wp_U_20110501

345675 )
5 ) 6>55
6˝%
˚
ZS Sa]\WZqpbaq
Z* ,*jSf -W*4*f

34567
S`*3
V*3/\-\ ,m]daV*B
86 5:6 >>> 5

˚˙)B
))
˙˚˝˙˚
w ]\aW1/ZS1 /ZS Z*abd]qb Z1\+mh*yZ\
b`d/Zm1 ,`1Y1Z*x L6 ˚( 7B6MD
˚)E ,*Y /\,\/SW\an aWmj*bn \ V*V\YOWS+\ S4 aW1/dpO
kSf +1/ab,Sy SWS /*31 +mbn 1-\ \h1,S/g1YD
˘ 4O4* ,a]mjVS aY1`b1WnZ\-\ 4*+\W1,*ZSq YZ\31ab,\ Wp/1y
WSjSW\an 3S4ZSD
˘ b -\W\/* dY1`WS a\bZS h1W\,1VD
˘ *4`djSb1WnZ\1 41YW1b`qa1ZS1 dZ1aW\ bmaqhS 3S4Z1y
S \ab*,SW\ YZ\31ab,\ Wp/1y +14 V`\,*D
\ ,abd]Sb1WnZmf ab*bnqf ob\y ]d+WSV*gSS ]`S,\/qbaq ]`SO
aV\`+Zm1 e*Vbm \ ]\/\+Zmf +1/ab,SqfD *V31 , ZSf -\,\`SbaqE
hb\E a\-W*aZ\ S+WSSE b*VS1 a\+mbSq f*`*Vb1`S4dpb ]1`S\/ ,`1O
Y1ZSE Z*4,*ZZmy w]\aW1/ZSYS /ZqYSxD
/Z*V\ d obSf ab*b1y Z1b g1WS d+1/Sbn ,*a , b\YE hb\ Ym 3SO
,1Y , YS`1E ]\WZ\Y ]`\+W1YD m Z*,1`ZqV* ,S/Sb1 ob\ S a*YSD *O
]`\bS,E obS ab*bnS ]\Y\-db ,*Y \+`1abS Z*/13/dD ZSf \+ad3O
/*pbaq j1abn +S+W1yaVSf ]`\`\h1ab,E Sa]\WZ1ZS1 V\b\`mf a,SO
/1b1Wnab,d1b \ b\YE hb\ w]\aW1/ZS1 /ZSx Z* Saf\/1D `\Y1 b\-\E
, obSf ab*bnqf ]`S,\/qbaq Z*S+\W11 `*a]`\ab`*Z1ZZm1 ,\4`*31O
ZSqE \a]*`S,*pkS1 ob\E S \+lqaZq1baqE ]\h1Yd ,a1 31 Y\3Z\ Z*O
/1qbnaq Z* Wdhj11 +d/dk11D
\]`\aE ]\h1Yd \- Z1 S4+*,Wq1b h1W\,1h1ab,\ \b obSf +1/ab,SyE \+ad3/*1bO
aq , ab*bn1 w\h1Yd \- /\]daV*1b 4W\ S ab`*/*ZSqHx Z* ab`*ZSg*f 5: S 5; ob\y
]d+WSV*gSSD
3

5D ˛˚˚)˚)
wd/db aSWnZm1 41YW1b`qa1ZSqx L 65B55MD
wm -1\eS4SVS
Z*4m,*1Y Sf aSWnZmYS
41YW1b`qa1ZSqYSD
ab*WnZm1 Z*4m,*pb
Sf d3*aZmYSx
L˚ ˙E
˚˚)
˝ "MD
˘ 1W1`1]\`b1`mE \a,1k*,jS1 ]\aW1/ab,Sq 41YW1b`qa1O
ZSq Z* *SbSE daWmj*WS aW*+m1 ab\ZmD 'b\ +mW* ]\Wdb\O
`*-\/\,*W*q Y*WmjV* SZZSD ˚1 ,mb*kSWS S4O]\/ \+W\YO
V\,DZ*,m3SW*E*11`\/Sb1WSZ1bD
˚)%H\-/* , qZ,*`1 6>5> -\/* Z* *O
SbS ]`\S4\jW\ 41YW1b`qa1ZS1 aSW\y ; +*WW\,E ]\-S+W\ +\O
W11 7>> >>> h1W\,1VD V\W\ 5E7 YSWWS\Z* h1W\,1V \ab*W\an
+14 V`\,*D /Z*V\ ob\ `*4`djSb1WnZ\1 41YW1b`qa1ZS1 +mW\
Z1 1/SZab,1ZZmYD ]1`S\/ a *]`1Wq 6>>= ]\ *]`1Wn 6>5> -\O
/* +mW\ 4*`1-Sab`S`\,*Z\ ]\ Y1Znj1y Y1`1 5< aSWnZmf
41YW1b`qa1ZSyD
˛˝˚˚D ˛1YW1b`qa1ZSy Z1 ab*W\ +\Wnj1E ]`\ab\
+W*-\/*`q a\,`1Y1ZZmY b1fZ\W\-SqY Ym aWmjSY \ ZSf h*O
k1E h1Y Wp/S , ]`\jW\YD
'H \/dY*yb1 ,\b \ h1YB , S+WSS Z1 -\,\`Sbaq
\ V\WSh1ab,1 41YW1b`qa1ZSyE V\b\`m1 +d/db ]`\Saf\/Sbn ,
]\aW1/ZS1 /ZSD /Z*V\ , Z1y dV*4m,*1baqE hb\ w, \/Z\Y Y1O
ab1 4* /`d-SYx +d/db waSWnZm1 41YW1b`qa1ZSqxE V\b\`m1
ab*Zdb \bWShSb1WnZ\y h1`b\y ob\-\ 4Z*Y1Z*b1WnZ\-\ ]1`SO
\/* Sab\`SS L*`V* 57B

6D ˙
wd/1b -\W\/x L 57B

7D ˚˛
wp/S +d/dbDDD ab`*/*bn \b ab`*jZmf
+\W14Z1yx L 65B55E Contemporary English VersionMD
wb`*jZ\E1aWSb1+qal1ab
W1, SWS /`d-\y fSkZSVE Z\
Z1 Y1Z11 ab`*jZ\E V\-/*
b1+q S4Zdb`S al1/*1b
d3*aZ*q +\W14Zn S bm
,S/SjnE hb\ b\ 31 a*Y\1
]`\Saf\/Sb a Wp/nYS
,\V`d- b1+qx
L'˙˚ •
˚MD
˘ \/Z\y *e`SV*ZaV\y ab`*Z1E `*4/S`*1Y\y -`*3/*ZaV\y
,\yZ\yE Y1/SgSZaVSy `*+\bZSV ]\ SY1ZS \Z4*WS /1W*W
b\ Z1YZ\-\1E hb\ +mW\ , 1-\ aSW*fE hb\+m a]*abS j*fb1O
`\, a,\1-\ -\`\/*E V\b\`m1 dYS`*WS \b Y*`+d`-O,S`daZ\y
+\W14ZSD ˚-\ ]`\an+m \ ]\Y\kSE */`1a\,*ZZm1 hSZ\,ZSO
V*Y , +\W11 V`d]Z\Y -\`\/1E \ab*,*WSan +14 \b,1b*D \O
Y\kn ]`SjW* h1`14 h1bm`1 Y1aqg*E Z\ +mW\ aWSjV\Y ]\4O
/Z\B \Z4*WS 4*`*4SWaq ob\y +\W14Znp \b j*fb1`\,E V\b\O
`mf ]mb*Waq a]*abSE S dY1`D
˚)%H\WnV\ 4* 6>>8 -\/ 4*+\W1,*O
ZSq /mf*b1WnZmf ]db1y S W1-VSf LZ*]`SY1`E ]Z1,Y\ZSqME
31Wd/\hZ\OVSj1hZm1 4*+\W1,*ZSqE ˙E bd+1`VdW14 S
Y*Wq`Sq dZ1aWS 3S4ZS +\W11 /1aqbS a ]\W\,SZ\y YSWWS\O
Z\, h1W\,1VD ˙`d-SYS aW\,*YSE S4O4* obSf +\W14Z1y V*3O
/m1 b`S a1VdZ/m dYS`*W \/SZ h1W\,1VD
˛˝˚˚D *a1W1ZS1 41YWS ]\ab\qZZ\ `*ab1bE * a\O
\b,1bab,1ZZ\E `*ab1b S hSaW\ aWdh*1, 4*+\W1,*ZSqD
'H S`\,\1 Z*a1W1ZS1 Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 aSWnZ\
d,1WShSW\anD \ S Wp/S /\abS-WS \h1Zn YZ\-\-\ , /S*-Z\O
abS`\,*ZSSE a/1`3S,*ZSS S W1h1ZSS +\W14Z1yD 1 W\-ShZ\
WS \3S/*bnE hb\ +\W14ZS /\W3Zm \babd]*bn ]\/ Z*bSaV\Y
]`\-`1aa*H /Z*V\ ]`\Saf\/Sb ]`qY\ ]`\bS,\]\W\3Z\1D
O"˚H a]\WZq1baq WS +S+W1yaV\1 ]`\`\O
h1ab,\ \ b\YE hb\ Wp/S +d/db ab`*/*bn \b ab`*jZmf +\W14O
Z1yH
˛1YW1b`qa1ZSqE -\W\/ S +\W14ZS P ob\ +14WSVS1 aSWmE
WSj*pkS1 3S4ZS YSWWS\Zm Wp/1yD \ -\`*4/\ +\Wnj1
Wp/1y ab`*/*pb \b `dV a,\Sf +WS4VSf P b1fE Vb\ /\W31Z
Sf 4*kSk*bnD \aY\b`Sb1E hb\ ]`1/aV*4m,*W\an , S+O
WSSD
*`+d`-O,S`daZ*q +\W14ZnE b*V31 Z*4m,*1Y*q g1`V\]Sb1V\,\y -1Y\``*O
-Sh1aV\y WSf\`*/V\yEP ob\ 4*+\W1,*ZS1E af\/Z\1 a WSf\`*/V\y '+\W*D
William Daniels/Panos Pictures
6 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 ) 6>55

8D ˚˙
(
wp/S +d/dbDDD WSj1ZZmYS
`\/ab,1ZZmf hd,ab,x L6 ˚( 7B5P7MD
˘ `Sa `*+\b*1b Z* a1,1`1 oWna* , aWd3+1 ]\Y\kS ]\O
ab`*/*,jSY \b Z*aSWSq , a1Yn1D Z `*aaV*4m,*1bB w\YO
ZpE V*V ]`SjW* \/Z* 31ZkSZ*E V\b\`*q \+`*k*W*an V Z*Y
`*Znj1ESqZ1d4Z*W11Pb*VaSWnZ\\Z*+mW*S4+SO
b*D 1V\b\`mY 31ZkSZ*Y Z*Z\aqb b*VS1 bq31Wm1 oY\gS\O
Z*WnZm1 `*ZmE hb\ \ZS abm/qbaq aY\b`1bn Wp/qY , -W*4*xD
˚)%H \/Z\y *e`SV*ZaV\y ab`*Z1
]`SY1`Z\ V*3/*q b`1bnq 31ZkSZ* 1k1 , /1bab,1 ]\/,1`O
-W*an a1Vad*WnZ\Yd Z*aSWSpD \-W*aZ\ \]`\adE ]`\,1/1ZO
Z\Yd , b\y ab`*Z1E +\W11 b`1bS Yd3hSZ ahSb*1bE hb\ +Sbn
a,\p 31Zd P ob\ Z\`Y*WnZ\D /Z*V\ \b Z*aSWSq , a1Yn1
ab`*/*pb Z1 b\WnV\ 31ZkSZmD *]`SY1`E , *Z*/1 \V\W\
7> ]`\g1Zb\, Yd3hSZ ab*WVS,*WSan a 31ab\VSY \+`*k1O
ZS1Y a\ ab\`\Zm 31ZD
˛˝˚˚D *aSWS1 , a1Yn1 +mW\ ,a1-/*D `\ab\ ,
Z*jS /ZS ob\y ]`\+W1Y1 d/1Wq1baq +\Wnj1 ,ZSY*ZSqE h1Y
,]`\jW\YD
'H 1a\YZ1ZZ\E , ]\aW1/ZS1 /1aqbSW1bSq \+
ob\y ]`\+W1Y1 -\,\`Sbaq \h1Zn YZ\-\D \ ab*W\ WS \b ob\-\
Y1Znj1 aWdh*1, Z*aSWSq , a1Yn1H 1bD 1-\/Zq Z1/\ab*b\V
`\/ab,1ZZmf hd,ab, \h1,S/1Z V*V ZSV\-/*D
O"˚H a]\WZqpbaq WS aW\,* S4 6 SY\O
e1p 7B5P7H ˛*Y1h*1b1 WS ,mE hb\ ,\ YZ\-Sf a1Ynqf Z1b
Wp+,SH
W1/dpk11E ]qb\1E ]`\`\h1ab,\E Sa]\WZ1ZS1 V\b\`\-\
Ym Z*+Wp/*1YE V*a*1baq Z*j1-\ \+k1-\ /\Y*E 41YWSD +O
`*bSb1 ,ZSY*ZS1E hb\ ]\ ob\Yd ]\,\/d -\,\`Sbaq , S+O
WSSD
whSb*1baqE hb\ /*ZZm1
\ Z*aSWSS , a1Yn1 aSWnZ\
4*ZS31ZmD a`1/Z1Y
31ZkSZm \+`*k*pbaq
, ]\WSgSp b\WnV\ ]\aW1
79 aWdh*1, Z*aSWSq
a\ ab\`\Zm Yd3*x
L˚˙˚&
'&• ˝% #
˙" )
˚&˚MD
˝˚) ") ˙ 5 ) 6>55 7

