Women and Chemicals

Where are women exposed to chemicals?
Example: African Horticulture 34
Since two decades, the industry of horticulture
and floriculture is becoming a huge working field for
East Africans due to the demand of the European market.
While food safety is observed very strictly, the working conditions
of the field workers is not the interest of European companies.
The workers, a lot of them women, suffer from various working
conditions, e.g. extremely low pay rates, absence of contracts, forced overtime,
sexual harassments and poor health and safety conditions.
In Uganda for example, 227 pesticides are used in horticulture, some of them
are even banned and highly toxic. In most of the farms, the workers do not get any
training or awareness raising on pesticide hazards and appropriate behavior to avoid the
direct exposure to these toxic chemicals. Some of the workers even were unaware of their
toxic workplace and the long-term effects pesticides could cause on their health.
A lot of farms do not provide their workers provision of appropriate personal
protective equipment, which is an absolute prerequisite for anyone handling
pesticides. The lack of boots and gloves is a high risk for workers in making
them vulnerable to chemical penetration through the skin.
From exposure of pesticides, chemical poisoning is not an
exception in the daily life of the workers. Common disorders
are miscarriages and irregular menstrual flow, skin irritation
and burns, as well as upper respiratory tract
problems.
A survey of female rice farmers in Thailand found that
women lack basic training in handling pesticides. Their husbands,
who were skilled using pesticides had left the country in
search for work, and their wives had to take over in the fields.
Despite the negative consequences for their health, they were
not willing to participate in training courses because of conflicting
caring and housework commitments. 27 A USAID training
programme in Papua New Guinea failed for the same reasons.
They did not consider women’s family responsibilities, because
the programmes were arranged as three full-day trainings away
from the villages. Women found it difficult to travel and find
arrangements for child care. 28
Surveys have shown that highly hazardous pesticides are
in widespread use, in unsafe conditions exposing and poisoning
the environment and the people. As stated in UNEP’s Global
Chemicals Outlook, the estimated costs of poisonings from
Example:
Women working in
greenhouse/flower production
Female workers in greenhouses are exposed
to a lot of pesticides, including pesticides, which
are influencing the hormone system. Bretveld 35 compared
in her study 8 000 workers to a control group with
8 000 non-exposed workers and could show that fulltime female
workers who were exposed to pesticides needed longer to
get pregnant. Their fertility was rated by the “TTP-factor”, the “time
to pregnancy-factor” which states the time period from the
point when the woman wants to get pregnant until she
gets pregnant. The possibility of getting pregnant was
10 per cent lower for the female workers and
30 per cent lower for the partners of men
working in greenhouses. Also the risk of
getting a miscarriage is double. 36
pesticides in sub-Saharan Africa now exceed
the total annual overseas development aid given
to the region for basic health services, excluding
HIV/AIDS. Between 2005 and 2020, the accumulated
cost of illness and injury linked to pesticides in
small-scale farming in sub-Saharan Africa could reach
USD $90 billion.
The International Code on Pesticide Management states
that “pesticides whose handling and application require the use
of personal protective equipment that is uncomfortable, expensive
or not readily available should be avoided, especially in the
case of small-scale users and farm workers in hot climates.” 29 In
such countries, the responsible regulatory approach should be
to prohibit the import and use of HHPs and to help farmers identify
effective, less hazardous alternatives. However, countries are
often unaware of safer alternatives. There is even a lack of initiative
on which HHPs should be prioritized for prohibition and
substitution.
Acute exposure to pesticides can lead to death or serious illness.
30 Long-term exposure to pesticides can increase the risk of
developmental and reproductive disorders, immune system disruption,
endocrine disruption, impaired nervous system function,
and development of certain cancers. Women are more susceptible
to pesticides than men. They absorb pesticides through their
skin more easily than men. For example, dermal absorption of the
organochlorine lindane is three times greater for women than for
men. 31 Pesticides also reside longer in female bodies than in
males. 32 Women are more vulnerable to endocrine disrupting ac-
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