E-BOOK

La Universidad
El Bosque

Prologue
This e-book shows all things I learned in the El Bosque University
in a graphic and funny way.
You can find cartoons, many colors and different original
strategies to resume our pedagogic departure.
I hope you enjoy and learn with this content.

Chapters
I. Natural Essences
II. Natural Origami
III. Field Scientists
IV. Celular World
V. Natural Dyes

I. Natural Essences
,
Natural essences also called essential oils are extracted
from plants containing them, they are based in the flowers,
leaves, fruits, roots, bark, etc.
Extraction methods differ according on the essences
properties and quantities. The big industry studies and
perfects methods of obtaining of the natural essences, the
following procedures are used:

1. Squeezed Extraction: Process with sponge, the bowl,
thermos-pneumatic process, and preesing.
2. Distillation Extraction: Distillation by direct fire,
steam, vacuum or reduced pressure.

3. Fermentation Extraction or organic solvents: It is a
kind of simple extraction
4. Fats Extraction: It is extracted by soaking in hot, cold
trap (effleurage), or finally by pneumatic method Piver

T he use of essential o ils in the industry is very
varied and They are used as flavoring agents, air
fresheners and articles cleaning. In addition they are
used in making soaps, shampoos, liquors, creams,
deodorants and even foods.
The range of industries that use essential oils or their
products is wide and varied.

II. Natural Origami
Origami is the art of paper folding, which is often
associated with Japanese culture. The goal is to
transform a flat sheet square of paper into a finished
sculpture through folding and sculpting techniques.
The principles of origami are also used
in stents, packaging and other engineering
applications. The history of origami followed after the
invention of paper and was a result of paper's use in
society. Independent paper folding traditions exist in
East Asia and Europe, and it is unclear whether these
evolved separately or had a common source.

III. Field scientists
Once upon a time, a young man who had studied
Biology, and he always went to mountains for
camping and resting with his family; one day he
saw a special kind of bird which he did not know
and decided to begin an investigation. He did a
plan with his workmates; first they must camped
each weekend and film the movements of the
bird, the sound of his singing, and took pictures
of the environment for 3 months. Second they
gathered all information and did questions about
the behavior of the animal and try to answer
with the scientific available information at that
moment. They concluded this kind of bird did not
exist in the previous researches and anyone
scientific had discovered it until that time.

Scientific Method:

IV. Cellular world
Hundreds, even thousands, of microscopic
organisms can live in a single drop of pond water.
Some protozoa are just a few microns (a few
thousandth of a millimeter) long. Tens of
thousands of these could easily fit into a drop of
water. Some bacteria are even smaller;
we observed microscopic organisms found in
pond water using a hand lens, 30x magnification,
and 100x magnification.

We saw the following types of cells in the microscope:
1. ASTERIONELLA: They are frequently found in star shaped colonies of
individuals. cell size is 60-80 micrometer long and 2-4 micrometer
wide. It forms colonies that often consist of eight cells, but can vary
up to 20 cells. The cells in the colony are attached by the apex by
extracellular matter. By the way the cells are attached to each other,
the colonies often look like stars or spiralling chains.
2. CERATIUM: Most species of Ceratium are unicellular
organisms that are characterized by their armored plates, two
flagella, and horns. Species of Ceratium are found worldwide
and are of concern due to their blooms.

V. Natural Dyes
Natural dyes are obtained from the color of the
flowers, this dye can be used as paint or also to color
clothes.

CHEMISTRY OF INDIGO:
The majority of natural dyes are vegetable
dyes from plant sources—
roots,berries, bark, leaves, and wood—and other
organic sources such as fungi andlichens.
Archaeologists have found evidence
of textile dyeing dating back to
the Neolithicperiod. In China, dyeing with plants,
barks and insects has been traced back more
than 5,000 years. The essential process of dyeing
changed little over time. In the 18th
century Jeremias Friedrich Gülich made
substantial contributions to refining the dyeing
process, making particular progress on setting
standards on dyeing sheep wool and many other
textiles. His contributions to refining the dying
process and his theories on colour brought much
praise by the well known poet and artist Johann
Wolfgang von Goethe. The essential process of
dyeing requires soaking the material containing
the dye (the dyestuff) in water, adding the textile
to be dyed to the resulting solution
(thedyebath), and bringing the solution to
a simmer for an extended period, often
measured in days or even weeks, stirring
occasionally until the color has evenly
transferred to the textiles