wp_U_20110301

34567
5 6>55
w) ˚&
˚x
˚ ˚˚ &H

34567
S`*3
V*3/\-\ ,m]daV*B
86 5:6>>>
5

`\`\h1ab,\
\-`\YZ\y ,*3Z\abS
w'b* +W*-*q ,1abn \ g*`ab,1 +d/1b ]`\]\,1/*Z* ]\ ,a1y
\+Sb*1Y\y 41YW1 /Wq a,S/1b1Wnab,* ,a1Y Z*`\/*YE
S b\-/* ]`S/1b V\Z1gx L˚) 68B58MD
˚ +\-\aW\,m af\/qbaq ,\ YZ1O
ZSSE hb\ ob\b abSf Z1\+mh*yZ\ ,*31ZD
Z ,*31ZE ]\b\Yd hb\ /1qb1WnZ\abnE \ V\b\O
`\y , Z1Y -\,\`SbaqE \f,*bSb ,1an YS`D `\O
Y1b\-\E\Z,*31ZE]\b\Ydhb\dV*4m,*1bEh1Y
/\W3Zm +mbn 4*Zqbm f`SabS*Z1 P ]`\]\,1O
/npD W*-\/*`q ob\y ]`\]\,1/S Wp/S daWmO
j*b \ h`14,mh*yZ\ 4Z*hSY\Y a\+mbSSE V\b\O
`\1 Sada Z*4,*W wV\Zg\YxD
`\`\h1ab,\ S4 ob\-\ abSf* Sa]\WZq1baq
, Z*jS /ZSD Z\ 4*b`*-S,*1b S ,*aE ]\aV\WnO
Vd +W*-*q ,1abn a\/1`3Sb V*V ]`S-W*j1O
ZS1E b*V S ]`1/d]`13/1ZS1D Z* ]`1/\ab*,O
Wq1b ,*Y ,m+\`B ]`SZqbn *`ab,\ \-* SWS
\b,1`-Zdbn 1-\D *j1 `1j1ZS1 ]\,WSq1b Z*
,ap ,*jd 3S4ZnD
˙*,*yb1 `*aaY\b`SY ob\b abSf , V\ZO
b1Vab1D ˛* Z1aV\WnV\ /Z1y /\ b\-\E V*V Sada
+mW V*4Z1ZE V Z1Yd ]\/\jWS dh1ZSVS S
a]`\aSWS 1-\ \ +d/dk1YD ZS f\b1WS 4Z*bnE
V\-/* +d/1b dab*Z\,W1Z\ *`ab,\ \-*E \ V\O
b\`\Y b*V YZ\-\ -\,\`SW SadaD Y b*V31
f\b1W\an d4Z*bn \ w4*,1`j1ZSS aSab1Ym ,1O
k1yxE SWSE a\-W*aZ\ /`d-SY ]1`1,\/*YE
wV\Zg1 a,1b*x L*be1q 68B7E \,`1Y1ZZmy
]1`1,\/MD
b,1h*q SYE Sada ]`1/aV*4*W V`d]Z\Y*aO
jb*+Zm1 ,\yZmE -\W\/E o]S/1YSS S `*4`dO
jSb1WnZm1 41YW1b`qa1ZSqD b\Yd 31 \Z
aV*4*WE hb\ +144*V\ZS1 Z1\+mh*yZ\ dYZ\O
3SbaqE hb\ `1WS-S\4Zm1 W31dhSb1WS +d/db
,,\/Sbn YZ\-Sf , 4*+Wd3/1ZS1 S hb\ SaO
bSZZmf f`SabS*Z +d/db Z1Z*,S/1bn S ]`1aO
W1/\,*bnD a1 ob\ +mW\ ]W\f\y ,1abnp L*bO
e1q 68B8P57C dVS 65B55MD
\ +mW* S +W*-*q ,1abnD Z* 4*VWph1Z* ,
aW\,*f Sada*E ]`S,1/1ZZmf ,Z*h*W1D 'bS
aW\,* ,1V*YS ,\WZ\,*WS Wp/1y S ,a1WqWS
, ZSf Z*/13/dD /Z*V\E f\bq YZ\-S1 ]`S4Z*O
pb ,*3Z\abn b1f aW\,E \ZS ]\O`*4Z\Yd Sf ]\O
ZSY*pbD b\ 31 b*V\1 +W*-*q ,1abnH b\ b*O
V\1 *`ab,\H \-/* S V1Y +d/1b Sa]\WZ1Z\
ob\ ]`\`\h1ab,\H \ V*V\Y V\Zg1 S/1b `1hnH
˙*,*yb1 d4Z*1YD
˝˚) ") ˙ 5 6>55 3

\ b*V\1 *`ab,\ \-*H
w'b* +W*-*q ,1abn \ g*`ab,1DDDx L˚) 68B58MD
˚• 4Z*Y1ZSb\y *-\`Z\y ]`\O
]\,1/S Sada /*W \+`*41g Y\WSbO
,mE , V\b\`\yE ]\YSY\ ]`\h1-\E a\/1`3SbO
aq ]`\an+*B wdabn ]`S/1b b,\1 g*`ab,\xD
SWWS\Zm Wp/1y 4Z*pb obd Y\WSb,d
Z*S4dabn S h*ab\ ]\,b\`qpb 11D \/O
Z\y oZgSVW\]1/SS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ ob\ P
w-W*,Z*q Y\WSb,*E V\b\`dp ,\4Z\aqb ,a1
f`SabS*Z1xD /Z*V\ YZ\-S1E Vb\ ]`\S4Z\O
aSb 11E Z1 SY1pb ]`1/ab*,W1ZSq ZS \ b\YE
hb\ b*V\1 *`ab,\E ZS \ b\YE hb\ \Z\ a\O
,1`jSbE V\-/* ]`S/1b L*be1q :B=E 5>MD
Z1d/S,Sb1WnZ\D ˙df\,1Zab,\ f`SO
abS*ZaV\-\ YS`* /*1b ]`\bS,\`1hS,m1E
4*]db*ZZm1 S Z1]\ZqbZm1 \+lqaZ1ZSq
b\-\E hb\ b*V\1 *`ab,\D /SZ ]`\]\O
,1/ZSV -\,\`SbE hb\ *`ab,\ \-* P
ob\ wZ1hb\ a,1`fl1ab1ab,1ZZ\1xE w,ZdbO
`1ZZqq a,q4n a 3S,mY \-\YxE w1/SZ1ZS1
a \-\YE , V\b\`\Y Yd3hSZm S 31ZkSO
Zm \+`1b*pb a]*a1ZS1xD ˙`d-\y \]`1/1O
Wq1b 1,*Z-1WS1 \ *`ab,1 V*V wZ*ab*,W1O
ZS1 \ g1`V,SxD , w*b1fS4Sa1 *b\WSh1O
aV\y g1`V,Sx -\,\`SbaqB w*`ab,\ \O
3S1 P ]`*,1/Z\abn S YS` S `*/\abn ,\
˙df1 ,qb\YxD
* ,b\`\y ab`*ZSg1 ob\-\ 3d`Z*W* ,m
Z*y/1b1 +\W11 qaZ\1 \+lqaZ1ZS1D *Y -\O
,\`SbaqE hb\ w*`ab,\ \-* P `1*WnZ\1
]`*,Sb1Wnab,\ Z* Z1+1xE V\b\`\1 ,aV\`1
]\V\ZhSb a\ 4W\Y S ]`1,`*bSb 41YWp
, `*yD ˙*,*yb1 `*aaY\b`SYE V*V S+WSq
]\//1`3S,*1b obd b\hVd 4`1ZSqD
`*,Sb1WS Z*/ ,a1y 41YW1y
*`ab,\ P ob\ ]`*,Sb1Wnab,\E ,\ -W*O
,1 V\b\`\-\ ab\Sb g*`nD *`n \3n1-\
*`ab,* P ,\aV`1ajSy Sada `Sab\aD
˚-\ ,\g*`1ZS1 Z* Z1+1a*f \]Sa*Z\ , VZSO
-1 ]`\`\V* ˙*ZSSW*B w) ,S/1W , Z\hO
Zmf ,S/1ZSqfE V*V a Z1+1aZmYS \+W*O
V*YS j1W Vb\Ob\E ]\/\+Zmy amZd h1W\,1O
h1aV\Yd SadaD ˚Yd +mW\ ]\4,\W1Z\
]\/\ybS V ˙`1,Z1Yd ˙ZqYS 1-\,1 \O
-dE S \Z +mW ]\/,1/1Z V 1YdD 1Yd +mO
W\ /*Z\ ]`*,W1ZS1E /\ab\SZab,\ S g*`O
ab,\E hb\+m ,a1 Z*`\/mE ]W1Y1Z* S q4mO
VS aWd3SWS 1YdD ˚-\ ]`*,W1ZS1 P ]`*,O
W1ZS1 Z* ,1V*E V\b\`\1 Z1 ]`1V`*bSbaqE S
1-\ g*`ab,\ Z1 +d/1b `*4`dj1Z\x L˙*ZSO
SW ;B57E 58MD
4 VZS-S ˙*ZSSW* Ym b*V31 d4Z*O
1YE hb\ *`ab,\ +d/1b db,1`3/1Z\ \O
-\Y S hb\ \Z\ ]\W\3Sb V\Z1g ,a1Y h1W\O
,1h1aVSY ]`*,Sb1Wnab,*YE * a*Y\ ZSV\-O
/* Z1 +d/1b ZS4,1`-Zdb\D \ ,b\`\y -W*,1
ob\y VZS-S a\\+k*1baqE hb\ g*`p *,SO
W\Z* ]`SaZSWaq a\Z \b \-*D Z1Y g*`n
34567
˚aWS ,m 31W*1b1 ]\WdhSbn +\Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSS SWS
f\bSb1E hb\+m a ,*YS ]`\,\/SW\an +1a]W*bZ\1 /\O
Y*jZ11 S4dh1ZS1 S+WSSE ]\3*Wdyab*E ]SjSb1 ,S/1O
b1WqY 1-\,m ]\ \/Z\Yd S4 ZS31dV*4*ZZmf */`1a\,D
\WZmy a]Sa\V */`1a\, eSWS*W\, Y\3Z\ Z*ybS Z*
www.watchtower.org/address.
4
`Y1ZSqB >>5>E ˚`1,*ZE *Nq ;9D 1W*`danB 1WS-S\4Z\1
\+l1/SZ1ZS1 ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m , 1a]d+WSV1 1W*`danE
66>>7>E SZaVE *Nq =D 1WSV\+`Sb*ZSqB The Ridgeway,
London NW7 1RN. 1`Y*ZSqB Am Steinfels, 65617 Selters.
`d4SqB >5>6E +SWSaSO6E *Nq 67;D 4`*SWnB P.O. Box 29345,
Tel Aviv 61293. *4*fab*ZB >9>>>>E WY*bmE *Nq 5=>E SjV1VE *Nq D *b,SqB A.k. 15, Rıga,
LV-1001. Sb,*B P.d. 2632, LT-48022 Kaunas. \W/*,SqE
1a]d+WSV*B PO Box 472E MD-2005 Chi Ÿsin au. ‘ \aaSqB
,S/1b1WqY 1-\,mE *Nq 5>>>D
"B 25 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, NY 11201-2483. V`*SO
Z*B ;=8=5E n,T,O`pf\,ShTE */a =99D SZWqZ/SqB Postbox
68, FI-01301 Vantaa. 'ab\ZSqB PO Box 1075, 10302 Tallinn.
The Watchtower (ISSN 0043-1087) is published semimonthly
by Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New
York, Inc.; M. H. Larson, President; G. F. Simonis,
Secretary-Treasurer; 25 Columbia Heights, Brooklyn, NY
11201-2483. 2011 Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society
of PennsylvaniaD 4/*b1Wnab,\B Wachtturm Bibel- und
Traktat-Gesellschaft der Zeugen Jehovas, e. V., Selters/
Taunus. Verantwortliche Redaktion: Ramon Templeton,
Selters/Taunus. a1 ]`*,* a\f`*ZqpbaqD Printed in Germany.
Vol. 132, No. 5 Semimonthly RUSSIAN

d,S/1W \-`\YZdp ab*bdpE V\b\`*q
]`1/ab*,Wq1b aY1ZqpkS1 /`d- /`d-* YSO
`\,m1 /1`3*,mD `\`\V ˙*ZSSW Sab\WO
V\,*W ob\b a\Z S `*aaV*4*WE hb\ ]`\O
S4\y/1b w, ]\aW1/ZS1 /ZSxB w\- Z1+1aO
Zmy dab*Z\,Sb g*`ab,\E V\b\`\1 ZSV\-O
/* Z1 +d/1b `*4`dj1Z\D 'b\ g*`ab,\ Z1
+d/1b ]1`1/*Z\ /`d-\Yd Z*`\/dD Z\ a\O
V`djSb ,a1 obS g*`ab,* S ]\W\3Sb SY V\O
Z1gE * a*Y\ +d/1b ab\qbn ,1hZ\x L˙*ZSSW
6B6MD
\h1Yd ,1abn \ *`ab,1 P +W*-*q
+`*bSb1 ,ZSY*ZS1E hb\ Sadad `SO
abd /*Z* ,W*abn Z*/ ,a1YS wZ*`\/*YSE
]W1Y1Z*YS S q4mV*YSx S hb\ 1-\ a\]`*O
,Sb1WS w+d/db g*`ab,\,*bn Z*/ 41YW1yxD
Vb\ ]\//*ZZm1 *`ab,*H 'b\ b1E Vb\
\bVWSV*1baq Z* +W*-dp ,1abnE V\b\`*q
]`\,\4-W*j*1baq , Z*jS /ZSD `\Y1 b\O
-\E ]\//*ZZmYS ab*Zdb S b1E Vb\ ,\aV`1aO
Z1b /Wq 3S4ZS Z* 41YW1 S \+`1b1b Z*/13O
/d 3Sbn ,1hZ\D
S+WSq V`*a\hZ\ \]Sam,*1b +W*-\aW\O
,1ZSqE V\b\`m1 +d/db S4WSbm Z* Wp/1y
]\/ ]`*,W1ZS1Y *`ab,*D \b Z1V\b\`m1
S4 ZSfB
w\- ]`1V`*k*1b ,\yZm /\ V`*q 41YO
WSE W\Y*1b WdV S `*4`d+*1b V\]n1E
V\W1aZSgm a3S-*1b \-Z1Yx La*W\Y
8:B=MD
wp/S +d/db ab`\Sbn /\Y* S 3Sbn ,
ZSfE +d/db `*4,\/Sbn ,SZ\-`*/ZSVS
S 1abn Sf ]W\/mD 1 +d/1b b*VE hb\
\ZS ]\ab`\qbE * 3Sbn +d/1b /`dO
-\yE ]\a*/qbE * 1abn +d/1b /`d-\yx
La*Sq :9B65E 66MD
w\- \b`1b ,aqVdp aW14d a Sf -W*4E S
aY1`bS d31 Z1 +d/1bE ZS aV\`+SE ZS
,\]WqE ZS +\WS d31 Z1 +d/1bD `13O
Z11 ]`\jW\x LbV`\,1ZS1 65B7E 8MD
w\-/* `*aV`\pbaq -W*4* aW1]mf S djS
-WdfSf \bV`\pbaqD \-/* f`\Y\y +dO
/1b aV*V*bnE V*V \W1ZnE S q4mV Z1O
Y\-\ +d/1b `*/\abZ\ ,\aVWSg*bnx
La*Sq 79B9E :MD
w*ab*1b h*aE , V\b\`my ,a1 Z*f\/qO
kS1aq , ]*YqbZmf aVW1]*f daWmO
j*b 1-\ Sada* -\W\a S ,my/dbB
Vb\ /1W*W /\+`\ P /Wq ,\aV`1a1ZSq
3S4ZSx L\*ZZ* 9B6