9D ˛)˛˚˚
˛˚
w`SjW\ ,`1Yq ]\-d+Sbn b1fE Vb\ -d+Sb
41YWpx L˚˚ 55B5

:D ˚˙&
˚
w'b* +W*-*q ,1abn \ g*`ab,1 +d/1b ]`\]\,1/*Z*
]\ ,a1y \+Sb*1Y\y 41YW1x L˚) 68B58MD
˘ *S*b1* 3S,1b Z* \/Z\Y S4 \ab`\,\, d*Y\bd , Sf\Y
\V1*Z1D * ;< V\`*WW\,mf \ab`\,*f *`fS]1W*-* d*Y\O
bdE \+k*q ]W\k*/n V\b\`\-\ a\ab*,Wq1b ]`S+WS4Sb1WnZ\
>>> V,*/`*bZmf VSW\Y1b`\,E 3S,1b ,a1-\ 5: >>> h1W\,1VD
a1 31 *S*b1* S 11 a\a1/S 4Z*V\Ym a\ ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\O
,mD Z1d/S,Sb1WnZ\E ,1/n ,S/1b1WS ab*`*pbaq Z1abS +W*O
-dp ,1abn \ *`ab,1 \-* ,a1Y Wp/qYE -/1 +m b1 ZS 3SWSD
˚)%H1abn \ *`ab,1 \-* /\abS-O
W* ,a1f d-\WV\, 41YZ\-\ j*`*D \WnV\ , 6>5> -\/d ,S/1b1O
WS 1-\,m , 67: ab`*Z*f S b1``Sb\`Sqf ]\a,qbSWS ]`\]\O
,1/S +W*-\y ,1abS +\W11 5E: YSWWS*`/* h*a\,D 'b\ 4Z*hSbE
hb\ , a`1/Z1Y V*3/my S4 ZSf 131/Z1,Z\ ]`\]\,1/\,*W ]\
7> YSZdbD ˛* ]\aW1/Z11 /1aqbSW1bS1 ,S/1b1WS S4/*WS S
`*a]`\ab`*ZSWS +\W11 6> YSWWS*`/\, +S+W1yaVSf ]d+WSO
V*gSyD
˛˝˚˚D S+W1yaVdp ,1abn ]`\]\,1/dpb Z* ]`\O
bq31ZSS YZ\-Sf ,1V\,D
'H ˙1yab,Sb1WnZ\E YZ\-S1 Wp/S ]mb*WSan
]`\]\,1/\,*bn ,1abn S4 S+WSSD /Z*V\ +\WnjSZab,\ S4
ZSf /1W*WS ob\ WSjn V\`\bV\1 ,`1Yq S , Z1+\Wnj\Y Y*aO
jb*+1D ,S/1b1WS 1-\,m \`-*ZS4\,*ZZ\ ]`\]\,1/dpb
+W*-dp ,1abn ,\ ,a1Y YS`1E S 11 aWmj*b a\bZS YSWWS\Z\,
Wp/1yD ZS Z1 ]`1V`*k*WS ]`\]\,1/\,*bnE /*31 V\-/*
ab*WVS,*WSan a ]`\bS,\/1yab,S1Y a*Ymf 31ab\VSf ]\WSbSO
h1aVSf `13SY\, , Sab\`SS L*`V* 57B57MD `\Y1 b\-\E ,SO
/1b1WS 1-\,m Z1 ]\Wdh*pb ]W*bm 4* a,\p `*+\bdD ZS
\f\bZ\ 31`b,dpb a,\SY ,`1Y1Z1Y S +1a]W*bZ\ `*a]`\ab`*O
Zqpb +S+W1yaVdp WSb1`*bd`dD f /1qb1WnZ\abn ]\//1`3SO
,*1baq SaVWphSb1WnZ\ /\+`\,\WnZmYS ]\31`b,\,*ZSqYSD
O"˚H * a*Y\Y WS /1W1 w+W*-*q ,1abn \
g*`ab,1x ]`\]\,1/d1baq ]\ ,a1y 41YW1H \31b WS Sa]\WZ1O
ZS1 ob\-\ ]`\`\h1ab,* \4Z*h*bnE hb\ , aV\`\Y +d/dk1Y Z*a
\3S/*pb ]1`1Y1Zm V Wdhj1YdH
\Wnj1 \+ ob\Y ,m Y\31b1 d4Z*bnE ]\aY\b`1, b`S /\VdY1Zb*WnZmf
eSWnY* w1`Zm1 , Sa]mb*ZSSD ,S/1b1WS 1-\,m , \,1baV\Y \p41xE
wSW\,m1 b`1d-\WnZSVSx S wd31ab,\ ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m ]1`1/ WSg\Y
Z*gS4Y*xD *a]`\ab`*Zqpbaq ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,mD
w\V* 1-\,* ]\4,\Wq1bE
Ym +d/1Y S /*Wnj1
`1,Z\abZ\ ]`\]\,1/\,*bn
+W*-dp ,1abn \ *`ab,1E
]\Wn4dqan Wp+\y
,\4Y\3Z\abnpx
Lw˚˝˚˙ ˙˚˚˚•
˚%x ˛ 6>5> ˙MD
˝˚) ") ˙ 5 ) 6>55 9

˚
˚˚˚
"˚
w˚k1 Z1YZ\-\E S d31 Z1 +d/1b
Z1h1abS,\-\DDD V`\bVS1 Z*aW1/dpb
41YWp S Z*aW*/qbaq \+SWS1Y YS`*x
L 7;B5>E 55MD
˚ +m ,m d,S/1bn Sa]\WZ1ZS1 ob\-\ ]`\`\O
h1ab,*H 1a\YZ1ZZ\I Z*a 1abn ,1aVS1 \aZ\,*ZSq
,1`SbnE hb\ \h1Zn aV\`\ \Z\ Sa]\WZSbaqD
ob\y a1`SS ab*b1y \+ad3/*W\an WSjn Z1aV\WnO
V\ +S+W1yaVSf ]`\`\h1ab,E a,S/1b1Wnab,dpkSf \ b\YE
hb\ Ym 3S,1Y w, ]\aW1/ZS1 /ZSx L6 SY\e1p 7B5P9MD
\- ]\+d/SW a,\Sf aWd3Sb1W1y 4*]Sa*bn obS ]`\`\h1O
ab,*E hb\+m Ym \+`1WS Z*/13/d LSYWqZ*Y 59B8MD f
Sa]\WZ1ZS1 -\,\`Sb \ b\YE hb\ ,aV\`1 b`d/Z\abqYE a
V\b\`mYS Ym ab*WVS,*1YaqE ]`S/1b V\Z1gD
b\ +d/1b 4*b1YH */ ,a1y 41YW1y Z*hZ1b ]`*,Sbn
*`ab,\ \-* L*be1q :B=E 5>MD \b V*V S+WSq \]SO
am,*1b S4Y1Z1ZSqE V\b\`m1 ]`\S4\y/db Z* 41YW1 , b\
,`1YqB
˘ ah14Z1b -\W\/D wd/1b \+SWS1 fW1+* Z* 41YW1E
Z* ,1`jSZ*f -\` \Z +d/1b , S4+mbV1x La*W\Y ;6B5:MD
˘ 1 +d/1b +\W14Z1yD wSVb\ S4 3Sb1W1y Z1 aV*31bB
t) +\W1Zrx La*Sq 77B68MD
˘ +Z\,Sbaq 41YWqD wdabmZq S +14,\/Z*q Y1abZ\abn
+d/db WSV\,*bnE ]dabmZZ*q `*,ZSZ* +d/1b ,1a1WSbnaq
S g,1abSE V*V j*e`*Zx La*Sq 79B5MD
'b\ b\WnV\ Z1V\b\`m1 ,\\/dj1,WqpkS1 +S+W1yO
aVS1 ]`\`\h1ab,*E V\b\`m1 aV\`\ Sa]\WZqbaqD ]`\aSO
b1 d ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,mE ]\h1Yd \ZS d,1`1Zm , b\YE
hb\ ]1`1Y1Zm V Wdhj1Yd Z*abd]qb \h1Zn aV\`\D

˚˚% ˚˚• &)
*V ]\q,W1ZS1 /1b1y
,WSq1b Z* a1Y1yZdp 3S4Zn
*`W4B wm a o`S +mWS Z1,1`\qbZ\ ah*abWS,mE V\-/* `\/SW*an Z*j*
/\hd`V*D \ ]1`,m1 Y1aqgm q aSWnZ\ Z1 ,mam]*WaqD m ab`\SWS YZ\-\ ]W*Z\,
\b\YEV*V+d/1Y4*+\bSbnaq\Z1yEZ\,a1,mjW\Z1b*VEV*VYm/dY*WSxD
o`SB w `\3/1ZS1Y Z*j1y Y*WmjVS q +\Wnj1 a1+1 Z1 ]`SZ*/W13*W*D
/`d- ,a1 S4Y1ZSW\anB ,a1 Y\S YmaWS +mWS b\WnV\ \ b\YE V*V ]\V\`YSbnE
]1`1]1W1Z*bn SWS da]\V\Sbn `1+1ZV*D 'b\ +mW* \-`\YZ*q ]1`1Y1Z*I
`\jW\ Z1aV\WnV\ Y1aqg1,E ]`13/1 h1Y Z*j* 3S4Zn a *`W4\Y ,\jW*
, ]`S,mhZ\1 `daW\xD
˚ a\-W*aqbaqE hb\
`\3/1ZS1 `1+1ZV* ]`SO
Z\aSb +\Wnjdp `*/\abnD
S+WSS\/1bqf-\,\`SbO
aqV*V\wZ*-`*/1x\b\-*
La*W\Y 56;B7MD /Z*V\ Y\O
W\/m1 `\/Sb1WSE V*V Z*]`SO
Y1` *`W4 S o`SE ]\ZSO
Y*pbE hb\ a ]\q,W1ZS1Y `1O
+1ZV* 3S4Zn , +`*V1 Y\31b
S4Y1ZSbnaqE ]\/h*a a*YmY
Z1\3S/*ZZmY \+`*4\YD 1O
]1`n ,a1 YmaWS Y\W\/\y Y*O
Ym b\WnV\ \ Y*Wmj1E S \Z*
Y\31b d/S,Wqbnaq b\YdE V*V
,a1Y a,\SY adk1ab,\Y \bVWSV*1baq Z* V*3O
/my V`SV Z\,\`\3/1ZZ\-\D a,\p \h1`1/n
\b1g Y\31b d/S,Wqbnaq b\YdE V*VS1 b1aZm1
d4m a,q4m,*pb 1-\ 31Zd S `1+1ZV*D `S
ob\Y \Z Y\31b hd,ab,\,*bn a1+q +`\j1ZO
ZmYD
\3/1ZS1 ]1`,1Zg* Y\31b ,m4,*bn V`SO
4Sa , \bZ\j1ZSqf Y13/d Yd31Y S 31Z\yD
`d/Z\abSE a,q4*ZZm1 a ,\a]Sb*ZS1Y /1O
b1yE Y\-db ,mq,Sbn S d-Wd+Sbn `*af\3/1O
Y1Z* , ob\y ab*bn1 S4Y1Z1ZmD
ZSq ,\ ,4-Wq/*f ad]`d-\, S Sf Z1d,1`1ZO
Z\abn , a1+1D
*V `\/Sb1WqY ]`Sa]\a\+Sbnaq V Z\,\Yd
dVW*/d 3S4ZS , +1a]\V\yZm1 ]1`,m1 Y1aqO
gmE , V\b\`m1 YW*/1Z1g b`1+d1b Sf Z1dO
am]Z\-\ ,ZSY*ZSqH *V ad]`d-*Y a\f`*O
Zqbn +WS4VS1 ,4*SY\\bZ\j1ZSqH *V SY
dW*3S,*bn `*4Z\-W*aSq , ,\]`\a*f ,\a]SO
b*ZSq `1+1ZV*H ˙*,*yb1 `*aaY\b`SY V*3O
/my S4 obSf ,\]`\a\,E * b*V31 +S+W1yaVS1
]`SZgS]mE V\b\`m1 ]\Y\-db ad]`d-*Y ]`1O
\/\W1,*bn ,\4ZSV*pkS1 b`d/Z\abSD
˝˚) ") ˙ 5 ) 6>55 11

