivity towards the
child victim s and above al1 m otivation to be part of the change process are
critical without w hich no sensitization program can succeed. A highly
motivated person.then becomes an agent/engine of change.
Page 1 50

The expertise for evolving an effective sensitization 'plan should be ' drawn
from civil society organisation's/NGos with expertise and experience, legal
professionals, m edical professionals including psychiatrists, child
psychologists, etc. who w il be able to provide the required orientation.
The plan for capacity building and sensitization of enforcem ent officials w il
necessarily cover the 4 categories of enforcem ent and field personnel narnely
a) the judiciary including Magistrates and Pubic Prosecutors, b) m embers of
statutory bodies like the Child W elfare Committees, Special Juvenile Police
Llnits, and like the panchayat ward leaders and other electçd people's
representatives, c) importantly the designated Child Marriage Prohibition
Officers draw n from key departm ents and functioning from state to taluk
levels and finally d) field functionaries such as supervisors and anganwadi
w orkers, AHSA and ANMS who interact w ith the comm unity on a day to day
basis at the village level.
lt is recommended thai the sensitisation programs cover important aspects to
build knowledge on a) the United Nations Convention on the Rights of
Chjldren, international and national instrum ents that safeguard hum an and
child rights, constitutional provisions,
b) detailed coverage of the Karnataka Compulsory Registration of Marriage
Act, provisions of the Prohibition of the Child M arriages Act, relevance of other
important legislations like Juvenile Justice Act, Dowry Prohibition
Prohibition of Domestic Violence Act, and related rules. procedures for
enforcing, role of various enforcers - specifically the CM POS. This is very
im portant as m ost people are aw are of the 1aw but not the consequences of
violation of i4s violatinnssv.c) Also important is to provide information on the
im portance of convergence, skils for networking, redressal m echanisms, the
Page l 51

various schem es of the government for referral services for fam ilies ànd
children.
The methodology adopted, quality of trainers and resource persons, and
folow -up through refresher course are elem ents that determ ine a successful
sensitisation intervention.
Em pow ering enforcers and functionaries t.hrough know ledge and skil
transfer m otivates them for action. Com bined with rewards, incentives and
appreciation citations the m otivation can be kept alive. How ever the pre-
requisite is a dynam ic m onitoring and review system in place - which is dealt
in the latler part of this section.
3.2 Enforcem ent and Im plem eno tion of the Prohibidon of Child
M arriages Act
The abolition of the heinous practice of child m arriage and creation of a
protective environm ent for children free from abuse wil becom e a reality only
w hen the PCM A and other child related legislations are effectively enforced by
the state, Enforcem ent cals for eficient and com m itted enforcem ent oficials
and road m ap for implem entation. The Core Com m ittee recom m ends that the
folowing m easures be im plem ented -
Page 1 52
>' Enforcèm ent of the existing law s and rules
lnclusion of further provisions in Rules of Karnataka M arriages
(Registration and Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1976 and
strengthen enforcement and m onitoring at al1 adm inistrative

levels such as providing tim e fram e for'registration of m arriages,
'
reportîng from a1l m arriage choultries, wedding hals, m arriage
venues about the weddings perform ed, periodic reporting to
taluk and district officials about the registration of m arriages etc.
The procèss of registration has to be simple and easy w ith at
venue/on the spot facility for mass marriages and vilage based
registration for individual m arriages. Towards this purposr the
Vilage Accoufltant now the em pow ered authority for
registrati6n as per the Government Notification no. W CD 100
SW W , 2006 dated 07.11.2007.37. The registration process shoull
be strengthened by strict im plem entation as per the provisions bf-
the rules and of the Act.
Stringent enforcem ent of the Right To Education Act to ensure al
children have access to elam entary education, whereby teachers,
SDMCZ panchayat m em bers actively m onitor access of children to
schooling and prevent drop out. Special attention w il be given on
priority basis to children who are vulnerable to drop out such as
girls, m igrant fam ilies, nom adic com m unities etc
Stringéht' énfôfcem ent' of the Dbwfy Prbhibitibn Aèt 1961 as
amended in 1986 to ensure that the fear of econom ic burden and
perception of girls as econom ic liability do not drive families to
perform child marriage
. Am endments of the Act and rules of the PCM A, as proposed in
Chapter III so as to m ake the legislation easily and efectively
enforced, im plem ented and m onitored covering a1! aspects of the
child and family.
37 Gcvernnaent NotiGcation No. W CD 1 00 SW W , 2006 dated 07. 1 1 .2007 on appointment of Village
Accountant as M arriage Registration Alithorily is enclosed as Annexure 21 .
Page 1 53

' The prim e m ove'rs in this onerous task are' the Child M arriage
Prohibition O ficers who are empow ered by the Act to take up specific
roles that include prohibition, prevention, m onitoring and reporting.
The state shal notify additional officers of the key depazlm ents of
Health, Police, Social W elfare, RDPR, Municipal Adm inistration,
Backward tlasses & M in/rlties at state, district and taluk level as
indicated in the list provided as Annexure 20 so as to ensure
comprehensive coverage. The specific responsibilities of the CM POS at
al levels w ould include38 -
Respond to inform ation and com plaint on a child m arriage
happening with urgency and stop the event
Legal action such as getting interim orders issued by a Judicïal
M agistrate of the First Class or a M etropolitan Magistrate, as per
section 13 of the PCMA like injunction, prohibitory orders,
custody orders, m aintenance orders and other suitable orders as
to the residence of fem ale contracting part'y to the child m arriage
. Colect evidence and assist the Court/magistrate in effective
prosecutfon of the cases
Stringent folow -up on court case to ensure conviction that w ould
act as deterrent for others
. W ide publicity on the issue and aw areness programs to prevent
child marriages from taking place
. Periodic reporting and docum entation in place including
statistics to enable assessm ent of progress and im pact
* Instituionalised revjew and m onitoring system at all levels
CM POS of nodal departments shall be held responsible for failure to prevent or
stop child m arriage/s from happening, lf officers of other departments do not
38 suggested Roles of C.M .P.O S is enclosed as Annexure 22.
Page 1 54

provide the necessal'y assistance or coordination required and sought, then the
CM PO w il report to the concerned district head of the depprtm ent.
Page l 55
> Strengthening Im plem entation
@ Stringent measures for dereliction of duty by the enforcem ent
officials, kuch as adverse recording in their confidential record,
service registers of the oficer and also disciplinary action by the
departmept. Further continued neglect of duty w ould lead to
impositiofl of major penalties.
* It is equaly im portant and necessary to lodge FIRs and ensure
that the cases 'booked are effectively prosecuted and tried in
courts, in order to create deterrence.
* Aw ards and appreciation for com m itted perform ance and
m otivated oficers.
* Necessary Police Protection along with at least one W om en
Police Constable to be provided as to the CM POS when
preventing a child m arriage frorn happening. This is required
especially at the event of mass m arriages aqs the crow d could turn
uncontrol'able.
. ID cards i'o b'e issued to the Child Marrjage Prohibition Officers.
The format and content will be prepared by the DW CD while the
cards w il be isjued by the respectjve departments.
Preventive and Prom otive Strategies
* The Departm ent of Education has a greater role in the
eradication of child m arriage as if al children are rpotivated to
pursue secondary education the age of marriage gets pushed up.
Strengthening Back-to-school program s of departm ent of
Education to ensure drop-outs and non school going children,
especialy girls and children of m igrant fam ilies are brought info

Page 1 56
m ainstream education tb prevent them from becpm ing victim s of
child m arriage.
. Access to high school and provision of functional toilets in al
schools to prevent girl child drop out. This has to be done
through m icro planning and m apping of school resource vis-à-vis
the need assessm ent, and m obilizing resources under schem es
and services of other departm ents.
Addressing gender inequality and prom otion of stat'lzs of girl
child are core issues that need to be dealt w ith for a sustained
and progressive change, fncluding prevention of child m arriage.
Prerlotien of girl child education, prom tltion of Opport-unitjes for
higher education for girl child; life skil education and access to
opportunîties/avenues for career and economic developrnent for
young w om en would inevitably delay m arriage. The departm ents
of Prim ary, Secondary and Colegiate Education, DW CD, Social
W elfare have to ensure m ore benefits for girls such as residential
facilities, scholarships and subsidized transportation etc to
prevent drop-out, especialy in educationaly backw ard regions.
It is equaly im portant that adolescent girls w ho are out of school
have access to forum/platforms such as Kishore or Balika
Sanghas to share their experiences, concerns and learn thrgugh a
colective process. lf education and econom ic independence has
to result in em pow erm ent of wom en, then there should be a
positive change in m en's attitude and perception of w om en. lt is
therefore imperative that the state ensures that boys and youths
also have access to life skil education and provide forum s such
as Kishora Sanghas for articulation on various issues including
child m arriage. This can be facilitated by organisations and

individuals with expertise on gender issues and child
participation.
* Prom otion of Child Participation through opportunity for
children's forum s and access to knowledge and inform ation -
dealt in detail in the latter part of this section. Hdw ever it is
im portant to state here that the departm ents of 'Education and
W CD have the responsibility of setting up space for children such
as Child Rights Clubs, Kishore and Kishora sanghas for out of
school and adolescents, Meena Clubs. Child Rights clubs are to be
set up in al governm ent .schools as per the c'ircular No .
SSA/00SC/chi1d ;ights/20'09-10 dt 23.5.200939.
* The RDPR shal also strengthen the M akkala Gram a Sabha a
panchayth forum for discussion of issues related to children
along w ith the com m unity. lt is im perative that the support of
NG0s and individuals w ith expertise in chjld participation are
enlisted for effective actionio.
* Strengthening the Role of Police - The Karnataka ltate Police
has taken proactive m easures to build the relationship of the
police and the com m unity through series of comm unity
outreach programs. The primary objective of this initiative is
aim ed at redkicing crim e against w om en and children. The
Governm ent 0fder41 of 2010 directs the officer in charge at the
Police stqtions to organise Open House or Therada M anne a
w eekly p s rogram for school and co lege children, bi-m onthly
I
39 a-he circuiar from Sanza Shiksha Abhiyan SSA/BBSP/ Child Rights/2009-10 dated 23.05. 2009 for
formaion of Child Rights Club is enclosed as Annexure 23. '.
40 'rhe c . ircular fr'om RDPR no . Gra Ah Pa 638 Gra Pam Ah 2007 that contains guidelinrs for
formation of M akala Grama Sabha datcd 30. 1 0.2007 is enclosed as Annexure 24.
41 Govèrnment Order dated April 29, 201 0 on community outreach by Departn' lent of Police is
enclosed as A nnexure 25.
Page 1 57

Page 1 58
Sam udhaya Sam parka Sabha or M ohalla m eetings, Beat
documentation to cover al vilages and issues, vilage adoption
etc. lt is therefore recomm ended that these program s are
strengthened by the departm ent so as to address issues related
to children including child m arriage as is done system atically in
the districts of Koppal and Raichur.
The Role of the Health departm ent is very crucial in
prevention of child m arriages. Folowing due p'rocess of age
verification to issue birth certificate w ill prevent children from
being victim ized. Param edical staff like the A5M s and health
cutreaj'h w orkers such as ASHA w orkers can orient mpthers and
adolescents groups on the extrem e harm of child m arriage on
health of the girl child and influence change in attitude,
. Strengthening role of m em bers of statutory bodjes such as
panchayat and SDM CS - decentralized governance prom oted by
the 73rd Am endm ent to the Constitution and ow nership at
com m unity level of the school system prom oted under the Sanza
Shiltshana Abhyan are hallm arks of a dem ocratic participator
process. T he prim ary responsîbility of the dut'y bearers is
tow ards their constituency the children. The elected and
nominated leaders/members have a cornm itment towards
protection of children and their rights. Hence it is recom m ended
that sensjtîsation and partcipation of panchayat and SDM C
members be strengthened and their roles clearly defined with
regard to prevention of violence and crim e against children such
as child m arriage, forced labour, trafficking etc and prom otion of
their constituency as 'child friendly'. Violators need to be

@
@
Page 1 59
severely dealt with as they are the role m odels for the
com munity.
@ Strengthèning m onitoring and coordinated action at the
vilage and w ard level by strengthening the role of Anganaw adi
workers, ANMS and Vilage Accountant. W ith better coordination
these three key field level functionaries representing the 3 m ain
depqrtm ents of W CD, Health and Revenue, could bring in a sea
change as their jurisdiction is limited and keeping a close
vigilance on a sm aler population and reporting im m ediately of a
child mqrriage happening would result in tim ely prevention.
Strengthening röl'e of com m unity based organisations - such as Stree
Shakthi Groups, Self Help Groups, Nehru Yuvaka Kendras have to be
brought into the am bit of child protection and hence every m em ber need to
be sensitized on the issue of child m arriage and it is their responsibility to
ensure that no child marriage happens in their jurisdiction. Peer
counseling, pressure from co-m embers, conditional m em bership can be
som e of the tactics adopted to create a conducive environm ent for children
and youngsters.
Prom otion of sponsorship and scholar-ship program s to provide for the
additional financial support for education, nutrition and health. This is
being provided by W CD as sponsorship and by SSA and Social W elfare as
scholarship. The support provided is of varying slab and hence it is
propojed that the am ount per child be increased to a m inim um of Rs.
soo/child/month under any scheme.
. Childhelp Line is one of the m ost efective response m echinism s
for children in'situation of ernergency and distress as has been
the experience în the state. Presently Karnataka has 11 Childlines
functional in 11 districts ànd it is suggested that in a period of
# 'Y

Page I 60
two years this service be extended to cover a1l 30 districts of the
state with sub-centers at Taluk levels as per the Integrated Child
Protection Schem e. The easy access enables any person wishing
to reach out to a child in distress, connect to the service and
provide tim ely intelwention. The netw ork of Childline service
across the country has also enabled interstate repatriation of
children.
. lzinkage of vulnerable fam illes to economic developm ent
program s is strongly recom m ended as an efective preventive
strategy as has been higblighted in al1 state and district
consultations. The process of m apping vulnerable fam ilies such
as m igrant labourers, fam ilies that are socially and economicaly
placed in disadvantageous position, single, w om an headed
fam îlies or those w here either of the parent is not in a position to
take care of the children owing to ecenom ic constraints or ilness
of the m ajn bread winner and other such fam ilies should be
prioritized for receiving benefits of the various econom ic
deveîopm ent or incom e generatîon program s and other cash
transfers such. as M GNREGS, other incom e generation program s
under the RDPR, Health insurance and benefits, etc. The
convergent action at Panchayat and Taluk is essential for
identificatjon and linkage of such fam ilies w îtb conditional cash
transfers that ensures prevention of child m arriage, This also
cals for coordination betw een key departm ents at state leve) and
an implem entation m echanism that ensures tim ely and red tape
free access for the needy fam ilies. M ore schem es and services are
discussed in the Annexure 16 on Causes for Child M arriage and
Ljnkage w ith Schemes and Program m es to prevent it.