\ b*V\1 +W*-*q ,1abnH
w'b* +W*-*q ,1abnDDDx L˚) 68B58MD
]\`dh1Z\ ]`\]\,1/\,*bn
w+W*-dp ,1abn \ g*`ab,1xE b\ 1abn `*aaV*O
4m,*bn \ Z1Y /`d-SYE \+lqaZqqE hb\ \Z\ q,WqO
1baq ]`*,Sb1Wnab,\YE V\b\`\1 +d/1b a]`*,1/O
WS,\ ]`*,Sbn ,a1y 41YW1yD \ ab\Sbn \bY1O
bSbnE hb\ ,m`*31ZS1 w+W*-*q ,1abnx Sa]\WnO
4d1baq , S+WSS , a\h1b*ZSS a `*4ZmYS
aW\,*YSE Z*]`SY1` w+W*-*q ,1abn \DDD a]*a1O
ZSSxE w\3nq +W*-*q ,1abnxE w+W*-*q ,1abn
\+ Sada1 `Sab1x La*W\Y =:B6C SYWqZ*Y
59B5:C *`V* 5B5MD
˚aWS aV*4*bn ]`\ab\E +W*-*q ,1abn ,VWph*O
1b , a1+q ,a1E h1Yd dhSW Sada S \ h1Y ]SO
a*WS 1-\ dh1ZSVSD 1`1/ b1Y V*V ,\4Z1abSan
Z* Z1+\E Sada ]\,1W1W a,\SY ]\aW1/\,*b1O
WqYB w/Sb1 S ,\ ,a1f Z*`\/*f ]\/-\b*,WSO
,*yb1 dh1ZSV\,E V`1abq Sf ,\ SYq bg*E mZ*
W*-*q ,1abn P ob\ ,1abn \ *`ab,1
\-*Sa]*a1ZSS+W*-\/*`q,1`1
, Sada* `Sab*
S a,qb\-\ /df* S dh* Sf a\+Wp/*bn ,a1E hb\ q
,*Y ]\,1W1Wx L*be1q 6MD ˛Z*hSbE SaO
bSZZm1 f`SabS*Z1 /\W3Zm Z1 b\WnV\ `*aaV*O
4m,*bn /`d-SY \ *`ab,1E Z\ S ]\/-\b*,WSO
,*bn dh1ZSV\,D
a]\WZqpb WS g1`V,S ob\ ]\,1W1ZS1H 1E
Vb\ Z1 ]\ZSY*1bE hb\ b*V\1 *`ab,\ \-*EP *
b*VSf Z1Y*W\EP Z1 Y\-db /*bn \ Z1Y b\hZm1
4Z*ZSq /`d-SYD Y1ab\ ob\-\ \ZS ]`\S4Z\aqb
]`SqbZm1 ]`\]\,1/S \ ]`\k1ZSS -`1f\, S ,1O
`1 , Sada*D b\Yd 31 \ZS ]mb*pbaq ]\]\WO
ZSbn `q/m a,\Sf ]`S,1`31Zg1,E 4*ZSY*qan
a\gS*WnZmYS ]`\+W1Y*YSE ab`\q +\WnZSgmE
jV\Wm S ]`Spbm /Wq +14/\YZmfD \4Y\3O
Z\E ob\ S ]`S,W1V*1b Z\,mf ]`Sf\3*ZE \/Z*O
V\ ob\ Z1 /1W*1b Sf SabSZZmYS f`SabS*Z*YSE
V\b\`m1 +m SaV`1ZZ1 ab*`*WSan 3Sbn , a\O
-W*aSS a b1YE h1Yd dhSW SadaD
/SZ +\-\aW\, ]Sj1bB w f`SabS*ZaVSf
V`d-*f Z*y/1baq Z1 b*V YZ\-\ dh1Zmf SWS `dO
V\,\/Sb1W1yE V\b\`m1 ab*Zdb \b`Sg*bnE hb\
Ym /\W3Zm ]\/-\b*,WS,*bn /Wq Sada* dh1O
ZSV\, SWS ]\aW1/\,*b1W1y S dhSbn Sf Sa]\WO
Zqbn ,a1E hb\ \Z ]\,1W1WD DDD V*4*ZSq SO
ada* ]\ ob\Yd ,\]`\ad ]`1/1WnZ\ qaZmD m
]`\ab\ Z1 Sa]\WZq1Y b\-\E hb\ \Z aV*4*WD
/*31Z1]mb*1YaqD˙*EZ*,1`Z\1ESZ14Z*O
1YE V*V ob\ /1W*bnxD
\ /*ZZmY \/Z\-\ \]`\a*E ]`\,1/1ZZ\-\
, \1/SZ1ZZmf "b*b*f a`1/S V*b\WSV\,E
=9 ]`\g1Zb\, \]`\j1ZZmf ]`S4Z*pbE hb\
]`\]\,1/n +W*-\y ,1abS P ob\ b`1+\,*ZS1 Sf
,1`mD \ ]\hbS ,a1 \ZS ahSb*pbE hb\ Wdhj1
]`\]\,1/\,*bn Z1 aW\,*YSE * WShZmY ]`SY1O
`\YD /Z* S4 \]`\j1ZZmf aV*4*W*B w˚,*Z-1O
WS4*gSq P ob\ Z1 ]`\ab\ aW\,*E aW\,*E aW\,*D
*Y Zd3Z\ ab*bn W*-\y 1abnpxD 3d`Z*O
W1w(DDV*b\WSVxEV\b\`my]`\,\/SW/*ZO
Zmy \]`\aE \bY1h*W\anE hb\ YZ\-S1 Z1 f\bqb
-\,\`Sbn \ a,\1y ,1`1 a /`d-SYSE ]\b\Yd hb\
Sf aYdk*1b w]W\f*q `1]db*gSq g1`V,SE a,qO
4*ZZ*q a Z1/*,ZSYS aV*Z/*W*YS ,\V`d- a,qO
k1ZZSV\,O]1/\eSW\,E * b*V31 a]\`Zm1 dh1O
ZSq g1`V,Sx LUDSD CatholicMD
/SZ Y1b\/SabaVSy 1]SaV\] a\V`dj*WaqE
hb\ ]`Sf\3*Z1 1-\ g1`V,1y `*4\+k1Zm S
]\WZm a\YZ1ZSyE SY Z1/\ab*1b aY1W\abS SaO
]\WZqbn a,\p YSaaSpE * Sf Z`*,ab,1ZZm1
Z\`Ym ZShdbn Z1 ,mj1E h1Y d \+k1ab,* , g1O
W\YD Z `*4\h*`\,*ZZ\ a]`\aSWB wb\ 31 /\O
ab\SZ Z1abS 1,*Z-1WS1 \ *`ab,1 S Vb\ /1W*O
1b ob\Hx
1]SaV\]* Z1 Z*jW\an \b,1b* Z* ob\b ,\O
]`\aD \ \b,1b 1abnD m Z*y/1b1 1-\ , aW1/dO
pk1y ab*bn1D
6 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 6>55

\ ]`\]\,1/d1b
+W*-dp ,1abnH
wDDD+d/1b ]`\]\,1/*Z* ]\ ,a1y \+Sb*1Y\y 41YW1x L˚) 68B58MD
˙˚˚ ˚% ]`\]\,1/dpb
+W*-dp ,1abn ]\ ,a1Yd YS`d a*YmYS
`*4ZmYS a]\a\+*YSE Z*]`SY1`DDD
abZmY aW\,\YD W1/dq ]`SY1`d Sada* S
1-\ dh1ZSV\,E ,S/1b1WS 1-\,m Z1adb WpO
/qY +W*-dp ,1abn LdVS B5MD ZS Z1
3/dbE hb\ Wp/S ]`S/db V ZSY a*YSD a1
,S/1b1WSE * Sf Z*ahSbm,*1baq +\W11 a1YS
YSWWS\Z\,E `*aaV*4m,*pb Wp/qY \ *`O
ab,1 \-*D ZS ]`\]\,1/dpb ]\ /\Y*YE Z*
dWSg*fE ]\ b1W1e\ZdE * b*V31 Sa]\Wn4dpb
Wp+dp /`d-dp ,\4Y\3Z\abnD ]`\jW\Y
-\/d ,S/1b1WS ]\a,qbSWS ob\Yd /1Wd +\O
W11 ]\Wdb\`* YSWWS*`/\, h*a\,D
ZS Z1 b\WnV\ -\,\`qb Wp/qY \ *`ab,1
\-*E Z\ S dh*b ,a1YdE hb\ Sada ]\,1W1W
a\+Wp/*bn L*be1q 6MD \ob\Yd \ZS `1O
-dWq`Z\ ]`\,\/qb a,mj1 ,\anYS YSWWS\O
Z\, +1a]W*bZmf /\Y*jZSf S4dh1ZSy S+O
WSSD
,S/1b1WS 1-\,m ]`\]\,1/dpb ]\ ,a1y
41YW1E , 67: ab`*Z*f S b1``Sb\`SqfD ZS
+1a1/dpb a Wp/nYS a*Y\-\ `*4Z\-\ ]`\O
Saf\3/1ZSqE -/1 +m b1 ZS 3SWSB , -\`\/*f
S /1`1,ZqfE *Y*4\ZaVSf /3dZ-Wqf S aS+S`O
aV\y b*y-1E *e`SV*ZaVSf ]dabmZqf S SO
Y*W*yaVSf -\`*fD ,S/1b1WS Z1 ]\Wdh*pb
4* ob\ ]W*bdD \+d3/*1Ym1 Wp+\,np V \O
-d S +WS3Z1YdE \ZS b`*bqb Z* ob\ a,\S ,`1O
Yq S a`1/ab,*D b\Yd 31 \ZS ,\4,1k*pb
+W*-dp ,1abnDDD
1h*bZmY aW\,\YD S`*3 V*3/\-\ ,m]dO
aV* 3d`Z*W* wb\`\31,*q +*jZq ,\4,1k*O
1b *`ab,\ 1-\,mxE S4/*,*1Y\-\ Z* 5
q4mV*fD ˛* ]\aW1/ZS1 5> W1b ,S/1b1WS
1-\,m ,m]dabSWS S `*a]`\ab`*ZSWS +\O
W11 6> YSWWS*`/\, oV41Y]Wq`\, ob\y ]`\O
/dVgSSE b\ 1abn , a`1/Z1Y Z* V*3/\-\ 3SO
b1Wq ]W*Z1bm ]`Sf\/Sbaq ]\ b`S oV41YO
]Wq`*I
,S/1b1WS 1-\,m b*V31 ]1h*b*WS SWS
4*V*4m,*WS , /`d-Sf bS]\-`*eSqf `*4O
WShZm1 ]1`1,\/m S+WSSD w,qk1ZZ\1
Sa*ZS1 P 1`1,\/ Z\,\-\ YS`*x P S4O
/*ZS1E V\b\`\1 ]1`1,\/qbE ]1h*b*pb S `*aO
]`\ab`*Zqpb ,S/1b1WSEP /\abd]Z\ ]\WO
Z\abnp SWS h*abShZ\ Z* =: q4mV*fD * a1O
-\/ZqjZSy /1Zn `*a]`\ab`*Z1Z\ +\W11
5:: YSWWS\Z\, oV41Y]Wq`\, ob\-\ ]1`1,\O
/* S+WSSD `\Y1 b\-\E ,S/1b1WS /1WqbO
aq +W*-\y ,1abnp \ *`ab,1DDD
* f`SabS*ZaVSf ,ab`1h*fD ˚31Z1/1WnZm1
,ab`1hSE V\b\`m1 ]`\,\/qbaq , ˛*W*f
,S/1b1WS 1-\,m ]`\]\,1/dpb
+W*-dp ,1abn ]\ ,a1Yd YS`d

*`ab,*E Z1 ]`\ab\ `1WS-S\4Zm1 aWd3+mE
Sf g1Wn P \+dh1ZS1D * obSf ,ab`1h*f 4,dO
h*b +S+W1yaVS1 /\VW*/m Sa]\Y\knp `*4O
WShZmf ]d+WSV*gSy S4dh*1baq S+WSqD
*V31 Z* ZSf ,S/1b1WS dh*baq dY1W\
,\4,1k*bn +W*-dp ,1abnD
,S/1b1WS +\W11 h1Y , 5>; >>> a\+`*O
ZSy ,\ ,a1Y YS`1 S4dh*pb S+WSp ]\ \/O
Z\y ]`\-`*YY1E S ob\ a]\a\+ab,d1b Sf
1/SZab,dD ˙,1`S ˛*W\, *`ab,* \bV`mbm
/Wq ,a1fD * ,ab`1h*f Z1 ]`\,\/Sbaq ZSO
V*VSf /1Z13Zmf a+\`\,D \Z1hZ\E ,a1 ob\
+mW\ +m +1aaYmaW1ZZ\E 1aWS ,S/1b1WS Z1
3SWS +m , a\-W*aSS a b1YE \ h1Y ]`\]\,1O
/dpbD \ob\YdE ]\YSY\ ]`\h1-\E \ZS ]`SO
,W1V*pb Wp/1y V +W*-\y ,1abSDDD
`SY1`ZmY ]\,1/1ZS1YD ,S/1b1WS 1O
-\,m ab`1Yqbaq +mbn \+`*4g\,mYS f`SabSO
*Z*YS S \+`*k*pbaq a /`d-SYS b*VE V*V
f\bqbE hb\+m b1 \+`*k*WSan a ZSYS L*bO
e1q ;B56MD \bq ,S/1b1WS Z1a\,1`j1ZZm
S SZ\-/* \jS+*pbaqE \ZSE ]`\q,Wqq SaO
V`1ZZpp Wp+\,n V\ ,a1Y Wp/qYE Z1 b\WnV\
/1Wqbaq a ZSYS +W*-\y ,1abnpE Z\ S ]`\bqO
-S,*pb SY `dVd ]\Y\kSE V\-/* ob\ ,\4O
Y\3Z\D
,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m Z1b g1WS \+`*bSbn
, a,\p ,1`d ,1an YS`D ZS 4Z*pbE hb\E V\-/*
a b\hVS 4`1ZSq 1-\,m ]`\]\,1/n +d/1b 4*O
,1`j1Z*E ]`S/1b V\Z1gE V*V S ]`1/aV*4*W
SadaD b\ ob\ +d/1b \4Z*h*bn /Wq 41YWS S
h1W\,1h1ab,*H
1Yd w]`S/1b V\Z1gxH
wDDDS b\-/* ]`S/1b V\Z1gx L˚) 68B58MD
" /ZS SZb1`1a Wp/1y V b1Y1 \
V\Zg1 a,1b*E V*31baqE Z1 d-*a*1bD
ZS-SE eSWnYmE 3d`Z*WmE \b pY\`SO
abSh1aVSf /\ Z*dhZmfE `Sadpb 4W\,1kS1
V*`bSZm ad/Z\-\ /ZqE Z*]`SY1`B dZShO
b\31ZS1 , q/1`Z\y ,\yZ1E ab\WVZ\,1ZS1 a
*ab1`\S/\YE `*a]`\ab`*Z1ZS1 aY1`b\Z\aO
Z\-\ ,S`da*E V*b*ab`\eSh1aV\1 S4Y1Z1O
ZS1 VWSY*b* SWS ,b\`31ZS1 ]`Sj1Wng1,D
\ ob\Yd ,\]`\ad Z1b 1/SZ\-\ YZ1ZSq S
, `1WS-S\4Zmf V`d-*fD Z\-S1 dh*bE hb\
]`1/aV*4*ZZmy wV\Z1gx dZShb\3Sb ,a1
3S,\1 Z* 41YW1D \YY1ZbS`dq *be1q
68B58E \/SZ +\-\aW\, Z*]Sa*W b*VS1 Y`*hO
Zm1 aW\,*B w'b\b abSf P \/SZ S4 Z*S+\O
W11 ,*3Zmf ,\ ,a1Y W\,1 \-*DDD DDD DDD*O
j1 ]\V\W1ZS1 ab\Sb ]1`1/ d-`\4\y b\O
b*WnZ\-\ dZShb\31ZSqE \ V\b\`\Y ab`*jO
Z\ S ]\/dY*bnxD
1E Vb\ `*4/1Wq1b b*VS1 ,4-Wq/mE d]dO
aV*pb S4 ,S/d ,*3Zdp SabSZdB 1-\,*
\- wdb,1`/SW 11 41YWpE a\b,\`SW 11 Z1
Z*]`*aZ\E a\4/*W 11 /Wq b\-\E hb\+m \Z*
+mW* Z*a1W1Z*x La*Sq 89B5