˙& 5B ,a1 Z*hSZ*1b ,`*k*bnaq
,\V`d- `1+1ZV*D
a1 ,`1Yq S ,a1 YmaWS Y*Ym +14`*4O
/1WnZ\ ]`SZ*/W13*b 11 Y*WmjdD ˛*+\b* \
`1+1ZV1 Y\31b ]`SZ\aSbn 1y hd,ab,\ -WdO
+\V\-\ d/\,W1b,\`1ZSqD 11 Yd3d Y\31b
V*4*bnaqE hb\ \ Z1Y 4*+mWSD *ZdoW S4
`*4SWSS /1WSbaqB wZ1 +mW\ \h1Zn bq31O
W\ ]`S,mVZdbn V b\YdE hb\ Y\q 31Z* ,a1g1O
W\ a\a`1/\b\hSW*an Z* `1+1ZV1E * Z1 Z* YZ1E
V*V ob\ +mW\ `*Znj1D *Znj1 +mWS b\WnV\
q S \Z*E * b1]1`n b\WnV\ \Z* S `1+1Z\VxD *V
+mbn , b*V\y aSbd*gSSH
ˇ Wph V da]1fdB +d/nb1 b1`]1WS,mYSD
wp+\,n /\W-\b1`]1WS,* S /\+`*D pO
+\,nDDD Z1 Sk1b a,\1-\E Z1 `*4/`*3*1baqxEP
-\,\`Sbaq , S+WSS L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 57B8E 9MD
*V Y\W\/m1 `\/Sb1WS Y\-db ]`SY1Zqbn
ob\b a\,1bH
d/`my Yd3 ]`\q,Sb V 31Z1 Wp+\,nE 1aO
WS ]\ab*`*1baq d4Z*bnE V*V `\3/1ZS1 `1O
+1ZV* ,WSq1b Z* eS4Sh1aV\1 S /dj1,Z\1
a\ab\qZS1 31ZkSZmD \-/* \Z ]\yY1bE ]\O
h1Yd d 1-\ 31Zm +m,*pb ,Z14*]Zm1 ]1`1O
Y1Zm , Z*ab`\1ZSSD /*Y*E V\b\`my 3SO
,1b ,\ `*ZgSSE 55OY1aqhZ*q /\hV*D Z -\O
,\`SbB w\`\y YZ1 \h1Zn b`d/Z\ ]\Zqbn 31O
ZdE V\-/* d Z11 `14V\ Y1Zq1baq Z*ab`\1ZS1E
S \ab*,*bnaq a]\V\yZmYD \-/* q Z*]\YSO
Z*p a1+1E hb\ \Z* `*4/`*3*1baq Z1 S4O4* Y1O
ZqD `\ab\ 1y bq31W\ a]`*,Wqbnaq a b`d/O
Z\abqYSE V\b\`mf d Z*a ]`13/1 Z1 +mW\xD
m,*1b WS b*VE hb\ ,*j* 31Z* Z1]`*O
,SWnZ\ ]\ZSY*1b ,*jS ab*`*ZSq ]\Y\hn
1yH ˚aWS /*E Z1 a]1jSb1 \+S3*bnaq L'VVW1O
4S*ab ;B=MD Y1ab\ ob\-\ ]`\q,Wqyb1 b1`]1O
YZ\-Sf Y*b1`1y +m,*pb aW*+m1 ]`Sabd]m /1]`1aO
aSS , b1h1ZS1 Z1aV\WnVSf Z1/1Wn ]\aW1 `\/\,D \ Z1V\O
b\`m1 ab`*/*pb +\W11 a1`n14ZmY `*aab`\yab,\YE S4,1abO
ZmY V*V ]\aW1`\/\,*q /1]`1aaSqD b\+m d4Z*bn +\Wnj1
\+ ob\Y `*aab`\yab,1 S \ b\YE V*V a ZSY a]`*,WqbnaqE
aY\b`Sb1 ab*bnS w*V q +\`\W*an a ]\aW1`\/\,\y /1]`1aO
aS1yx , 3d`Z*W1 w`\+d/Sb1anIx \b 66 SpWq 6>>6 -\/* S
w˙S*-Z\4B ]\aW1`\/\,*q /1]`1aaSqx , 3d`Z*W1 w`\+dO
/Sb1anIx \b < SpZq 6>>7 -\/*D 4/*Zm ,S/1b1WqYS 1O
-\,mD 'bS ab*bnS /\abd]Zm Z* a*yb1 wwwDwatchtowerDorgD
ZS1 S ab*,nb1 11 SZb1`1am ,mj1 a,\Sf a\+O
ab,1ZZmfD \-/* ,m S4+13Sb1 \-\`h1ZSy
L`SbhS 58B6=MD
W*-\`*4dYZ*q 31Z*E a\ a,\1y ab\`\ZmE
+d/1b ]\//1`3S,*bn Yd3* , Z\,\y /Wq Z1-\
`\WSD Z* +d/1b b1`]1WS,\ ]\V*4m,*bn 1YdE
V*V ]1W1Z*bn Y*Wmj* SWS ]\/-\b*,WS,*bn
+dbmW\hVd /Wq V\`YW1ZSqE /*31 1aWS ]\O
Z*h*WddZ1-\Z1,a1+d/1b]\Wdh*bnaqD
6:OW1bZqq 'WW1Z `*aaV*4m,*1bE V*VS1 S4O
Y1Z1ZSq 1y Z1\+f\/SY\ +mW\ ]`1/]`SZqbnB
w) \a\4Z*W*E hb\ `1+1Z\V P ob\ Z1 Y\q a\+O
ab,1ZZ\abnD Z1 ]`Sf\/SW\an Z*]\YSZ*bn
a1+1E hb\ Z1 Zd3Z\ ]`S/S`*bnaq V Yd3dE
V\-/* \Z ab*`*1baq ]`SY1ZSbn Y\S a\,1bm S
4*+\bSbnaq \ YW*/1Zg1xD
˚D ˝1ZmE 1aWS ,*j Yd3 4*+\bSbaq
\Y*Wmj1Z1b*VEV*V,mEZ1V`SbSVdyb1
1-\ S Z1 ]1`1/1Wm,*yb1 ]\aW1 Z1-\ `*+\bdD
,*WSb1 1-\ 4* b\E hb\ \Z /1W*1b ]`*,SWnZ\D
*V ,m ,a1WSb1 , Z1-\ d,1`1ZZ\abnE S \Z +dO
/1b \V*4m,*bn ,*Y Z1\+f\/SYdp ]\//1`O
3VdD d3nqE \bV*3Sb1an \b Y*W\,*3Zmf
/1WE hb\+m V*V Y\3Z\ +\Wnj1 ,`1Y1ZS
]\Y\-*bn 31Z1E \a\+1ZZ\ , ]1`,m1 Y1O
aqgm ]\aW1 `\3/1ZSq `1+1ZV*D
˙& 6B ,m \b/*Wq1b1an /`d-
\b /`d-*D
Z\-S1 Y\W\/m1 `\/Sb1WS S4Y\3/1Zm
S4O4* b\-\E hb\ SY ]`Sf\/Sbaq h*ab\ ,ab*O
,*bn ]\ Z\h*YD *V31 Sf Y\-db WSj*bn aSW
Z1]`1/,S/1ZZm1 ]`\+W1YmD \ob\Yd adO
]`d-*Y Y\31b +mbn b`d/Z\ a\f`*Zqbn +WS4O
VS1 ,4*SY\\bZ\j1ZSqD S,nqZZ* S4 `*ZO
gSSE d V\b\`\y /,\1 Y*W1ZnVSf /1b1yE 4*Y1O
h*1bB w\Z*h*Wd q aSWnZ\ d,W1VW*an `\Wnp
Y*b1`S S ]\hbS 4*+mW*E hb\ q 1k1 S 31Z*xD
`\Y1 b\-\E Yd3 Y\31b Z1 ]\ZSY*bnE
hb\ +1`1Y1ZZ\abn aSWnZ\ ]\,WSqW* Z* 1-\
31Zd , eS4Sh1aV\Y S oY\gS\Z*WnZ\Y \bZ\O
j1ZSSD `1Yq S aSWmE V\b\`m1 \ZS `*Znj1
b`*bSWS Z* b\E hb\+m d/\,W1b,\`qbn oY\O
gS\Z*WnZm1 S a1Vad*WnZm1 ]\b`1+Z\abS
/`d- /`d-*E b1]1`n df\/qb Z* `1+1ZV*D b\
12 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 ) 6>55

1W*bn ad]`d-*YE hb\+m Sf
+1a]\Y\kZmy S Z13Z\ WpO
+SYmy Y*Wmj Z1 ab*W
]`ShSZ\y `*4W*/* Y13/d
ZSYSH
ˇ Wph V da]1fdB 4*,1O
`qyb1 /`d- /`d-* , Wp+,SD
a1Y1yZ\y 3S4ZS , S+O
WSS -\,\`SbaqB wd3hSZ*
\ab*,Sb \bg* S Y*bn S ]`SO
W1]Sbaq V a,\1y 31Z1E S
\ZS ab*Zdb \/Z\y ]W\bnpx
LmbS1 6B68MD \4*YmaWd
1-\,m \-* /1bS , V\Zg1
V\Zg\, /\W3Zm ]\VSZdbn
`\/Sb1WnaVSy /\YD /Z*V\
\- \3S/*1bE hb\ Yd3 S 31Z*E ab*, \/Z\y
]W\bnpE +d/db ,Y1ab1 ,ap 3S4Zn L*be1q
5=B7P=MD *V ]\ZSY*ZS1 ob\-\ ]\Y\31b adO
]`d-*Y d`*,Z\,1j1ZZ\ \bZ\aSbnaq V ]\q,O
W1ZSp `1+1ZV*H
S,nqZZ*E aW\,* V\b\`\y ]`S,\/SWSan
,mj1E `*aaV*4m,*1bB w) `*4YmjWqW* Z*/
aW\,*YS S4 mbSq 6B68 S ]\ZqW*E hb\ ab*W*
t\/Z\y ]W\bnpr a Yd31YE * Z1 a `1+1ZV\YD
\-/* q \a\4Z*W*E hb\ YZ1 Zd3Z\ dV`1]Wqbn
Z*j +`*VxD 1`14*E d V\b\`\y /,dfW1bZqq
/\hnE -\,\`SbB w*V b\WnV\ q Z*hSZ*p 4*O
Y1h*bnE hb\ \b/*Wqpan \b Yd3*E q ab*`*O
panV*3/my/1ZnZ*f\/Sbnf\bq+mZ1YZ\-\
,`1Y1ZSE hb\+m ]\+mbn a ZSYxD
hb\ ,mE V*V Yd3E Y\31b1 a/1W*bnE hb\O
+m dV`1]Sbn a,\y +`*VH \,\`Sb1 31Z1E hb\
Wp+Sb1 11D \/b,1`3/*yb1 aW\,* ]`\q,W1O
ZSqYS Z13Z\abSD `SW*-*yb1 a\4Z*b1WnO
Zm1 daSWSqE hb\+m 4*kSbSbn 11 \b Z1Zd3O
Zmf +1a]\V\yab,D 7>OW1bZqq *`* /1WSbaqB
w˝1Z1 ,*3Z\ 4Z*bnE hb\E f\bq \Z* ,m-Wq/Sb
Z1 b*VE V*V /\ +1`1Y1ZZ\abSE Yd3 ]\O]`13O
Z1YdWp+Sb S g1ZSb 11xD W*Z S4 1`Y*ZSSE
d V\b\`\-\ /,\1 /1b1yE ]\ZSY*1bE V*V ,*3O
\-W*aZ\ \/Z\Yd Z*dhZ\Yd b`d/dE 1,`1yaVSy -W*-\WE
]1`1,1/1ZZmy , ob\Y abSf1 V*V w]`SW1]SbaqxE Y\31b ]1O
`1/*,*bn YmaWn \ wZ13Z\y ]`S,q4*ZZ\abS V V\YdOWS+\
S ,1`Z\abSxD
Z\ \V*4m,*bn 31Z1 oY\gS\Z*WnZdp ]\//1`O
3VdD Z -\,\`SbB w) ,a1-/* ab*`*pan +mbn
/Wq 31Zm \]\`\yE \a\+1ZZ\ V\-/* 1y bq31O
W\xD
\q,W1ZS1 `1+1ZV* aV*4m,*1baq S Z* SZO
bSYZmf \bZ\j1ZSqf ad]`d-\,D \ob\Yd YdO
3d S 31Z1 Zd3Z\ -\,\`Sbn /`d- /`d-d \
a,\Sf ]\b`1+Z\abqfD S+WSS \+lqaZqO
1baqE hb\ ,\]`\amE a,q4*ZZm1 a ]\W\,mYS
\bZ\j1ZSqYSE /\W3Zm `1j*bnaq w]\ ,4*O
SYZ\Yd a\-W*aSpx L5 \`SZeqZ*Y ;B5P9MD
Wph1,dp `\Wn , ob\Y S-`*1b \+k1ZS1D
\4Y\3Z\E , aSWd ,\a]Sb*ZSq SWS VdWnbdO
`m ,*Y Z1W\,V\ \+ad3/*bn b*VS1 ,\]`\amD
/Z*V\ /1W*bn ob\ Z1\+f\/SY\E hb\+m ]`SO
a]\a\+Sbnaq V Z\,mY \+ab\qb1Wnab,*YD
d/nb1 \bV`mbmYS S b1`]1WS,mYSE ]`\q,O
Wqyb1 a\hd,ab,S1 L5 \`SZeqZ*Y 5>B68MD
*V ,m S4+13Sb1 Z1/\]\ZSY*ZSqE S ,*j*
Wp+\,n ab*Z1b 1k1 V`1]h1 L5 1b`* 7B;E