Page 1 6 1
Region and com m unity specilic intervention again based on
vulnerability m apping to be planned and im plem ented by the
governm ent such that com m unities that practice child m arriage
as a norm or in areas that have high prevalence of child m arriage
ow ing to socio-cultural practices are given focused attention.
Aw areness w ithin the com m unities, close m onitoring of fam ilies
and children, efective enforcem ent, coordinated action by the
CM POS can gradualy lead to reduction of child m arriage in these
areas and com munities. lncentives and conditional support
m echanisms need to be set în place to reduce vblnerability.
Regions that stil practice devadasi system should com e under
the scanner of the im plem enters as such com m unities are prone
to early m arriage of girls and vulnerable to traficking in the
guise of m arriage.
. Cash incentives of Rs. 500/- per person may be given as an
incentive to the person w ho provides authentic inform ation
about a child m arriage to take place. The incentive m ay be given
to the informer on first come first served basis or a lottery may
be draw n if there are m ore than one person who informs about a
single case of marriage.
f reating aw areness regarding prevention of child m arriages
and stopping , m ore num ber child m arriages from taking place
can be one of the criteria w hile considering awards to individuals
and institutions w orking in the field of child w elfare and also
while conferring awards to best stree shakthi groups.
* Cash aw ards to be given to those Panchayat that have ni1 child
m arriages, w here such practice w as existing earlier. This system
m ay bé for a period of three Years. The cash aw ard of Ils.

Page 1 62
10,000/- is suggested such that the amount is used for the
w elfare of cl ldren in the Panchayat, The aw ard w il be given in a
public function organised by the Zila Panhayath on Children's
Day.
@ The m anagem ent of m arriage halls, tem pleN and otller
venues n'eed to be m ade responsible to ensure child m arriages
do not take place, al m arriages are registered and there is
regular reporting of the marriages taking place to the concerned
authoritïes. Notice boards are to be compulsorily displayed that
provides inform ation about the punitive provisions of the PCMA.
Content has been developed by DW CD.
* Conditions to be im posed w hile providing benefits under the
Gtw ernm ent schem es. A declaratign should be given by an
applicant, while applying for a Government Job or while availing
benefits from the governm ent such as ration card, houses, sites,
Adarsha scheme etc. that he/she wil not perform chîld marriage
or be a party to child m arriage, failing which the benefit given
shal be withdraw n.
* Prom oting M edia responsjbility - TV . serials and film s that
encourage or prom ote child marriages in a positive m anner need
to be banned. The Kannada film (Jheluvena Chithara eulpgized
child marriage. Such film s or serials need to be censored by the
appropriate censor Board/authorit'y
* Al1 affirm ative actions by the state to be m ade public, through
announcem ent on the DW CD w ebsite www .dwcdkar.zov.in and
other m eans
* Life skill education - both livelihood skils and life coping skils
- lack pf viable alternatives for the adolescents has also 1ed to

children succumbing to child marriage. The state presently does
not have a wel focused policy for the adoleséents. Youth
program s and services are far and few and often do not provide
the right educational and career opportunity or training. Under
the Rashtriya Madhyama Sikshana Abhyan, DW CD (Sabala) and
Labour Department (Skil Development Program) innovative
programs that equip youngsters w ith earning and coping skils
should be taken up, prioritizing adolescents who are m ost
vulnerable to child m arriage and other form s of child abuse.
Recent trends show an increase in elopem ent of teenagers that
adversely affect their lives. lt is therefore recom m ended that
schools, coleges and other agencies organise life skil education
that w ould equip youngsters with soft skils to deal w ith life
situations.
.Budgetary and resource alocation
Budgets under the ICPS need to be effectively utilized and proposals for
budgetaly allocation to enable the establishment of Vilage Level Child
Protection Committeés under Karnatâka JJ Rule 86 (2) ' (8 to be made to
Central Governm ent, :
3.3 M andatory Procedure for M ass M arriages to Prevent Child M arriage
The practice of child m arriages in Karnataka, as observed in few other states
occur as either individual incidence or guised in M ass M arriages. M ass
m arriages are s-ocial events encouraged to prevent people from w asting hard
earned m oney in the form of ostentatious spendiflk. 0ne reason for the
em ergence of this practice is the heavy expense involved in performing a
w edding, so these colective or group events such as Adarsh Vivaha,
Page 1 63
( .

subsidized by the authorities, were conceived as a w ay out to m inimise
expenses, especially for people from the econom icaly w eaker sections of
society. Poor people are therefore afforded w ith an opportunity to perform
m arriages for their son or daughter in m ass m arriages.
Mass m arriages are organised by a1 com munities and conducted by
individuals, tem ple authorities, trusts, charities, societies be they social,
political or religious. They are generaly held to coincide w ith im portant
religiou's festidties and socbal events, and com manly invtlve hundreds Of
people.
W hile mass m arriages are m eant to help couples from econom icaly weaker
sectionsz in r#cent years they have com e under the s'canner in som e cases for
providing a safe platform for regressive practice of child m arriage. Though the
m ass m arriages are conducted in the nam e of social service, they have taken
the form of profltable business. Often it is found that the organizers colect
donations from donors and philanthropists, and fees from the participating
fam ilies. Hence, they try to enroll m aximum num ber of couples w ithout
conforming to norm s and verification of age of couples, thereby victim izing
m inors.
M edia stories, NGO reports and governm ent data reveal that a significant
number of child m arriages take place at m ass m arriages, especially in the
north Karnataka region, for various reasons including econom ic and social
bacltw ardness. In order to prevent the social evil of child m arriage, there is a
need to issue m andatory procedures in respect of copducting M ass
M arriages4z.
The m andatory procedure is in accordance w ith the Rule 4 of Prohibition of
Child Marriage (Karnataka) Rules 2008, whjch states that the Child Marriage
Prohibition Officer shall ensure that the organizers of m ass m arriage shal
42 M andatory procedures for M ass mariages are enclosed in Annexure 26
Page 1 64

maintain a register and a likt of the proposed eligible couples to be married,
and record details after verify' ing their photographs , birth certificate/school
certificate/medical certificate in proof of age from a registefed Medical
Practitioner.
The comprehensive guidelines for mass m arriages to prevent child marriage
recom m ended by the Core Com m ittee and to be issued as an order by the
Department of W omen and Child Development and by the Dejartment of
I
Revenue under the 'Adarsha Vjvaha Schem e43' is developed w ith utm ost care
to address every im plem entation problem in the present system as shared by
the field functionaries and : children. The procedures deal with procedural
issues, m andating registratibn of organizations that conduct m ass m arriages,
application verication process, m onitoring role of Child M arriage Prohibition
Officers and other enforcerhent o ficials, etc. lm portantly, guidelines for age
verification process, and form at for age certificate and form at forf application
for age certificate have been developed to have a standardized syktem across
the state.
A major issue plaguit)g the child marriage scenario across thè state and
t
elsewhere is that of age tertiffcation. In the absen'ce of official birth certificate
or school certificates, where children have dropped out of school or never
. I
been to school, the families approach m edical authorities for age certificates.
The pressure by parents/guardians, p pressure from organisers % of mass
.
m arriages and failure to fo low the required m edical examination procedures
have led to m any children being issued certificates that falsify the age. The
Core Com mitee' recom mends specific process for age verification and
issuance of certificates only by auth'orized personnel.
43 Governm ent Order dated M ay 02 , 2007 on Adarsh Vivaha by Departm enl of Revenue is enclosed as
i
Annexure 27
Page 1 65
6 N# .
z.
f.

In case of default by doctors in issuing false age certificates the departm ent of
Health w il initiate disciplinary action and this wil be com m unicated to the
Rarnataka M edical Council for further action.
The detailed m andatory procedures for Age Verificationi4, standard
application form for Age Certificatezls and standardized form at for age
certificate from m edical authoritye are provided in Annexures.
3. 4. Rehabilitation Process
Rehabilitation is a process that enables a person to recover from a disabling
event, trauma or infliction and resum e a norm al or near norm al life with
dignity. The process of support involves external professional or expert
intervention that w ould provide skils to live appropriately and in a healthy
w ay.
In the context of child m arriage, pre or post, the rehabilitation process is a
challenge as it is m ulti-dim ensional and deals w ith the em otional and
psychological state of the child on one hand while addressing the farnily,
econom ic and social security issues on the other.
The rehabilitation of children need to be holjstic and com prehensive be they
victim s or survivors of child m arriage, or w hose m arriage has been prevented
but require support to deal w ith their future. The support system ranges from
ilnm ediate measures to long term plan to see that every aspect is addressed.
A holistic rehabilitation approach for child m arriage can be draw n based on
the state's experience in the last decade, in dealing with children in need of
care and protection under the purvîew of the Juvenile Justice System. The
state, in collaboration w ith non-governm ental organizations, UN and other
international agencies and m edical institutions like National Institute for
44 M andatory norm s for age verification process are enclosed as Annexure 28.
45 Format for applkation for Age 'Verification Is enclosed in Annexure 29.
41 standardized fornlat for age certificate from medical authority is enclosed as Annexure 30.
Page ! 66

Mental health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS) has been addressing the
rehabilitation requiremenLs of children who are victims/survivors of chilb
labour, traficking and abuse.
The com ponents of a holistic rehabilitation shal address the m edical,
counseling, legal, educational and vocational requirem ent.s of the child. Certain
instances such as trafficking in the guise of child m arriage, also pecessitates
repatriation and restoration of the victim to her fam ily. lt is recom m ended
that the state also coordinates with Police and Railw ay Police, nodal
departm ent im plementing the PCMA and Child W elfare Com mittees of other
states regarding repatriation and restoration of children trafficked or duped
into m arriage.
The provisions of the PCMA also provide for specific rehabilitatipn including
maintenance, access to residence for not only the girl w ho is m arried as a
minor, but also to the child born to her, includbng property rightj as the Act
recognizes the legltim acy of the child.
Central to a successful rehabilitation is the space provîded for the child
victim/survivor to express her/his opinion, enable her/him to take decisions
through a process of inform ed choice and participate actively ip the entire
process. The Consultations at the districts organized by the Core Com mittee
ensured such space was provided; and im m ediate and timely intervention w as
o fered to m ore than 5 girls w ho participated in the various public m eetings.
Encouraged by the Chairperson, the girls opened up and w ith confidence
expressed their desire to contipue their education, either continuing to live in
their parental residence or seeking tem porary shelter from the state. The
Departm ent of W om en and Child Development, Police, the Governm ent of
Karnataka and LIXICEF District Child Protection Project at Raichur and Mahila
Samhkya cam e forw ard to provide the required support in. the .form of
residential facjlities, sponsorship for education, vocational trainipg and later
Page 1 67

job placement, and importantly protection from harassment from the
husband's family. This convergent action also tbrow s open m ore avenues for
rehabilitation w ith m inim al cost involved as it prim arily entails dovetailing of
existing benefits and facilities.
The process of rehabilitation is also being stream lined in Karnataka ïn the last
few years further to seting up of and strengthening the Child W elfare
Committees. A 1 victims/survivors of child marriage are considered children in
need of care and protection and hence w ith the support of the CW CS where
ever necessaly the rehabilitation is taken up in a system atic m anner. The
CW CS across the state especialy in Bangalore, Mysore, Dharw ad, Raichur and
Koppal, have in the last year successfully dealt with over 40 child m arriage
cases and this proves that w ith increased aw areness and tim ely intervention,
the support of the state and protection m echanism for children can effectively
be tapped.
3. 5. Curriculum on Child Protection issues in school/college syllabus - a
preventive strategy
Rnowledge and inform atfon are powerful tools for bringing about social
change w hich play a critical role in empow erm ent of com m unities and thereby
prevention of sgcial m alice such as child m arriage. As the popular adage goes
catching them young is an effective interventîon, tow ards em pow erm ent of
children. W hen the right inform ation is given at the right tim e i.e. form ative,
schooling years children and youngsters grow up w ith self-confidence,
assertiveness and above al capable of taking decisions regarding their lives
either individualy or colectively.
In the lîght of the above and based on the experience of the state and district
consultations the. Core Com m ittee strongly recomm ends inclusion of child
Page 1 68

ight.s and protection issues, specificaly child m arriage in the school and
colege sylabus from class 5 onw ards up to colege level. This interestingly
w as a recomm endation that emerged in every single discussion and
consultation that the Com m itlee had w ith stakeholders. including children, as
a pow erful strategy that w ould prevent child m arriage and violation of other
rights of children.
0ne of the primary objectives of the Prohibition of the Child Marriage Act as
earlier discussed is that of Prevention of the event from occurring.
Experiences globally reiterate the fact that empowereà children are
responsible individuals and citizens and are able to act for them selves.
Sustained generational change can be obselwed when youngsters ai'e provided
the required and rights orientation. Hence sensitization on protection issues
such as child m arriage through inclusion in school and colege sy labus w ould
bring about sea change in social behavior.
The Com mittee therefore recom mends that the Departm ents of Prim ary and
Secondary Education, SSA, RMSA and Colegiate Education develop course
content for m andatory jnclusion in the sylabus on child rights and protection
issues such as child m arriage, child'traficking child abuse etc in ké' eping with
the National Curriculum and State Curriculum Fram ework. ltm ost care needs
to be given to the developm ent of the content that is age appropriate, in
simple Hannada and English wherever necessary, that easily
com prehensible by the children. The content w il be integral to the regular
school sylabus and dealt through subjects such as social science, languages,
'econom ic and political science and history.
The content shal also cover the folow jng .topics - child rights, UN Convention
on the Rights of the Child, national comm itments, provisions of Right to
Page 1 69