\ +m ,m ]`1/]`SZqWSH Z1aWS +m
/\YH V\`11 ,a1-\E Z1bD 1`\qbZ\E ,m +m
,ma1WSWS ]W\fSf 3SWng\, S \b`1Y\ZbSO
`\,*WS b\E hb\ +mW\ aW\Y*Z\D
*V 31 ]\abd]Sb S \-D Z ,/\fZ\,SW
]a*WY\]1,g* 4*]Sa*bn aW1/dpkS1 aW\,*B
w˙1W*pkS1 4W\ +d/db Sab`1+W1ZmE * Z*O
/1pkS1aq Z* 1-\,d Z*aW1/dpb 41YWpD
˚k1Z1YZ\-\ESd31Z1+d/1bZ1h1abS,\O
-\C ]\aY\b`Sjn Z* 1-\ Y1ab\E S Z1b 1-\D
V`\bVS1 Z*aW1/dpb 41YWp S Z*aW*/qbO
aq \+SWS1Y YS`*x La*W\Y 7;B=P55MD
+ ob\Y 31 -\,\`SW *]\ab\W 1b`B
w ]`\jW\Y +mWS Z1+1a*E * b*V31 41YO
WqE V\b\`*q ]\ aW\,d \-* ]W\bZ\y Y*aa\y
,mabd]*W* S4 ,\/m S a`1/S ,\/mE ]\a`1/O
ab,\Y h1-\ adk1ab,\,*,jSy b\-/* YS`
+mW ]\-d+W1ZE V\-/* 1-\ 4*b\]SWS ,\/mx
L6 1b`* 7B9E :MD ˛/1an *]\ab\W aamW*1baq
Z* \b\] ,\ /ZS \qD \-/* +mW dZShb\O
31Z YS` Z1h1abS,mfE \/Z*V\ a 41YW1y ZSO
h1-\ Z1 aWdhSW\anD *,1/q \b\]E 1-\,*
w]\V*4*W Z1h1abS,g*Y ]`SY1` b\-\E hb\
+d/1bx L6 1b`* 6B:MD
˛*b1Y 1b` /\+*,SWB wmZ1jZS1 Z1+1O
a* S 41YWqDDD a\f`*Zqpbaq /Wq \-ZqxD ˚aWS
Z1 hSb*bn ob\b abSf /\ V\Zg*E b\ Y\3Z\
]`SybS V Z1,1`Z\Yd ,m,\/dD \ 4*Y1bnO
b1E hb\ , Z1Y /*W11 -\,\`SbaqB wDDDS -S+1WS
Z1h1abS,mf Wp/1yxD \-S+Z1b Z1 ]W*Z1O
b*E * Z1h1abS,m1 Wp/SD b\ +d/1b ]\b\YH
1b` Z*]Sa*WB wmE ]\ 1-\ \+1k*ZSpE
\3S/*1Y Z\,mf Z1+1a \3n1-\ 1aaSO
*ZaV\-\ *`ab,* S Z\,\y 41YWS ]`*,1/O
Z\-\ h1W\,1h1aV\-\ \+k1ab,*E Z* V\b\O
`mf +d/1b \+Sb*bn ]`*,1/Z\abnx L6 1b`*
7B;E 57MD
S+W1yaVS1 ]`\`\h1ab,* ]\V*4m,*pbE
hb\ +WS4V\ b\ ,`1YqE V\-/* w]`S/1b V\O
Z1gxD b\+m , ob\Y d+1/SbnaqE ]`\hSb*yO
b1 *be1q 68B7P58 S 6 SY\e1p 7B5P9D
1 d/S,Wq1b WS ,*a b\E hb\ , b\WV\,*O
ZSS aW\, S4 *be1q 68B58E V\b\`m1 Y\31b
]\Zqbn /*31 `1+1Z\VE adk1ab,d1b ]db*ZSO
g*H \Yd 1abn ]`ShSZmD *b*Z* \aW1]SW
dYm Wp/1yE hb\+m \ZS Z1 ]\ZqWS /`*-\O
g1ZZ\y SabSZm S4 \3n1-\ W\,* L6 \O
`SZeqZ*Y 8B8MD b\Yd 31 \- aV`mW a,\y
4*Yma1W \b ,ma\V\Y1`Zmf S \bV`mW 1-\
aYS`1ZZmYD + ob\Y Sada aV*4*WB wb1gE
\a]\/n Z1+* S 41YWSE aW*,Wp b1+q ]1`1/
,a1YSE 4* b\ hb\ bm aV`mW ob\ \b Yd/`mf
S dYZmf S \bV`mW YW*/1Zg*Yx L*be1q
55B69MD *V*q h1abn +mbn a`1/S aYS`1ZO
Zmf Wp/1yE V\b\`m1 ]\ZSY*pbE hb\ b*V\1
*`ab,\ \-*E S \3S/*pb 1-\ +W*-\aW\,1O
ZSyI
\Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSS ,m Y\31b1 Z*ybS , =Oy
-W*,1 VZS-S w1Yd Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 dhSb S+WSqHxD
4/*Z* ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,mD
*`ab,\ ]\W\3Sb V\Z1g
,a1Yd 4Wd Z* 41YW1

P
a\ab\qZS1 a1`/g*H
w*`ab,\ \3S1 ]`Sf\/Sb h1`14 `*4dYZ\1 a1`/g1xEP Z*]Sa*W *]* SYaVSy 1Z1/SVb XVI
, a,\1y VZS-1 wSada S4 *4*`1b*xD ˙Wq Z1V\b\`mf *`ab,\ \-* P ob\ ,a1-\ WSjn S4Y1Z1ZSq
,Zdb`S h1W\,1V*E V\b\`m1 ]`\Saf\/qbE V\-/* \Z ]`SZSY*1b Sada* `Sab* S `*4,S,*1b , Z1-\
,1`dD * a*Y\Y WS /1W1 *`ab,\ \-* Z1 +\W11 h1Y WShZ\abZ\1 ]`1\+`*4\,*ZS1E b\ 1abn
g*`ab,\ wb\WnV\ , ,*j1Y a1`/g1xH
˙) Sada* `Sab* *`ab,\ \-* SY1O
W\ \-`\YZ\1 4Z*h1ZS1D \ aW\,*Y 1O
Z1/SVb* XVIE *`ab,\ +mW\ wab1`3Z1Y
,a1y ]`\]\,1/S Sada*xD \ ,`1Yq a,\1-\
\bZ\aSb1WnZ\ V\`\bV\-\ aWd31ZSq Sada
f\/SW ]\ ,a1y *W1abSZ1E w]`\]\,1/dq
+W*-dp ,1abn \ g*`ab,1x L*be1q 8B67MD
,\SYSdh1ZSqYSShd/1a*YSSada/*W
]\ZqbnE hb\ *`ab,\ P ob\ +\Wnj1E h1Y
]`\ab\ ]`S4Z*ZS1 ,W*abS \-* S ]\,SZ\O
,1ZS1 1YdD Z\ a,q4*Z\ a ]`*,W1ZS1YE adO
/\Y S ,1hZmYS +W*-\aW\,1ZSqYSD
`*,W1ZS1 S ad/
/Z*3/mE V\-/* aWd31ZS1 Sada* +WSO
4SW\an V V\ZgdE V Z1Yd ]\/\jW* Y*bn /,df
1-\ +WS4VSf dh1ZSV\,E *V\,* S \*ZZ*E S
aV*4*W*B w\\+1k*yE hb\ \/SZ S4 /,df Y\O
Sf amZ\,1y aq/1b ]\ ]`*,dp `dVd \b b1+qE
* /`d-\y ]\ W1,dp , b,\1Y g*`ab,1x
L*be1q 6>B65MD )aZ\E hb\ \Z* Z1 -\,\`SW*
\ h1YOb\ , a1`/g1 11 amZ\,1yD Z* ]\ZSY*O
W*E hb\ +mbn , *`ab,1 P 4Z*hSb ]`*,Sbn
,Y1ab1 a Sada\YE S SY1ZZ\ ob\-\ \Z* f\O
b1W* /Wq a,\Sf amZ\,1yD `\Y1 b\-\E SO
ada ]\\+1k*W 55 ,1`ZmY *]\ab\W*YE hb\
\ZS aq/db Z* ]`1ab\Wm , 1-\ *`ab,1 S
+d/db ad/Sbn a ZSY LdVS 66B7>MD \ob\O
Yd , ]\ZSY*ZSS dh1ZSV\, Sada* *`ab,\
+mW\ `1*WnZmY ]`*,Sb1Wnab,\YD
b\ Y\3Z\ aV*4*bn \+ \ab*WnZmf WpO
/qfE 3S,jSf ,\ /ZS Sada*H hSb*WS WS
\ZSE hb\ *`ab,\ P ob\ ,a1-\ WSjn S4Y1O
Z1ZSq ,Zdb`S h1W\,1V*H \-/* Z14*/\W-\
/\ *afS 77 -\/* ZD oD Sada ,l143*W Z*
\aW1ZV1 , 1`da*WSYE b\W]m Wp/1y ]`SO
,1bab,\,*WS 1-\ S ,\aVWSg*WSB w\WSY
b1+qE a]*aS mZ* ˙*,S/*Ix L*be1q 65B=MD
h1Y -\,\`qb Sf aW\,*H \ ,a1y ,S/SO
Y\abSE b1 Wp/S ]`S4Z*,*WSE hb\ Sada P
\+1k*ZZmy 1aaSq S hb\ \- /*ab 1Yd
,1hZ\1 *`ab,\E w]`1ab\W 1-\ \bg* ˙*,SO
/*xD ZS 3*3/*WS a]*a1ZSqE YS`* S a]`*O
,1/WS,\abSE V\b\`m1 \Z\ ]`SZ1a1b LdVS
5B76C ˛*f*`Sq =B=MD
1hZm1 +W*-\aW\,1ZSq
˙*31 Wp/SE V\b\`m1 Y*W\ SZb1`1a\,*O
WSan aWd31ZS1Y Sada*E aWmj*WS \+ \/O
Z\Y S4 1-\ dh1ZSyD `1abd]ZSVE ,Sa1,O
jSy Z* ab\W+1 `q/\Y a Sada\YE ]\]`\O
aSW 1-\B wa]\YZS \+\ YZ1E V\-/* ]`SO
/1jn , a,\1 g*`ab,\xD b\ Sada 1Yd
\b,1bSWH wm +d/1jn a\ YZ\y , *pxEP
4*,1`SW \Z dYS`*pk1-\ h1W\,1V* LdVS
67B86E 87MD
\b `*4+\yZSVE ,1`\qbZ\E ,1`SWE hb\
SadaE ]\aW1 b\-\ V*V ,\aV`1aZ1b S4 Y1`bO
,mfE ,\y/1b , *`ab,\E SWSE /`d-SYS aW\O
,*YSE ]\WdhSb 1-\D Sada* +d/1b Z1
b\WnV\ ,W*abn ,\aV`1aSbn b\-\ h1W\,1V* S
]\Y\hn 1Yd Sa]`*,SbnaqE Z*`q/d a YSWWSO
\Z*YS /`d-Sf Wp/1yE Z\ S -\`qh11 31W*O
ZS1 a/1W*bn ob\D *V ]\WZ\]`*,Zmy *`n
10 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 6>55

Z1+1aZ\-\ *`ab,*E Sada S4\Wn1b ,1hZm1
+W*-\aW\,1ZSq Z* ,a1 h1W\,1h1ab,\ L\O
*ZZ* 9B6

˝˙() *4*`bZm1 S-`mH
eSWnY*f S b1W1j\d *4*`O
bZm1 S-`mE \a\+1ZZ\ , V*4SZ\E h*ab\
S4\+`*3*pbaq V*V ]`SqbZ\1 ,`1Yq]`1]`\O
,\3/1ZS1 V`*aS,mfE +\-*bmf S db\Zh1ZZmf
Wp/1yD \Z1hZ\E +\WnjSZab,\ 4`Sb1W1y ]\O
ZSY*pbE hb\ ob\ Z1 +\W11 h1Y e*Zb*4SS `1O
3Saa1`*D
a1 31 , `1*WnZ\y 3S4ZS W\b1`1SE +dVY1O
V1`aVS1 V\Zb\`m S *4*`bZm1 S-`m , V*4SZ\ S
, Zb1`Z1b1 \h1Zn ]\]dWq`ZmD *V \bY1h*O
1baq , \/Z\y VZS-1E *4*`bZm1 S-`m P ob\
w4*]\W\ZS,jSy ,1an YS` ]\`\VE V\b\`my
]`Sbq-S,*1b Wp/1yE V*V Y*-ZSbx LInternet
GamblingMD \V1`E V ]`SY1`dE a1-\/Zq ahSb*O
1baq ,S/\Y a]\`b*E 1-\ ]\V*4m,*pb ]\ b1W1O
,S/1ZSp S , Z1-\ S-`*pb , Zb1`Z1b1D \/O
Z\y -*41b1 a\\+k*W\anE hb\E ]\ /*ZZmY oVaO
]1`b\,E , \1/SZ1ZZmf "b*b*f 4* ]\aW1/O
ZS1 ]\Wb\`* -\/* hSaW\ S-`\V\, , ]\V1`
d/,\SW\anD
4*`bZm1 S-`m \]`1/1Wqpbaq V*V S-`m Z*
/1Zn-SE , V\b\`mf ,mS-`mj 4*,SaSb -W*,O
ZmY \+`*4\Y \b aWdh*q SWS ,141ZSqD Z\O
-S1 /dY*pbE hb\ 1aWS h1W\,1V S-`*1b Z* a,\S
/1Zn-S S d Z1-\ Z1b ]`Sab`*abSqE b\ , *4*`O
bZmf S-`*f Z1b ZSh1-\ ]W\f\-\D w\,\y
V*b\WSh1aV\y oZgSVW\]1/SSx -\,\`SbaqE hb\
S-`* Z* /1Zn-S wZ1 ahSb*1baq -`1f\YE 1aWS
d,W1h1ZS1 1p Z1 ]`1]qbab,d1b h1W\,1Vd ,mO
]\WZqbn a,\S \+q4*ZZ\abSx LNew Catholic
EncyclopediaMD /Z*V\ , ]\//1`3Vd ob\-\ ,mO
aV*4m,*ZSq Z1 ]`S,1/1Z\ ZS \/Z\-\ +S+O
W1yaV\-\ abSf*D *V f`SabS*Z*Y aW1/d1b \bO
Z\aSbnaq V *4*`bZmY S-`*YH ad3/*pbaq WS
\ZS , S+WSSH
W1/d1b \bY1bSbnE hb\ , ,qk1ZZ\Y Sa*O
ZSS Z1b ]`qYmf d]\YSZ*ZSy \+ *4*`bZmf
S-`*fD \ ob\ Z1 4Z*hSbE hb\ ]\ /*ZZ\Yd ,\O
]`\ad S+WSq Z1 /*1b ZSV*V\-\ `dV\,\/ab,*D
Z* Z1 dab*Z*,WS,*1b ]`*,SW /Wq V*3/\y
V\ZV`1bZ\y aSbd*gSSE Z\ ]\+d3/*1b Z*aB
w\abS-*yb1E , h1Y ,\Wq 1-\,mx L'e1aqZ*Y
9B5;MD \ aW\,*Y +S+W1Sab* 'D dWWSZ-1`*E
-`1h1aV\1 aW\,\E ]1`1,1/1ZZ\1 V*V w]\abSO
-*yb1xE \4Z*h*1b a,q4m,*bn ,\1/SZ\ h*abS
g1W\-\E 4*/1yab,dq wYmaWSb1WnZm1 a]\a\+O
Z\abS S 4Z*ZSqE ]\Wdh1ZZm1 ]db1Y `*4O
YmjW1ZSqxD *VSY \+`*4\YE f`SabS*ZSZ Y\O
31b ]\abShnE , h1Y ,\Wq \-* V*a*b1WnZ\
*4*`bZmf S-`E a,q4m,*q ,\1/SZ\ \bZ\aqkS1O
aq V ob\y b1Y1 +S+W1yaVS1 ]`SZgS]m S `*4O
YmjWqq Z*/ ZSYSD \-/* ,m +d/1b1 hSb*bn
+S+W1yaVS1 abSfSE ]`S,1/1ZZm1 , ob\y ab*O
bn1E a]`*jS,*yb1 a1+qB w\-W*ad1baq WS dh*O
abS1 , *4*`bZmf S-`*f a b1YE hb\ -\,\`Sbaq ,
obSf abSf*fH *V ,\Wq \-* ]\ ob\Yd ,\]`\O
ad `*aV`m,*1baq , 1-\ W\,1Hx
a1bqf d/*hS
\aV\WnVd *4*`bZm1 S-`m a,q4*Zm a\ aWdO
h*yZ\abnpE d/*h1 P YSabSh1aV\y aSW1E V\b\O
`*qE V*V ahSb*1baqE ,WSq1b Z* aWdh*yZm1 a\O
+mbSqEP ]`S/*1baq \-`\YZ\1 4Z*h1ZS1E S
12 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 6>55