31Z*E Z1aY\b`q Z* YZ\-\hSaW1ZZm1 fW\]\O
bmE +d/1b aW1/Sbn 4* b1YE hb\+m Z1 dY*Wqbn
,VW*/* Yd3* , +W*-\]\WdhS1 a1YnS L`SbO
hS 5;B5;MD
˚D *YmE ]\ab*`*yb1an Z1YZ\-\ ]\O
a]*bnE V\-/* a]Sb ,*j Y*WmjD \-/* d ,*a
]\q,qbaq aSWmE /Wq b\-\ hb\+m d/1WSbn ,ZSO
Y*ZS1 Yd3dD *]mE V\-/* b\WnV\ ,\4Y\3Z\E
,ab*,*yb1 Z\hnpE hb\+m ]\V\`YSbn SWS ]1O
`1]1W1Z*bn `1+1ZV*D \-/* ,*j* 31Z* aY\O
31b \b/\fZdbnD \ab\qZZ\ 4*,1`qyb1 11 ,
Wp+,SE \ab*,Wqq 4*]SaVSE ]\amW*q b1Vab\O
,m1 a\\+k1ZSq SWS `*4-\,*`S,*q a Z1y ]\
b1W1e\ZdD d3nq S 31ZmE Z*f\/Sb1 ,`1YqE
hb\+m ]\\+k*bnaq Z*1/SZ1D \,\`Sb1 /`d-
\ /`d-1E * Z1 b\WnV\ \ `1+1ZV1D \f`*Zqyb1
V`1]Vdp /`d3+dE S b\-/* ,m +d/1b1 da]1jO
Z11 a]`*,Wqbnaq a b`d/Z\abqYS ,\a]Sb*ZSq
a,\1-\ Y*Wmj*D
˙& 7B d ,*a `*4Zm1 ,4-Wq/m
Z* ,\a]Sb*ZS1 /1b1yD
\4Y\3Z\E ad]`d-S 4*Y1h*pbE hb\ S4O4*
`*4ZSgm ,\ ,4-Wq/*f Z* ,\a]Sb*ZS1 /1b1y
d ZSf ,\4ZSV*pb `*4Z\-W*aSqD b*V\y
b`d/Z\abnp ab\WVZdWSan a*YS S 11 Yd3E
*gd`\E V\b\`m1 3S,db , )]\ZSSD a*YS
-\,\`SbB w) ahSb*W*E hb\ *gd`\ aWSjV\Y
aZSaf\/Sb1W1Z V /\h1`SE * \Z /dY*WE hb\ q
aWSjV\Y ab`\-* V Z1yxD *V Z1 \V*4*bnaq ]\
`*4Zm1 ab\`\Zm +*``SV*/H
ˇ Wph V da]1fdB a\,1bdyb1anD d/`my
g*`n \W\Y\Z Z*]Sa*WB w*Y\Z*/1qZZ\abn
]`S,\/Sb b\WnV\ V `*4/\`*YE * d a\,1bdpO
kSfaq P Yd/`\abnx L`SbhS 57B5>MD \`\O
j\ WS ,m 4Z*1b1E V*V\-\ ,4-Wq/* Z* ,\a]SO
b*ZS1 /1b1y ]`S/1`3S,*1baq ,*j Yd3 SWS
31Z*H ˚aWS ,m \bVW*/m,*1b1 \+ad3/1ZS1
b*VSf ,\]`\a\, /\ `\3/1ZSq `1+1ZV*E b\
Y\31b aWdhSbnaqE hb\ ,m +d/1b1 a]\`Sbn
/`d- a /`d-\YE ,Y1ab\ b\-\ hb\+m `1j*bn
]`\+W1YmD
*]`SY1`E ]\/dY*yb1E af\/qbaq WS ,*jS
YZ1ZSq ]\ aW1/dpkSY ,\]`\a*YB V*V Z*O
dhSbn `1+1ZV* 1abn S a]*bn ]\ h*a*YH d3O
Z\ WS +`*bn 1-\ Z* `dVS ,aqVSy `*4E V\-/*
\Z ]`\am]*1baq S ]W*h1bH *V ]`SdhSbn
`1+1ZV* V -\`jVdH b\Sb ]\ZSY*bnE hb\ ,*O
jS `1j1ZSq ]\ obSY ,\]`\a*Y +d/db \bWSO
h*bnaq \b `1j1ZSy /`d-Sf a1Y1yZmf ]*`D
b*ZE d V\b\`\-\ /,\1 /1b1yE a\,1bd1bB
wb\+m aY\b`1bn Z* ,1kS \/SZ*V\,\E Zd3O
Z\ ,a1 \+ad3/*bnD \-/* ,m aY\31b1 4*+\O
bSbnaq \ ]\b`1+Z\abqf `1+1ZV* Z*SWdhjSY
\+`*4\YxD
˚D a]\YZSb1E V*V ,*a ,\a]Sbm,*WS `\O
/Sb1WSE S `1jSb1E V*VS1 Y1b\/m ,\a]Sb*ZSq
,m f\b1WS +m d ZSf ]1`1ZqbnE * V*VS1 Z1bD
+ad/Sb1 a,\S YmaWS a Yd31Y SWS 31Z\yD
\q,W1ZS1 /1b1y Y\31b S4Y1ZSbn
a1Y1yZdp 3S4Zn V Wdhj1Yd
\/\+Z\ b\Yd V*V ]*`1 eS-d`Sab\, Z1\+O
f\/SY\ ,`1Yq S b1`]1ZS1E hb\+m Z*dhSbnaq
aW*31ZZ\ V*b*bnaq ,Y1ab1E ,*Y Zd3Z\ ,`1O
YqE hb\+m ]`Sa]\a\+Sbnaq V Z\,mY /Wq ,*a
\+q4*ZZ\abqY `\/Sb1W1yD \ ,]\aW1/ab,SS
,m /\+n1b1an da]1f*D
\q,W1ZS1 `1+1ZV* ]`\,1`Sb ,*j +`*V
Z* ]`\hZ\abn S Z*,a1-/* S4Y1ZSb ,*jS
,4*SY\\bZ\j1ZSqD b\ 31 ,`1Yq \Z\ ]\Y\O
31b ,*Y `*4,Sbn g1ZZm1 V*h1ab,*D W1/dq
+S+W1yaVSY a\,1b*YE ,m Sa]mb*1b1 b\ 31E
hb\ 1ZZ1bE V\b\`my aV*4*WB w\a]Sb*ZS1
/1b1y f\`\j\ \b`*4SW\an Z* YZ1 S Y\1y 31O
Z1D m Z*dhSWSan Y1Znj1 /dY*bn \ a1+1 S ,
+\Wnj1y Y1`1 ]`\q,Wqbn Wp+\,n S ]\ZSY*O
ZS1xD 1a\YZ1ZZ\E b*VS1 S4Y1Z1ZSq /1W*pb
a1Y1yZdp 3S4Zn Wdhj1D
˚ ˚)DDD
ˇ /*,*W\an WS YZ1 4* ]\aW1/Zpp Z1/1Wp
]\V*4*bnE hb\ q g1Zp ab*`*ZSq Yd3* SWS
31Zm 4*+\bSbnaq \ a1Yn1H
ˇ \-/* , ]\aW1/ZSy `*4 Ym
`*4-\,*`S,*WS ]\ /dj*Y /`d- \ /`d-1E
* Z1 \ `1+1ZV1H
14 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 ) 6>55

˛˚˚ %H
˚
˚˛˚ ˛
(˚˚˙) E ˚)E
˚˚
(˛˙)
Back: Courtesy of Israel
Museum, Jerusalem
Front: www.BibleLandPictures
.com / Alamy
ab`1h*pbaq WS SY1Z* Wp/1yE d]\YqZdbmf , S+WSSE
Z* /`1,ZSf -WSZqZmf ]1h*bqfH
ˇ /`1,Z\abS h1W\,1VE a\ab*,S,
\eSgS*WnZmy /\VdY1ZbE aV`dhS,*W
1-\E a,q4m,*W ,1`1,V\y S aV`1]WqW
d41W Vda\hV\Y -WSZmE Z* V\b\`\Y ab*O
,SW ]1h*bnD 1h*bnp 4*,1`qWS ]\/O
WSZZ\abn /\VdY1Zb*D
Z\-/* ]1h*bn +mW* h*abnp V\WnO
g*E S b*V\1 dV`*j1ZS1 ahSb*W\an
/`*-\g1ZZmY LmbS1 7

˛•˚
\h1Yd \- /\]daV*1b
4W\ S ab`*/*ZSqH
ob\y ab*bn1 ]\/ZSY*pbaq ,\]`\amE
V\b\`m1E ,\4Y\3Z\E d ,*a ,\4ZSV*WSE
S \+lqaZq1baqE -/1 , a,\1y S+WSS ,m
Y\31b1 Z*ybS Z* ZSf \b,1bmD *V31 ,m
Y\31b1 \+ad/Sbn Sf a\ ,S/1b1WqYS
1-\,mD
5D *V ]\q,SW\an 4W\H
˛W\ ]\q,SW\anE V\-/* *b*Z* ]`\S4Z1a ]1`,dp W\3nD
*b*Z* Z1 +mW a\4/*Z 4WmYD Z*h*W1 \Z +mW a\,1`j1ZO
ZmY *Z-1W\YE \/Z*V\ wZ1 dab\qW , SabSZ1x L\*ZZ*
C bV`\,1O
ZS1 56B=DM
m+\` /*Y*
\+1`ZdWaq b`*-1/S1y
6D mW WS S4lqZ , \3n1Y b,\`1ZSSH
\- a\4/*W Wp/1y S *Z-1W\, a\,1`j1ZZmYSE
]\ob\Yd \ZS +mWS a]\a\+Zm , ]\WZ\y Y1`1 SaO
]\WZqbn 1-\ b`1+\,*ZSq Lb\`\4*V\ZS1 76B8E 9MD
\ \- b*V31 Z*/1WSW Z*a a,\+\/\y ,m+S`*bn
Y13/d /\+`\Y S 4W\YD \Wn4dqan obSY /*`\YE
Ym Y\31Y /\V*4m,*bn a,\p Wp+\,n V \-dD
L`\hSb*yb1 *V\,* 5B57P59C 5 \*ZZ* 9B7DM
7D \h1Yd \- /\]daV*1b ab`*/*ZSqH
* ]`\bq31ZSS \]`1/1W1ZZ\-\ ,`1Y1ZS 1O
-\,* b1`]Sb Yqb13E ]\/Zqbmy ]`\bS, 1-\ ]`*,O
W1ZSqD ˙Wq h1-\H b\+m ab*W\ \h1,S/Z\E hb\ Z1O
4*,SaSY\abn \b \-* Z1 ]`SZ\aSb Wp/qY ah*abnq
L1`1YSq 5>B67MD : >>> W1b h1W\,1h1aV\y Sab\O
`SS qaZ\ ob\ ]\V*4*WSD S \/Z\Yd ]`*,Sb1Wp
Z1 d/*W\an ]\V\ZhSbn a ,\yZ*YSE ]`1abd]Z\abnpE
Z1a]`*,1/WS,\abnp S +\W14ZqYSD L`\hSb*yb1
'VVW14S*ab ;B6=C

8D b\ ab*W\ ,\4Y\3ZmY +W*-\/*`q
b1`]1ZSp \-*H
*b*Z* 4*q,SWE hb\ ZS \/SZ h1W\,1V Z1 +d/1b ]`\O
q,Wqbn ]\WZ\-\ ]\aWdj*ZSq \-dD W*-\/*`q b1`]1O
ZSp 1-\,m d V*3/\-\ S4 Z*a 1abn ,\4Y\3Z\abn ]\O
V*4*bnE hn1 ]`*,W1ZS1 Ym ]\//1`3S,*1Y P ]`*,W1ZS1
\-* SWS Wp/1yD 'b\ +d/1b ,S/Z\ S4 b\-\E V*V Ym 3SO
,1YD L`\hSb*yb1 \, 5BC 59B77DM
\Wnj1 SZe\`Y*gSS Y\3Z\ Z*ybS , 55Oy -W*,1
ob\y VZS-SE S4/*ZZ\y ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,mD
˚
Z* a*Y\Y /1W1
)H
17

˝˙ D
`\hSb*, obd ab*bnpE /1aqbO
VS YSWWS\Z\, Wp/1y ,\ ,a1f
ab`*Z*f YS`* d4Z ‹ *pb \ Z1O
4*V\ZZmf ]`1aW1/\,*ZSqf S
]\]`*ZSS a,\+\/m ,1`\SaO
]\,1/*ZSq , \aaSSD
˝d`Z*W wb\`\31,*q +*jO
Zqx ]1`1,\/Sbaq Z* a*Y\1
+\Wnj\1 V\WSh1ab,\ q4mV\,
S `*a]`\ab`*Zq1baq ,\ ,a1Y
YS`1D ˙*ZZ*q ab*bnq ]1`1O
,1/1Z* Z* 5 YSWWS\Z\, oV41Y]Wq`\,D
1V\b\`m1 hSZ\,ZSVSE ,\4O
Y\3Z\E Z1 f\bqbE hb\+m
Y13/dZ*`\/Z\1 a\\+k1ab,\
d4Z*W\ \ Z*]*/V*f Z* ,SO
/1b1W1y 1-\,m , \aaSSD
/Z*V\ \ab*1baq Z1S4Y1ZO
Z\y SabSZ*B w1b ZSh1-\
aV`mb\-\E hb\ Z1 \bV`\1baqE
S b*yZ\-\E hb\ Z1 ab*Z1b
q,ZmYx L 56B6MD
S`\Wp+S,m1 Wp/S
˛##( ˚ ˙˚ )
˚"˚) /,df ad/\, \aaSSE ,mZ1a1ZZmYS ,
/1V*+`1 6>>= -\/* S , qZ,*`1 6>5> -\/*E ,1`\,*ZSq
,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m +mWS ]`S4Z*Zm oVab`1YSabaVSO
YSD *31baqE hb\ Sab\`Sq ]\,b\`q1baqD \,1baV\Y
\p41 bmaqhS ,S/1b1W1y +mWS \-dWnZ\ Z*4,*Zm ,`*O
-*YS Z*`\/*D f \b]`*,WqWS , aamWVdE 4*VWph*WS ,
bp`nYm S b`d/\,m1 W*-1`qD \aW1 `*a]*/* ,SO
/1b1WS +mWS `1*+SWSbS`\,*ZmD \,\1 ]`*,Sb1WnO
ab,\ ,\aab*Z\,SW\ Sf /\+`\1 SYqD 1]1`n 31 Z1V\b\O
`m1 f\bqb ,Z\,n \h1`ZSbn ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,mD
Z*h*W1 6>>= -\/*E 31W*q \-`*ZShSbn `1WS-S\4O
Zdp a,\+\/d ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,mE ]`1/ab*,Sb1WS ,W*O
abS \`-*ZS4\,*WS Y*ajb*+Zdp V*Y]*ZSpD e1,`*Wq
b\-\ -\/* +mW\ ]`\,1/1Z\ +\W11 9>> ]`\,1`\V ]\ ,a1y
ab`*Z1D V*V\y g1WnpH b\+m Z*ybS V*VS1OZS+d/n Z*O
`dj1ZSq 4*V\Z* a\ ab\`\Zm ,S/1b1W1yD ]\aW1/dO
pkS1 Y1aqgm a\b`d/ZSVS ]`*,\\f`*ZSb1WnZmf \`-*O
Z\, a`m,*WS YS`Zm1 +\-\aWd31ZSq ,S/1b1W1y 1-\O
,mE V\b\`m1 ]`\f\/SWS , ˛*W*f *`ab,* S , h*abZmf
/\Y*fD ZS V\ZeSaV\,*WS `1WS-S\4Zdp WSb1`*bd`d S
WShZm1 ,1kS ,1`dpkSfD W*abS /1]\`bS`\,*WS SZ\O
ab`*ZZmf p`Sab\,E V\b\`m1 4*kSk*WS ,S/1b1W1yE S
4*]`1bSWS SY ,l143*bn , ab`*ZdD
9 \Vbq+`q 6>>= -\/* a\b`d/ZSVS b*Y\3ZS 4*/1`3*WS
Y\b`Sb1 `*YVd w,S/1b1Wnab,\ \ `1*+SWSb*gSSxD
18 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 ) 6>55