Education, PCMA and other legislations for children, reasons for dhildren
beiëg vulnerable, gender discrimination and disparity, m echanisms by state
and other agencies for addressing violations, redressal and support
m echanisms and structures like CW Q Childline, m aklda gram a sabhas, NGO
facilitation etc, role of SDM C, KSCPCR, role of teachers, m embers of SDMC and
panchayats, Child Rights Clubs, Meena Thandas and other forum s for children.
Sarva Sikshana Abhyan of Karnataka, keeping in line with the State
Curriculum Fram ew ork and fn coordination w ith DW CD and other agencies
has already initiated the process and developed a m odel content fram ework at
the request of the Core Com mittee, as per Annexure 18.
3. 6. Child Participation
Central to 1he district consultations has been the safe and com fortable space
provided for interaction with children and adolescents, som e of whom have
been vfctims or survivors of child rnarriage whfle many are the brave
am bassadors taking up the cause for their peers and friends. This stem s out of
the firm belief and conviction of the Core Comm ittee in the role of children,
their contribution and participation as agent.s of change -' for thefr individual
destiny as w el as that of their com munity. Som e such cases have com e to
light as stated in the cases studies in this report.
The UN CRC guarantees children the right to express their views freely in aI1
m atters affecting them - to exercise freedom of expression and the right to
determine the quality and nature of services, program s and policies and action
plans for their developm ent. They are critical obselwers of their own condition
and should be partjcîpants in decisions concerning them selves and their lives.
These young people need. to participate in finding solutions to the problem s
they face. They need to relate to society in an organised w ay and yet feel the
protection and security needed by children. Be it urban or rural areas, space
Page 1 70

and opportunity for representation of children's view point: should be
encouraged. This is a chalenge, m ore so in urban context and. therefore
facilitation by non-governm ental organisations with the expertise and
experience need to be garnered.
How ever in reality children are frequently denied the oppofunity to
participate in decision-making processes and activities that efect their lives
and futures. The right to participation also depends on the realisation of other
prim ary rights such as access to inform ation, the freedom of association and
the right to form ulate opinjons free from influence and coercion.
The participation of children in order to address the issue of child m arriages
should be seen within this fram ework of child's rights, and they should be
enabled to participate effectively through -
Page 1 7 1
a. Access to appropriate inform ation
lnclusion of age appropriate inform ation in the school sylabus on
child m arriage such as consequences of child m érrîage, the
provisions ef the Act, other protection issues, m echanism s for
support and redressal,
i. Sim ilar inform ation in appropriate form for those adolescents w ho
are out of school
i. Inform ation to include
schem es such as Adarsh Vivaha and other m ass m arriages
that provide opportunity so that they can present it to their
guardjans as an alternative to inexpensive w edding and an
incentive for delaying marriage
The advantage of 'birth registration' so that they can
m onitor the birth registration of their siblings and children
...in their.côm munities.

Page 1 72
Anti-dowry laws and encouraginj children to take a stand
against the practice of dowry and to appreciate them when
they refusé to take dow ry. This w il strengthen the anti-child
m arriage program m es.
@ Pre-m arriage counseling to potential groom and bride as
this w il benefit the young couple, and an opportunity to
gauge if it is a m arriage that is voluntary or forced.
. Legal provisions of key child legislations and specificaly
that of PCMA such as annulm ent of child m arriages. They
w il als? need awareness about how tcl proceed in this
m atter and equaly im ponantly, what support they are
entitled t(), from the State by way of suppor't and
alternatives. Their views is crucial as it takes a lot from
chîldren to take a stand, in all ljkelihood against the fam ily
and nurturing support is a must for them to proceed
towards legal annulm ent of m arriage. They need to know
that if they do not w ish to annual their m arriage, once it has
been done, since child m arriage is ilegal, they can dem and
for not being sent aw ay from their m aternal hom e until they
turn 18, or can go to court to annul such m arriages within 2
years after attaining age of majority.
. The Open House (Tereda Mane) prograrnme of the police
also has the potential for providing information and a safe
space for children to share thejr im m ediate concerns.
Likewise the M akkala Gram a sabhas.
. Inform ation related to the functioning of child-help Iines and
such other servfces and these need to functfon eficjently.

Page 1 73
lnformation related to the different sche'm es available to
Prdvide
them educational, vocational, residential
alternatives and such other support - that can be viable
alternatives to children.
* M ost importantly children require counseling services. It
m ust be taken note that special attitudes, skills and
know ledge w ill be required to provide counseling to
children.
b. Access to the strength of collective action and solidarity through
enabling children to set up collectives such as Child Rights Clubs in
schools, as per circular issued by the Departm ent of Education , . and
chîldren's sanghas and kishore/kishora groups for adolescents and out
of school children etc. Children are not a single hom ogenous group and
therefore while facilitating their participation attention should be paid
the varying needs based on age and gender. Representation for children
from marginalized sections of society such as SC/ST, minorities, migrant
families etc should be adequate. Vulnerable groups of chîldren have to
be specially focused, juch as chîldren from the 'Uppara Comm unity' in
which children 'below 18 years are very often m arried off as a long
standîng cultural practice.
recomm ended that Makkal Grama Sabhas (children's Grama
Sabhas) have to be carried out without fail. ln places where these are
effectively held, they have been an excelent mainstream m echanisrn
that makes local governments accountable to children. They have also
. been.a.platform for children to raise issues related to various rights
violations, including child m arriages.

Page 1 74
Access to appropriate structures and m echanism s for chîldren to
vofce their concerns and suggestions. lnform ation about Child W elfare
Committees, SJPUS and Child Protection Committees, child protection
officers and the KSCPCR should be provided to children.
Childrerl are likely to have access to inform atjon abaut fm pending
m arriages in the com munity. However, when they share such
information, there should be no compulsion on them to disclose their
names/identitses
d. Representation for M onitoring and Review : Representatives of
children should be ensured as part of the Vilage Child Rights Protection
Com m ittees. The Head m aster w il faqilitate the process of selection of 2
chfldren, one being a girl.
Children should be provided input.s and opporlunities to express their
observations and experiences in as m any w ays as possible, including as
child reporters at their villages and comm unities. M edia institutions
should m ake it a part of their agenda to provide support and space for
children,
In addition to sharing best practices of children who have countered
child m arriages, either their own or that of their friends', it w il be
useful to also analyse them to identify w hat m ade it possible for theln to
respond the w ay tbey did, so that children can not only see them as role
m odels but also recognise that they too can play a similar role w ith the
appropriate support.

3. 7. Convergence .
The State government may also request a respectable member of the
locality with a reçord of social sërvfce or an cF cer of the Gram
Panchayat or M unicipality or an cF ccr of the Government or any
public sector undertakîng or an o//ce bearer ofany NGO to assist the
Child Marriage Prohibition p//cer and such members
Section 16(2) of the Prohibition O./- ' Child
M arriageAct, 2006
Social transform ation in a complex, m ulti-cultural society w ith staring
econom ic disparities js a challenge. The cost of developing and im plem enting
reformatory m easures by a'ny one agency is very high, especialy in a large
country like India. The corner stone therefore for efecting . social and
econom ic change is through a Convergent Approach - convergence of policies,
agencies, m easures and services directed at the specific population.
Convergence prom otes eficiency, creative approach and coordination for
better delivery of selwices thereby prom oting cost effectiveness. Convergence
is required at two levels, firstly at the state/government level between
departm ents and allied agencjes; and secondly between governm ent and civil
society organisations and com munity, including elected leadership, statutoa
bodies and other m echanism s that work for children.
Therefore, as m entioned în Chapter 4, there is an urgent need to bring
together aIl those who have a role to play for preventing and prohibiting child
m arriages in Karnataka under one umbrela to m ake it possible.
3.8 M onitoring and Review
The hal mark of a good and effective im plem entation of social policy and
action plan is the monitoring system/mechanism for management of the
program . Monitoring of program s for social change is integral to the program
and a continuous process through the program life cycle, and requires the
Page 1 75
LJ

4
following 4 ke# elements in place a) institutjoflal mechanism and arrangem ent
including personnel and . resource b) strategic focus with program
improvement and accountability as central commîtments c) good governance
and political wil d) regular qualitative data from the field for assessment of
im pact of program . Effective m onitorjng ensures that the right data co lected
is used to im prove the m anagem ent of the program , effect necessary course
correction if needed and im prove im plem entation standards. This wil ensure
efficient utilization of resources vis-à-vis outcom e expected.
The effective im plem entation of the prohibition of child m arriage policy and
action plan to abolish a deeply entrenched com plex system requires an
efficient and transparent m onitoring system in place, as recom m ended by the
Core Committee, A pre-requisite therefore is the setting up of vîlage/ward to
state level structures that is dem ocratic and participatory, including
participation of children and youth. The Com m ittees as m andated by the state
Rules of the Juvenile Justice Act, rule 82 (2t) have to be set up for monitoring
of protection of rights of children including child m arriage. In keeping with
this agenda the Core Com m ittee strongly recomm ends the setting up of the
below m entioned com m ittees for m onitoring progress, review of data and
suggesting appropriate m easures
Vilage and W ard level Child Rights Protection Comm îttee
b. Taluk Level Review Com m ittee
District Level Review Com m ittee
d. State Level Coordination and Review Com m ittee
The com position of the m em bers at al1 levels is such that the key
im plem enting departm ents of W CD, Health, Revenue, elected representatives,
civil society m em bers. and children's representatives are al1 judiciously
represented. The tasks and functions of the m em bers include key
Page 1 76

esponsibilities such as vulnerability m apping, data on children, watch dogs
for prohibiting child marriages from occurring in their jurisdictional area,
creating aw areness am ongst the people, response-action including legal
action, referral to rehabilitatjon and other services, and reporting on
incidences of child m arriages, wide publicity on enforcem entf sharing of
success stories.
A1l the above m entioned com m itlee m embers and duty bearers are to be
linealy connected in order to enable bottom uj information sharipg as wel as
monitoring. Recom m endations for a detailed local level Action Plan and
Mission Statem ent to be adopted by each com m ittee at each level and action
plan evolved based on the sort term, m edium and long term plan
recom m ended by the Corq Com mittee. A custom ized M onitoring Tool Kit
developed with support of subject exerts is to be used by each committee.
The Goal setting strategy w hich w ould include the follow ing elem ents
identifying the change to be seen, tim e fram e w ithin which such change is to
be dem onstrated, the specific action to be undertaken, identifying inform atjon
from m embers and reporting on the status of achievem ent of each goal. There
also has to be facilitation for em pow ering children to be actively involved in
the process of m onitoring child m arriage
The detailed roles, functions and responsibilities of the m em bers of the
various com mittees are provided jn detail in the Annexure47.
The St.ate shall also pass an Order for setting up a M onitoring Cell at the
Directorate of W om en and Child D evelopm ent com prising of the Director,
47 The detailed roles , functions and responsibilities of the members of tbe various comm'itees are
provided in detail in tle Annexure 3 1 , 3 2, 33, 34.
Page 1 77

*
Joint Difector/project Dirèctor of . ICPS, Deputy Director of the concerned
Section, Assistant director, and 2 first divisional clerks and 2 com puter
operators to provide operational supportl8. The Cel shal have a landline and
a m obile number dedicated for the sole purpose of receiving com plaints or
inform ation on child m arriage issues round the clock from any corner of the
state. The Cel shal coordinate with the Karnataka State Integrated Child
Protection Societ'y on the issue of child m arriage and other related protection
issu es .
The Com mittee specificaly recomm ends the appointm ent of an
independent rapportetlr to facilitate and coordinate the im plem entation 'of
the Actïon Plan recomm ended by the Com mïttee. The consultant shal be a
senior person com petent and with the required experience and com mitment
of working on chjld rights and protection jssues, facilitation skils, balanced
coordination between governm ent and other agencies, civil society and
com munity colectives. Such a person m ay, on com pletion of the assignm ent
on implem entation of the action plan on child m arriage m ay be entrusted by
the state to address other child protection issues under ICPS, if so desired.
The m onitoring process other than specific action by the Com m ittees shal
also ensure that
. Chïld rfl' arriage ïssues are review ed în the monthly Crirrle Review by
Superintendent of Police (SP) at al Districts as part Of review of
crim e against w om en and children
48 State Level M onitoring Cell At Directorate of W omen and child Development is enclosed in
A nnexure 35
Page 1 78

. Based on reviews by Police step up vigilancé in such areas where
incidences of child m arriage appear high based on cases registered
and incidences prevented/stopped.
lm portant to review periodicaly the data on m issing 'children as
m any m issing incidences could be related to tra ficking and child
marriage - jointly by W CD, Police, NG0s.
Joint reviews o.f Childlines, CW CS, 5GOs, SJPU at district level by
DD/Deputy SP on Child Protection issues including child marriage -
link to the set-tinj up of District Child Protection Unit (DCPU) at
district level under the Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS).
* Setling up of Maflilâ Sanchari Jagruthi Dala as doné in Bijapur
district, as per the circular from Police Departm ent4g.
. Strengthening of Poljce Beat system to prevent violence against
w om en and children.
Coordination with RSCPCR for com pliance and m onitoring support
@ Social audit and public hearing - facilitation of a social audit on Child
Marriage on an annual basis by the State Cel in coordination w ith
external expertise. Guidelines for such a social audit may be
developed by the sate. This could include recom m endations to
develop simple soft w are and other user friendly tools that could by
used by the Revenue Departm ent.
. Com m itm ent from W CD to dem onstrate w illingness
constructively eflgage w ith efforts by any Hum an Rights
institution/organisations or Legal Services Authority to conduct
Public Hearjngs on Child Marriage.
49 circular on M ahila Sanchari Jagrithi 'Dala dated September 23', 2005 from the Office of the DG &
IGP is enclosed as Annexure 36.
Page 1 79
t)