Z1d/S,Sb1WnZ\E ,1/n Z* V\Z ]\ab*,W1Zm
/1Zn-SD *]`SY1`E Wp/S ]\Vd]*pb W\b1O
`1yZm1 +SW1bm a\ wah*abWS,mYSx Z\Y1`*YSE
S4 ad1,1`Z\-\ ab`*f* S4+1-*pb \]`1/1W1ZO
Zmf aW\, ,\ ,`1Yq Z1V\b\`mf S-` S /dpb Z*
S-`*WnZm1 V\abSE ]1`1/ b1Y V*V Sf +`\aSbnD
˛*h1Y \ZS ob\ /1W*pbH ZS ,1`qbE hb\ d/*h*
]\,WSq1b Z* `14dWnb*b SWS ]\ V`*yZ1y Y1`1
Y\31b ob\ a/1W*bnD
\ +14\+S/Z* WS ,1`* , d/*hdH *V ahSb*O
WS Z1V\b\`m1 S4`*SWnbqZ1 , /`1,Z\abSD ZS
Z*/1qWSanE hb\ d/*h* ]`SZ1a1b SY ]`\g,1b*O
ZS1D V*V Z* ob\ aY\b`1W 1-\,*H 1`14
]`\`\V* a*Sp \- \ad/SW S4`*SWnbqZE
w\ab*,WqpkSf 1-\,dE 4*+m,*pkSfDDD 1-\
a,qbdp -\`dE Z*V`m,*pkSf ab\W /Wq +\-*
/*hS S Z*WS,*pkSf ]`S]`*,W1ZZ\1 ,SZ\
/Wq +\-* d/n+mx La*Sq :9B55MD *V ,S/SYE a
b\hVS 4`1ZSq \-*E ,1`* , d/*hd P ob\ S/\O
W\]\VW\Zab,\D Z* Z1 a\,Y1abSY* a SabSZO
ZmY ]\VW\Z1ZS1YD Z1y \b`*3*1baq Z*/13O
/* Z* YZSYdp aSWdE * Z1 Z* SabSZZ\-\ \-*D
1b \aZ\,*ZSy ]\W*-*bnE hb\ YZ1ZS1 1-\,m
S4Y1ZSW\anD
mS-`mj P 4* h1y ah1bH
*V ]`*,SW\E ]\Vd]*q W\b1`1yZmy +SW1bE
/1W*q ab*,VS , +dVY1V1`aV\y V\Zb\`1E S-`*q
, V*4SZ\ SWS , Zb1`Z1b1E Wp/S Z1 4*/dYmO
,*pbaqE \bVd/* +1`dbaq /1Zn-S /Wq ,mS-`mO
j*D 4*`bZm1 S-`m \bWSh*pbaq \b h1abZmf
eSZ*Za\,mf \]1`*gSy b1YE hb\ S-`\V 31W*O
1b ,mS-`*bn /1Zn-SE V\b\`m1 /`d-S1 ]`\O
S-`*pbD w* V*3/\-\ h1W\,1V*E ,mS-`*,j1O
q-* V S-`1
\31b WS h1W\,1V ]`Sab`*abSbnaq V
*4*`bZmY S-`*YH aaW1/\,*, `1*VgSp
*4*`bZmf S-`\V\, Z* ,mS-`mjS S ]`\S-`mO
jSE /\Vb\` *Za `*yb1` aV*4*WB w`S Y\O
/1WS`\,*ZSS *4*`bZmf S-` \+Z*`d3SW\anB
,mS-`mj ,m4m,*1b , Y\4-1 b*VS1 31 ]`\O
g1aamE hb\ S ,,1/1ZS1 V\V*SZ* Z*`V\Y*ZdxD
-\ YSWWS\Z , W\b1`11EP a\\+k*1b V*Z*/O
aVSy 1Zb` SaaW1/\,*ZSq 4*,SaSY\ab1y S
]aSfSh1aV\-\ 4/\`\,nqEP ]`Sf\/qbaq YSWO
WS\Zm WSjS,jSfaq a,\Sf /1Z1-Ix *VS1
+S+W1yaVS1 ]`SZgS]m ]\Y\-db f`SabS*ZSZd
]\ZqbnE hb\ \+ ob\Y /dY*1b \-H
\aW1/Zqq S4 ˙1aqbS 4*]\,1/1yE /*ZZmf
Z*`\/d 4`*SWnE -W*aSW*B w1 31W*y 31Zm
a,\1-\ +WS3Z1-\E 1-\ `*+*E 1-\ `*+mZSE 1-\
+mV*E 1-\ \aW* SWS h1-\OWS+\ /`d-\-\ S4 b\O
-\E hb\ ]`SZ*/W13Sb b,\1Yd +WS3Z1Ydx
Laf\/ 6>B5;MD \-W*aZ\ ob\y 4*]\,1/SE 31O
W*bn +\-*bab,*E SYdk1ab,* S /1Z1- +WS3O
Z1-\ b*V\y 31 bq31Wmy -`1fE V*V 31W*bn
1Y S-`* Z* +S`31 \bWSh*1baq \b *4*`bZmf S-`E
\+lqaZqW\an , 3d`Z*W1 w`\+d/Sb1anIx \b < \Vbq+`q
6>>> -\/*E ab`*ZSgm 69P6;D 4/*Z ,S/1b1WqYS 1O
-\,mD
nS /1Zn-S
Z*/1pbaq
,mS-`*bn
*4*`bZm1
S-`\VSH

31Zd +WS3Z1-\D ]dabq YZ\-\ ab\W1bSy *]\O
ab\W *,1W a\aW*Waq Z* obd 4*]\,1/nE aV*O
4*,B w1 31W*y hd3\-\x LSYWqZ*Y ;B;MD *4O
,1 f`SabS*ZSZE 31W*pkSy ,mS-`*bn b\E hb\
]`\S-`*1b /`d-\y h1W\,1VE Z1 ]`\q,Wq1b
3*/Z\abnE Z*`dj*q b*VSY \+`*4\Y obd 4*]\O
,1/nH
w`S4Z* pbaq ‹ \ZS +\WnjSZab,\ *4*`bZmf
S-`\V\, , ob\Y SWS Z1bE V*3/my S4 ZSf
,b*yZ1 Y1hb*1bE hb\ a/1W*ZZ*q SY ab*,O
V* P ]dabn /*31 ]*`* /\WW*`\, P \4\W\bSb
1-\xEP aV*4*W \+\4`1,*b1Wn SWS]] \-1WnD
*VS1 Wp/S Y1hb*pb `*4+\-*b1bn +mab`\ S
+14\ ,aqVSf daSWSyD 1a\YZ1ZZ\E ob\ ]`\bSO
,\`1hSb +S+W1yaV\Yd d,1k*ZSp \ b\YE hb\
`SabS*Z1
da1`/Z\
b`d/qbaqE
hb\+m
4*`*+\b*bn
Z* 3S4Zn
f`SabS*ZSZ /\W31Z da1`/O
Z\ b`d/SbnaqE w/1W*q a,\SYS
`dV*YS ]\W14Z\1E hb\+m 1Yd
+mW\ h1Y ]\/1WSbnaq a Zd3O
/*pkSYaqx L'e1aqZ*Y 8B6E 56MD \
Y\3Z\ WS Z*4,*bn *4*`bZm1 S-`m h1abZmY
b`d/\YH
\bq *4*`bZ*q S-`* Y\31b b`1+\,*bn
+\Wnj\-\ oY\gS\Z*WnZ\-\ Z*]`q31ZSqE h1O
W\,1V ,mS-`m,*1bE * Z1 4*`*+*bm,*1b
/1Zn-SE b\ 1abn ]\Wdh*1b Sf Z1 4* ,m]\WO
Z1ZZdp `*+\bd SWS \V*4*ZZm1 daWd-SD \O
bq j*Zam ,mS-`*bn ZShb\3Z\ Y*WmE S-`\V
/1W*1b ab*,VSE Z*/1qanE hb\ `*Z\ SWS ]\4O
/Z\ 1Yd ]\,141bD \ adbSE \Z f\h1b ]\WdhSbn
hb\Ob\ ]`\ab\ b*VD /Z*V\ S+WSq ]`S4m,*O
1b SabSZZmf f`SabS*Z 4*`*+*bm,*bn /1Zn-S
da1`/ZmY b`d/\YD d/`my g*`n \W\Y\Z Z*O
]Sa*WB w1b /Wq h1W\,1V* ZSh1-\ Wdhj1E
h1Y 1abn S ]Sbn S /*,*bn a,\1y /dj1 Z*O
aW*3/*bnaq /\+`mYS ]W\/*YS a,\1-\ b`dO
/*D DDD'b\ P \b `dVS SabSZZ\-\ \-*x L'VO
VW14S*ab 6B68MD \3nS aWd3Sb1WS Z1 Y1hb*O
pb \ W1-VSf /1Zn-*fD ZS Z1 Z*/1pbaq Z*
ah*abWS,my aWdh*yE * \3S/*pb +W*-\aW\,1O
ZSy \-*D
]*aZ*q W\,djV*
˙*31 1aWS V\YdOb\ ]\,141b S \Z ,mS-`*1bE
Z1 ab\Sb 4*+m,*bn \ ]\aW1/ab,SqfE V V\b\O
`mY ]`S,\/qb *4*`bZm1 S-`mD w*aW1/ab,\E
]`S\+`1b1ZZ\1 a 3*/Z\abnp ,Z*h*W1EP -\O
,\`Sbaq , `Sbh*f 6>B65EP Z1 +d/1b +W*-\O
aW\,W1Z\ , +d/dk1YxD Z\-S1 S4 b1fE Vb\
,mS-`*W , W\b1`11 SWS , /`d-Sf *4*`bZmf
S-`*fE Z* -\`nV\Y \]mb1 d+1/SWSanE hb\ ]\O
Wdh1ZZ\1 b*VSY a]\a\+\Y +\-*bab,\ Z1 ]`SO
Z\aSb ah*abnqD *aV\WnV\ 31 Wdhj1 ,ZSY*bn
+S+W1yaV\Yd a\,1bd wZ*/1qbnaq Z1 Z* S4Y1ZO
hS,\1 +\-*bab,\E * Z* \-*E V\b\`my \+SWnO
Z\ ]`1/\ab*,Wq1b Z*Y ,a1 /Wq Z*aW*3/1ZSqx
L5 SY\e1p :B5;MD
\ /1W\ /*31 Z1 , b\YE ,mS-`*1b h1W\,1V
SWS ]`\S-`*1bE *4*`bZm1 S-`m b*qb , a1+1
a1`n14Zdp \]*aZ\abnD \3n1 W\,\ ]`1/\ab1O
`1-*1bB w1E Vb\ `1jSWS `*4+\-*b1bnE ,]*O
/*pb,SaVdj1ZS1ES,W\,djVdES,\YZ\-S1
+14`*aad/Zm1 S ]*-d+Zm1 31W*ZSqE V\b\`m1
]`S,\/qb Wp/1y V dZShb\31ZSp S -S+1WSx
L5 SY\e1p :B=MD 1Wn Wp+\y W\,djVS P
]\yY*bn 31`b,dD -`\YZ\1 hSaW\ Wp/1yE V\O
b\`m1 ]\Z*h*Wd b,1`/\ `1j*WS \-`*ZSO
hSbnaq Z1+\WnjSYS ab*,V*YS SWS ]\S-`*bn
b\WnV\ `*4O/`d-\yE ]\]*WS , W\,djVd S Z1
aY\-WS \a,\+\/Sbnaq \b S-`\,\y 4*,SaSY\O
abSD Sb\-1 YZ\-S1 WSjSWSan `*+\bmE ]`SO
hSZSWS +\Wn Wp+SYmYE * Sf a1YnS `*a]*O
WSanD
\Y\-WS WS ,*Y +S+W1yaVS1 abSfSE \+ad3O
/*1Ym1 , ob\y ab*bn1E ]\abShnE , h1Y 4*O
VWph*1baq ,\Wq \-* , \bZ\j1ZSS *4*`bZmf
S-`H ]\ab\W *,1W ]\+d3/*W f`SabS*ZB
w1 a\\+`*4dyb1an +\Wnj1 a ob\y aSab1Y\y
,1k1yE Z\ ]`1\+`*4dyb1anE \+Z\,Wqq a,\y
dYE hb\+m ,*Y d/\ab\,1`qbnaqE , h1Y a\ab\Sb
/\+`*qE 31W*ZZ*q S a\,1`j1ZZ*q ,\Wq \O
-*x LSYWqZ*Y 56B6MD b*VE f`SabS*ZSZ /\WO
31Z `dV\,\/ab,\,*bnaq , a,\1y 3S4ZS Z1
]`1\+W*/*pkSYS , \+k1ab,1 Z*ab`\1ZSqO
YSE * ,\W1y \-*D 1-\,*E wah*abWS,my
\-xE f\h1bE hb\+m 3S4Zn ]`SZ\aSW* Z*Y `*O
/\abn S Ym ZSV\-/* Z1 Sa]mb*WS Z* a1+1 ]*O
-d+Zmf ]\aW1/ab,Sy *4*`bZmf S-` L5 SY\O
e1p 5B55MD
14 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 6>55

Institute of Archaeology/Hebrew University Tel Rehov Excavations
w˛˚)E ˙˚ ˚˚
˚˙x
˙ \- 1-\,* \a,\+\/SW S4`*SWnbqZ
S4 1-S]1baV\-\ `*+ab,*E \Z ]\\+1k*W
]`S,1abS Sf w, f\`\jdp S ]`\ab\`Zdp 41YO
WpE , 41YWpE -/1 b1h1b Y\W\V\ S Y1/x Laf\/
7B> dWn1,D dWnqf +mWS Z*y/1Zm \ab*bVS
]h1W S h*abSgm ,\aV*D \ ]\/ah1b*Y dh1ZmfE
wobS dWnS Y\-WS /*,*bn ]\Wb\ZZm Y1/* , -\/xD
/`1,Z\abS Y1/ ahSb*Waq W*V\Yab,\YE *
,\aV Sa]\Wn4\,*Waq ]`S ]`\S4,\/ab,1 Y1b*WO
W* S S4/1WSy S4 V\3SD `\Y1 b\-\E ,\aV j1W Z*
S4-\b\,W1ZS1 /\k1h1V /Wq ]SanY*E ]`1/ab*,O
Wq,jSf a\+\y /1`1,qZZm1 ]W*abSZVS a d-Wd+O
W1ZS1YE 4*]\WZ1ZZmY ,\aV\YE V\b\`my ]W*O
,SWS /Wq ]\,b\`Z\-\ Sa]\Wn4\,*ZSqD V*V\O
Yd ,m,\/d ]`SjWS *`f1\W\-SE SaaW1/\,*, obd
/`1,Zpp ]*a1VdH
˙*W11 , ]`1aaO`1WS41 \bY1h*W\anB w\bq ,
S+WSS Z1 a\\+k*1baq \ ]h1W\,\/ab,1 , 4`*O
SW1 b1f ,`1Y1ZE \+Z*`d31ZZ*q , 1WnO1f\,1
]*a1V* a,S/1b1Wnab,d1b \ b\YE hb\ ]h1W\,\/O
ab,\ S /\+mh* Y1/* +mWS f\`\j\ `*4,Sbm 1k1
, ]1`S\/ 1`,\-\ \W\Y\Z\,* f`*Y*D \oO
b\Yd ,]\WZ1 ,\4Y\3Z\E hb\ aW\,\ tY1/r , S+O
WSS \bZ\aSbaq SY1ZZ\ V ]h1WSZ\Yd Y1/dxD

˛•˚
b\ b*V\y Sada `Sab\aH
ob\y ab*bn1 ]\/ZSY*pbaq ,\]`\amE
V\b\`m1E ,\4Y\3Z\E d ,*a ,\4ZSV*WSE S
\+lqaZq1baqE -/1 , a,\1y S+WSS ,m
Y\31b1 Z*ybS Z* ZSf \b,1bmD *V31 ,m
Y\31b1 \+ad/Sbn Sf a\ ,S/1b1WqYS
1-\,mD
5D b\ b*V\y Sada `Sab\aH
˙\ a,\1-\ `\3/1ZSq Z* 41YW1 SadaE , \bWSO
hS1 \b \ab*WnZmf Wp/1yE 3SW V*V /df\,Z*q WShO
Z\abn Z* Z1+1 L\*ZZ* P79MD Sada ]`Sj1W Z* 41YWpE hb\+mB 5M dhSbn
SabSZ1 \ \-1E 6M ]\V*4*bn ]`SY1` b\-\E V*V Sa]\WO
Zqbn \3np ,\WpE S 7M \b/*bn a,\p a\,1`j1ZZdp
3S4Zn wV*V ,mVd]xD L`\hSb*yb1 *be1q 6>B6