Z* -`*ZSg1 `q/\Y a *ZVbO1b1`+d`-\Y ]*`bSp +S+O
W1yaV\y WSb1`*bd`mE S4/*ZZ\y , 1`Y*ZSSD Z* ]`1/O
Z*4Z*h*W*an /Wq YZ\-\hSaW1ZZmf a\+`*ZSy ,S/1b1O
W1y 1-\,m , \aaSSD 'bd ]*`bSp WSb1`*bd`m /\aY\bO
`1WS a\b`d/ZSVS \b/1W* ]\ +\`n+1 a \a\+\ \]*aZmYS
,S/*YS V\Zb`*+*Z/mD \h1YdH \eSgS*WnZ\Y /\VdO
Y1Zb1 \+lqaZqW\anB w WSb1`*bd`1E ,\4Y\3Z\E a\/1`O
3*baq ]`S4Z*VSE V\b\`m1 Z*]`*,W1Zm Z* `*43S-*ZS1
`1WS-S\4Z\y `\4ZSxD
aV\`1 ]`1aW1/\,*ZSq ]`SZqWS Z\,dp e\`YdD 1`O
f\,Zmy ad/ \aaSyaV\y 1/1`*gSS S 1`f\,Zmy ad/
1a]d+WSVS Wb*y ]`S4Z*WS `q/ ]d+WSV*gSy ,S/1O
b1W1y 1-\,mE , b\Y hSaW1 Z1V\b\`m1 ,m]daVS 3d`Z*O
W* wb\`\31,*q +*jZqxE oVab`1YSabaVSYSD ,S/1b1WS
1-\,m ]\/*WS *]1WWqgSSD S`\,*q \+k1ab,1ZZ\abn
,m`*4SW* a,\p \+1a]\V\1ZZ\abnD 1Y Z1 Y1Z11 ZSh1-\
Z1 S4Y1ZSW\anD 1j1ZSq ad/\, \ab*pbaq , aSW1E S ]\O
ob\Yd Z1,\4Y\3Z\ ,,\4Sbn , ab`*Zd S `*a]`\ab`*Zqbn
obS \aZ\,*ZZm1 Z* S+WSS ]d+WSV*gSSD
*V \b`1*-S`\,*WS ,S/1b1WS Z* ]\]mbVS 4*]qbO
Z*bn Sf `1]db*gSp S \-`*ZShSbn Sf /1qb1WnZ\abnH
*V obS ad/1+Zm1 `1j1ZSq Y\-db \b`*4Sbnaq Z* a,\+\O
/1 ,1`\Sa]\,1/*ZSq -`*3/*Z \aaSSH
14*Y1/WSb1WnZmy \b,1b
]qbZSgdE 6: e1,`*Wq 6>5> -\/*E Z*h*W*an V*Y]*O
ZSq ]\ `*a]`\ab`*Z1ZSp a]1gS*WnZ\-\ +dVW1b* waO
b\`Sq ]\,b\`q1baqH \]`\a V `\aaSqZ*YxE , V\b\`\y
dh*ab,\,*W\ \V\W\ 5:> >>> ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m ]\ ,a1y
\aaSSD -\`\/1 a\Wn1OS+S`aV\1E Z*]`SY1`E a\bZS
,S/1b1W1y ,mjWS Z* dWSgm , ]\Wj1ab\-\ db`*D `1O
/S ZSf +mWS b1E V\-\ , 5=95 -\/d a\aW*WS 4* ,1`d ,
S+S`nD 1aY\b`q Z* 8>O-`*/daZmy Y\`\4E \ZS `*a]`\O
ab`*ZSWS ,a1 ,m/1W1ZZm1 SY 6> >>> +dVW1b\,D
,S/1b1WS 1-\,m ]`\,1WS , \aV,1 ]`1aaOV\Ze1O
`1ZgSpE ]\a,qk1ZZdp ob\y b`1f/Z1,Z\y V*Y]*ZSSD
`1/S dh*ab,\,*,jSf +mW 1, 1,SZa\ZE oVa]1`b
ZabSbdb* ]`*, h1W\,1V*D Z ,V`*bg1 `*aaV*4*W \
+1aaYmaW1ZZmf ]`1aW1/\,*ZSqf ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m
, Z*gSabaV\y 1`Y*ZSS S \,1baV\Y \p41 S \ ]\aW1O
/dpk1y Sf `1*+SWSb*gSSD Z b*V31 aV*4*WB wa1 `1O
WS-S\4Zm1 V\Ze1aaSSE V\b\`m1 ]`1aW1/\,*WSan , a\O
,1baVS1 -\/mE dV*4\Y `14S/1Zb* ˚WngSZ* +mWS
]`S4Z*Zm `1*+SWSbS`\,*ZZmYSD ,a1E hb\ \ZS db`*O
bSWSE /\W3Z\ +mW\ +mbn SY ,\4,`*k1Z\D ,S/1b1WS
,S/1b1Wnab,\
\ `1*+SWSb*gSS
\aW1/ZS1 S4 4*VWph1ZZmf
,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m ]\WdhSWS
a,\+\/d , 5==> -\/dD maqhS
,S/1b1W1y +mWS ah*abWS,mB Sf
`1*+SWSbS`\,*WS V*V Z1,SZZmf
31`b, `1]`1aaSyE aZq, a ZSf
VW1yY\ w,`*-S Z*`\/*xD *3/\O
Yd S4 ZSf ,`dhSWS \eSgS*WnZmy
/\VdY1Zb P a,S/1b1Wnab,\
\ `1*+SWSb*gSSD
hSb*1b1 WS ,m
obS ]d+WSV*gSS
oVab`1YSabaVSYSH
`1/S]d+WSV*gSy,SO
/1b1W1y 1-\,mE V\b\O
`m1 1`f\,Zmy d/
\aaSyaV\y 1/1`*gSS
]`S4Z*W oVab`1YSabO
aVSYSE aW1/dpkS1B
ˇ w\q VZS-*
+S+W1yaVSf `*aaV*4\,x L,,1`fdM
ˇ w`S+WS3*yaq V 1-\,1x
ˇ w˝S4Zn P V*V \Z* ,\4ZSVW*H
db1Y o,\WpgSS SWS ]db1Y
a\b,\`1ZSqHx
ˇ w1W\,1h1ab,\ , ]\SaV*f \-*x
ˇ w\]`\am Y\W\/13SD
`*VbSh1aVS1 a\,1bmxE b\Y 5
ˇ w1Yd Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 dhSb
S+WSqHx
'bS VZS-S ]\+d3/*pb Wp/1y
hbSbn \-* S a d,*31ZS1Y \bZ\aSbnaq
V 1-\ W\,dE S+WSSD ZS ]\Y\-*pb
hSb*b1WqY `*4,S,*bn YmaWSb1WnZm1
a]\a\+Z\abS S ]\\k`qpb Sf bk*b1WnO
Z\ ]`\,1`qbn `1WS-S\4Zm1 S eSW\O
a\eaVS1 dh1ZSqE V\b\`mf \ZS ]`S/1`O
3S,*pbaqD hSb*1b1 WS ,mE hb\ obS
]d+WSV*gSS /\W3Zm +mbn 4*]`1k1ZO
ZmYSH
'bS]d+WSV*gSS/\abd]ZmZ*YZ\-Sf
q4mV*f Z* a*yb1 www.watchtower.org.

W*/SYS` Sb,SZ L

SV\W*y )aSZaVSy L;7 -\/*M *VbS,Z\
dh*ab,\,*W , V*Y]*ZSSD Z ,m`*4SW
a,\1 Z1/\dY1ZS1B w1d31WS Z*a aZ\,*
+d/db ]`1aW1/\,*bn S \bZSYdb ]`*,\
a,\+\/Z\ ]\VW\Zqbnaq 1-\,1Hx
WdhSW +dVW1bE a]`\aSWSE ]\ZO
`*,SW\an WS 1Yd ]`\hSb*ZZ\1D
Z \b,1bSWB w˙*E V\-/* q hSO
b*WE d Y1Zq ,a1 b1W\ ]\V`mO
W\an Yd`*jV*YSE q /*31 4*]W*O
V*WD \q +*+djV* +mW* `1]`1aO
aS`\,*Z* S YZ\-\ `*aaV*4m,*W*
\ Wp/qfE a V\b\`mYS \Z* aS/1O
W* , bp`nY1D *Y +mWS `*4O
Zm1 ]`1abd]ZSVSE Z\ +mWS S b1E
Vb\ +14,SZZ\ aS/1W 4* a,\p ,1O
`dD ) ahSb*pE hb\ ,a1 Wp/S /\WO
3Zm 4Z*bn \ b1f a\+mbSqfE ]\O
ob\Yd b\E hb\ ,m /1W*1b1E ]`*O
,SWnZ\xD
b1]*Z 1,SgVSy
L W1b
WSjn 4* b\E hb\ d
Z1-\ Z*jWS \/SZ
3d`Z*W wb\`\O
31,*q +*jZqx
b\ ]`SZ1a1b +d/dk11H
,S/1b1WS 1-\,m , \aaSS /\`\3*b b\y a,\+\/\yE
V\b\`*q d ZSf 1abn ]\aW1/ZS1 /,* /1aqbSW1bSqD /O
Z*V\ \ZS f\`\j\ 4Z*pbE hb\ a,\+\/d Y\-db W1-V\ \b\O
+`*bnD 4Z*h*pb WS Z1/*,ZS1 Z*]*/VS Z* ,S/1b1W1yE
hb\ \aaSq ,Z\,n ]\-`d3*1baq , Y`*hZmy ]1`S\/ Z1O
b1`]SY\abSH `1Yq ]\V*31bD
b\ +m ZS aWdhSW\an /*Wnj1E ,S/1b1WS 1-\,m
b,1`/\ Z*ab`\1Zm Z1 ]1`1ab*,*q Z1abS +S+W1yaVdp
,1abn \ YS`1 S Z*/13/1D a]1gS*WnZ\Y +dVW1b1 ,mO
`*31Z* Sf `1jSY\abnB w1]`1aaSS Z1 ]`SZ1adb da]1f*D
m Z1 ]`1V`*bSY b*VbShZ\ S d,*3Sb1WnZ\ -\,\`Sbn \
\-1 1-\,1 S 1-\ W\,1E S+WSS L5 1b`* 7B59MD m Z1
]`1V`*bSWS -\,\`Sbn ]\/ /*,W1ZS1Y Z*gSabaV\y 1`O
Y*ZSSD m Z1 ]`1V`*bSWS -\,\`Sbn , a*Ym1 Y`*hZm1
-\/m `1]`1aaSy , Z*j1y ab`*Z1D m Z1 ]`1V`*bSY -\O
,\`Sbn S a1yh*a L˙1qZSq 8B5MxD
]*Yqbn\31`b,*f
`1]`1aaSy
1/*,Z\E , ˙1Zn ]*YqbS 31`b,
]\WSbSh1aVSf `1]`1aaSyE `14SO
/1Zb \aaSS ˙YSb`Sy 1/,1/1,
a/1W*W aW1/dpk11
4*q,W1ZS1B
w1,\4Y\3Z\ ]`1/ab*O
,Sbn a1+1 `*4Y*f b1`O
`\`*E \b V\b\`\-\ ]\O
ab`*/*WS ,a1 Z*`\/m
ab`*ZmD DDD DDDZShb\3*O
WSan g1Wm1 aW\S S a\O
aW\,Sq Z*j1-\ Z*`\/*D
DDD \/,1`-WSan ]`1aO
W1/\,*ZSqY ]`1/ab*,SO
b1WS *+a\WpbZ\ ,a1f `1WS-S\4Zmf
V\Ze1aaSyD DDD'b\ ˙1Zn ]*YqbS \
YSWWS\Z*f SaV*W1h1ZZmf ad/1+D
Wp/qfE `*aab`1WqZZmf +14 ad/*
S +14 aW1/ab,SqE \ Wp/qfE \b]`*,O
W1ZZmf , W*-1`q S aamWVSE WSO
j1ZZmf -`*3/*ZaVSf ]`*, 4*
tZ1 b\br `\/ 4*ZqbSy SWS 4* ]`1aO
W\,db\1 ta\gS*WnZ\1 ]`\Saf\3O
/1ZS1rD W1yY\ t,`*-\, Z*`\/*r
S Sf t]\a\+ZSV\,r W1-W\ b\-/* Z*
g1Wm1 a1YnSD ˙*,*yb1 b\WnV\
,/dY*1YaqB YSWWS\Zm Wp/1y
]\-S+WS , `14dWnb*b1 b1``\`* S
W\3Zmf \+,SZ1ZSy P YSWWS\ZmD
mWS WSj1Zm ,a1f ]`*,D ˙*31
]`*,* Z* /\ab\yZ\1 h1W\,1h1O
aV\1 ]\-`1+1ZS1E * /\W-S1 -\/m
Sf SY1Z* +mWS ]`\ab\ ,mh1`VO
Zdbm S4 Sab\`SSxD
w1]`1aaSqY Z1b \]`*,/*ZSyxD
˝˚) ") ˙ 5 ) 6>55 21