' Page 1 80
. ' Transparent m onitoring system by W CD, key departm ents and local
governance Governm ent ()f Karnataka for inform ation sharing on the
process and outcom es of m onitoring or review s. This could include
details related to the action taken to address child m arriage, and
jmpact on the local community (including success stories), in ordqr
to build com m unity's ow nership of and faith in the comm unity
m onitoring process.
* E fective com m unity based m onbtoring c'ould be done through
Grama Sabhas, M akkala Gram a sabhas. Also Child Rights forum s and
youth colectives for children in school and out of it w ould also be
im portant m echanism s for com m unity based, lgcgl level m onitoring.
Sarva Sikahana Abhayan has started Meena Thandas in schools
across the state and kishori (forum for girls) groups for out of school
adolescents.
* Develop a sim ple but effective, user friendly M onitoring Tool Kit to
enable m onitorjng by each and every departm ent concerned w ith
Child Marriage, by the community, by concerned statutory/judicial
authorities such as the Child W elfare Com m ittees, and by Human
Rights lnstitutions such as the Karnataka State Com mission for
Protectïon of Child Rights, and other such Com m fssions, A simple
Participatory Rural and Urban Appraisal kit to co lect inform ation
from children, fam ilies, com m unity m embers and governrnent
officials in each vilage/ward on an annual basis could be
recom m ended so as to co lect data from the village about the
folowing and develop a situational analysis -
o Children/communities vulnerable to child marriage
o Status of child rights in that village, specifically related to
child m arriage

Page 1 81
lnstitutional or infra-structural barriers that com ç in the way
of realizing these rights in the vilage
o Suggestions for addressing child m arriage in the vilage
o Availability, access and impact of laws and ichem es in that
vilage which contribute to prevention of child m arriage

#.
3. 9 Data and M IS for Prevention of Child M arriage
It sha l be the (fu! .'y of the Child Marriage Prohibition Ofhcer to furnfs.h such
periodical returns and statistics as the State Govèrnment may direct'
Section 16 (3f of the Prohibition of Child MarriagesActzoo6
Read with Rule 4 ofthe Prohibition ofchild marriage (Karnataka) Rules 2008.
The prerequisite for m easure of pe'rform ance or im pact of any social policy or
developm ent program is a base line data on the issue that is region, gender
and community specific. Quantitative assessment against goals/targets set,
and measure of achievem ent require :! baseline ()n 0ne hand and periodic
reporting and data up-dating from the field on the other.
How ever complex socio-economic and cultural issues such as child m arriage,
child labour and trafficking in wom en and children that are often invisible,
disguised and unacknow ledged pose chalenge to the state and other agencies
for data m obilization, yet certain steps can be taken as indicated in the later
part of this section. .
The current available data on child m arriage, reflected in the Karnataka
Hum an Developm ent Report 2005 and other studies are by and large
extrapolated from the data from the Department of Hea1th and Fam ily W elfare
National Family Hea1th Survey 1l (NFHS), District Level Household and
Facjlity Survey-Reproductive and Child Hea1th (DLHS-RCH) based on pregnant
gjrls and w om en accessing reproductive health care services and pertaining to
m aternal and infant m ortality and m orbidity in both rural and urban areas.
Data from National AIDS Control Organisation also correlates data on high
prevalence and spread of HIV & AIDS in the context of child and early
m arriage. In the absence of other reliable source of data on child m arriage as
Page 1 82

a social-cultural-economic issue, the state has depended heavily on the àealth
angle.
Scientific and reliable data on child marriage is the need of the hour for
planned and system atic implem entation for prevention by the state and other
stakeholders. The response of the state to child m arriage has been one of
T reactive' response, to individual cases of child marriages or child rnarriages as
part of m ass m arriages, often reported by NG0s, m edia and in som e cases
children them selves. W hile the gravity of the situation is acknow ledged the
m agnitude, rate of incidence and spread rem ain elusive.
The Core Com m îttee recognizes that there is presently an acute shortage of
reliable data and infonnation available with the state on child m arriage issues
owing to which there is gap in understanding the dim ensions of the problem -
region and com m unity specîfic, and consequently assessm ent and need based
planning. The Com m ittee therefore recom m ends that the state evolve a
com prehensive data m anagem ent system to m obiles data from vilage to
panchayth to taluk and district levels and system atic reporting, as an efective
tool for rnonitoring the implem entation of the action plan, as discussed in
detail in the earlier part of this section.
This is an arduous task and needs to be done in phased m anner adopting a
combination of strategies a) Community based Participatory Rural/urban
Appraisal including children and youth to identify those out of school, m igrant
families and other ku' lner' able groups at vilage and ward levels b)
Vulnerability m apping that is gender, com m unity and area s'pedfic through
Focused Group Discussions.and as a colaborative efort of key departm ants
like W CD, 'Police, District administration, Panchatyath and N60s to identify
Page 1 83
f
('-h
( '.

fam ilies and children especially girls susceptible to child m arriage and other
forms of abuse c) Data from SSA and education department of out of school
children and drop-outs d) in the long term data of a1) children in the 0-18 yrs
at village level monitored. e) Specifiç review of quarterly up date from the
departm ent of Revenue on m ass m arriages, from departm ent of Registration
of Births and Deaths on m arriage registration etc
An autom ated child tracking system that is an extension of the Bhagyalakshm i
Schem e, that presently covers only girl children of BPL fam ilies, should be in
place to track al children, w ith emphasis on the 12 to 18 to prevent child
rights violation suçin as child marriage, child labour, trafficking and other
forms of abuse. Such tracking system should specificaly take into
consideration children w ho live in institutional care as wel as those w ithout
parental care.
The data on Data from the Child W elfare Com m ittees and Police stations
across the state should also be colated and m onitored through periodic
review to assess the quality of enforcem ent and rehabilitation. ln Raichur and
Koppal efforts have been m ade to ensure separate registers for issues related
to women and children and this is being taken up in a phased m anner by the
Special Juvenile Poljce Units. Likewise the state is also responsible to set in
place a system to record inform ation about the cases regarding child m arriage
pending in courts and review the progress of such cases for speedy disposal.
The role of the CM POS in data m obilization is clearly delineated in the state
rules and the proposed am endm ents further spell out their role for
coordination w ith the m onitoring com m ittees to be set up from the village to
state level. The data inform ation system pertaining to child m arriage should
Page l 84

necessar il y'
register com plaints relating to child m arriage that are being
addressed by al1 concerned authoritl es at' district and state level to and
analyzed and reported. This could include a decision and plan to enable use of
al1 available and appropriate m eans of collecting primary and secondary data
on child m arriage on an ongoing basis, such as proposals for sponsoring
research by academ ic institutions, research felow ships, and Pjrticipatory
Rural/urban Appraisal Tool Kits, specificaly designed to colect data through
involvem ent of the com m unity.
The State Cell should coordinate w ith the StMte Child Protection Unit and
District Child Protection Units that have a responsibjlity w ith regard to data
m anagement on issues relatçd to children.
Page 1 85

*
PART 11 - ACTION PLAN
The road m ap for the effective im plem entation of the legislation, policies and
m easures for prevention of child m arriages in Rarnataka, is presented in this
Section in the form of pragm atic and realistic Action Plan. W hile evolving the
Action Plan attention has been given to ensure that the m easures laid
down/proposed are cost efective dovetailing the existing benefits, selwices and
facilitates of the governm ent and strengthening the existing process and
m echanism s such that m inim al additional budget is required.
The Action Plan taking in to consideration the current status of im plem entation of
the legislation, urgency in the field and the ground realities is presented as Short
Term M easures that have to be taken up im m ediately and operational within six
m onths; M id Term Measures that w il require around 18 months; and Long Term
Measures that are continuous process and w ould require to be im plem ented over
a period of years to prohibit child m arriage, create a conducive environm ent for
protection of rights of children and sustain the progress such that the practice of
child marriage is totaly eradicated.
The implem entation of the Action Plan as shared earlier in the Report, wil
becom e a reality only through a convergent approach where the expertise,
experience and skil of the civil society organisations, com m unity based
co lectives, children & youth, elected leader and other agencies are enljsted by the
Nodal depal-tm ent of the governm ent. Sim ultaneously it js im perative to prom ote
intra-departm ental coordination and an integrated approach to link various
schem es available under the Central and State program s for fam ilies and children.
Page 1 86

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= tzn = .= w ' S2 c: .; = r: œ r2 = q) .- ;z . .E qa = .= o =
-c q2 = w' c: w o m
= o u. œ = > o = = Z? œ += r .
.. w. v) . c ;c m o
o .-
=
=
(u u; .c:
o
, = m o r: r5 > 4U o ;z r: = qz
u) = c g w o x '-' re ta (u o O .-. .K * w zz = uh > :
Q-
o ;z o to w =
to
re .
sj
t2 15 w
s +.
rG
w
to
eo
c
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e to
n
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%
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. c = c cu ru .=
= m ''- G = = q) r: = o
= D œ a' E t ( .g H .= g: o .; :c œ = rt cz œ :7 .= x * $- .: tz k :D c: .. o .a
> o to ta x e) = = œ rG S2 a x o w
fu z
S
c
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s-
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o n.
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.
u
a = : .%
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m
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tn = c) z .- s o >x re tzn . ru -q r;
=: z: :;: i.- t %.- z a3 >' o E .= us c a) = o o
x uo .-. w o z u, n o . q; .t
c o y w c x z -O2 = o (D = D r k .cz w .cj := qz k u; = w. o. tn :
. 7: = .c:
.>!
o <
. o . c: .. = w r -c: o ku = to .=
o :w r v- a. a) = s - .s o
. o o = :7 w to cp çu yz =
n = rj r o t = o uô :u w. o w q2 .0 . u, .t qu- .c: o .o o = m -6' w o z; ;> m .= k a
= o c n v; to -
2
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f:
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o =
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r
o
GJ
c
.
n o t
rv c:
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=
%w- .= E-. o .G >x UQ r .k x rv = D' ho .w = cz ct ca. . :r lz tn w ln = *=:t o r; - < tn a) = z: c o. g /
o r: a) o w m o to u; c . to .!c s. w s . .= -
.,- = . tzc m .x cp = n. z = . .-.
w >s w U a: z . c - . S! : 71 o .= o o * .q = : m u qa rn e- c w c .1 < = *= * z: r: >. u=
d o m c o n o m = = . ,- = a r; = a. o cn xz œ rt o o o. œ) ko w (X . c) G c cx z .= .G o. o
r: >> c c: (n rz a -c k ,= w x = o x re = c:
- vo tzn = rz :z: o = z x = .t .. o re >) w œ xx î
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X E
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c:
r;
u
o
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z :
o =
a a. .cc .e
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c) x .t
z
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to
c c) ,w
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rt E-' .t
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to cn = qz m w ;c = : g = w c s .g . :2 w to n z: d n
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.=
çv
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ö' = = q n .; w o arl o = c: .- . .- Lz t m c o k. a) tc : z, î . u z wrz a o a)
. = œ c vs H to c 'F o rc w .= = .t to =
o . H . o n > z . jï .= uz . o- o o . = vg c :0 = . w a) CE *= =
. a a) $- : œ . z co c g ;: g m .- o
n. .= w o n. .= E- O = o. . a' -. = c rt .-. o u =. 4b o w = F- . g - rt c: œ = o x) .H > u.;7 4b .-. z .= E-. .= = = o. crs
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ru
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< % = L , o
. -6
k!
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C:
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.
w q:
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n n c =.
r5 p- o - & qq
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ura œ) H x >x c çu .E r: r ro
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zo
c:
w. o-
'J
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a.
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8-
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>> '.x
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u w m
o Q
w
œ
o
u H œ $Z q.- = m
tzo & o = txn J j:
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c w % = ta . .Ic E
.-.
z:
a
-
g:
C) G
w
c D
t.
o
r.p
a)
g
o
m ; = w . r o z a
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rc = o ta = (u = a .
.
ru '- 76 c œ v.- a c. œ a. cu Q) = o -(;
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tn m >.
GN
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X
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Jt
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.
o
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*= o * r o DD E ;Z -Y c.
= = c Ip QJ
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(: tn = < a) c: = = ;-
-
t = r: N ro w œ u: (1 += C)
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7J cx c = .= = .- .cz o
m :D E-. u; cu wo wo %: bo (.7
= Q
œ z
œ M
*
&
&
=
&