8D \h1Yd Sada dY1`H
b\ Y\31b 4*]W*bSbn ,mVd]E hb\+m S4+*,Sbn Z*a \b
aY1`bSH YS`*qE Wp/S `*a]W*hS,*pbaq WSjn 4* a,\S
-`1fSD S \/SZ Z1a\,1`j1ZZmy h1W\,1V Z1 Y\31b 4*O
]W*bSbn 4* -`1fS /`d-\-\ h1W\,1V*D L`\hSb*yb1 a*O
W\Y 8=B;P=DM
\aV\WnVd Sada Z1 dZ*aW1/\,*W Z1a\,1`j1Zab,\
\b 41YZ\-\ \bg*E \Z dY1` Z1 4* a,\S -`1fSE * 4* -`1fS
Wp/1yD 4 Wp+,S V Z*Y \- ]\aW*W a,\1-\ mZ*
dY1`1bn 4* Z*aD Sada b\31 ]\V*4*W a,\p Wp+\,n V
Z*YE ]`\q,S, ]\WZ\1 ]\aWdj*ZS1 bgd S \b/*, 3S4Zn
4* Z*jS -`1fSD L`\hSb*yb1 \*ZZ* 7B5:C SYWqZ*Y
9B5

mW WS
Sada
`Sab\a
V*4Z1Z
Z*
V`1ab1H
˛˝˚˚ ˛
˚
˛
wDE CRUCEx LXVII ,1VM
˙• oZgSVW\]1/SS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ V`1ab P ob\
w\/SZ S4 -W*,Zmf f`SabS*ZaVSf aSY,\W\,xD h1Zn h*ab\
, `1WS-S\4Z\y 3S,\]SaS S , ]`\S4,1/1ZSqf SaVdaab,* SadO
a* S4\+`*3*pb `*a]qbmY Z* V`1ab1D \h1Yd ob\b aSY,\W ]\O
WdhSW b*V\1 jS`\V\1 `*a]`\ab`*Z1ZS1 , f`SabS*Zab,1H
Y1` WS Sada Z* V`1ab1H
Z\-S1 db,1`3/*pbE hb\ ob\Yd dhSb S+WSqD *]`SY1`E
a\-W*aZ\ SZ\/*WnZ\Yd ]1`1,\/dE Wp/SE ,S/1,jS1E V*V dYSO
`*W SadaE Z*aY1f*WSan Z*/ ZSY S -\,\`SWSB w\y/S a V`1O
ab*x L*be1q 6;B8>E 86MD \ YZ\-Sf /`d-Sf ]1`1,\/*f ob\b \bO
`m,\V ]1`1/*Z ]\/\+ZmY \+`*4\YD w\,`1Y1ZZ\Y ]1`1,\/1x
\ SY\Z1 S4 S`1Zm aV*4*Z\E hb\ w1-\ 4*ab*,SWS Z1abS V`1abE
]`1/Z*4Z*h1ZZmy /Wq Sada*x L*`V* 59B65MD obSf abSf*f
aW\,\Y wV`1abx ]1`1,\/Sbaq -`1h1aV\1 aW\,\ ab*d` \aD ‹ ˚abn
WS \aZ\,*ZSq ]1`1,\/Sbn ob\ aW\,\ SY1ZZ\ b*VH *V\,\ 4Z*O
h1ZS1 ob\-\ -`1h1aV\-\ aW\,*H
mW WS ob\ V`1abH
]1gS*WSab ]\ /`1,Z1-`1h1aV\Yd q4mVd D ˚D *yZ \bY1O
h*1bB wb*d`\aDDD \+\4Z*h*1b , \aZ\,Z\Y t,1`bSV*WnZmy V\W
SWS ab\W+rD * b*VSf ab\W+*f V*4ZSWS ]`1abd]ZSV\,E ]`S+SO
,*q Sf -,\4/qYSD *V adk1ab,Sb1WnZ\1E b*V S -W*-\W ab*dO
`\ \ ‹ Lt]`SV`1]Wqbn V ab\W+d SWS V\WdrM , Sf ]1`,\Z*h*WnZ\Y
4Z*h1ZSS Z1 ]\/`*4dY1,*pb g1`V\,Zmy aSY,\W , ,S/1 /,df
]1`1V`1k1ZZmf +*W\VxD
\/Z\Y +S+W1yaV\Y aW\,*`1 -\,\`SbaqE hb\ aW\,\ ab*d`\a
w]\ adbS \4Z*h*W\ ab\W+E ,1`bSV*WnZmy j1ab SWS V\W S4O
-\`\/SE Z* V\b\`my Y\3Z\ +mW\ hb\OZS+d/n ]\,1aSbn S V\b\O
`my Y\3Z\ +mW\ Sa]\Wn4\,*bn ]`S \-`*3/1ZSS dh*abV* 41YO
WSxD˙*W11,aW\,*`1\bY1h*1baqBw˙*31d`SYWqZaW\,\
V`dVa L\b V\b\`\-\ ]`\S4\jW\ Z*j1 *Z-WSyaV\1 aW\,\
V`1abM ]1`,\Z*h*WnZ\ \4Z*h*W\ ,1`bSV*WnZmy ab\W+x LThe
Imperial BibleODictionaryMD \ob\Yd Z1d/S,Sb1WnZ\E hb\ , w*O
b\WSh1aV\y oZgSVW\]1/SSx -\,\`SbaqB w Wp+\Y aWdh*1
Y\3Z\ db,1`3/*bnE hb\ S4Z*h*WnZ\ V`1ab +mW ]`\ab\ ,1`O
bSV*WnZmY ab\W+\YE 4*\ab`1ZZmY a,1`fdx LThe Catholic EncyclopediaMD
˙Wq \]Sa*ZSq \`d/Sq V*4ZS Sada* , S+WSS b*V31
Sa]\Wn4d1baq /`d-\1 -`1h1aV\1 aW\,\E Va SW\ZD ‹ \/Z\Yb`d/1
VaSW\Z \]`1/1Wq1baq V*V w]*WV*E /1`1,qZZmy ab\W+xD ˙*O
W11 , ob\Y b`d/1 \bY1h*1baqE hb\E V*V S ab*d`\aE aW\,\
VaSW\Z w\+\4Z*h*W\ ]`\ab\ ,1`bSV*WnZmy V\W SWS ab\W+E
V V\b\`\Yd `SYWqZ1 ]`S+S,*WS -,\4/qYS \ad3/1ZZmf Z* b\E
hb\ Z*4m,*W\an `*a]qbS1Yx LA Critical Lexicon and Concordance
to the English and Greek New TestamentMD
b\Sb 4*Y1bSbnE hb\ , a\-W*aSS a obSY , SZ\/*WnZ\Y
]1`1,\/1 , ˙1qZSqf 9B7> 4*]Sa*Z\B w\- \bg\, Z*jSf ,\aV`1O
18 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 6>55

aSW Sada*E \b\`\-\ ,m dY1`b,SWSE ]\,1aS,jS Z* /`1,1
VaSW\ZxD \bq , /`d-Sf ]1`1,\/*f aW\,\ ab*d`\a b\31
]1`1/*1baq V*V wV`1abxE aW\,\ VaSW\Z ]1`1,\/Sbaq , ZSf aW\O
,\Y w/1`1,\xD wYmaW\,\Y ]1`1,\/1x , ˙1qZSqf 57B6= \+ SO
ada1 aV*4*Z\B w\-/* \ZS Sa]\WZSWS ,a1E hb\ +mW\ \ 1Y
Z*]Sa*Z\E \ZS aZqWS ˚-\ a /1`1,* VaSW\Z S ]\W\3SWS , Y\O
-SWnZdp ]1k1`dxD
a\\b,1bab,SS a \aZ\,ZmY 4Z*h1ZS1Y -`1h1aVSf aW\, ab*O
d`\a S VaSW\ZE , b`d/1E d]\YqZdb\Y `*Z11E \bY1h*1baqB w+*
obS aW\,* Z1 ]\//1`3S,*pb a\,`1Y1ZZ\1 ]`1/ab*,W1ZS1 \
V`1ab1E 4Z*V\Y\1 Z*Y ]\ V*`bSZ*Yx LA Critical Lexicon and
Concordance to the English and Greek New TestamentMD Z*h1 -\O
,\`qE b\E hb\ 1,*Z-1WSabm Z*4m,*WS aW\,\Y ab*d`\aE Z1
SY11b ZSh1-\ \+k1-\ a V`1ab\YD \ob\Yd ,]\WZ1 dY1abZ\E hb\
, w,qk1ZZ\Y Sa*ZSS P 1`1,\/1 Z\,\-\ YS`*x , *be1q
6;B8>P86 S /`d-Sf Y1ab*fE -/1 ,ab`1h*1baq aW\,\ ab*d`\aE
Sa]\Wn4d1baq ,m`*31ZS1 wab\W+ Ydh1ZSyxD /`d-\Y ]1`1,\O
/1 S+WSS Sa]\Wn4d1baq ]\f\311 ,m`*31ZS1E wab\W+ V*4ZSx
LComplete Jewish BibleMD
`\Saf\3/1ZS1 V`1ab*
\ 1aWS , S+WSS Z1 -\,\`SbaqE hb\ Sada +mW V*4Z1Z Z*
V`1ab1E ]\h1Yd 31 b\-/* ,a1 g1`V,SE db,1`3/*pkS1E hb\ aW1O
/dpb dh1ZSqY S+WSSE Z*]`SY1` *b\WSh1aV*qE `\b1O
ab*ZbaV*q S `*,\aW*,Z*qE dV`*j*pb a,\S 4/*ZSq V`1ab*YS
S Sa]\Wn4dpb V`1ab V*V aSY,\W ,1`mH *V V`1ab ab*W b*VSY
`*a]`\ab`*Z1ZZmY aSY,\W\YH
`SY1h*b1WnZ\E hb\ V`1ab ]\hSb*pb Z1 b\WnV\ Wp/SE V\b\O
`m1 d,*3*pb S+WSpE Z*]`SY1` ]`Sf\3*Z1 g1`V,1yE Z\ S
Wp/SE Z1 SY1pkS1 a ob\y VZS-\y ZSh1-\ \+k1-\ S ]`S/1`3SO
,*pkS1aq `1WS-S\4Zmf ,4-Wq/\, 4Z*hSb1WnZ\ +\W11 /`1,O
ZSfE h1Y d wf`SabS*ZaVSfx g1`V,1yD Z\-\hSaW1ZZm1 a]`*O
,\hZSVS ]\ `1WS-SS ]\/b,1`3/*pbE hb\ Sa]\Wn4\,*ZS1 V`1O
ab* , `*4WShZmf e\`Y*f ,\af\/Sb V `*ZZSY ]1`S\/*Y h1W\O
,1h1aV\y gS,SWS4*gSSD ]`SY1`dE , /`1,Z11-S]1baVSf
b1Vab*f S S4\+`*31ZSqf +\-\, S +\-SZn h*ab\ Y\3Z\ d,S/1bn
V`1ab , ,S/1 +dV,m a ]1bW1y Z*,1`fdD Z Z*4m,*Waq *Zf
S ahSb*Waq aSY,\W\Y 3S4ZSD \ ,`1Y1Z1Y b*V\y V`1ab Z*j1W
jS`\V\1 ]`SY1Z1ZS1 , \]baV\y S /`d-Sf g1`V,qfD
\-W*aZ\ w*b\WSh1aV\y oZgSVW\]1/SSxE w]`\ab1yj*q
e\`Y* V`1ab*E Z*4m,*1Y*q b*V31 -*YYS`\,*ZZmY V`1ab\Y
LV`dVa -*YY*b*ME S4,1abZ* ,\ab\V\,1/*Y S abd/1Zb*YE S4dO
h*pkSY /\Sab\`Sh1aVdp *`f1\W\-SpE ]\/ a*ZaV`SbaVSY Z*O
4,*ZS1Y a,*abSV*xD 'b\b 4Z*V jS`\V\ Sa]\Wn4\,*WS SZ/dam
, Z/SS S +d//Sabm ]\ ,a1y 4SSE S 1-\ /\ aSf ]\` Y\3Z\
d,S/1bn , dV`*j1ZSqf S \`Z*Y1Zb*f , b1f Y1ab*fD
\E hb\
\]Sam,*WS
1,*Z-1WSabmE
Z1 SY11b
ZSh1-\
\+k1-\
aV`1ab\Y
˚˚• ˚%•
˛˝˚˚ ˚ E
˝˛ L\VD XIV ,1V* /\ ZD oDM
DeA Picture Library / Art Resource, NY
%• ˚ ˙
˚ " )
˝˚) ") ˙ 5 6>55 19

From the book The Cross in Tradition, History, and Art (1897)
\hZ\ Z1S4,1abZ\E V\-/* V`1ab ab*W
wf`SabS*ZaVSYx aSY,\W\YD w\WV\,\Y aW\O
,*`1 aW\, \,\-\ ˛*,1b*x *yZ* -\,\`SbaqB
w a1`1/SZ1 III ,1V* ZD o g1`V,S WS+\ \babdO
]SWS \b Z1V\b\`mf dh1ZSy f`SabS*ZaV\y ,1O
`mE WS+\ SaV*4SWS SfD 1`V,S \babd]ZSh1O
aV\-\ f`SabS*Zab,*E hb\+m dV`1]Sbn a,\S
]\4SgSSE ]`SZSY*WS q4mhZSV\, , a,\p ,1`d
+14 /df\,Z\-\ ]1`1`\3/1ZSq S ]\4,\WqWS SY
a\f`*Zqbn q4mh1aVS1 4Z*VS S aSY,\Wmx LAn
Expository Dictionary of New Testament WordsMD
`1/S obSf aSY,\W\, +mW S V`1abD
1V\b\`m1 dV*4m,*pb Z* 756 -\/ ZD oDE
V\-/* SY]1`*b\` \Zab*ZbSZE ]\VW\Zq,jSyO
aq +\-d a\WZg*E ,\ ,`1Yq \/Z\-\ S4 a,\Sf ,\O
1ZZmf ]\f\/\, qV\+m d,S/1W 4Z*Y1ZS1 V`1O
ab* Z* a\WZg1 a Z*/]Sanp Z* W*bmZS SZ
f\V a S-Z\ ‹ , SZg1E ‹ hb\ \4Z*h*1b wa obSY
4Z*V\Y ]\+1/SjnxD \4/Z11 Z* 4Z*O
Y1Z*f 1-\ *`YSSE * b*V31 Z*
kSb*f S /\a]1f*f ,\SZ\, ]\qO
,SWaq wf`SabS*ZaVSyx 4Z*VE S4\O
+`*31ZZmy aW1,*D \bqE V*V ahSO
b*1baqE \Zab*ZbSZ ]`SZqW f`SO
abS*Zab,\E \Z V`1abSWaq WSjn
a]dabq 69 W1bE ]1`1/ aY1`bnpD 1V\O
b\`mY 1-\ ]\+d3/1ZSq ]`1/ab*,Wqpbaq
a\YZSb1WnZmYSD VZS-1 w`1ab , Z1f`SabSO
*ZaVSf `1WS-Sqfx Z*]Sa*Z\B wY1ab\ b\-\
hb\+m a*Y\Yd ]`SZqbn dh1ZSq Sada* S4 *O
4*`1b*E \Z ]mb*Waq a/1W*bn S4 f`SabS*Zab,*
b\E hb\E ]\ 1-\ YZ1ZSpE \f\bZ11 ,a1-\ ]`SYdb
1-\ ]\//*ZZm1EP ,a1W1ZaVdp dZS,1`a*WnO
Zdp `1WS-Spx LThe NonOChristian CrossMD
b1f ]\` , \+Sf\/ ,\jW\ YZ\-\ V`1ab\,
a*Ymf `*4Zmf e\`YD *]`SY1`E , \/Z\Y +S+O
W1yaV\Y aW\,*`1 -\,\`SbaqE hb\ V`1ab a,qO
b\-\ Zb\ZSq w, e\`Y1 +\Wnj\y +dV,m E
]\ YZ1ZSp Z1V\b\`mfE ]`\S4\j1W \b aSY,\O
W* ,*,SW\ZaV\-\ +\-* *YYd4*E +dV,m b*dxD
*V31 S4,1ab1Z Z/`11,aVSy V`1ab , e\`O
Y1 +dV,m S 4Z*V\Ymy YZ\-SY V`1ab S4
/,df +*W\V a \]dk1ZZ\y ]1`1VW*/SZ\yD \O
aW1/ZSyE Z*4m,*1Ymy W*bSZaVSYE \jS+\hZ\
wahSb*1baq b1Y V`1ab\YE Z* V\b\`\Y dY1`
Z*j \a]\/nx LThe Illustrated Bible DictionaryMD
\ hb\ ,1`SWS ]1`,m1 f`SabS*Z1
4 S+WSS ,S/Z\E hb\ YZ\-S1E Vb\ ,
]1`,\Y ,1V1 aWdj*W Sada*E ab*WS ,1`dpO
kSYS S ]`\q,WqWS +W*-\/*`Z\abn 4* 1-\ SaO
Vd]Sb1WnZdp 31`b,dD b\YE hb\ ]`\S4\jW\E
]\aW1 b\-\ V*V *]\ab\W *,1W ]`\]\,1/\,*W
Sd/1qY , \`SZe1E /\V*4m,*qE hb\ Sada P
ob\ `Sab\aE , S+WSS a\\+k*1baqB w*h*WnO
ZSV aSZ*-\-S `Sa] S ,a1 1-\ /\Y*jZS1 ]\O
,1`SWS , \a]\/*D YZ\-S1 V\`SZeqZ1E V\O
b\`m1 aWmj*WSE ]\,1`SWS S V`1abSWSanx
L˙1qZSq 5