˙) (% ˚˚•
4+1-*y /`d3+m
a ]W\fSYS Wp/nYSI
\,1bD m]\WZS ob\ 4*/*ZS1 , a]\V\yZ\y \+ab*Z\,V1D Sb*q +S+W1yaVS1 abSO
fSE ]`1/ab*,Wqy a1+q dh*abZSV\Y \]Sa*ZZmf , ZSf a\+mbSyD 3S,S , dY1 ob\b
o]S4\/D `SaWdjS,*yaq V -\W\a*YD `\ZSVZSan hd,ab,*YS /1yab,dpkSf WSgD
˙1yab,dpkS1 WSg*B ˙SZ*E Sf1YE *V\,E SY1\Z S 1,SyD
`*bV\1 S4W\31ZS1B Sf1Y Z*aSWd1b ˙SZdE S 11 \aV\`+W1ZZm1 +`*bnq
3*3/db Yk1ZSqD
– ˙• '˛˙D • %˚ 78B5P75D
*V ˙SZ* Y\-W* ]`\,\/Sbn ,`1Yq a\ a,\SYS ]\/`d-*YS , *Z**Z1H
*V b1+1 V*31baqE V*VSYS aW\,*YS Sf1Y wab*W 4*,1`qbn 11 , a,\1y Wp+,SxH
*V ]\Ob,\1YdE a V*VSYS hd,ab,*YS -\,\`SW *V\,E \ad3/*q SY1\Z* S
1,Sq LabSf 7>MH
— ˝˚D
*V bm /dY*1jnE ]\h1Yd ˙SZ* h*ab\ Z*,1k*W* f*Z**ZaVSf /1,dj1VH
L*]`SY1`E hb\ \+k1-\ d ZSf Y\-W\ +mbnH 1Y f*Z*Z1S \bWSh*WSan
\b /\Y*jZSf ˙SZmH \-W\ WS ob\ 11 ]`S,W1V*bnHM
b\ ˙SZ1 Y\-W\ ]\Z`*,Sbnaq , Sf1Y1H L`\hSb*y 1k1 `*4 abSfS 7E 56 S 5=DM
*V S+WSq ]\V*4m,*1bE hb\ ˙SZ* Z1 f\b1W* SY1bn ]\W\,mf \bZ\j1ZSy
22 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 ) 6>55

a Sf1Y\YH L`\hSb*y 1k1 `*4 abSf 6DM
*V bm /dY*1jnE ]`*,SWnZ\ WS ]\abd]SWS
SY1\Z S 1,SyE V\-/*E 31W*q \b\YabSbnE
d+SWS Yd3hSZ -\`\/*E , V\b\`\Y 3SW Sf1YH
\h1Yd bm b*V /dY*1jnH
˜ ˚ E ˚ % )D
"E % ˛DDD
b\YE ]\h1Yd Zd3Z\ Yd/`\ ,m+S`*bn /`d41yD
b\YE V*V ,*3Z\ a\f`*Zqbn a*Y\\+W*/*ZS1E
/*31 1aWS b,\y -Z1, a]`*,1/WS,D
˚#˚ % ˝˚"& ' ˚&D
b\ Zd3Z\ /1W*bnE hb\+m b1+1 Z1 ]`ShSZSWS
,`1/* , a1Vad*WnZ\Y \bZ\j1ZSS Wp/SE V\b\O
`m1 Z1 hbdb \3nS Z\`Ym Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abSH
' ˚
˛ ˚) &"˚ ˚
˚H
˚
˚
E
˚&
˙˚˚) ˚%
•˚ ˚˚
•˚
www.watchtower.org
°

˝˛& ˚•˚ ˚˚
˙1Zn-S
w1, b*VE hb\+m ,S/1bn a\ad/m a\V`\,SkZSgmE \Z ab*W Z*+Wp/*bnE
V*V Z*`\/ \]daV*1b /1Zn-S , obS a\ad/mD Z\-S1 +\-*bm1 \]daV*WS ]\YZ\-dD
\/Z* +1/Z*q ,/\,* ]\/\jW* S \]dabSW* /,1 Y1WVS1 Y\Z1bVSx L 56B85E 86MD
˙˚& h*ab\ d]\YSZ*pbaq , S+WSSD
˚,*Z-1WSqfE Z*]`SY1`E `*aaV*4m,*1bO
aq \ b\YE V*V Sada `Sab\a Sa]\Wn4\,*W
`*4WShZm1 Y\Z1bmE hb\+m \+lqaZSbn ,*3Zm1
SabSZmD /Z*3/m \Z ]`1]\/*W d`\V a,\SY
dh1ZSV*Y Z* ]`SY1`1 ,/\,mE V\b\`*q ]\31`O
b,\,*W* w/,1 Y1WVS1 Y\Z1bVSxE V*V \+ ob\Y
-\,\`SW\an ,mj1D /`d-\Y aWdh*1 \Z ,\aO
]\Wn4\,*Waq /SZ*`S1YE hb\+m Z*dhSbn aWdO
j*b1W1y b\YdE V*V Zd3Z\ \bZ\aSbnaq V ,W*O
abqY L*be1q 66B5;P65MD
*V ]\q,SWSan /1Zn-SH *V Sf S4-\b*,WSO
,*WS , +S+W1yaVS1 ,`1Y1Z*H *VS1 ,S/m /1qO
b1WnZ\abS +mWS a,q4*Zm a /1Zn-*YSH hb\ ,
S+WSS -\,\`Sbaq \ ]`*,SWnZ\Y \bZ\j1ZSS
V ZSYH
b b\,*`\\+Y1Z*
V /`*-\g1ZZmY Y1b*WW*Y
˙\ b\-\ V*V Wp/S ]`S/dY*WS /1Zn-SE
\ZS ,1WS Y1Z\,dp b\`-\,WpE b\ 1abn
Y\b`Sb1 `*YVd w1YZ\O
-\ \ /`1,ZSf Y\Z1b*fx
Z* ab`*ZSg1 6:D
\+Y1ZS,*WS b\,*`m S daWd-S `*,Z\y ab\SO
Y\abSD /Z*V\ ob\ +mW\ a\]`q31Z\ a Z1d/\+O
ab,*YSD +Y1Z Y\- a\ab\qbnaqE b\WnV\ 1aWS
V*3/*q S4 ab\`\Z Zd3/*W*an , b\,*`*fE V\O
b\`m1 ]`1/W*-*W* /`d-*qD `\Y1 b\-\E b\`O
-\,g*Y ]`Sf\/SW\an ]1`1-\Zqbn aV\b S 4*+\O
bSbnaq \ Z1Y SWS 31 f`*ZSbn S ]1`1,\4Sbn
-`\Y\4/VSy b\,*`E b*V\yE V*V Y1jVS a 41`O
Z\YD
\ ,`1Y1Z1Y b\`-\,gm ab*WS SaV*bn +\W11
d/\+Z\1 a`1/ab,\E V\b\`\1 Y\3Z\ +mW\ +m
Sa]\Wn4\,*bn ]`S Vd]W1O]`\/*31D 1j1ZS1
+mW\ Z*y/1Z\B \ZS ab*WS Sa]\Wn4\,*bn /`*O
-\g1ZZm1 Y1b*WWmE Z*]`SY1` 4\W\b\E a1`1O
+`\ S Y1/nD * SWWpab`*gSS ,ZS4d ab`*ZSgm
S4\+`*31Z h1W\,1VE V\b\`my `*a]W*hS,*1baq
4* b\,*` SWS daWd-d /`*-\g1ZZmYS dV`*j1O
ZSqYS S aWSbV*YS /`*-\g1ZZmf Y1b*WW\,D
\,`1Yqa/1WVS/`*-\g1ZZmyY1b*WW
,4,1jS,*Waq Z* b\hZmf ,1a*fD
]`SY1`dE V\-/* ,`**Y ]\VdO
]*W dh*ab\V 41YWS /Wq ]\-`1+1O
ZSq a,\1y Wp+SY\y 31ZmE *`O
24

`mE \Z \b,1aSW \-\,\`1ZZ\1 V\WSh1ab,\ a1`1O
+`* LmbS1 67B58P5:MD
b\Yd ,`1Y1ZSE V\-/* \- 1-\,* /*W 4O
`*SWp ]SanY1ZZmy ˛*V\ZE a`1/S *WhZmf
b\`-\,g1, `*a]`\ab`*ZSW*an Z1h1abZ\abnD
ZS \+Y*Zm,*WS ]\Vd]*b1W1y a ]\Y\knp Z1O
b\hZmf ,1a\, S -S`nD 1-\,1 \b,`*bSb1W1Z
\+Y*ZE ]\ob\Yd \Z ]\,1W1W S4`*SWnbqZ*YB
wdabn d ,*a +d/db b\hZm1 ,1amE b\hZm1 -SO
`Sx L1,Sb 5=B7:C `SbhS 55B5MD 1YE Vb\ a1O
-\/Zq `*+\b*1b , b\`-\,W1E aW1/d1b ]\YZSbnE
hb\ ,4-Wq/ \-* Z* 3*/Z\abn S Z1h1abZ\abn
Z1 S4Y1ZSWaq L*W*fSq 7B:C 5 \`SZeqZ*Y
:B=E 5>MD
*V S4-\b*,WS,*WSan ]1`,m1 Y\Z1bm
`SZqb\ ahSb*bnE hb\ ]1`,m1 Y\Z1bm ]\qO
,SWSan , /`1,Z1Y -\ad/*`ab,1 S/Sq Lb1``SO
b\`Sq a\,`1Y1ZZ\y d`gSSM 1k1 /\ ;>> -\/*
/\ ZD oD aV\`1 Y\Z1bm h1V*ZSWS d31 /*W1O
V\ 4* 11 ]`1/1W*YSE S \ZS ,\jWS , \+Sf\/ ,
ab`*Z*fE d]\YSZ*1Ymf , S+WSSD
*V S4-\b*,WS,*WSan Y\Z1bmH Z*h*W1
Y*ab1` /\ab*,*W `*a]W*,W1ZZmy Y1b*WW S4
]1hS L5M S 4*WS,*W 1-\ , e\`YdE hb\+m ]\WdO
hSbn -W*/VS1 /SaVS P 4*-\b\,VS L6MD ˛*b1Y
\Z ]\Y1k*W 4*-\b\,Vd Y13/d Y1b*WWSh1aVSO
YS jb1Y]1WqYSE Z* V\b\`mf +mWS ,m-`*,SO
`\,*Zm 4Z*VS SWS S4\+`*31ZSq L7MD ˙*W11
\Z d/*`qW ]\ ,1`fZ1Yd jb1Y]1Wp Y\W\bV\YE
S S4\+`*31ZS1 \b]1h*bm,*W\an Z* 4*-\b\,O
V1 L8MD \aV\WnVd ]`\g1aa j1W +mab`\E Z1O
V\b\`m1 Y\Z1bm ]\Wdh*WSan a\ aY1k1ZZmY
S4\+`*31ZS1YD *ab1`* a\`bS`\,*WS Y\Z1O
bmE ,4,1jS,*WS SfE d/\ab\,1`qqanE hb\ ,a1
\ZS\/Z\-\,1a*ES]`SZ1\+f\/SY\abSd/*WqO
WS WSjZSy Y1b*WW L9MD
1Z\,kSVS /1Z1-E a+\`kSVS Z*W\-\,
S`\ab\,kSVS
*W1abSZ1 ]1`,\-\ ,1V* SY1WS f\3/1O
ZS1 Y\Z1bm S4 `*4Zmf ab`*ZD *VE Wp/SE ]`SO
143*,jS1 Z* ]\VW\Z1ZS1 , 1`da*WSYaVSy
f`*YE ]`S,\4SWS a a\+\y Y\Z1bmE V\b\`m1
+mWS , \+`*k1ZSS , Sf Y1abZ\abSD \ Z*W\-
Z* f`*Y Y\3Z\ +mW\ d]W*bSbn b\WnV\ \]`1O
/1W1ZZmYS Y\Z1b*YSD \ob\Yd , f`*Y1 `*4O
,1`ZdWS a,\p /1qb1WnZ\abn Y1Z\,kSVSD *V
]`*,SW\E \ZS dab*Z*,WS,*WS Z1]\Y1`Z\ ,mO
a\Vdp ]W*bd 4* \+Y1Z SZ\41YZmf Y\Z1bD SO
ada \ad/SW obSf *WhZmf Wp/1yD \h1YdH \O
b\Yd hb\ \ZS ]`1,`*bSWS /\Y 1-\,m , w/\Y
b\`-\,WSx S w]`Sab*ZSk1 `*4+\yZSV\,x L\O
*ZZ* 6B57P5:C *be1q 65B56E 57MD
1
4
3
5
2
25