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S = x o 'G U H = ' . O ' 5 UQ C: > .= %h- =
. .
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n n ca to 4* o rl m .,- p . z o .= o o cg g m w.
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fM O v7 bt o w 2: .= u
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r:
t'r rz c .; = un o -u5 *-
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=
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o
>
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rv
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r: o
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to ; to = = o u- al (.q = rîa o E r:
;Z q)
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a
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=
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: = u . u = w E r:
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= = m a > c: o -:a c: v .u .c . w m .
c)
> m
pw s m rv ..
z :r = o q.- ;z = = r (v cs . un = z: =
= î g wœ u3 uo -:J < hd .-4 o n. jc E
.r
o tz % -g o n a) u a: 'E 'wo .-.
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X
J
=
r:
g o
X
.
q) o y w m
-= 9 q: = +a
w r: .= z >x
I uk w rt -D
'- * w =
a a y) n. o o
o 'E; c
z
= z .m = x
>k
=
re .t
o .E
-.u q) x v) L= = tn
O **
rt rt
uo
i
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n
rl
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Z = = O =
a. u: (u g = c
m ca a çu
= o .= œ) .-. m .- ca up '
= w IJ w
c u = ;z y) ro
:
o z: .r
ra
= w
CG
(7
=
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p.
-= w y) x o .
o u- a) cz
ot (7 tz a) = w =
;z z: a o.
Q>
xc .w
Q
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a) m
a)
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. = w c .w. o vl >) y.l c
k m cg u. y
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n
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z .
o.
k.l .- s .t .= w n .- = cu
r
1)
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n
c) u
o
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&
LJ
c
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= C) A = = > O X*= rn . n o - u n o o zw
r: q) z; o z: r: u cc u.- = = a! o tv eo o aa a w s o = x w = a'E .
la - uo a: cu- %! uo Ch o . tt z w xt a: .x o
E . .g ,-s .a .u cg . c: a) w .s .. = tn jv = ;- -=
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u)
a.
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=
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Q =
c: '
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o
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o. -= :EE = > :S -= o o. rt œ a = = 5 c: ql = k
. . o = w . .= .- u:. r: o .= .- o = to c: w q) cu g r ru r: o = o = t/ o u-
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u-
w a: u; m m = = < =: X < a. S . / X c7
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n
.k n.
ru Dco = tw-
H
'' o . c o = 'w w = u z :2o qa %w. (r = zc .c
tkn .iû œ) o .t .-. o z m z r) œ) u w o a? o
u.
m -g tzn rt = 6 p k u $0 o o o
. c: w o. o c: cz : w w
;z: .= .G c o -% ;: çv rt 'o m ca = to o .= iz tko c
%-v to = ';c .= r z = c) .-. > = (0 = w re = m .=
œ
tkc
r.o
G
=
r:
=
.-.
w n. = *
u
tgl
;c (-J uc
$2 *-7
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a) = n rG
to
n
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rG
>
az
t
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= = u- a) :w = uo c .. cz = a .= v. .= rv z -12 cp = 1:
= o = o c .
x œ) c: o o = . z '- = = c) xn >x o .= = :=
w
x .M rt
w
o m o =
z
a. '
g
-L2
o w o = '-
x
r: =
: .i2 .g = o.
m
c
ru
n
=
=
o.
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jy .0
z c
=
o .= m k
w
m
=
c
c
s.
=
a.
o. a)
+. a> a: c: to œ = o = = r -c: .= o 'E; v. q)
.M rc œ) m -71x O o w. r; = fv ql : = c a) = N w . .Q w = w O = w E .= w
w
s
CG ucr = o
a;
œ
a =
k'
to qo E
.
to
tv
w
> =
w
re
r.o r:
.,
x
w
rt = ./ =
œ' o
w H
.
r: (:7 œ tzc
r: = .= ..% (u txo u = = .c: = œ uc = QJ O = c: = o o = az : z: = w œ) > = o a V œ=
= rt cx w = . = œ = rs .; = -ca kw- o m n w îc t ' îc œ to . q w w
M
(c .K m
v: t -. = r; = :3 w u .tz o n = = F.Q .- c ,= m *) ' '= O '-- cz n D %'- O w CG c S = =
m: G' -S o C n. D o : * cu o r: c 7 cg . hz ok- * Ck u) O c s0 .= w wb O c a) E- oZ:
w ;x: œ
=
-ra
to
,.o
=
QJ
>
FJ 'w
kt E o
u
=
= c w . r = ic m d. uo
tn
a z r: -' c N . < œ 19 ' D =
C G ç = V .- c O o = . - N . = c .- = œ W w = = ' = Z* X = o = D X
w œ œ c o m o w r q c o n * u =
m x ? : = x wY k x = = o m .- a i = œ r. œ mc m u = = r
.
V ' œ .% = = r o k c o r c m n E G x .
s r
t a
. x
o r
o
- '.ï h d n o o ow w w .H .- o w ' k t '- .u r .- m xO w uw
w= > o .z . o = m m w E o I xœ xc wo k r- mw mo o xc ro wo - t m . u t mo
o
= = L E = r = a u c = z r o x m m x w - o
A m œn o = u : = o = w s cm o 0 c 0 1m 2- z w o m c a = w > u no o ru wo x
r % œ o c n c Y E = o = w o x o w r o
a
M .
o
=
=
c c
a œ
a = x
>
m
w - n x x N
w
c w u o
= r c
z
m
.
. o r n r x n m c r r u œ c r . r
o œ w .= . w w ? o '- x a o s x w o c m c wg
r r = = = m . o = . s s u
.l
w w
o
u
c w
x
w
. A o o x ro x v z x œc w z = y 2 a = a : x o x x u co
n z M c b G .; D ; o r x .5 O D = O = ' 2 H l 'c
= o x o x E ' = = = ' = = a o = = = x v > = z = % s x = o
= r r > œ x o = m = x c = w x r c = x c n .h = a œ . > a = .n = xo zc t .
< ' r o c o h o r .
= *
c
=
< E S w M o E S = O = = < ; œ < c c c a e = = F- œ = o
C
' q)
V ;x7 E ..
.= to X: w t rc r: -M c4 uc
cd
= o in t - CQ m r: œs cs o = O n tt g V œ s *= um
= q .- *= d ra z :o E = c usz . c:
cu o .H .2 R' q c: Q :x; k x ro cx t
- c; = +Y w o = a ko x cn w = ca
cn . : ./ t; r5 > co 2: a) .9' ln = ;n = c = Co c =
c w' = co = co œ) tu
a)
D ./ co E .- .6 Lu S
z: k: G' = t c: c 0- = t > .= ca
. = . c: z .- = z:
cg .n .a ;: cc rc u; o. ct n a) .t! t.p
> c) es m = œ = c .c) = =. tp >: .. = E k > o o. (p ru o > a) ru az ;
M X c < D & o < c & & = M r c
u c * = o
u r m . = 0 = w
u w o -m w o n = o r a
m x
o o c c o o o & r =
o M = .9 = c X t m r .= E u o
t o a
= E .Q w x = = . = : e . z o =
w = . t um ax E % > œ œ .H 0 > . m * < o a c
o œ
r x
%
r r
.
=
= w
o
.
w c =
?
m
= c c
g .=
g
>
œ
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co ou u o = m x = = c r > . î = x = = = . t o o .
= = . .9 w o x o m w m u o
*4 =' H = œ x = = s Y .I = x = .
.C: QA z = a =' à; >> 'G 9 . 9 Mw :! à; = =. =
-cz .
:7 w . a: n s -rq = = o . s rG ru .73
. s) .Q H E2 . n. ru = = k: . Ey x
= E = g : EE c us u uo = (u = (u uo = a)
ac a) = = s.- œ . q) .= c œ) a) =
m cx c ro E o 21 Y = ca = . o. . : ru O =: ao x E
OQ fr NP
=
Q/
X
&.

'%œ
o . r?
n c: œ .= = a)
qu- (7 v) tc = c :t œ >> c = $- (u u o w uo a r.o (s
= œ) r7 12 w m m u q.- o = o ' k o > . ;: uo
. r > = : = w. > o o .- u
.- o m (r o = m c) c) .J! a) w r w a) n .=
m t'r = = .a += o. z: w = i) c: q) o to œ .= tô D' w rt o .t . n .-. D *
QD
.S vw .= w s m o ..e w.
o o
v)
œ.
p o >,
= ;u
=
m
a) =
c; o
w.
u.
jb a v
.k
=
,x
m IC
qz
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.. :p m = w . r: o k œ q) w r7 to u m
. î = 'w g 4-. O H o ;kt o œ a) r o 4= n w .= n k! u o wo >
;- . .= c: us = v E . rG = C: o .
m c w > tzn o
c +=
= z
-8 %
o
. m
to n
o
o w = o o o = w s! k r: p. rt > a) o o o = o m n tul
u' o = a) > E m -c7 o = g ' = C) tn e) o .t! w m = .= w g .% o .= tu m w = rG = qw o.
.a
= a. = = X % E tv t/ tzn -g qn n. u- t r r6 = cn bq Qt ;tt
rz O :g w œ o = w > W v o g q) = . jn . H r o o o ro o. D qo rn q) = = o Q) txo . w = 'B = a) k
î X >x -Q2 = o = tu *= $c o o. çv rt c: s r
;: -y' ' > m >. = r: œ c = : = rt = o = t2 to az . Q io Q) X = n o wx c U.H k. ap ;u o
q) u; = œ ta yz = .
. c: w z z5 = x . . a o = to .= u E n. = uo r; a) = x o. & o w a = ru .a
w m .82 r: x) = . j: w o H w = o
r;
-M
)cz -. . j
5j z,
w
o t
.
z = a k.z?
m
=
c .-.
r: .
=
c J
c
ea
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o
u-
.
m ru = .t
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în q2 tzo > : o s. x o O ; > = < o c) qa QJ = ay $o c
-.z
jc
'
c
.=
x
ro g o y) -6
> .:o G c % = tzo v. E a =: co yx c. = s
ja = tzn = a ' o
. ja ? = z çu w
' V' o -Q0 m = S o wu t' Q GJ '-' c E z = o o zz CJ m n. = o. y: = .= -=
wu .= = rz (u -= ;*t O VO rt E .8 . o x ' t .-. = &u o = rz = a) .-. Z
w. r: k.- w :v c: tzb = rn = = re r o c .. bo rv u. N) :z w m .. u .-. = z . -0 w ru o uo n rs s E rv m o. =
o
t
Q o
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q) :
r k =
'a
r:
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=
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a -. x
u-
o % =
r:
Q
= '
S! a
tc
- :u rz .m *)
zn t 17 = . rt = z5 .= ; = = rt = 'c v) œ Ch D.
r: = re o = to CM H = o *= 'n .22 ro = ru c = ?.: -C2
'-- CY = .= .t w tc z g: tn u- o t.- .- . a! rt x , gs m c ;z p u o n =) œ) (v c = k.- E5 o r7 o q)
m ;x. c .î o :;: c m c: m o = &! c eo n o = ta .;2 >
>
o. ua o r tv c z. k.- '- fu tu
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u. S % .- c) r: = fv wih o xo = cs . = w = ru =. o. to o .= (u ;. .9 c
. > n o a o
. = xa = o. a v. c: .= *= rT o = c:
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q7 * rz
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a. o c/
= d c (u c u7
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z: 'w
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c:
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=
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r CJ
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c < = =
. S .a -0
c c
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V o .
tko -t O :7 = m = o
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Q ' rt -c) 22 u = = o '-- ts m' - zz .. =
o. % = u œ .. m
çu . to
o. 'c ap = .y = .a œ o = qz = n o u o
.)
q)
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:
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c
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r,o
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x
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o
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O
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.
w
0
&
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= =
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G
.1C a. .z
n Q
o
o c r: ru co w a a) ,S u9 c:
= ln uc =
.H w w o 4w c: >x = s ;- cu b/ . jj uc o
-cn QJ . w œ) E o o m œ c = .6.q cu 'az =
ru ;- % = ww = ' SE = c çu = ac z = S w ru . ru w o eo g .w : = ru = H . : ru u! qa
tu r ts rt =. . m a = k. '= w = t.- -c; u
o
. .
Z
k-f
w
œ m p-
-tQ = lc > c 6 œ) = a) c ',o x . c
txc a; rc x o n. m = = ru = a =
.x m o% -
> k.- o .h tzp w o r.o c: .= w E! tp .- E O c2 = o E .- c2 ta a) = z7 uc o>
-c7 o
kn m >.
Q)
k.
. tu
/

*
o = . ' tc z:
= w . w œ = -% w = o -= .- = . o r-f
tu = q) > w r: '= (.J *5 CG = -= >$ X ;t = = œ = ' C#7
o . rl 1/3 = m u w m ,-' m .= += k = r? X > * uo G o c:i
, = ' = k. - X r: > a) tzo œ m CG *
'-
qz = : c: r: o c: O c X tzg = = >x +. k.- o - = n. -
> -c ' rt o u
œ .- : = œ) a o r w rt m = o . fv m w = r: c = v z . o.
-xz w o '- > c on
= ' c; 7: c) ua x p to a) o r'q
= r: qo w :u = rt -c: w kc x = .-. c o > .= o to c ;r m 4. w r:. a .w = o .ra +. = m (s
q; w. CJ = tu S o w Y o JD .-. xn = u) cx
w o .tC c X n. co = S 'qp re o : a) w o txn %- o Q) c :s c k cp w z = c œ rz 4-. = .= E-. a)
m o c r: O cp = ho V kw- tb- î2 W O = D' X = X œ to œh E * '-- qJ -rz * 'Y O O LO G =
.
D
. ;c .- a) > w w
X q; cp N ':g o c œ .= œ) r o uo q) = m .u) œ uo Q) x
(r = .= w N . q) w ;kt o -' o. t .g w. c4 7: o o Ch = = g: r .H rG tzo CD
. = Lo = .
Ln $2 (M x
'=
w w
CZ
œ) c) c
o r:
m w
= o
o. = xc n. .M œ > co o -- cz = c n. v) r: c q.- g a)
q) ro = w (u = cp = iz = o
=
. r c .-
:7 u;
co
X
w
o =
co o
=
;z
c o o ko .= < Z:
<
x = z
co
o v
E
Lo o
o
= t?
.
= o *= = : 'e' up œ '-' . CT zc qw- t,r .= QJ x œ 4= r: m = = Z: X = rt k' LD X tko g c o Q2 .w QJ = & c CZ m
=
=
az ru . :; >x s. r y a) o c o o a. o c u) tï * 'a; o
QJ
uo o = o .H -. -' n az .- w k; *)
H :7. a) = cj = u- c) œ > = z: -' œ) (.. kt E œ = ;D. q) = o. = s o r: =
% a = bo o E a) o < kc u- s ; o L4 -= .-. z5 o z) -' = cu o > . rt c '- E
u: œ co uo r: o = o .= .tï >x CG - < w = .-. c o w = m = CG u- *= un = . O
> c: = o . ,-' z: = * u) (v o td o o *= M o = Q' = rt = :
D w 4:7 = Lw- =
H k c
o wtq w
= ;Z
O
o.
to O
? c) c: w u) = n. o
. C = =' U . H o z: G' QJ œ .= Q =
tza
CG
= o = o kt o -' = o a'L œ = . o QQ & = 7 = Q>
c-
. z.d œ) > = œ) r O = m .Ia . - çt ro
.= -c c: z: > w tsn += a. -- to = q) O > zc z: (.J up œ a) a) ..- y)
E-' o - > = z u. x o = = o ea o = x. r: = :z œ)
w œ) q) .- G Q) o w g: x .- ru k! co .- .= =
.c:
zs w ;: o m Q) = u; m c H Lu- D- .= œ = f: S = .= E- X X = 4-2
w c: m w -ra o o . u- = .- o w r: r.n = c uu .. =. .- tc K Q a) .. cu -qc - o o = g r: r: & '.- a-
o
;l.
c .,u
c s o r
ro
w
;c
r
>a
x c
r:
c
.=
X
gj '
r o
w
o
p. =
E % O o =
:v
z =
.-
=
-
m
:4 E u)
;c
p .= m = .c c eo .= ;ut o z:
. &' Q) az = . = :u .-. g to c uo c .c .g o > r: = .%w o .uc
a
œ o q) q) (X) co ro O -= = = cG .C z o D = r = . fu QJ = . a) .:: '- = r: &@ m
-. t.p .h > a. = z .. to a) s u r c u: = c: =
rt = o c O o œ X z
k o a =
- ja c% rv .= -J .-. w X CJ > w c . r: = . r t o .n o ï! . = - co ts . - u
= ' .= œ . n 'E; w c = .a k. .
*= D o = (D > o '- = .!c o c q) = - Q *= œ Z = ' u = q: ' Q Q> = = w co = OJ
Q; > m .= C œ qw- o .= = > .= > O TG X iz O = = U = Q > =
G.- m x . 82 E-. rx . w o ;:) o m = m ra zo . c - w to g -= w ;= c q.- : -rc up o uz tz- J o = -. a) c: ru
X c c
LJ QJ L7
h h k
X ID c
r.o =
cc = œ)
4=
c c . .- -.
r; œ
.- o = o = . .z co
. = = . œ) += n o ko = .= 4z o = m
= - a'L . m -. = .- tï
.- .- = c co o w = œ cö
ru -= n to o = 17 up k = c t: w gj S
œ) .= ' = = œ %w- .=
t)s u) . - x m .t uu a) w .. o . - cy =c- v
= k'- o D a) = (7 = tzn c) *= = E C) = S *> uc o >
c: = .ct œ Jfi
o w în a .% = t c o g y! .- u; -t
. o ' h: tu ;c c Qa ;- = Z: o ;u m rn .a; c = o 'n .. ar ç: q)
uc = m 4- = . o . 4u o. r5 u; = c wo
CG = uc v:
=
u-
o
EE U
QJ X '-
$Z
œ X
D
at .-
c
:
.2
=
= '
.= = k!
cu .P t o. -17 = 'u = =
-fR
L=. =
= al ro
fu m = . u - fE to = q2 ckl ' uc .ï = k! o = gj .h: c o '-> w -% a) = f= ww œ >
o > ru L.- uo c. qp o œ ru > o a)
w u.- a) .c: .= = o o o o c =
z: = X & .D = w ko =. w 'S