˚ ˚˚()
\4/*W WS \- ˙nq,\W*H
ˇ *V V*V , S+WSS -\,\`SbaqE hb\ \- wa\b,\O
`SW ,a1xE Z1V\b\`m1 ]\W*-*pbE hb\ \ZE /\W3Z\
+mbnE a\4/*W S ˙nq,\W* LbV`\,1ZS1 8B55C
'e1aqZ*Y 7B=MD /Z*V\ S+WSq qaZ\ ]\V*4mO
,*1bEhb\ob\Z1b*VD
1-\,* a\4/*W b\-\E Vb\ ab*W ˙nq,\W\YD
˙*,*yb1 ]\aY\b`SYE V*V adk1ab,\,*ZS1
-W*,Z\-\ ]`\bS,ZSV* \-* a\-W*ad1baq a b1YE
hb\ -\,\`Sb ,qk1ZZ\1 Sa*ZS1 \+ 1-\,1
V*V \ \4/*b1W1D S+WSS \ Z1Y aV*4*Z\B
w˚-\ /1W* a\,1`j1ZZmE S ,a1 1-\ ]dbS a]`*O
,1/WS,mD Z P \- ,1`Z\abSE d V\b\`\-\
Z1b Z1a]`*,1/WS,\abSE \Z ]`*,1/1Z S h1O
ab1Zx Lb\`\4*V\ZS1 76B7P9MD af\/q S4 ob\O
-\E Y\3Z\ 4*VWphSbnE hb\ ,Z*h*W1 *b*Z* +mW
]`*,1/ZmY S a\,1`j1ZZmYE \/ZSY S4 \3nSf
*Z-1W\,D \*ZZ*

˝•˚&
wm 4*b\aVd1jn ]\ /1Wd a,\Sf `dVx
+\WnZ\ ,S/1bn ab`*/*ZSq S aY1`bn Wp+SO
Y\-\ h1W\,1V*I b*V\y db`*b1 Z1,\4Y\3O
Z\ Z1 aV\`+1bnD a1 31 db1jSb1WnZ\ 4Z*bnE hb\
Z*j \4/*b1WnE 1-\,* \-E ]\ZSY*1b Z*jd
+\WnD `\Y1 b\-\E \Z -\`qh\ 31W*1b ,\a]\Wn4\O
,*bnaq a,\1y +14-`*ZShZ\y aSW\y S ,1`Zdbn
dY1`jSf V 3S4ZSD b\+m d+1/Sbnaq , ob\YE /*O
,*yb1 `*aaY\b`SY Sa]\WZ1ZZm1 Z*/13/m aW\O
,* \,*E 4*]Sa*ZZm1 , VZS-1 \, 58B57P59D
\,E h1W\,1V ,m/*pk1yaq ,1`mE ]`1b1`]1O
,*1b ad`\,m1 Sa]mb*ZSqB \Z b1`q1b a,\1 SYdO
k1ab,\E ,a1 1-\ Wp+SYm1 /1bS ]\-S+*pbE * 1-\
a*Y\-\ ]\`*3*1b YdhSb1WnZ*q +\W14ZnD \bO
h*qZSS \Z ,4m,*1b V \-dB wE 1aWS +m bm
a]`qb*W Y1Zq , j1\W1 \+k1y Y\-SW1 h1W\,1O
h1ab,*Ix LabSf 57MD \, ahSb*1bE hb\ j1\W ]`SO
Z1a1b 1Yd 31W*ZZ\1 S4+*,W1ZS1 \b ab`*/*ZSyD
*YE a]`qb*ZZmy \-\YE aW\,Z\ a\V`\,Sk1E \Z
\a,\+\/Sbaq \b Z1ah*abSy S +\WSD
b*Z1b WS j1\W /Wq \,* Y1ab\Y ,1hZ\-\
]\V\qH \, b*V Z1 ahSb*1bD ˙*Wnj1 \Z -\,\`Sb
, Y\WSb,1B wE 1aWS +m bmDDD Z*4Z*hSW +m YZ1
a`\V S ,a]\YZSW \+\ YZ1Ix \, ]Sb*1b b,1`/dp
Z*/13/dEhb\Z1\ab*Z1baq,j1\W1Z*,a1-/*D
Z d,1`1ZB 1-\,* Z1 4*+d/1b 1-\D \,E aW\,O
Z\ `*+E ,mZd3/1Z \3S/*bn , j1\W1D *V /\WO
-\H w\V* Z1 ]`S/1b Y\1 \a,\+\3/1ZS1xEP -\O
,\`Sb \Z LabSf 58MD 'b\ \4Z*h*1b \a,\+\3/1ZS1
\/Z\Y a]`*,\hZ\Y b`d/1 -\,\`SbaqE hb\ aW\,* \O
,* w\E 1aWS +m bm a]`qb*W Y1Zqx ]1`1/*pb aW1/dpkdp
YmaWnB w+1`1-S Y1Zq , a\f`*ZZ\abSE V*V /`*-\g1ZO
Z\abnxD , /`d-\Y b`d/1 aV*4*Z\E hb\ obS aW\,* ]\/`*O
4dY1,*pb ]`\an+dB w]`qhn Y1ZqE V*V a\V`\,Sk1xD
S4 j1\W*E SWSE /`d-SYS aW\,*YSE ,\aV`1a1ZS1
S4 Y1`b,mfD
\h1Yd \, d,1`1ZE hb\ 1-\ \a,\+\3/1O
ZS1 ]`S/1bH \b\Yd hb\ \Z 4Z*1bE V*VS1 hd,O
ab,* Z*j \4/*b1Wn Sa]mbm,*1b V a,\SY ,1`O
ZmY aWd3Sb1WqYE daZd,jSY aY1`bZmY aZ\YD
\, -\,\`SbB wm ]\4\,1jnE S q \b,1hd b1+1D m
4*b\aVd1jn ]\ /1Wd a,\Sf `dVx LabSf 59MD \,
]`S4Z* 1bE hb\ \Z b,\`1ZS1 \3nSf `dVD ˝S4Z1O
/*b1WnE \+`*4\,*,jSy \,* , db`\+1 Y*b1`SE
Z1a\YZ1ZZ\E aY\31b ,1`Zdbn 1-\ V 3S4ZS L\,
5>B

˛˚˚ %H
b\ wS4 /\Y* g14*`qx ]\aW*W f`SabS*ZaVSy ]`S,1b
eSWS]]Syg*Y h1`14 *,W*H
ˇ `SY1`Z\ , :>P:5 -\/d ZD oD *]\O
ab\W *,1WE Z*f\/qan , SY1E Z*O
]Sa*W ]SanY\ a\+`*ZSp , SWS]O
]*fE S g14*`nE V\b\`\-\ \Z d]\YSZ*WE
+mW SY]1`*b\` 1`\ZD \ Vb\ S4 /\O
Y* 1`\Z* Y\- aW*bn ]`S,1b eSWS]O
]SyaVSY f`SabS*Z*YH LSWS]]SyO
g*Y 8B66MD
mW\ +m \jS+V\y ]\W*-*bnE hb\
]\/ w/\Y\Y g14*`qx ]\/`*4dY1,*O
WSan +WS4VS1 `\/ab,1ZZSVS SY]1`*O
b\`*D 'b\ ,m`*31ZS1 \bZ\aSW\an V\
,a1Y Wp/qYE a\ab\qkSY d SY]1`*O
b\`* Z* aWd3+1E V*V V `*+*YE b*V S
V ,\WnZ\\b]dk1ZZSV*YE V*V , SY1E
b*V S , ]`\,SZgSqfD *VSY \+`*4\YE
w/\Y g14*`qx Y\- ,VWph*bn , a1+q
bmaqhS Wp/1yD ZS Y\-WS d]`*,Wqbn
/1W*YS SY]1`*b\`* SWS +mbn aWd-*O
YS , 1-\ ,W*/1ZSqf SWS /,\`g*fD
1V\b\`m1 /*31 ,m]\WZqWS \]`1O
/1W1ZZm1 \+q4*ZZ\abS , ]`*,Sb1WnO
ab,1D
h1,S/Z\E Vb\Ob\ S4 aWd- SY]1`*O
b\`* , SY1 ab*W f`SabS*ZSZ\YD
`\]\,1/\,*W WS SY *,1WE /\]\/O
WSZZ\ Z1S4,1abZ\D Wp+\Y aWdh*1E
Sf SZb1`1a V a\+`*ZSp , SWS]]*fE
]\O,S/SY\YdE +mW Z1 aWdh*1ZD *V
V*V -\`\/ SWS]]m +mW `SYaV\y V\O
W\ZS1yE , V\b\`\y ]`\3S,*W\ YZ\-\
\bab*,Zmf ,\SZ\, S -\ad/*`ab,1ZO
Zmf aWd3*kSfE b\ ,]\WZ1 ,\4Y\3Z\E
hb\ Z1V\b\`m1 f`SabS*Z1 , b\Y -\O
`\/1 +mWS /`d4nqYS b1fE \b V\-\ *O
,1W ]1`1/*,*W ]`S,1bD
b\ b*V\1 W1,S`*bZmy +`*VE d]\YSZ*1Ymy
, \Sa11,\Y 4*V\Z1H
ˇ \-/* , /`1,Z1Y 4`*SW1 Yd3O
hSZ* dYS`*WE Z1 \ab*,Wqq ]\aW1 a1+q
amZ*E \b 1-\ +`*b* \3S/*W\anE hb\ \Z
31ZSbaq Z* ,/\,1E hb\+m `\/S,jSyO
aq d ZSf amZ ]`\/\W3SW `\/\,dp WSO
ZSp ]\V\yZ\-\ LmbS1 7

& ˛
˚
w1d31WS 1-\,*
Wp+Sb Z*aE SZ/1yg1,Hx
˚˚E Yd3hSZ* S4 ]W1Y1ZS \/*YE
,`1Yq \b ,`1Y1ZS , ]\SaV*f `*+\bm a]dO
aV*Waq a -\`E -/1 3SWD Z +m,*W Z* ,ab`1O
h*f ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m S +`*W a a\+\y +S+O
W1yaVdp WSb1`*bd`d /Wq Wp/1y a,\1-\ Z*O
`\/*D 1W1aS\ ]`\aSWE hb\+m Vb\OZS+d/n ]\O
a1bSW Sf S `*aaV*4*W SY +\Wnj1 \ S+WSSD
W1Yq \/*Y P ob\ S4\WS`\,*ZZ*q obO
ZSh1aV*q -`d]]*E V\b\`*q 3S,1b ,ma\V\ , -\O
`*f ˛*]*/Z\y n1``*O*/`1 , 1Zb`*WnZ\y
1VaSV1E ]`SY1`Z\ , 68> VSW\Y1b`*f \b +WSO
3*yj1-\ a\+`*ZSq ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,mD m
`1jSWS bd/* ]\1f*bnD
\-`d4S, , ]SV*] ]*W*bVSE a]*WnZm1 Y1jO
VSE * b*V31 b`1f/Z1,Zmy 4*]*a 1/m S +1Z4SO
Z*E , h1bm`1 h*a* db`* Ym \b]`*,SWSan ,
]dbn S4 -\`\/* ˙d`*Z-\D m 1f*WS ,\a1Yn h*O
a\, ]\ ]mWnZ\y -\`Z\y /\`\-1E ]\V* \Z* Z1
4*V\ZhSW*anD *Y Z*hSZ*W*an 41YWq ]W1Y1ZS
\/*YD 1`1/ Z*YS W13*W\ -Wd+\V\1 dk1Wn1E
4* V\b\`mY ,\4,mj*W*an -\`*D
m \ab*,SWS Z*j ]SV*] , `*Zh Sb\E ‹ Y*O
W1ZnV\y /1`1,djV1E S 4*b1Y b`S h*a* a]daV*O
WSan a Z*jSY aZ*`q31ZS1Y Z* /Z\ dk1WnqD
*Y Ym `*4+SWS W*-1`n S a\+`*WS /\ab*b\hO
Z\ /`\, /Wq +\Wnj\-\ V\ab`*E hb\+m \b]d-SO
,*bn /SVSf 4,1`1yD ap Z\hn Ym ]\//1`3S,*O
WS \-\ZnE aY1Zqq /`d- /`d-* V*3/m1 b`S h*a*D
*Z\ db`\Y Ym Z*h*WS ]\/ZSY*bnaq Z*
-\`dD ,1`f ,1W\ YZ\-\ b`\]E S Ym Z1aV\WnV\
24 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 6>55
`*4 a+S,*WSan a Y*`j`dO
b*D /SZ S4 Z*a Z1YZ\-\
-\,\`SW Z* q4mV1 \/*YE
]\ob\Yd Ym /1WSWSan
+W*-\y ,1abnp a f\4q1,*O
YS /\Y\,E ]\]*/*,jSfO
aq Z*Y Z* ]dbSD Z*O
j1Yd d/S,W1ZSpE Z*Y -\,\`SWSE hb\ , ]\a1O
W1ZSS \aO`1Z*W1aE Vd/* Ym Z*]`*,WqWSanE
1abn Wp/SE V\b\`m1 Z*4m,*pb a1+q ,S/1b1O
WqYS 1-\,m S /*31 ]`\,\/qb +S+W1yaVS1
,ab`1hSD 'b* Z\,\abn +mW* Z1\3S/*ZZ\yE Z\
]`SqbZ\yD
b1`1, Z\-S /\ ,\W/m`1yE Ym ]`SjWS
, \aO`1Z*W1aD ob\Y ]\a1W1ZSS b\ bdbE b\
b*Y ab\qb -WSZ\+SbZm1 /\Y* a b\W1,mYS V`mO
j*YSD 1b ZS jV\WmE ZS oW1Vb`Sh1ab,*D bO
`14*ZZm1 \b ,Z1jZ1-\ YS`*E Wp/S 3S,db ,
1W1aS\ a 31Z\yE h1bm`nYq /\h1`qYS
S b1k1y