1YZ\-\ \ /`1,ZSf Y\Z1b*f
˘ *W1abSZ1 ]1`,\-\
,1V* \/Z\y S4 a*Ymf
Y1WVSf Y\Z1b +mW* Y1/O
Z*q W1]b*D +mhZ\ `*O
+\bZSV Y\- 4*`*+\b*bn
/,1 W1]bm ,a1-\ 4* h1bO
,1`bn h*a*D 1/Z*q ,/\O
,* \]dabSW* , a\V`\O
,SkZSgd f`*Y*E aV\`11
,a1-\E /,1 W1]bm
L*`V* 56B86MD
˘ b\+m 4*`*+\b*bn
a1`1+`qZdp /`*fYdE
-`1h1aVdp Y\Z1bdE Zd3Z\
+mW\ b`d/Sbnaq ]\hbS g1O
Wmy /1Zn LdVS 59BB6P58MD
˘ \-/* Sada 3SW Z*
41YW1E , *W1abSZ1 +mW
, \+`*k1ZSS a1`1+`qO
Zmy aSVWnE V\b\`my h1O
V*ZSWS , S`1D w`S/g*bn
a1`1+`qZmf Y\Z1bxE V\O
b\`m1 d/* aV*`S\b
]\WdhSW \b ab*`jSf a,qO
k1ZZSV\, 4* b\E hb\ ]`1O
/*W Sada*E ,1`\qbZ\E
+mWS bS`aVSYS aSVWqYS
L*be1q 6:B58P5:MD
\Z1bm S4\+`*31Zm , Z*bd`*WnZdp ,1WShSZd
\YSY\ Z*W\-* Z* f`*YE 3Sb1WqY *W1O
abSZm ]`Sf\/SW\an ]W*bSbn S /`d-S1 Z*W\O
-SE Z*]`SY1` w]\/djZmy Z*W\-xE \ V\b\O
`\Y a]`\aSWS Sada* 1-\ ]`\bS,ZSVS L*bO
e1q 66B5;MD `\Y1 b\-\E Zd3Z\ +mW\ ]W*bSbn
Z*W\- Z* /\`\-S S Z*W\- Z* ,,\4 S ,m,\4 b\O
,*`\,D +\`kSVS Z*W\-\, , *W1abSZ1 ]\WnO
4\,*WSan `1]db*gS1y Z1h1abZmf Wp/1yE ]\oO
b\Yd Sf ]`14S`*WS L*`V* 6B5:MD ZS ,4SY*O
WS /1Z1- +\Wnj1E h1Y +mW\ ]\W\31Z\E S b*O
VSY \+`*4\Y V\]SWS a1+1 +\-*bab,*D /Z*V\
Z1V\b\`m1 a+\`kSVS Z*W\-\,E Z*]`SY1` ˛*O
Vf1yE \bVWSVZdWSan Z* ,1abn Sada* S \ab*O
,SWS a,\y Z1h1abZmy \+`*4 3S4ZS LdVS
5=B5P5>MD , Z*jS /ZS b1E Vb\ 31W*1b aW1O
/\,*bn 4* `Sab\YE b*V31 /\W3Zm +mbn h1abO
ZmYS ,\ ,a1YE , b\Y hSaW1 , /1W\,mf \bZ\j1O
ZSqf L˚,`1qY 57B5MD
26 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 ) 6>55

˚ ˚˚()
d/1b WS ,1hZ*q 3S4Zn , *p aVdhZ\yH
Earth: Image Science and Analysis Laboratory, NASA-Johnson Space Center;
Galaxy: The Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI/NASA)
ˇ S+WSS -\,\`Sbaq \ Z*/13/1 Z* ,1hZdp
3S4Zn , *p Z* 41YW1 La*W\Y 7;B6=C dVS
67B87MD d/1b WS +1aV\Z1hZ*q 3S4Zn , ]`1O
V`*aZmf daW\,Sqf aVdhZ\yH
'b\b ,\]`\a 4*aWd3S,*1b ,ZSY*ZSqD aaW1O
/\,*ZSq ]\V*4*WSE hb\ /WSb1WnZ\1 a\ab\qZS1
aVdVS Y\31b ,m4m,*bn d h1W\,1V* hd,ab,\
b`1,\-S S ]\/*,W1ZZ\abS S ]\+d3/*bn 1-\
`SaV\,*bn 3S4ZnpD p/SE V\b\`m1 dab*WS \b
V`d-\,\`\b* ]\,a1/Z1,Zmf /1W S Z1 SY1O
pb g1WS , 3S4ZSE Y\-db ]\//*bnaq aVdV1D dO
/1b WS 3S4Zn , `*p +1ag1WnZ\y S \/Z\\+`*4O
Z\yH
`13/1 ,a1-\E \+`*bSb1 ,ZSY*ZS1 Z* b\E
hb\ /*` ,1hZ\y 3S4ZS ]`1/W*-*1b ,b\` S+O
WSSE 1-\,* \- L\*ZZ* 7B5:C 6 SY\e1p
7B5:MD W*,Z\1 V*h1ab,\ \-* P ob\ Wp+\,n
L5 \*ZZ* 8B

) ˚)˚ ˝˛&
˚ ]\]dWq`Z*q ]1,Sg* \ab*,SW* V*`n1`d `*/S aWd31ZSq \-dH
b\ ]\Y\-W\ ]`1abd]ZSVdE V\b\`\-\ ad/nq Z*4,*W Z1Sa]`*,SYmYE ab*bn
]\W14ZmY hW1Z\Y \+k1ab,*H \b hb\ `*aaV*4m,*pb \ a1+1 obS Wp/SD
˙ ˝˙˚)B 5=:6
B )
"B ˚
wSVb\ Z1 Y\31b
+mbn `*+\Y /,df
-\a]\/x
L ˙˚ &MD
)D )`\/SW*an
, Z1+\Wnj\y /1`1,djV1 `1aO
fdZV\aE hb\ , \+W*abS *O
*Zh*D \S `\/Sb1WS 4*ZSY*WSan 41YW1/1O
WS1YD*Y*+mW*V*b\WShV\yE*]*]*]`\b1O
ab*Zb\YD Z ]`S,S,*W YZ1 d,*31ZS1 V
S+WSSE S q h*ab\ ,S/1W*E V*V \Z 11 hSb*O
1bD *Y* ,\a]Sbm,*W* Y1Zq , V*b\WSh1aVSf
b`*/SgSqf S V*3/\1 ,\aV`1a1Zn1 +`*W* Z*
Y1aadD
59 W1b q ]1`11f*W* S4 /1`1,ZS , */`S/
S ab*W* 3Sbn d ab*`j1y a1ab`mD \Z*h*Wd q
\h1Zn aVdh*W* ]\ `\/Sb1WqYE Z\ a\ ,`1Y1Z1Y
]`S,mVW* V -\`\/aV\y 3S4ZSD 5; W1b YZ1
]`1/ab*,SWaq aWdh*y Z1aV\WnV\ Y1aqg1, S-O
`*bn , a*`adoW1E b`*/SgS\ZZ\y Sa]*ZaV\y
\]1`1bb1D Z1 ob\ \h1Zn ]\Z`*,SW\anE S q
`1jSW* ab*bn *Vb`Sa\yD ) +`\aSW* a1V`1O
b*`aVS1 Vd`am S Z*h*W* ,mabd]*bn a `*4ZmO
YS \]1`1b\hZmYS b`d]]*YSD
`SY1`Z\ , b\ ,`1Yq q ab*O
W* ,ab`1h*bnaq a +`*b\Y \/O
Z\y Y\1y ]\/`d-SD \`\j*q
`*+\b*E /1Zn-SE Wp+\,n P q
/dY*W*E hb\ 3S4Zn dWm+*1bO
aq YZ1D
m -*ab`\WS`\,*WS ]\
,a1y a]*ZSS S /*31 ,mabdO
]*WS , /`d-Sf ab`*Z*fE Z*O
]`SY1` 1Z1adoW1E \WdYO
+SSE \ab*OSV1E 'V,*/\`1D
`\Y1 b\-\E q ]1W* , `*4Zmf
Y*/`S/aVSf -`d]]*fE ]`SO
Z*/W13*,jSf V ]\]dWq`O
Z\Yd Yd4mV*WnZ\Yd Z*]`*,O
W1ZSpE S4,1abZ\Yd V*V W*
Y\,S/* Y*/`SW1Z* LY*/`SO
/aV\1 /,S31ZS1MD /Z* -`d]O
]*E , V\b\`\y q +mW* ,1/dk1y ]1,Sg1yE ab*O
W* 4Z*Y1ZSb\yD
Z1 Z`*,SW*an Y\q `*+\b*E Z\ Z1 Z`*,SO
W*an +14Z`*,ab,1ZZ\abnE V\b\`*q Y1Zq \V`dO
3*W*D b\Yd 31 Y\y ,Z1jZSy ,S/ S SYS/3
ab*WS /Wq Y1Zq Z*,q4hS,\y S/11yD \W11
b\-\E S4O4* ab`\-\y /S1bm q ab`*/*W* *Z\O
`1VaS1y S +dWSYS1yD
a1 31 q ]\O]`13Z1Yd f\b1W* ab*bn *Vb`SO
a\yD ) ]\abd]SW* , */`S/aVdp jV\Wd /`*O
Y*bSh1aVSf SaVdaab,D *a dhSWSE hb\ *VO
b1`aV\1 SaVdaab,\ b`1+d1b dY1ZSq ]`\ZSO
V*bnaq hd,ab,*YS -1`\q S a,\SYS a\+ab,1ZO
ZmYS hd,ab,*YSD \]mb*,jSan ]`SY1ZSbn
ob\b a\,1bE q \a\4Z*W*E hb\ d Y1Zq Z1b -WdO
28 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 ) 6>55

+\VSf hd,ab,D ) +mW* ]\,1`fZ\abZ\y S o-\SO
abShZ\yD
) ˛˚ ( ˝˛&D )]\O
ZSY*W*B hb\+m ab*bn Wdhj1E YZ1 Zd3Z\ Z*/
a\+\y `*+\b*bnD \ q Z1 4Z*W*E a h1-\ Z*h*bnD
) `1jSW* ]\ybS , 1,*Z-1WSh1aVdp g1`V\,n
, */`S/1E , V\b\`dp V*VOb\ 4*jW* a `\/SO
b1WqYSD ) ]\Y\WSW*an \-dE \+`*bS,jSan V
Z1Yd ]\ SY1ZSE 1-\,*D
aV\`1 ]\aW1 ob\-\ V\ YZ1 /\Y\y ]`SjWS
/,1 31ZkSZmE ,S/1b1WS 1-\,mD ) \f\bZ\
\+ad3/*W* a ZSYS S+WSpE Z\ ]`S ob\Y
YZ\-\ a]\`SW*D 'ab1`E V\b\`*q ]\Y\-*W*
YZ1 S4dh*bn S+WSpE +mW* \h1Zn b1`]1WSO
,*D Z* S 11 a1Ynq \bZ\aSWSan V\ YZ1 a +\WnO
j\y Wp+\,npD ) Z*h*W* ]\a1k*bn ,ab`1hS
,S/1b1W1y S ,aV\`1 ]\ZqW*E hb\ Z*jW* SaO
bSZdE V\b\`dp SaV*W*D
) \V\ZhSW* \+dh1ZS1 , jV\W1 SaVdaab,E S
]1`1/\ YZ\y \bV`m,*WSan \-`\YZm1 ,\4O
Y\3Z\abSD ) ]\WdhSW* `\Wn , ]\ab*Z\,V1E
V\b\`*q /\W3Z* +mW* a\ab\qbnaq , S4O
,1abZ\Y Y*/`S/aV\Y b1*b`1D /Z*V\ q ]\ZSO
Y*W*E hb\ 1aWS f\hd +mbn da]1jZ\y *Vb`SO
a\yE b\ YZ1 Zd3Z\ g1WSV\Y ]\a,qbSbn a1+q
SaVdaab,dD \ob\Yd q `1jSW* Z*ybS /`d-dp
`*+\bdE V\b\`*q ]\4,\WSW* +m YZ1 aWdO
3Sbn \-d +14 \b,W1h1ZSyD 1Zq 4*b`\ZdWS
aW\,* Sada*B wSVb\ Z1 Y\31b +mbn `*O
+\Y /,df -\a]\/E ]\b\Yd hb\ SWS \/Z\-\ +dO
/1b Z1Z*,S/1bnE * /`d-\-\ Wp+SbnE SWS \/O
Z\Yd +d/1b ,1`1ZE * /`d-SY +d/1b ]`1Z1+`1O
-*bnD m Z1 Y\31b1 +mbn `*+*YS \-* S \O
-*bab,*x L*be1q :B68MD \W\/\y h1W\,1VE a
V\b\`mY q ]`\3SW* ,\a1Yn W1bE Z1 `*4/1WqW
Y\Sf Z\,mf d+13/1ZSyE ]\ob\Yd q `1jSW* a
ZSY `*aab*bnaqD a1 ob\ +mW\ \h1Zn b`d/Z\D
"& ) ˝˛&D 1yh*a q `*O
+\b*p Z1]\WZmy `*+\hSy /1ZnE \`-*ZS4\,mO
,*q /\ad- ]\3SWmfD 'b\ ]\4,\Wq1b YZ1 ]\O
a,qk*bn +\Wnjdp h*abn a,\1-\ ,`1Y1ZS
]`\]\,1/S Wp/qYE -\,\`qkSY Z* *`*+aV\Y
q4mV1D hSbn Z\,my q4mV Z1]`\ab\E Z\ YZ1
\h1Zn ]`SqbZ\ /1WSbnaq +S+W1yaVSYS 4Z*O
ZSqYS a b*VSYS -\ab1]`SSYZmYS Wp/nYSE
3*3/dkSYS /df\,Zmf SabSZI
* aY1Zd ]dab\b1E V\b\`dp q Sa]mbm,*W*E
dh*an Z* *Vb`SadE ]`SjW\ ]\ZSY*ZS1E /Wq
h1-\ q 3S,dD 1-\,* ]\Y\- YZ1 S4Y1ZSbnaq V
Wdhj1Yd S ab*bn ah*abWS,\yD
˙ ˝˙˚)B 5=98
B )
"B˝˚•
˚
w) /\V*4*WE hb\
ad/nq +mW Z1]`*,x
L ˚ ˚MD
)D )`\/SWaq
, +\Wnj\Y ]`\YmjW1ZZ\Y
-\`\/1 ˙*/WS , -`*eab,1
oabOS/W1Z/aD a*Y\-\
/1bab,* \b1g ]`S,S,*W YZ1
Wp+\,n V hb1ZSpD *V31 \Z
dhSW Y1Zq ,\afSk*bnaq hdO
/1a*YS ]`S`\/mE f\bq S ]`SO
]Sam,*W Sf o,\WpgSSD Z
-\,\`SW YZ1E hb\ \-* Z1bD
1Y Z1 Y1Z11 `\/Sb1WS \b/*O
WS Y1Zq dhSbnaq , Y1b\/SabO
aVdp ,\aV`1aZdp jV\WdD
\-/* YZ1 +mW\ < W1bE
q d,S/1WE V*V Y*WnhSjVS
˝˚) ") ˙ 5 ) 6>55 29