œ
c
< 'c O '- :2
.:; = = o to D $0
œh
*
rt w = G' '-- k . o -Q2 o . to q) QJ o.
=
- = m = w w w x t c: x:
a5
r: .c:
a)
q.-
= Q'
H w
>x
+>
(p .H
.=
bo g
-.
=
œ
o
n.
rt
=
r:
to 'v.
;
rt . o (.- a! o . ub H a r o
o kw .> w. . = .
. o o. n
- r o u) o. .1 4b '-' .= X q: .I2 o
w r; . t r: œ = m = = a) . o 4* = .2 s- m a y) o q) $D' a. -kd çu w.
o. +. J: o o o. tu o
.E o q) o r: = > to = q) .= to +0
. = :
qs L' .= w a. $- * r: t . r: 1) to > bo = a m X o r
= Q> = o = .-. r; c: .-. o o o>
Loo
r: w r: = a = .. o o a o
.
= œ .u = E r: r ic =
V .qc . a a : w a = c w rv ' t: zn y; o.
.H 1: E (-J = m = ;z r: rz a: o
> . 9 t 710 = : tt (u 7.ë .c: o. & w
= w r; t
q) rt n .p a) .-. m = > : w x ta c
= *= .=
. tzn (v = -c: œ m. w ;> = a: x
œ tc qz = c) 4., w. uz = .2
) œ) = r tkn ;: to rv .Q r = c * w=
tkn Q uz 'Z * 1 tn . r .= -' O z: r; * = r5
.1 o w -= o a5 w î a) w, > = -ci
= .ât Q = wo . 4z .- r ., bo = = o o : r: .a; o .tï
rt . q.- c c o -o j! o o to V
u o o +.œ r: o .. c s u z .
= E . -' to x w çu w *2 = a) = o œ) o px .d = x
-c: w ,= o ;- o
tzb O çv tzv = z= wc d w q) : . td %'-
= ru w X= .= .; = o . x = o = bo z . c w. g V Q r: o. z Vw
= u- c: a tzn o r: -Kd rz z: re Z: a . = g .D o . c: qz hc ca qJ
= Q = 2 w rö = d a) tzn to cu w. r: tt o .t = u. rc a) =Q 'Z .= w
a) -n. =' u ;: o œ ca r: c1 re
D = re = c w. = ,= E = -
= az o x . :E m co .= o . .9 rz o D o *> o ;td >>
= o
' 12 w. .= w (a = x: *= ; '-- OJ c: = = s. rs . : w = c: +> c:
œ -q1 o œ .
m
=
k 5.2
-' :
r: . o = z r 'B &; . s
o
o w œ c n= t = = o * r > . = c = = o .2 'k
=
r> w = z = x * c ,> r o = = : .t u = = = X
= c O = o = > = c î .- k o G s w
c c c
QJ QJ c
& c c
r ,o : t.l w w =Q : $
.iz w w = = w u) w u o 0. = y u- o = r uo V m .u z . rt
%u- ro = = o = a) = m = u o u r: ;c o tzo w, & '- u tô o 7 c - .w % o uo
o o = +w r a w g eo o = = rc kn = . Ja a!l = E E = .E
r: .= o ,!j ru a) = .= c: c a .: = us .wQ X rt o. 'c =
. .a c z x .- x o
.a o *= ., m Z: qz o . : (u = o .1. E c: .= o o a = s. t; o o w = .= = .a = r: o . 7! H un kg
: -c; o = o. -% a o . o u .az .x > s s u
o 5.2
= s a. q; o = o . (u c a) o (u
.tu m
œ) = o = . o .
= co œ) n. o o c
w
= tG
o n.
a) .
jz
=
M
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rG o
=
co
jz
FE
.H
. JM
q.
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c
ug t.g 7 ca < -$Z =: u, . - < c: X = c E- . =- tn u, -.u î = Z o u)
=
QJ
X
0-

x (jy ' . c) = qz to c:
= c: o = = w . = c =
.
o a o c: qz c: w = ;: = o r:
. ,D r '.a = r E-' .= = QJ = w < Q u' cu iz tkn
o a) (r = . F-. w .= > (u 'w = ;c to c: r:
. tz = o . = o o c rt bo o q) ct o
S o w îc w c ro r; a) r: >'x . ' s o. -o (v .= * = . c -. wo . ru : r = x: s
o = = o ' tkn x w = >n cz r: o o t.- o , o 'p c 4c o .= * a ;
= œ) =:
a)
'= =
: w
r: m
c)
=
v x
L*
=
rt
e.
Q 9
?.d
=
w o. m
. o w tz w. - :E > O tz t o 'w .i2 œ C: O
m
a)
.
m c S cn c m = c o r: .-' = q) z thn o . ta z o vt o . c
.
œ O o = = c: G
=
-o r m > G: ;:
N
'
N v'c tkn m un -Q2 = F.A . = '-' ';: .!! o g, =
X
=
.t
ro S v-
= co .; .:a rz w .-. o : -G 5
o .=
=
c
.z
z) +?
= 'w
ry
'-r
O
o
c =
n = 'z .= r: = o . zl z
k
.= = G: UQ ' x tï t.l kw œ = w c: = fv o. = a) rt o' = ' xb -c g = o O
.= m >d V QJ
> = X o = o qja œ) c q) .= w GJ = . n .9 = o ru 4., ru
rt . m = .= w qz = o c v : c x .= +u w o > = .0 u- z E! m u.
= .=
o -01 çu ;xx = a) o .a o k o. o xt a; ,i2 Q r o = r: = c: 'g .-. =
z w n o . . tzo ru = o o .m uo = o
< z: (u c k = O o 'E; . -f s! = a: rG .= .t .= w
.a = n. = o bo w u) w q) > n. ' = = = œ) to -
w =.
(; œ) = = < = > o r .o o qo (D g = r: -q: *= k .E n.
z: c) u:
= .
K) 'w
kt
.
c
QJ
o
c . rt rz = r:z wx E ti' uj 'E;
S o .
-a o w ;: .= = = J; z v.c qs z -a z ;z: y) z a) . o .= w
=
o
= w
rz =
œ
X
ru
= =
o w
c: D G
= '-
= Q rz
oy
w =
m u z (a o. - = w
.E n 9 k Q
.-. w' a cu c. w u) rz ' 4* = . =
rG
xs =
=
o
w co o o r; o =
.= = = >a cd kz
./
> .S
A r:
œ
w
rv
=
ZZ
E. o.
n. .kt
=
.c) h k N co ' = > -tq a) = w r; c = (v u- o o = E! :E = D :0 o rz cg u ;z m
Z t 'Q% co t/ o. = = o .= o m : m = o. : t m s o az .m =
-'u m m Q; . > z ct m c (u a q.- c c = o c) = m uz (v n. .c o +> œ < tzn = ea o
w rz tzn 52 c ' Q co kg -kz = = X o = g: A n a) L/ ,= o ql =
.- O .= .n v.e .= . ru o = 1) rj m c) k .-. c m ' .t .. o ru : r: D v) = o. tg = œ
m = = a, > o tg k v: œ) = ' > u- =) = D z: to c: 'w w = ' ; œ) =
o r: z) = at :v -cz w = O œ 7J (D o r? r; = ql > .
,t2 w cl o. . a .= . w qg F
= E o a. ku- rz .= o = = c :E to .H o w .= tn = ok
.
m u- = (7 >
o o o tf s a) uc u
-'o o Q) c. o > o ;z o .= œ p g r: t4 17 :3 = q) = >x m -= a) D'
w (u . r v. a. z o = .= rz ; ' z? = to ea g = w = to = o o c = z: t k =
bo Q o ru = 'n = = t n. = >x c r r
œ) = = Z k c = rv = 'S o .. o ro o 4w :5 c rv = r: G' co m a) = œ uz az X QJ O c . > rt
.= c
. -G re X = t: : un o. . î2
' k. a . j! k .= o o Mw m ( r:
4-4 4b 'E; .= rv bo co cu w k . s .c: n rw s z x a)
. ta u? *= m 22 = tul .
-'z c bo = c) = : . = =) = = s-
. c: u' çu x .=
u% tsn o .i2 = o = S z) .a m C) vl D q) rt ca .= t = r CG o = = ru = ;aa =
= Lu o .c: .= r rc = = o cz cu ' o c c> c = .=
= E X < w = uo = > F-' .za w m E : = - u E r: o =
= u w
;c r: =
o œ m
tks CD E! :
< LJ: t t
q) çu rv
=
'&=
C7 n. o.
(p az
'; =u C c
Q c3 = c
o
= Fï .9 .9
< ;t .< w 4=
X QJ g > X =. QJ = O = a: a. O
z3 =
r k = c =
M M c X M X
c = ru = œ
'w 9 œ O r: r: Z: .= .8'
rG . : œ o = œ o ..c o o w
un o !!
4b œ) kh qs = c: = X uo c t a) = w = o = y
G 1* q) . 82 -cz œ
un
15
k2 -=
=
=
O 1 G'
m
r?
;x.
O =
w
S = = 'K
= o K. x en a) o co o .. ru = .m z o .a x ru uc
y . to = = w .; qn m v. ;>> ro (D o c ra (u o a) = u. = g œ :
w . >x c: = .= = .= o o .= o .k! k- ekc ua
= .- T$ = u9 =) >> n o œ uo 77 g rv s -5 c . co a xl = os u) co .= uu= = = qs . G= e=
'
.
% X œ) w uo 82
.z . G r7 o o rc s F ..o wo xt ' arg to oy to o = ' c - =
H = = V yg c- .- . a) rc c os -
EJ n = rs = se ta = .g uo a m ,) w z a n.
. q$ Qa E = E 'E: vn )Eq = : ' R za .au = jc az ao z - œ o w 2E ukg
w. o O z5 = b! =
s o u- ru o P- c) . r o tls œ O gj uo u ..;! (m a. o L'- -G '= X
o o t.i w (.7 n. ca -o = . o rm y . gj .H' o .H' o
= o
< =
c>
C
&.

.
-= = -= o o = . ' 4z m .
' y i) c m w n. a) = *'7
.= . ro o = r: = = c tzn .-. r m n qz . î .2 . bo
o = = = .= * r: î q) * O .= = Y rl
w g: .; n = z: .. o .z œ) o o .g . = œ) to c .= w g) y rv > . s a)
a) = rt tn -:7 > -= œ .= = n = œ o w rz -Q2 = > = rt z: o += * = =
v. = = .E = *= E rG
. = r: $o .- uc . rt o z c (z) x u- o : ., w m m a) H o o q) js uo .2 = o .= o (. s,
+= w .c: z: . ro az m c * :t c . .; tm ca (v = o .z î .7! = rt = N . = = o u c.
q) 'g Z' w . z CG = ;: ./ po o -c w = rl ua = .a O C% = tn
- -=
>x o. q1 a z kt c
w t az -rq o . H xn = > œ' > )z D k. ot i'- œ un = E rG c o = .-. r o. G- q.- c: = a
O . a. w cg ,= = = = r: n wal = . 02 s? w c o x
*= = .= o LD ' K) = c +- : = -' w n. r; o X ;-. q.- co
tsc r: o to = r tko 1) : o ro z:
-q n = . kj m > o .= zj o rt o. ru . o .= N ca o = o to !!
. î = .-. $: q; to ' Sp k .= qa .n . -. c .H m = m a c) s , .n (z) c: xo o. u.
. V œ 22 o s w .= la'- .= .a uo qz cx .- q m .a
. w w
uo +=
o
4z .g
: o.
o zo
z,
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4x = a
o = .g
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= = = d = = a . - m
wo x z o c r
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u
> w o = m w w = % c . . = o r o c o = = w . a o a o x r o
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%
z o w : x z c o o = x : = 2 = a m . a
w c .r o= m x .o > < = x > o c > w .= y -< = r r wo u w = = m c = a = = = > = > o
o x = c = = = m o w o r = =
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=
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w
D
a = t nœ w rw m o c o t cr o m s - =
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w
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X
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=
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a
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ta S s
rv c? =
;-
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cn t >> rG r n-
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r: c ra >: < = *= tza
x d' c: rs x = a) z: ru
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= r: . = . D o (u r-x ro E jj
2Z -= .cc ro t ca rs
O = w = =' tn (u rv f - -g =
= X = > = > to = :Y -= E n. y n
=: R œ) rv
m ku ;= a: uo w cn ca . cn :xt
cz tz o =
'u : o o = * - G = = o =
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cp = o = = w - .H .
a O .
= œ) w r a c wo :S = -'5
q a, w - f:n
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r
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w .Jn = a) . 4w a; w. z tt .a o m c n Lô tu =z m = m o x .= w
:E
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;
c: o >: :z
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. c) w = = a) :v c a) r: o jn a.
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a) m m .= FJ c = D . :7 c -= E -% = . S! Yo qzuo > ' u:
= rG .E = =. u!l = a) rt lC u. LB ql iE > O uo -co tz w=
e.s w o u = z = > o qz ru
.E v.S! Xco Qm :5 Mw ru >n un ko rc r: = = .X = . E5 E rzl (z)
kn vo >. (x)
c
X
X
&.