V`*yZ1y ZSk1b1 S ]Sb*pbaq , \aZ\,Z\Y VdVdO
`d4ZmYS b\`bSWnqYSD m Z*jWS 1W1aS\E
fd/\k*,\-\ Y\W\/\-\ h1W\,1V*D Z \h1Zn \+O
`*/\,*WaqE d,S/1, Z*aD Z ]`S-W*aSW Z*a ,
a,\1 aV`\YZ\1 3SWSk1 S `*aO
aV*4*WE hb\ V*3/my /1Zn Y\O
WSWaq \ b\YE hb\+m 1-\,* ]\O
aW*W V Z1Yd a,\Sf ,S/1b1W1yD
1W1aS\ f\b1WE hb\+m \ZS ]\O
/1WSWSan 4Z*ZSqYS S4 S+WSS
a 1-\ a1Yn1y S a Wp/nYS 1-\
Z*`\/*D Z ]\ZSY*WE hb\ Z1
Y\31b \b,1bSbn Z* ,a1 Sf ,\O
]`\amD
`1/S Wp/1y ]W1Y1ZS \/*Y
`*a]`\ab`*Z1Z\ j*Y*Zab,\D ZS
Z\aqb *YdW1bmE Z*]`SY1` \`WSO
Zm1 ]1`nq S V\abSE ]\VW\Zqpbaq
aSW*Y ]`S`\/m S 3S,db , ab`*f1 ]1`1/ j*Y*O
Z*YSE V\b\`m1 obSY ]\Wn4dpbaqD *V `*aaV*O
4*W Z*Y 1W1aS\E \Z d4Z*WE hb\ 1-\,* P SaO
bSZZmy \-E S ]\ob\Yd dZShb\3SW ,a1 ]`1/O
Y1bmE a,q4*ZZm1 a S/\W\]\VW\Zab,\YD aq
\+kSZ* \3S/*W*E hb\ +\-S ]\V*`*pb 1-\ aY1`O
bnpD /Z*V\ ZSh1-\ Z1 aWdhSW\anE S Wp/S ]\O
ZqWSE hb\ 1-\,* aSWnZ11 Sf +\-\,D \-/* \ZS
ab*WS ]`Sf\/Sbn Z* S4dh1ZSq S+WSSE V\b\O
`m1 1W1aS\ ]`\,\/SW a\ a,\1y a1Yn1y ]\ +S+O
W1yaVSY ]d+WSV*gSqYD
w) aV*4*W SYE hb\ aZ*h*W* \ZS /\W3Zm
a31hn *YdW1bm S S/\W\,xEP ]\/1WSWaq 1O
W1aS\D Z\-S1 ]1`1+\`\WS a,\S ad1,1`Zm1
ab`*fSE S Z* ,ab`1hSE V\b\`m1 \Z ]`\,\/SWE
ab*W\ ]`Sf\/Sbn +\W11 h1W\,1VD ]1h*bO
W1ZZm1 daWmj*ZZmYE Ym `1jSWS ]`\,1abS
a\+`*ZS1 , b\b 31 /1ZnD m ]\aW*WS -\Zg\,
Z* W\j*/qf a\\+kSbn \+ ob\Y b1YE Vb\ `1-dO
Wq`Z\ ]\a1k*W ,ab`1hS d 1W1aS\ /\Y*D 1O
aY\b`q Z* b\ hb\ +mW* a1`1/SZ* Z1/1WS S ,`1O
Y1ZS Z* a+\`m ]\hbS Z1 \ab*,*W\anE Z* ,ab`1O
hd a\+`*W\an 69 h1W\,1VB Vb\Ob\ ]`Sj1W ]1jO
V\YE * Vb\Ob\ ]`S1f*W ,1`f\Y Z* \aW1D
m \b,1h*WS Z* ,\]`\am Y1abZmf 3SO
b1W1y a ]\Y\knp S+WSSE * 1W1aS\ ]1`1,\O
/SWD ZS a]`*jS,*WSB w1d31WS 1-\,*
Wp+Sb Z*aE SZ/1yg1,H WmjSb WS \Z Y\WSbO
,m Z* q4mV1 \/*YH V\-/* ]`S/1b `Y*-1/O
/\ZE ,a]\YZSb WS Z*a 1-\,*E ,1/n Ym 3S,1Y
b*V /*W1V\ \b +\WnjSf -\`\/\,Hx b,1h*q Z*
4dh1ZS1 S+WSS S f`SabS*ZaV*q
,ab`1h* , \aO`1Z*W1a1
\aZ\,*ZSS S+WSSE Ym a `*/\abnp 4*,1`SWS
obSf aYS`1ZZmf Wp/1yE hb\ 1-\,* 4*+\bSbaq
\ V`\bVSfE Z* V*V\Y +m q4mV1 \ZS ZS -\,\`SO
WSSV*V+m/*W1V\\ZSZS3SWSDZS\h1Zn
]`\aSWS Z*a ]`SaW*bn V\-\OZS+d/n 1k1E hb\O
+m SY `*aaV*4*WS +\Wnj1D
\aW1 ,ab`1hS Ym d-\abSWS Z*jSf Z\,mf
/`d41y b1YE hb\ ]`S,14WS a a\+\yD *abd]SW*
Z\hn P * , -\`*f Z\hS f\W\/Zm1E ]\ob\Yd
Ym \h1Zn \+`*/\,*WSanE V\-/* Z*Y ]`1/W\3SO
WS ]1`1Z\h1,*bn , Z1/\ab`\1ZZ\Y /\Y1D bO
`\Y Z*a ]`\,1WS ]\ V\`\bV\Yd ]dbS V Z*j1y
Y*jSZ1E S Ym \b]`*,SWSan /\Y\y , ˙d`*Z-\E
dab*Wm1E Z\ /\,\WnZm1D
*V 31 Ym +mWS `*/mE hb\ ]\4Z*V\YSO
WSan a obSYS SaV`1ZZSYS Wp/nYSI \bq d ZSf
Z1b +S+W1yaV\y WSb1`*bd`m Z* `\/Z\Y q4mV1E
\ZS f\bqb d4Z*bn +\Wnj1 \+ SabSZZ\Y \-1
S ]\VW\Zqbnaq 1YdD \4/Z11 V ZSY Z* b`S Z1O
/1WS ]`S1f*W\ j1abn ,S/1b1W1yD ZS ]`\O
,\/SWS +S+W1yaVS1 S4dh1ZSq a 89 3Sb1WqO
YSD a1 b1 Wp/S -\`qh\ 31W*pb aWd3Sbn 1O
-\,1 S `1-dWq`Z\ ]\a1k*pb f`SabS*ZaVS1
,ab`1hSD
˙*E hdbn Z1 4*+mWSD 1/SZab,1ZO
Z\Y Y*W1ZnV\Y Y*-*4SZ1 , \aO`1O
Z*W1a1 +\Wnj1 Z1 ]`\/*pbaq aS-*`1O
bmD f ]`\ab\ Z1V\Yd ]`\/*,*bnE ]\O
b\Yd hb\ YZ\-S1 S4dh*pb S+WSp S
+`\aSWS Vd`SbnD b\Yd 31 \ZS 4*`1O
-Sab`S`\,*WS a,\S +`*VSD
Servicio Postal Mexicano, Correos de Mexico
˝˚) ") ˙ 5 6>55 25

%˚ ˚%
˙
˝˙˚ W1b\ +\Wnj\y ]\b\V `\aaSqZ
dab`1YWq1baq S4 -\`\/aVSf YZ\-\ob*31V
Z* /*hSE ]\+WS31 V ]`S`\/1D ˙Wq ZSf ob\
]`1V`*aZ*q ,\4Y\3Z\abn \b/\fZdbn \b ad1O
bm +\Wnj\-\ -\`\/*D \aW1/ZS1 -\/m , W1bO
ZS1 Y1aqgm YZ\31ab,\ ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m ,
\aaSS b\31 ,m143*pb 4* -\`\/E Z\ \ZS 1/db
bd/* Z1 /Wq b\-\E hb\+m Wp+\,*bnaq ]`S`\O
/\yD
1aY\b`q Z* \-`*ZSh1ZSqE Z*W\31ZZm1
Z* ]`\]\,1/ZSh1aVdp /1qb1WnZ\abn , Z1V\O
b\`mf -\`\/*f \aaSSE ,S/1b1WS 1-\,m
]`\/\W3*pb \bV`mb\ ]`\,\/Sbn ,ab`1hSE
]\Wn4dqan a,\SY V\ZabSbdgS\ZZmY ]`*,\Y
Z* a,\+\/d ,1`\Sa]\,1/*ZSqD /Z*V\ SZ\-O
/* S4O4* ]`\bS,\/1yab,Sq a\ ab\`\Zm /14SZO
e\`YS`\,*ZZmf hSZ\,ZSV\, SWS Y1abZ\-\
]`*,\aW*,Z\-\ /df\,1Zab,* ,S/1b1WS Z1
Y\-WS]`\,1abS131-\/Zmy\+W*abZ\yV\ZO
-`1aa , ]\/f\/qk1Y Y1ab1D b*VSf aWdh*qf
V\Z-`1aam ]`\f\/SWS , W1ad SWS , ]\W1D
6>>; ]\ 6>>= -\/ , 69 Y1ab*f ]\ ,a1y \aO
aSS a\ab\qW\an ]`SY1`Z\ 8> b*VSf /df\,Zmf
w]SVZSV\,xD
/SZ ,S/1b1Wn 1-\,mE V\b\`my d31
YZ\-\ W1b ]\a1k*1b V\Z-`1aamE ,a]\YSZ*1bB
w*Znj1E V\-/* Ym a\+S`*WSan Z* ab*/S\Z*f
S , *`1Z/\,*ZZmf ]\Y1k1ZSqf , +\WnjSf
-\`\/*fE Z* ,S/d d ,a1fE YZ\-S1 SaV`1ZZS1
Wp/S S ]`1/ab*,Sb1WS ,W*abS Y\-WS a\ab*O
26 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 6>55

,Sbn \ Z*a a,\1 YZ1ZS1E ,S/q d/S,Sb1WnZdp
hSab\bd S ]\`q/\VE V\b\`m1 ,S/1b1WS 1O
-\,m ]\//1`3S,*pb ,\ ,`1Yq V\Z-`1aa\,D 1O
]1`n Ym ,mZd3/1Zm a\+S`*bnaq , W1adE -/1
4* Z*YS Y\-db Z*+Wp/*bn b\WnV\ ]`1/ab*O
,Sb1WS W1aZ\y e*dZmD *V 3*WnE hb\ a1-\/O
Zq YZ\-S1 , Z*j1y ab`*Z1 WSj1Zm ,\4Y\3O
Z\abS ,S/1bn a,\SYS -W*4*YSE V*V ]`\f\/qb
Z*jS 4*Y1h*b1WnZm1 ]`*4/ZSVSE Z* V\b\O
`mf ]`Sadbab,dpb Wp/S ,a1f Z*gS\Z*WnZ\O
ab1yE aW\1, \+k1ab,* S `*4Zmf `1WS-S\4Zmf
,4-Wq/\,xD
\bq b*VS1 ,ab`1hS ]`SZ\aqb YZ\-\ `*O
/\abSE \ZS Z1 \+f\/qbaq +14 b`d/Z\ab1yD \b
hb\ aV*4*W \/SZ ,S/1b1WnB w*/\abZ\ ,SO
/1bn a*Y\\b,1`31ZZ\abn S ]`1/*ZZ\abn aWdO
3Sb1W1y 1-\,mE -\b\,mf ]`Sa]\a\+Sbnaq V
`*4WShZmY daW\,SqYD /Z*V\E 1aWS h1abZ\E
b`d/Z\abS a ]`\,1/1ZS1Y \+W*abZmf V\ZO
-`1aa\,E ,m4,*ZZm1 , ]\aW1/Z11 ,`1Yq ]`\O
bS,\/1yab,S1Y ]`1/ab*,Sb1W1y ,W*abSE \bO
ZSY*pb Z1Y*W\ eS4Sh1aVSf S oY\gS\Z*WnO
Zmf aSWE * b*V31 Y1j*pb Z*Y ]\VW\Zqbnaq
a1,mjZ1Yd \-d 1-\,1 /\ab\yZmY \+`*O
4\YxD b\ ]`1/]`SZSY*pb ,S/1b1WS 1-\O
,m , ob\y Z1]`\ab\y aSbd*gSSH
\Z-`1aam ]\/ \bV`mbmY Z1+\Y
\ YZ\-Sf aWdh*qf /\-\,\` \+ *`1Z/1 ]\O
Y1k1ZSq `*ab\`-*Waq , ]\aW1/ZSy Y\Y1ZbE
]\ob\Yd d +`*bn1, +mW\ b\WnV\ Z1aV\WnV\
/Z1yE hb\+m \`-*ZS4\,*bn V\Z-`1aa , /`dO
-\Y Y1ab1D *]`SY1`E , 6>>< -\/d , 1+\Va*O
`*f Ld,*jSqM ,S/1b1WqY ]`SjW\an ]`\O
,1abS \+W*abZ\y V\Z-`1aa Z* bd`+*41E , 3SO
,\]SaZ\Y Y1ab1 a`1/S +1`14E \bVd/* \bV`mO
,*Waq ,S/ Z* \W-dD 1`1/ +`*bnqYS ab\qW*
bq31W*q 4*/*h*D 4 5=7> /1W1-*b\,E ]`S-W*O
j1ZZmf Z* V\Z-`1aaE 5;>> Zd3Z\ +mW\ `*4O
Y1abSbn Z* bd`+*41D `1+\,*W\an dab*Z\,Sbn
`*V\,SZm S /dj1,m1 a f\W\/Z\y S -\`qh1y
,\/\yE bd*W1bmE * b*V31 ]`\,1abS oW1Vb`SO
h1ab,\D b\Yd 31 Zd3Z\ +mW\ Z*V\`YSbn
,a1f /1W1-*b\,D
`*bnq ]`SZqWSan 4* `*+\bdD *jWSan
]W\bZSVSE oW1Vb`SVSE a*Zb1fZSVSD 79> /\O
+`\,\Wng1, S4 hSaW* ,S/1b1W1y ,m4,*WSan
]\Y\-*bn , `*+\b1E 58 S4 ZSf 3SWS 5> /Z1y
]`qY\ Z* b\y bd`+*41D ZS ]SWSWS /\aVSE
dVW*/m,*WS a\W\YdE dab*Z*,WS,*WS ]*W*bO
VSE /dj1,m1 V*+SZVS S bd*W1bmD ˙`d-S1
+`*bnq ]\ab\qZZ\ 14/SWS , -\`\/E hb\+m 4*O
Vd]*bn ,a1 Z1\+f\/SY\1D *V V*V f`*ZSbn
aV\`\]\`bqkS1aq ]`\/dVbm +mW\ Z1-/1E +`*O
bnq `1jSWS \+1a]1hSbn ,a1f b`1f`*4\,mY
-\`qhSY ]Sb*ZS1YD ZS Z*ZqWS d */YSZSO
ab`*gSS bd`+*4m Z1aV\WnV\ `*+\bZSV\,E
hb\+m b1 -\b\,SWS 1/d /Wq /1W1-*b\,D *jO
W\an 3SWn1 /Wq ,a1fB 9>> ]`SZ1aWS a,\S ]*O
W*bVSE 59> `*4Y1abSWSan , *`1Z/\,*ZZmf /\O
YSV*fE 59 ah*abWS,g1, a]*WS Z* a1Z\,*W1 ,
V\ZpjZ1E * \ab*WnZm1 Z\h1,*WS , ]*W*bV*fE
a\\`d31ZZmf +`*bnqYSD
\-/* /1W1-*bm ]`S+mWSE \ZS d,S/1WS
YZ\31ab,\ q`VSf ]W*abSV\,mf abdWn1,E *VO
Vd`*bZ\ `*aab*,W1ZZmf , `q/mD ]1`1/S
ab\qWS /,1 ]`\abm1 ag1ZmE dV`*j1ZZm1
g,1b*YSB \/Z* /Wq ]`\-`*YYm Z* `daaV\Y
q4mV1E /`d-*q /Wq ]`\-`*YYm Z* hd,*jO
aV\YD a1Y /1W1-*b*Y \h1Zn ]\Z`*,SW\an /dO
f\,Z\1 \+dh1ZS1E b*V31 \ZS +mWS ]`S4Z*O
b1WnZm 4* b`d/ /\+`\,\Wng1,D /SZ S4 `*O
+\bZSV\, bd`+*4mE V\b\`my -\b\,SW 1/dE
,\aVWSVZdWB w˚aWS +m q Z1 ,S/1W ,*a a,\SYS
-W*4*YSE ZSV\-/* Z1 ]\,1`SW +mE hb\ 1abn b*O
VS1 \`-*ZS4\,*ZZm1 S /SagS]WSZS`\,*ZZm1
Wp/SE V*V ,mIx Z1V\b\`m1 ,S/1b1WS a`*,O
ZSWS ob\b V\Z-`1aa a `*4/ZSV\Y j*W*j1yE
V\b\`my \bY1h*WS S4`*SWnbqZ1 , +S+W1yO
aVS1 ,`1Y1Z*D
Z1V\b\`mf -\`\/*f d ,S/1b1W1y +mW
,a1-\ WSjn \/SZ /1Zn Z* b\E hb\+m Z*ybS S
/SZ S4
/\+`\,\Wng1,E
dh*ab,\,*,jSf
,]\/-\b\,V1
V\Z-`1aa*