#
- . . - .
r '= >x 'o r:
Q $z = c .a ; = az to o ,t =
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>> = t3 = .1Z qw.
z: = m
ch
o c: ;z .D $0 .: œ) . o .+. a = = .s ru = n > = c
. ,q
: r: w a'L QJ = Z: H = .ç .c: u- tc k c: m re w c
.
c c u o . .H qz o u. .. w o m t a; c = w r; œ cp m n. w o -c rt
. =
w :z a) = .
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>
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rt n' q) c c a += = .-. 2 n. ,2 œ)
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o r: ) r = z ('q .w ic7 *= .= m qz a! a) r: q.-
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ta
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w . ;: rt E .= c w m o = = > = o t: tg o q) w .-. c -a w z a
r C 'm = ï2 IJ bq o w = c CG o to qz > .= E o tc O
u) z; r S ' c >s .a ru u .= %w. iz uo m w -rë -
.E v o
. = u; = fv n .x X to v) d - = m .. o ru = .H -y
o = u œ r . .= c re o qn x = = = o c tv u
, o ;-
o c: -q: rl x .r -=
rt .= ..u . ë = œ) c = -= q) o G ro
= = ( O .c: = c: o w w oa =:
-. o = a . Z: t += = q) r c rz q) : ru c to c g ., cu
w = n ru œ) E-'. = tzn wo o = tï 4u c tzo O
r: o a; q) . = ru c) tg ;D .; m . 7 %w- u .= .-. . ï? . = ;c (D v. O x N w :c œ ; (D O Cn
r: n .:c u z
. tkn m œ = n m CG n .JD m c .t œ ' p = o
.
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a)
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n
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n 0 t& = = o cu o. .= c = o . H o r = r: œ = > -M q) = o = w (p *= Q/ z = z g =$ -, >x x m
u. œ r: c: : o X >> O tn œ O rl = = = ' %= d > o X >N z:
*) ' :z pa ;z: w rG QJ to o = -t .= r: o -N Ih
r: .E 'Z 4z x x .i2 = o m o œ) m. o rc wo > =
'-.
>
= a &; m -'70 u s = m . S! w -= g w e: œ o w = oo = = . H .=
. D . . . c n ju w
> a) u) s : c >) c) s x .= o. w :a = m = p ' id o . z: a) = o 4H =
m .-. tz r; o >, .n rG ,-4 .- F-. o = w o m = rt .!2 o g ub -= w o = c . n m
X >
rt
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= c: CNI C) w o. n. 7z rt = œ> a) = q) w = = w 'I;
. = : v . o = ,:. = n. .H m = = : c$ o c ug -= w $.. 4.: r.o
w az = .= w D 9 O = O zë * = = ' = 22 o ' . c j2
r; -F =
w (u a u
rz
cp
c;
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x: w
îc
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to
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c: .t * '= V- C) $Z
.
w x = .za m to to rxl V . S = rv < : = V r; F-' V -
= r:
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r5
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c:t
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= . c:
QJ = (v
CJ c w
k! Ch = O c: a .
)
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m a .w
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a. o 'E; .(o t
u v = v < >
z: o.
to u:3 œ QJ -g
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rc =
to U
.x: QJ .H
o rY =
a5 = ' at = to cn'
.= (z) 'w Q
cö co o x rl
r: LJ zc LJ > u
= ru c: o az w y = (u = :z
2t L) rg Cn Lo Lu
= o a1
c r .x -t: . = m u
a) (D tu r: s w cn CS o c
. z: w . c u; w o
o w ch çu Geo ' .n ru cd a) = q/ :E D . c- R <
= . >s ru c c .= * z' o = kn to JD L/ E
.H! ru c: . o o . 3 m
œ =
e = =
r
w =
w .!c . n '.x o : jg c
u g .;a r
= .s x a E x o o . u nm
c
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m .w DH = O m a
o
.
m
=
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r œ X ï
>
0 1 1
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x E = o x x A x w o s x = c
= - . . . = = s m
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c
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o
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>
c
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z
x
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on
x W
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s
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o v o f s o r c s .9 o o - = = o 'c I - > a
l x o o- O x = o t = u =O = = = = o z' Z - >
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c =# &4
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X
&.

' . . . ï
= .. >. a' .= . c) = o m x) .H pz ' a . v >. r!
.X1 o œ=
;c g: = ;z =
m '-' o c 1) O r: 4u œ) .,- rc ; . E' h ,= o .>! =
rt c: c) = o .= o = uj = q) to ru a) =
.= = m ua c5 +a s. = C: (7 tn rt * E .=
o = x = = kw- z o tg = = -6 =w txl o
ro = a) (o> z; cp tg tn n q . o w = o a o o ,2
= = > w. cp r: o . .-. q) / = uc (u .= >> = =
rv .D -6 .-. c: un . to c o = > rz
. *> ft .= = .= to :t .S 7J .Lt o -ra o to c) k fu rp ;- = m G1 .; = s 'o o %w. to 'w Së = wçv
. .= r; t.- o t/ CT = w w o D xs >? qa -0 .-' = = çu = o 'a (7 o r .=
w. .= w 'H to to = >x > o. = cu rl
w
O * uc c = rt c) Y tn m o O
r r: = tzn o. = .a wœ O Q: Q D. o to o m o q) =
= = c: rz o c .= a) u = .c: z) z to ro a) m = .= u = ra = E .ca c w q) zta
(v : e) .a u .c o .= .= :v c: .c: 'g ,- z t: c
x: a) N . t = n .1 = oo 4w a) w '= o :z a .-. c)
w. > * rv cg E- = tzn c o t/ r: w tz :
o -6 = :7 cu eh o. s c: D = . c to ct h: g; H mœ ,-. c o .= = m > o 7: c txo
.-. =
=
o
ig =
z z)
ru
.
c
.
c r
m
o o
= .
o. o
v. uc
: tv .,
rv
= tu
.
n.
= G = ac = = Kw : = E o . G o. c: >s : .= c r: -q1
7D . ru w = ua :9 c z œh t c: = V- tzn c; n = = .- w > *' w O o .=
. c.- o .c = . txo o4 CQ ,-d . o az * CG X & ' f: (v x .c: k z w (D w x v s
w = -cc . c a) = ck c: 'c -i2 .cj rG r: . r: c: to
- rt ta rv = (-J qz 2/ :3 az > -6
= z y) o. q) z o m to = u o a o
w X = . S .T tza ' = = -. = s = oc . = wts w w :t to œ S ' co o .=
o = utz '*= Q2 ;l' r: z: n ku o w u = $D :J t to uz ka
m a) az = q) G :E ru o o x c o o c: = = C: rs . 2 -6 c cn
w . . - .c ku- .0 o o c: r :;: cx t! o o
= - = ro o = o .= = w m o. ta r to c . .Q w
. m = o t/ o $2 m rt m = .= w
= a. = n w w to o rz a m m o co = w w =
. '= u; t/ o = o N = :E r: c c) c n m o s rt .01 n. z3 x rt E (a c: a (z1 âl .2
= = a) os = '-- r =. = m o = E * X qa .= ;xs rt o = .) e: œ) (g = cg t .Q = .qj 67 'Y
:z = = q/ > ;Q
= r: . œ -t! & > t * re -.u -t5 = qp u h w œ .t! ' *> rt . .h * = -= E. =
E 'g v ..

4
m r:
œ)
o w
O ' = =
o eto
;z <
o
.
to cp -. > = o . c c
a) = = n o ce c = çu -. . = u) h o '*. k o .-. =) u . n to ;: a) = .-. = r m 'u
c:
= rs = lzl ' o .-. sl rz c k: œ) .,- > .: = a: = O m O Z: = = a$ ' k r; >a Q7
u U .= u; d uo 4-3 w a; o o a) = = . ;: k t7D m .-- rv tzo '- c. m i!
r: = = F- ;- ;c .D q) O = Q2 c. 22
. a 'c r: = uo ;z = (u > = . o = r: =
. - . c = q.D rt o 12 o (M ' o .cc o v- O o a)
o ro ( -7 = .= u- . r: = c z = y) -. z = o n to = .-. o = o qw = a) += y) r . a; >
- . ' = ' w o = r: u = to m = m .= m .-. m r: o ru o
o L8 rö t œ) = = n . w E1 = .M . q) œ : 4-. to c >q Q) c a) uo w. ro =
tkc
=
o .0 .- w
: ;z w z = z .tc o u o r: .s
m
. Q 4-J = = .- ru = = to u m Qa =. tw- = tp tp o o eo n O U = CD z: &* QJ LO = î o ;c mO
(u o œ o = *= m to .- o c : w o >, = = o :
.-
'U
n =
-cD
=
ic -h2 -
a) w
rt
w
cz
c
o
-o
.--
E
tu
œ
:
.=
w
a)
w =
to
u c -0
m (u
o
=
.=
.
,-. = ua o -c q) = ta w c = (.- (v = w w 4-7 = = 04
= co o . .= > o o o x n : g = o = ;- o >x = o tzo . .- .c = z: .c: w o x qw o = o =w
= o 4= = a) -' u t a. q.- k z: o k = o to
- . o o rt = . o ru ru a) o
= w î2 Z: o =) - $Z . = x r: ;: rs >x s. Q o o w x w r = œ n w Q o w = oD
.- o -a a n. = to az o CJ
%- tzc .c = -%t G: î > =: o to k w r: m 82 Cl > o > O '% = = '- '- :2 'c
o w ti ro = w o co u = w to o œ .= = ' r: m .-- tko .= a) . a) o k.- .= z: u = txl
o tp E o > >x g z: h = a) 'f: rö = %.- O a' tzn Q o m = CJ x .- a) T n y; = œ .E!
.
m c) w o m w = w w q) a) . >> (D o . =
c w = =. = = G) O c m *= r = n = rg .= tM -= = $Z =
o rz = o . w ct ta -' .-. œ o = r w ';7 QJ r œ) z: rv
= = q) o. = .-. ,-. m = -.
c =
o
o =
o
=
j)
= >x
o
y! î
yz
= -.
ru
o r
a)
m c
= o = o œ o o. 7: - n = tu rv
o I o n = = o
4.:
. '
Q
< m > g o > c- c : $2 = u. =
-- X
u) txo
= m X .= = Z: rt œ CZ cn . id = = D c CG œ
.
w w cg .-
= w c cu =
qo
m ap to
o s
c
.-.
c
c:
%
ru
q.o
z;
.-.
.z)
ru
k
a)
c =
v: o m = un ko o .= . ju w = co co ru -c: w
* œ O E > =) u q.- o .,u c; w o -t2 o = ,w. o -. :z = c. o c: uo = o c = a) tc = g tkn n o
= ta a) a rG œ .= O w z u z = o = ' '4w c: r: o uo o ta at G c m . - ro m o r: = < qwo = = r: etc z: .wa > . >
z: -% uH g au o = r: w vj m .ou o V .c = o u- = .= w m G c z: (u -= .- .sa =
.- %w- o 4z -. m = œ) cl ua w s = a) = o xo o w > E-' r: = = r: o = .- u- o = rz
o o w > u) u r = r: w D: w c %w. o = >
=
o
= n. .
rz d =
o
c:
rv
cg rl =
tu
r
o
C:
c:
=
cg
';: r:
z
CJ
x
i
=
O
'G
QJ
>n u c: =
=
z to o 7: . o w c >x g .- c: > c = r; o o m rz >x = . x œ) o o .. o to
eo
r
w = n n. au m . r tàn = = rG o w
tg
'=
:0 w
= wO
o
tsn
E w o u- = - y .a .s c .-.0
' .- o w. up uz r o .E ks- o = wu >> O c ' - > cu n' kl Q; =z > m - a) = = = c o
œ) = o. r x! -Q? z: :l. = qâ = = = o
oc -D
.a: o D w -tJ = = w
.= M n = ' '- rt o .= E co Cö (u r: = - m u- .h: m o
. 8-. O h = ap ;k! wo =. = wo E-' . - n. -0: o < o. wo r5 re o ca . Z: - .. 0 =. z:
= =
I E rt -. CG tc rG c: rc
w ;z >s = ! u -4 = .c
ro z: = (.7 c t: a) r: az
œ
E
=
co = r:
o -'
'-'
r: EE
.2
= E X = g CI :3 o * c: u c: 8o
*= c
t rz o = t çt = 2 td rv = . = a) z-z ' - kw- x c y q.- . m O o E uu- y c)
zn c rT r: = o o o
S 'X
n. o a. mw-
ID œ = (D cu rG >x tn çv *J w . 4U *= o t *= a . jj
r = rr c c: = o = = œ G œ = r œ) -i; O fl' = -cJ = 2: = z:
o c e- n ma > a) =. > =
.a >x = .,u o .,u o = rs rv w c a . s w c rn a; ja += c f:n co a) > au p
c4
w
= rt
=
=
=.
m
= =
rz r: '-
ZZ =
fr =
œ =
ru =
o =
rc
Q = :7 -r! u ru . O E clu = -' H n . - = . - LD =
. .
= 7: = = = ru œ E> = œ .= o a) = = (D
Lu m f.u Lu >a R c >. < c u) m cn t.l < c7
cu œ) vn jn w w=
-c = o œ) q) %w- >x
œ) .- = QJ o
o .c tzn g c: ,E) a)
w = o o o >x w >
: (u w -G q) . w az = z: x =
.ia u = -ta uz a:s = 'w a) œ = 4.: =
-= . o m o .= uo = -cJ = > .k = o '- .I3 qz > = .t = = E w
o .ED .- eo u- .- .,u .= .- co tn = = o .=
= :z: r: o cd = .= w .= = .= = = .ca w. w
.= = = - fu o .= .- . r = o r .- w (v o
tn o o. wa = az = -% w. o Q) = cp w u- o : a) = a) w t/ c ql > .c o
. c o = m - o=
c:
-% = ;C : t3 = c >x a) r: tô = -X C 'K C7 O 17 . o
.- = (p
a)
=
r.
c = = = .=
>>
=
.- =
aa
œ
tw
w
e.o = ;Z . J7 = * a; . 4U
= '- = co X o as X o
M œ) O G * $ QJ qwo œ O % O O ' *
.
F: = o QJ u. & ch = = tc '= a) QO c C) = '* > E = .S! u. '*' = n. .-. f: = c = 12 '- O O E = m'e
-=
* tzn = .-f to (M n. œ (:7 wJ c & = œ) c ;Q. 'L O C)
.= œ) . = qw çu cu .= u- o
= n . = = ta kw- = tc w tw- = = e- œ) c: o n. aj o = =
. - < = to u to o w1 . Q- . qg to o kn . -. o.
N (n * kn m
=r
C
*)
0)
t?