˙\+`\,\Wngm b`d/SWSan ]W1h\Y V ]W1hdE hb\+m ]\/-\b\,Sbn dh*ab\V V V\Z-`1aad
S Z*V\`YSbn bmaqhS /1W1-*b\,
]\/-\b\,Sbn /`d-\1 Y1ab\ /Wq ]`\,1/1ZSq
\+W*abZ\-\ V\Z-`1aa*D *V +mW\ , S3Z1Y
\,-\`\/1E -/1 /\+`\,\WngmE aY1Zqq /`d-
/`d-*E b`d/SWSan g1Wm1 adbVSD * h*abZ\Y
41Y1WnZ\Y dh*abV1 SY Zd3Z\ +mW\ a`d+Sbn
/1`1,nq S VdabmE aV\aSbn b`*,d S \+`*+\b*bn
41YWpE hb\+m S4+*,Sbnaq \b VW1k1y S
Yd`*,n1,D ˙\ b\-\ V*V , ]qbZSgd db`\Y ]`SO
+mWS /1W1-*bmE /\+`\,\Wngm `*aab*,SWS
6 >>> ]W*abSV\,mf abdWn1,E dab*Z\,SWS dYmO
,*WnZSVS S 5> +S\bd*W1b\,E a\\`d/SWS ag1O
ZdE 4*]dabSWS -1Z1`*b\` S ]\/VWphSWS 4,dO
V\daSWSb1WnZdp aSab1YdD /SZ +`*b aV*4*WB
w*YmY ]\`*4Sb1WnZmY +mW\ b\E hb\ +`*bnqE
b`d/S,jS1aq g1Wm1 adbVSE Z1 hd,ab,\,*WS
a1+q -1`\qYSE * aYS`1ZZ\ ]`\/\W3*WS aWdO
3Sbn /`d-SY ,\ ,`1Yq V\Z-`1aa*D ZS b`dO
/SWSan Z1 3*W1q aSWE hb\+m Sf +`*bnq S a1O
ab`m hd,ab,\,*WS a1+q V\Ye\`bZ\ S ,\,`1Yq
]\WdhSWS /df\,Zdp ]SkdxD
˙`d-\y +`*b ]Sj1bB wm \kdbSWS Z*O
ab\qkSy /df a\b`d/ZSh1ab,*D \bq V\Z-`1aa
, ]\W1 Ym ]`\,\/SWS ,]1`,m1 S ,`1Y1ZS
Z* ]\/-\b\,Vd +mW\ \h1Zn Y*W\E +`*bnq ]`\O
/dY*WS ,a1 /\ Y1W\h1yE b*V hb\ ,\ ,`1Yq
]`\-`*YYm b`d/Z\ab1y ]`*VbSh1aVS Z1 ,\4O
ZSV*W\D \aW1 V\Z-`1aa* Ym Z1 hd,ab,\,*O
WS dab*W\abSD 1-\,* V*V +d/b\ ]\/*`SW Z*Y
V`mWnqIx
\Y\kn \3n1-\ /df*
1j*q ]`\+W1YmE a,q4*ZZm1 a ]`\,1/1ZSO
1Y V\Z-`1aa\,E ,S/1b1WS 1k1 +\Wnj1 a+WSO
3*WSan /`d- a /`d-\YD `\Y1 b\-\E \ZS hd,O
ab,\,*WS ]\Y\kn \3n1-\ /df*D Y\W1ZO
aV1 YZ\-S1 /\-\,\`m \ `*4Y1k1ZSS /1W1-*O
b\, +mWS `*ab\`-Zdbm Z*V*ZdZ1 V\Z-`1aa*D
\b hb\ `*aaV*4*W \/SZ ab*`1yjSZ*B w\-/*
, h*a Z\hS ]`S1f*W\ Z1aV\WnV\ *,b\+da\, a
/1W1-*b*YSE * Wp/1y `*4Y1k*bn +mW\ Z1-/1E
d Y1Zq ]\b1VWS aW14mD ) ]\ZSY*WE hb\ ZSh1O
-\ Z1 Y\-d a/1W*bnD ) \+`*bSWaq , Y\WSb,1
V 1-\,1 S ]`\aSW 1-\ ,Y1j*bnaq , obd aSbdO
*gSpD *V 31 q \+`*/\,*WaqE V\-/* +dV,*WnO
Z\ , b1h1ZS1 h*a* Ym Z*jWS Y1ab* /Wq ,a1fI
'b\ +mW\ d/S,Sb1WnZ\E S Ym 1k1 `*4 d+1O
/SWSanE hb\ 1-\,* Z1 \ab*,Sb ]`*,1/ZSV* ,
+1/1xD /`d-\Y aWdh*1 +`*bnq \+`*bSWSan
V 3Sb1WqY a\a1/Z1y /1`1,ZS a ]`\an+\y ]`1O
/\ab*,Sbn Z\hW1- /Wq /1W1-*b\, Z* ,`1Yq
]`\,1/1ZSq V\Z-`1aa*E SE b*V V*V ,S/1b1O
WS ]\Wn4dpbaq ]`1V`*aZ\y `1]db*gS1y , b\y
Y1abZ\abSE 3Sb1WS /1`1,ZS `*4Y1abSWS d a1O
+q 6 >>> h1W\,1VD
w\E hb\ ob\b V\Z-`1aa a\ab\qWaqE d+13/*1b
Y1ZqB Z* 1-\,d Y\3Z\ ]\W\3Sbnaq , Wp+mf
\+ab\qb1Wnab,*fxEP -\,\`Sb \/SZ ,S/1O
b1WnD \Y\kn 1-\,m +mW* \a\+1ZZ\ \h1O
,S/Z*E V\-/* Z* V\Z-`1aa ]`Sf\/SWS Z1]`\O
j1Zm1 -\abSE 31W*,jS1 a\`,*bn 1-\D \O
,\j*fbSZaV1 ]`1/ab*,Sb1WS /df\,1Zab,*
`*,\aW*,Z\y g1`V,S S /`d-S1 /1Y\Zab`*ZO
bm , YSV`\e\Z `*a]1,*WS `1WS-S\4Zm1 ]1aO
Z\]1ZSqE hb\+m 4*-WdjSbn /\VW*/hSV*E ,mO
abd]*,j1-\ Z* V\Z-`1aa1D /Z*V\ YSWSgSq
Z1 ]\4,\WSW* SY a\`,*bn ,ab`1hdD \-/* \/O
Z* ]`*,\aW*,Z*q /1Y\Zab`*ZbV* S4O4* 3*`m
d]*W* , \+Y\`\VE +`*bnq \bZ1aWS 11 , ]dZVb
]1`,\y ]\Y\kS S ]\4*+\bSWSan \ Z1yD ˙Wq
Z11 ob\ +mW\ ]\WZ\y Z1\3S/*ZZ\abnpD
]1h*bW1Zm d,S/1ZZmY
\aaSS Y1`\]`SqbSqE Z* V\b\`m1 a\+SO
`*1baq YZ\-\ Wp/1yE ]`S,W1V*pb ,ZSY*ZS1
28 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 6>55

a1Y /1W1-*b*Y \h1Zn ]\Z`*,SW\an /df\,Z\1 \+dh1ZS1E b*V31 \ZS +mWS ]`S4Z*b1WnZm
4* b`d/ /\+`\,\Wng1,
Z1 b\WnV\ Wp+\]mbZmf Y1abZmf 3Sb1W1yE
Z\ SE , a,q4S a d-`\4\y b1`*Vb\,E a\b`d/ZSV\,
]`*,\\f`*ZSb1WnZmf \`-*Z\,D ]`SY1`dE Z*
V\Z-`1aa , -\`\/1 \W3aVSy ]`SjWS ]`1/O
ab*,Sb1WS \b/1W* ]\ +\`n+1 a oVab`1YS4O
Y\YD \ ,`1Yq ]`\-`*YYm \/SZ S4 ZSf ]\b1O
`qW Y\+SWnZmy b1W1e\ZD `*bnq 1-\ Z*jWS
S \bZ1aWS , +p`\ Z*f\/\VD aV\`1 ]\aW1 b\-\
V*V b1W1e\Z ,1`ZdWS ,W*/1WngdE 1Yd ]\4,\O
ZSW Z*h*WnZSV S a]`\aSWE Z1 +mW\ WS Z*
V\Z-`1aa1 4*Y1h1Z\ V*VSfOZS+d/n ]`\q,W1O
ZSy oVab`1YS4Y* SWS ]\/ab`1V*b1Wnab, V
Z*aSWSpD \b \b,1bSWB wa1 , ]\`q/V1D ˛/1an
]qbn bmaqh h1W\,1V S ZSV*VSf Z*`dj1ZSyD
*V\y bdb oVab`1YS4YH ˚abn Z*/ h1Y ]\/dO
Y*bnI ) ]\b1`qW Y\+SWnZmy b1W1e\ZE * 1-\
Z*jWS S ,1`ZdWSxD
* \/Z\-\ \f`*ZZSV* ]`\S4,1W* ,]1h*bO
W1ZS1 hSab\b* Z* V\Z-`1aa1D *V31 1-\ d/SO
,SW\ b\E hb\E f\bq b*Y +mW\ \h1Zn YZ\-\ /1O
b1yE \Z Z1 d,S/1W Z* 41YW1 ZS \/Z\y +dY*3O
,S/1b1WS
1-\,m
, \aaSS ,1/db
wa]\V\yZdp
SbSfdp3S4Zn
,]\WZ\y
]`1/*ZZ\abS
\-dx
VSD W*/1W1g dh*abV*E -/1 ]`\f\/SW /`dO
-\y V\Z-`1aaE ,ab`1bSWaq a a\b`d/ZSV*YS
YSWSgSSE V\b\`mY a\\+kSWS \ +\Wnj\Y `1O
WS-S\4Z\Y a\+`*ZSSD Z \b,1W YSWSgS\Z1O
`* Z* b`1bSy ob*3 4/*ZSqE \bVd/* +mWS ,S/O
Zm ]`Sadbab,dpkS1E ,m,1W 1-\ Z* +*WV\Z
S aV*4*WB w\WnV\ ]\aY\b`Sb1 Z* ZSfI *O
V\y ]\`q/\VIx W*/1W1g dh*abV* +mW ]\`*O
31Z b1YE hb\ ,S/1b1WS Z1 `*a]S,*WS *WV\O
-\WnZmf Z*]SbV\, S Z1 Vd`SWSD V\-/* V\ZO
-`1aa 4*V\ZhSWaqE ,S/1b1WS \ab*,SWS ]\aO
W1 a1+q S/1*WnZdp hSab\bd S /*31 4*+`*WS
Yda\`D Z ,\aVWSVZdWB wW\,Z\ , `*p ]\+mO
,*WIx
˚/SZab,\ \3n1-\ Z*`\/*
\aW1 \/Z\-\ V\Z-`1aa*E ]`\,1/1ZZ\-\ ,
W1adE ab*`\ab* +WS4W13*k1y /1`1,ZS aV*O
4*WB w) ]\ZSY*pE hb\ ,m aV`\YZm1E Z\ ]`S
ob\Y \h1Zn aSWnZm1 Wp/SD m dY11b1 \+l1O
/SZqbn Wp/1yE * Ym ]`qh1Yaq V*3/my , a,\O
1y `*VdjV1xD ˝Sb1WS \aaSSE \b *WSZSZO
-`*/* /\ *Yh*bVSE Z1 ]1`1ab*pb d/S,WqbnO
aq 1/SZab,d \3n1-\ Z*`\/*E V\b\`\1 \a\+1ZO
Z\ \h1,S/Z\ Z* +\WnjSf /df\,Zmf ,ab`1h*fD
+ab\qb1Wnab,* aWd3Sb1W1y \-* Y\-db Y1O
Zqbnaq +mab`\ S Z1\3S/*ZZ\E Z\ Sf d,*31O
ZS1 V ,W*abS S ,\\+k1 V\ ,a1Y Wp/qY \ab*O
1baq Z1S4Y1ZZmYD
*V +m ZS `*4,S,*WSan a\+mbSq /*Wnj1E
,S/1b1WS 1-\,m , \aaSS +d/db ]\O]`13O
Z1Yd a `*/\abnp a\+S`*bnaq ,Y1ab1E hb\+m
]\Wdh*bn /df\,Z\1 Z*ab*,W1ZS1D ZS Y\WqbO
aq w4* g*`1y S ,a1f 4*ZSY*pkSf ,ma\V\1 ]\O
W\31ZS1E hb\+mDDD S ,]`1/n ,1abS a]\V\yZdp
S bSfdp 3S4Zn , ]\WZ\y ]`1/*ZZ\abS \-d S
a1`n14Z\abSx L5 SY\e1p 6B6MD
˝˚) ") ˙ 5 6>55 29

˙) (% ˚˚•
˛*kSk*y SabSZZ\1 ]\VW\Z1ZS1I
˛*/*ZS1D m]\WZS ob\ 4*/*ZS1 , a]\V\yZ\y \+ab*Z\,V1D Sb*q +S+W1yaVS1
abSfSE ]`1/ab*,Wqy a1+q dh*abZSV\Y b1f a\+mbSyD 3S,S , dY1 ob\b o]S4\/D
`SaWdjS,*yaq V -\W\a*YD `\ZSVZSan hd,ab,*YS -W*,Zmf /1yab,dpkSf
WSgD
˙1yab,dpkS1 WSg*B WnqE g*`n f*, S 89> ]`\`\V\, **W*D
`*bV\1 S4W\31ZS1B Wnq /\V*4m,*1bE hb\ 1-\,* Y\-dk1ab,1ZZ11 **W*D
– ˙• '˛˙D • 5 ˚• 5D
* \b/1WnZ\Y WSab1 +dY*-S Z*`SadyE -/1E V*V b1+1 V*31baqE ab\qW WnqE
-/1 P ]`\`\VS **W* S -/1 P 31`b,1ZZSVSD
*VS1 4,dVS bm waWmjSjnx , o]S4\/1E \]Sa*ZZ\Y , abSf*f a 6:O-\
]\ 6=OyH
*V ]\Ob,\1YdE V*VS1 hd,ab,* aWmjZm , -\W\a1 WnSE V\-/* \Z \+`*k*1baq V
]`\`\V*Y **W*H
— ˝˚D
\h1Yd Wn1 +mW\ Z1\+f\/SY\ Yd31ab,\E hb\+m ,ab`1bSbnaq a f*,\YE *
4*b1Y dab`\Sbn Sa]mb*ZS1E V\b\`\1 \]\4\`Sb a\bZS ]`\`\V\, **W*H
L\/aV*4V*B ]`\hSb*y 5 *`1y 5

*V bm /dY*1jnE ]\h1Yd Wnq ,m`mW V*Z*,d
,\V`d- 31`b,1ZZSV* 1-\,mE * 4*b1Y Z*]\WO
ZSW 11 ,\/\yH
˜ ˚ E ˚ % )D
"E % ˛DDD
b\YE ]\h1Yd Z1\+f\/SY\ Yd31ab,\E hb\+m
4*kSk*bn SabSZZ\1 ]\VW\Z1ZS1D
b\YE V*VS1 /\+`m1 ]W\/m ]`SZ\aSb
Yd31ab,\D
˚#˚ % ˝˚"& ' ˚&D
V*VSf aSbd*gSqf bm Y\31jn Yd31ab,1ZZ\
4*kSk*bn SabSZZ\1 ]\VW\Z1ZS1H
' ˚
˛ ˚) &"˚ ˚
˚H
˚
˚
E
˚&
˙˚˚) ˚%
•˚ ˚˚
•˚
www.watchtower.org
°

w˚˚
˚ x
\*ZZ `1abSb1Wn aV*4*WE hb\ Sada
w+1`1b -`1f YS`*x L\*ZZ* 5B6=MD *V
\Z dV*4*W Z* `\Wn Sada* , a]*a1ZSS
]\aWdjZmf Wp/1yD
\h1Yd Sada /\W31Z +mW dY1`1bnE
hb\+m a]*abS -`1jZSV\,H
b\ +mW\ /\abS-Zdb\ +W*-\/*`q 1-\
31`b,1ZZ\y aY1`bSH
b\ ]\Wdh*1b ]`\k1ZS1 -`1f\,
Z* \aZ\,*ZSS 1-\ 31`b,mH
*V ob\ 4*b`*-S,*1b ,*aH
*3/my -\/ ,S/1b1WS 1-\,m \bY1h*pb -\/\,kSZd aY1`bS Sada*D ob\Y -\/d
]`*4/Z\,*ZS1 a\ab\Sbaq , ,\aV`1a1Zn1E 5; *]`1WqE ]\aW1 4*f\/* a\WZg*D
,S/1b1WS 1-\,m a1`/1hZ\ ]`S-W*j*pb ,*a ,Y1ab1 a ZSYS ]\`*4YmjWqbn Z*/ 4Z*h1O
ZS1Y aY1`bS Sada*D * ob\y ,ab`1h1 +d/db \+ad3/*bnaq ,mj1]`S,1/1ZZm1 ,\]`\amD
+`*bSb1an V ,S/1b1WqY 1-\,m , ,*j1y Y1abZ\abSE hb\+m d4Z*bn b\hZ\1 ,`1Yq
S Y1ab\ ]`\,1/1ZSq ob\-\ Y1`\]`SqbSqD
www.watchtower.org
wp11 03/01-U