= w o
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tn
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q)
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;z
œ
*
r
D = = o x c % . = r . r x = O c = o
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œ x .î s I œ> é = o = o r* * o œ
Q t o o m .6 m - * D
c =
'= X n u w 0 = = 0 Q=
I w o= a x u c Q x = o c = x
N o o ' = = m = o œ r
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' = > = X M = '- O
= 2 0 : . G E = a c = k G o %
=
w
r
=
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m
=
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= =
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r
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c o u = çv = eo k xre
qp s
o S n. r: E S a; txo v) w n z .c: w =
r: ts
= = >> =
= = .S! o m .-' = œ
to . Q = F.Q o .= = .= w o. .> -' = GJ 1* r
x = * CG -Q q5 : c = O rt n. > = rt r: =
l E > 12 LD o O zz * '- D > c
rt
>
=
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= =
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>>
vo
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u -=
:
=
m = o (u uc c = rG
r: e: tzn r: c . .
= œ rs rx x-x .f! ;- N = O u' *= 2 o -% :
-ca cl .= E-. > rz ' =
= = o c us c: = = = = rG uo
. c )Q u- w G' g cu q) w * = o zz co
çu o r r: . = = w fv w o n re o cp o x p = a çv
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œ
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=
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a. ro
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45
ko c E to
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19
rd
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w m = .cc rz ru o
a) LO rG rt w - .
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w r5 %w' o : = œ œ (u = r n o O = = D - f= 01
= $D (-) % = = = œ = 4w ;7. m- Ln œ g
r - m r: r: a w iz o. w ca '- '-
m .-. = m ro (u uc
.= = z: = m .ct rG r: 7J zl œ :r O
'M = m (u m u) = E = .- m o 'D: fo -'2
w ru u- Ch o 77 m = a) . j: z m m q) w v = a) q.- >s x c A z: c .
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$- o O = o .
Q
n 'r to
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.=
qz
=
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=
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rt n = (: q) = .- .4c -q = ., = = z = GJ o. =
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-
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. q) qz œ œ) o œ) c :u o =
to .= w k. :r txn c: = r o h -rc w -% D . Q = : o .= to a) m cg
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4-* a) E * = r; = = (D = E w. r >x k =
c w n r: œ) çv ;z: c re w to m v z = c .4.3 o = ;z -=
o o = G = E w Jt N * .E .z .K C: <
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az (D = = o (D z: C) bo c v. m - uo
x o. c ;m .cc o
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oa u) .- o :z a) .= j! ; n
z
O
< w
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o
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w u- = %
m œ .2 = = = ? O
> uo qp .u - -% .u c w c .D m .- o 73 o = = x .=
.H H' z r .-. o qc tzn n qc = uc to a
o = vo ru -. o g = .= Q to c: rt > o ck o œ = urE c ' .= O x fu œ = = .= C: r
n. (.J a. S (-; k œ) r; = X n. .- E-* u- = E-' ta x
= c -0
- ' = : o =
.G a = 'au c)
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n. a .- >> o C)
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o '= o q> LQ r
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m
X a o < < a;
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ca .- co - -o
QJ c a) (.J =: =. ta a.
R > R c = oc
c
cn = c7 =: = 2L
w
o o eo
o -%t
= .= z?
= .- -c -. H 0 &= o a = = = . : ' w = .Hco = . 47
o x w w o o = = . > % mo g =
w .- = - m w x < oa o o g o z s w& w x x
.
* r o r x = = x . u w o .= o a o > o=
c o = = = œ r o r g c w = r = = = = u a &
.= o o u z = o r o u= x g 'w o v x< - = . ? o s x r x w a w -c
=
o
3 o > E o .
s = =
-
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o
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. = p .- E % .0 . : =' k c w> = o o wx 0 .- = 1 o . = = œ g oa mo
x
î r .
s G ï = o r o x x x= E o g c w o = .- o c c o ro
. O = r -o œ c .- l a = > = = I = Q = ax o = wX = c g ou cw cx ro
2 u % < & O= w 2 < < 7 = o x c o z œ c c w
= Q
œ A
cn * =G
=
&
=)
c
&.

= . = . . . .=
= a) >x œ
.= tn z, t . >x . -g = t2 c: =
(-J = ;Z = œ r: .4X w -Q2 wo
. = o 4w
ru o > (f.
z
r m
o
=
z .jc
k c:
o
:Q
s
m
> co
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=
I
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c
= z
c; : .; (v - c: o w :E o qz w ah çu
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,zK SC Q = ,= rt o >s = ug CG -'
r tM '= .zz y) c F:Z .c: O 'g rl r: o u2 ;z Q/
G
&*
tc = . -' ;z: = '- w o E
fu r: 'd .=
w. n V =
=
k
tn
.tt
: = c 'ut
k o'
u) *=
o
= o
n
œ
.
o
J k o.
= rt
to o
.u m un o
c: n. n x =. .c: w = a) -q2
(v .E
o o
m
w
w
oo
o
s . a a s
w r: ;u) =. a . s .a tï = çu . . z = . c: ;C w m r o r: = x >
r: Jkt w .H g a G ;Z = 7: '- = '-' .-. = t4 = m
xx q: w. a) uo tc rz z: o c .-. to .= rt k
ro -= w r: Q) = > o = CD = w c: rt yz a) a) to (u *= = w 4b = o
.= w q) :J O u- o = o w rs = x z = m r: o = $- += :v o m ru c c: ;t
ç:
.
rt .M
=
=
o =
d
c tn 22
>>
o tu
o
w c: c
=
m
*= o
=
S
o. .=
=
s.
z:
o
= wo . = = ;= .= o . tn q) FT ' .= o < = = = D w
.t
u; ;
H S = '- r bo œ = r: ' .= n : o O (v r: = -ka r: ' r v > cn w
r: :&w 'c tw :v x xn = r7 w .= > ;z o =
.-. o z: k to m w o o c
= t = = p .
zn z: o t :w, =. H cg .G ,!: =' = rG to jo î x re
m. w c c: = q; c) g = qo = a> o = r: :.a G u
*= = O
p:
o
=
v:
to
o. œ
o
z:
ru
wc
a
cu
o
> w
o
g
w
rs
lz
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CG '=
n
=
o
n a) c. c . = = uo a) rt S! .c: o rz o.
> . : = co r: a o o a .s y) v. œ) o uo = o u.
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c: v.d = = = a. r: = o c o *= .-. = x = w
. a: 12 rv w x E o rv w re w. = az c a:
..a .- V V 77 = c u) = = .2 w a) E : r: .cD ru = = .= o
rM uod o m o (u =a ru
kl
.d a. (u o rv c çz o .
. ,u5 œ) *= e2 -= ,w. z -= >> Lô m >> . c z; w to w w to to FJ a) ru t/ w> tg
= m o m = z = c q) û un = c: . z, o : .-. c: = rG >x = ug : E o az to o y, = tn = o
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k 'uz .= Zi cl o bo uu- = r &a E -= '= u- 67 = ca 'E O
t o. un r; œh w tz œ = '- = (M œ o F-' o > n. )ut 4= n o c E zz cu E = :
. u = rz = '-
.G c = to d o 'g o o m >. o tn :
O = =. = . 82 œ) .= GJ :wa î = d' o : ca œ m œ 2 at .= rt = = Z a;s =h m :3 tn ca z
= ro tso V r: o ti . 2 = = o :w rv N tc . o E-. c: > :z o ' jn ;z .9 m w .a o
71 E w w. = w .jn u o .; a) = o o
. Sh z; > = r rq wo o - . ab m ru . - .
=
m = to = a o
z x jj .cc
=
o w x
a
= r:
> =
s
.2 w. rt m . w q) w tv o tzo = rs a) . u. .!n . o m o
. = tso q.- c: = u: =
o >)
.c =
.
23
=
j!
-=
.-. ;-
rt E-' O w .î .8 o = -% E-' - c E-' < 7 m '.f.3 = %.- o œ c: = ;a.
>> g -0 n
;zf = o a,
m c t œ y .m
o N . x , (k'
=: n . .= w G a = ;: (= ;l' io
u n. zz = o o o = N QJ.
a:
.H
-6
to
= =
x =
t* ca X
-
K
a)
=
zs
c - z:
n, Q cz x Y' x Z î
' :#= r; to = - 'w
cn rs n . c 6 cn rc
t.g = to ;z
o i; zo o
F = :3 = = o > cg o > F = D
n Lu = txt at t3 c7 ;=
œ
n q) œ) xo %w- o = :
.= = ru =# D
Y c = c ru cp
= .S! a a) .a . qjc
ta r: w c: = rd uo E v, o .(D r: = . = uz : -i;
' î! = = e- = r: $- . c -' ;- = o >
. kt = . > 'œw = ' -n. * *' m = = UQ * = -Q2
. -m = .= = = 0 s r o o c
. = tD 28 = ru t* x t m œ = :c K .-. utj =
.
-Q .. o . în . ?-d .= w E r q) Y q.o .E tô %: c: œ = r: fu
us = r '.x m X œ tkb u z QJ = = c X . c' œ) = w rt œ tza f:k = '= N k
.
'y. o z: .2 .G .i: = .S rG 1: .% .S = ;t œ
cx wre .
o t =
E
u
t =
o
cp
> q,a
:
.
x =
q)
>
-=
w
: tzn
-ry
x O 4 œ ro = ru o :u = .=
= o un :0 a) - m
E r:l n o o (u - = =
. i! o o. w cl m = E cD ru >n >
/ 6
œ R
r/ r- C< ,
>
(&
O
W)
X

*
SPECIFIC RECOM M ENDATIONS FROM TH E CORE
COM M ITTEE
1. A Special Rapporteur who has expertise/experience in the field of child
rights issues particularly child m arriages shal be appointed imm ediately,
on contract basis for a period up to November 14, 2012 for coordinating
and folow -up of the implem entation of the Recom m endations and Action
Plan. His/her service may be extended if required. The Rapporteur would
be attached to the Department of W om en and Child Developm ent and
report directly to the Director.
2. Necessary Governm ent Orders shal be issued by the concerned
departments of the governm ent to give effect to the recom m endations
m ade and Action Plan draw n in this Repol-t.
Intensive and continuous m ulti-pronged year-long campaign from 14th
sovem ber 2011 to 14tb Novem ber 2012 agaipst child m arriage shal be
taken up across the state.
4. The Com m ittee suggested in the Action Plan in the Report and the existing
Page 208
com m ittees dealing w ith the issue of child m arriage m ust be m ade realy
active and functional.
This Report m ust be translated into Kannada and publîshed w ithin tw o
m onths, for circulation w îthin the state and furnish copies to the concerned
authorities, departm ents, UNICEF and NGOs who are actively w orking on
the issue.
%

6. copies' of tkis Report may also be sent to National Human Rights
Com m ission, National Com mission for W omen, National Com mission for
the Protection of the Rights of the Child, National Com m ission for Schedule
Caste and Schedule Tribes as w el as the State Human Rights Com m ission,
State Com mission for W om en, State Com m ission for the Protection of Child
Rights and State Commission for Schedule Caste and Schedule T ribes of al1
states.
Copies of the Report shal also.be sent to the Ministry of W om en and Child
Developm ent, M inistly of Hum an Resources Developm ent, Governm ent of
lndia and the nodal departm ents implem enting the Prohibition of Child
M arriages Act of al states.
8. The Report shal be pploaded imm ediately, on the w eb-site of the
Departm ent of W om en and Child Developm ent.
9. The Departm ent of W om en and Child Developm ent shall also provide and
supply form ats, contents and m aterials for creating aw areness as stated in
the Report.
loxilaving due regard to the serious consequences and the cascading effect of
Page 209
the practice of child m arriage as brought out in the Report, the Action Plan
prepared needs to be im plem ented on priority w ithin the specified tim e,
bearing in m ind that it is not a m atter of charity but the rights and lives of
children.

*
*
ll.Failure, negligence and dereliction of duty by the officials/oficers in
relation to the issue of child marriages as recomm ended in the Report shal
be seriously vjew ed and appropriate action , including departm ental
disciplinary action, shal be taken. This is necessary for efective
im plem entation of the Action Plan.
lz.system is im portant and equaly important, if not m ore , are the officers
w orking under the system . Such officers w ith concern and com m itm ent for
the rights of the children and tbeir importance m ay be put in place for
efective, m eaningful and purposeful implem entation of .the Action Plan
contained in the Report.
13. ln relation to the prevention and eradication of chjld m arriages , the
Departm ent of W om en and Child Developm ent being the nodal department
Page 2 1 0
shoultl take overall responsibility of implem enting the recom m endation
m ade and actjon plan draw n , and this departm ent shall effectively co-
ordinate w ith other concerned departments for tbe purpose .