]\/\3-WS Z* V*Z*W1 W\/VdD ZS ]`S-`\4SO
WS YZ1E S ]\ob\YdE V\-/* ]`S1f*W* ]\WSgSqE
q ZSh1-\ Z1 `*aaV*4*WD \-/* , ]`1abd]W1O
ZSS \+,SZSWS Y1ZqD +\4WS,jSan S4O4*
ob\y Z1a]`*,1/WS,\abSE q ab*W fdWS-*Z\Y S
]`ShSZqW Y1abZmY jV\W*YE g1`V,qY S 4*O
,\/*Y dk1`+ Z* bmaqhS edZb\,D 5> W1b q
d31 -`*+SW /\Y* S Y*-*4SZmD Y1Zq `*4O
,SW*an ab`*abn V \-ZpE S q a\,1`jSW YZ\O
-\ ]\/3\-\,D hSb1Wq , jV\W1 ahSb*WS Y1Zq
Z1d]`*,Wq1YmYD
56 W1b q Z*j1W VZS-d \+ \VVdWnbS4Y1 S
a/1W*W a\+ab,1ZZdp a]S`SbSh1aVdp ]W*ZO
j1bVdD *V V*V Y\S `\/Sb1WS Z1 ,1`SWS ,
\-*E \ZS ahSb*WS Y\1 d,W1h1ZS1 a]S`SO
bS4Y\Y +14\+S/Z\y 4*+*,\yE V\b\`*q \b,W1O
h1b Y1Zq \b fdWS-*Zab,*D \ V\ ,`1Y1ZS
\V\Zh*ZSq jV\Wm q Z1\/Z\V`*bZ\ ]`1/ab*O
,*W ]1`1/ ad/\Y ]\ /1W*Y Z1a\,1`j1ZZ\O
W1bZSfD ) ]`Sa\1/SZSWaq V \/Z\y S4 -`d]O
]S`\,\V aVSZf1/\,E S4,1abZmf a,\1y 31ab\O
V\abnpD V*h1ab,1 \`d3Sq q ,a1-/* Z\aSW a
a\+\y ,1W\aS]1/Zdp g1]n S +`Sb,dD ) dab`\O
SWaq Z* `*+\bdE Z\ ,aV\`1 Y1Zq ]\a*/SWS ,
bp`nYdD \aW1 \a,\+\3/1ZSq q \]qbn 4*O
ZqWaq ,*Z/*WS4Y\YD 1Zq *`1ab\,*WS S
]`S-\,\`SWS V /,dY -\/*Y bp`nYmD d/nq
Z*4,*W Y1Zq Z1Sa]`*,SYmY h1W\,1V\YE V\O
b\`my ]`1/ab*,Wq1b d-`\4d /Wq \+k1ab,*D
b+m, a`\VE q ,ab`1bSW ZSbdE a,\p +m,O
jdp /1,djVdD m ]\31ZSWSanE S Z* V*O
V\1Ob\ ,`1Yq q \ab1]1ZSWaq S ]1`1ab*W ,\O
`\,*bnD \ a]dabq ]*`d W1b q ,4qWaq 4*
ab*`\1D ) ]`\ZSV*W Z* ]`1/]`SqbSq S ,4W*O
Ym,*W a1yemD `\Y1 b\-\E q ]`Sab`*abSWaq
V Z*`V\bSV*YE ab*W Z*]S,*bnaq S \+4*,1Waq
]Sab\W1b\YD 1Zq \]qbn *`1ab\,*WS S ]\a*O
/SWS , bp`nYdD
) /\ab*,WqW ZSb1 \/ZS +1a]\V\yab,*D
*VOb\ \Z* \+`*bSW*an V ,`*hdE S \Z ]`\]SO
a*W 1y b`*ZV,SWS4*b\`mE Z\ aV*4*WE hb\ 1y
+mW\ +m Wdhj1 `*4,1abSan a\ YZ\yD * Y\1
ah*abn1E ZSb* Z1 ]`SaWdj*W*an V 1-\ a\O
,1bdD
) ˛˚ ( ˝˛&D \-/*
Ym b\WnV\ ]\31ZSWSanE ZSb* V*V\1Ob\ ,`1O
Yq S4dh*W* S+WSp a\ ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\O
,mE Z\ 4*b1Y ]1`1ab*W*D /Z*3/mE ]\V* q \bO
+m,*W ]\aW1/ZSy bp`1YZmy a`\VE \Z* aZ\O
,* a ZSYS ,ab`1bSW*anD *V ]\4/Z11 ,mqaZSO
W\anE , b\b 31 /1Zn q Y\WSWaq \-dB w˚aWS
bm 1abnE /\V*3S YZ1 ob\xD
1`14 Z1aV\WnV\ Y1aqg1, q ,mj1W Z* a,\O
+\/d S ]\]`\aSW a,qk1ZZSV* S4dh*bn S+O
WSp a\ YZ\y S ZSb\yD \ \Z \b,1bSWE hb\
Y\31b Z*dhSbn Z*a b\WnV\ Y\WSb,*Y S g1`O
V\,ZmY /\-Y*b*YD
\-/* q Z*h*W hSb*bn S+WSp a*Y S
\h1Zn d/S,SWaqE d4Z*,E hb\ , Z1y \ad3/*1bO
aq a]S`SbS4Y Lb\`\4*V\ZS1 5P56MD \4O
31 q Z*j1W 3d`Z*W wb\`\31,*q +*jZqxE
V\b\`my ,S/1b1WS \ab*,SWS ZSb1 , b\b
a*Ymy /1ZnE V\-/* q Y\WSWaq \-d \ ]\Y\O
kSD \E hb\ q ]`\hSb*WE ]\+d/SW\ Y1Zq \+O
`*bSbnaq V ,S/1b1WqYD
*jS `\/ab,1ZZSVS S /`d4nqE * b*V31
]`1abd]ZSVSE a V\b\`mYS q 4Z*WaqE Z1 \/\O
+`qWS b\E hb\ Ym ab*WS S4dh*bn S+WSp
a\ ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,mD Vb\Ob\ /*31 -\O
,\`SWE hb\ YZ1 ]`\Ym,*pb Y\4-SD \ ]`*,/1
-\,\`qE YZ1 /1yab,Sb1WnZ\ Zd3Z\ +mW\ Z*O
,1abS , -\W\,1 ]\`q/\VD Y1Zq +mW* Y*aa*
Z1/\ab*bV\,E Y\q a\,1abn \h1`ab,1W*E Z1 -\O
,\`q d31 \ b\YE hb\ q ,mVd`S,*W /\ :> aSO
-*`1b , /1ZnD ,S/1b1WSE V\b\`m1 ]\Y\-*WS
Z*Y S4dh*bn S+WSpE S Z*jS Z\,m1 4Z*V\O
Ym1 , a\+`*ZSS \bZ\aSWSan V Z*Y a /\+`\O
b\y S b1`]1ZS1YD \ ,`1Y1Z1Y q S4+*,SWaq
\b ,`1/Zmf ]`S,mh1V L6 \`SZeqZ*Y ;B5MD
"& ) ˝˛&D m a ZSO
b\y 31Z*bm ,\b d31 79 W1bD *j* /\hn S
/,\1 ,ZdV\, b\31 aWd3*b 1-\,1D \aW1/O
ZS1 Z1aV\WnV\ W1b Ym a 31Z\y d/1Wq1Y YZ\O
-\ ,`1Y1ZS b\YdE hb\+m ]\Y\-*bn Wp/qY
4Z*V\YSbnaq a S+WS1yD
Wd3* 1-\,1E Ym hd,ab,d1YE hb\ Z*j*
3S4Zn Z*]\WZ1Z* aYmaW\YD /*W1V\Y
5=;> -\/d ad/nq Z*4,*W Y1Zq Z1Sa]`*,SYmYD
/Z*V\ +W*-\/*`q ]\Y\kS \-* S `dV\,\/O
ab,d S4 1-\ W\,* q /\V*4*WE hb\ ad/nq +mW
Z1]`*,D
30 ˝˚) ") ˙ 5 ) 6>55

˝•˚&
w1-\,* P Y\y *abm`nx
˚ Z* SWWpab`*gSp Z* ob\y
ab`*ZSg1D 14 a\YZ1ZSqE q-Z1Z\VE d/\+Z\
dab`\S,jSyaq Z* `dV*f ]*abdf*E hd,ab,d1b a1+q
, +14\]*aZ\abSD `SY1` ]*abdf* S \,1h1VE 4*O
]Sa*ZZmy , 67OY a*WY1E ]\Y\-*1b ]\ZqbnE a
V*V\y Z13Z\abnp 1-\,* 4*+\bSbaq \ a,\Sf
aWd3Sb1WqfD Z f\h1bE hb\+m Ym hd,ab,\,*WS
a1+q , +14\]*aZ\abS b*V 31E V*V ]a*WY\]1,1g
˙*,S/E V\b\`my Y\- a d,1`1ZZ\abnp aV*4*bnB
w1-\,* P Y\y *abm`nx LabSf 5MD
\hSZSb1Wn ob\-\ ]a*WY*E ˙*,S/E , pZ\abS
+mW ]*abdf\YD Z 4Z*WE , h1Y Zd3/*pbaq \,O
gmE S ]\ZSY*WE V*V*q \b,1bab,1ZZ\abn W13Sb Z*
]*abdf1D ˙*,S/E YZ\-\ `*4 \kdk*,jSy Z* a1+1
4*+\bd \-*E Z*]Sa*WE V*V ,m`*4SWaq \/SZ +S+O
W1SabE w]a*W\Y d]\,*ZSqxD 'b\b ]a*W\Y Z*hSZ*O
1baq S 4*V*ZhS,*1baq \3nSY SY1Z1YE 1-\,*
LabSfS 5E :MD Z1Y -\,\`Sbaq \ b\YE V*VSYS b`1O
Yq a]\a\+*YS 1-\,*E ]\/\+Z\ ]*abm`pE 4*+\O
bSbaq \ a,\1Y Z*`\/1 La*W\Y 5>>B7MD
1-\,* ,1/1b a,\Sf \,1gD 14 ]*abdf* \,O
gm W1-V\ Y\-db 4*+Wd/SbnaqD *Y b\31 Z1\+O
f\/SY* ]\Y\knE hb\+m Z*ybS ]`*,SWnZmy
]dbn 3S4ZS L1`1YSq 5>B67MD *V Z*]Sa*W ˙*O
,S/E 1-\,* ,1/1b a,\Sf aWd3Sb1W1y V wb`*,qO
ZSabmY ]*ab+Sk*Yx S wYZ\-\,\/ZmY Y1ab*Y
]\V\qxD Z ,1/1b Sf w]dbqYS ]`*,1/Z\abSx LabSO
fS 6E 7MD *VS1 Y1b*e\`m 4*,1`qpb Z*a , b\YE
hb\ Ym Y\31Y ]\WZ\abnp ]\W*-*bnaq Z* \-*D
˚aWS Ym aW1/d1Y \3n1Yd `dV\,\/ab,dE 4*]SO
a*ZZ\Yd , S+WSSE b\ Z*j* 3S4Zn +d/1b ]`SZ\O
aSbn Z*Y d/\,W1b,\`1ZS1 S \a,131ZS1 S Ym +dO
/1Y hd,ab,\,*bn a1+q +14\]*aZ\D
1-\,* 4*kSk*1b a,\Sf \,1gD ,gm
\h1Zn +\q4WS,m S +144*kSbZmE \a\+1ZZ\ 1aWS
`q/\Y Z1b ]*abdf*D 1-\,* -\,\`Sb a,\SY aWdO
3Sb1WqYE hb\ SY Z1 Zd3Z\ +\qbnaqE /*31 1aWS
\ZS ]\y/db w/\WSZ\y -WdO
+\V\y b1ZSxE b\ 1abn /*O
31 1aWS , Sf 3S4ZS Z*abdO
]qb Y`*hZm1 /ZS LabSf 8MD
1-\,* Z*+Wp/*1b 4* ZSO
YS S ,a1-/* -\b\, SY ]\O
Y\hnD Z Y\31b Z*/1WSbn
Sf Yd/`\abnp S aSW\yE hb\O
+m \ZS ]`1\/\W1WS Sa]mO
b*ZSq LSWS]]Syg*Y 8B57C
*V\,* 5B6P9MD
1-\,* ]Sb*1b a,\Sf
\,1gD *V 31 V*V \,gm Z1
Y\-db Z*ybS ]Skd +14 ]*O
abdf*E Ym Z1 Y\31Y d/\,O
W1b,\`qbn a,\S /df\,Zm1
]\b`1+Z\abS +14 ]\Y\kS
\-* L*be1q 9B7MD 1-\O
,* k1/`\ Z*V`m,*1b ab\W
a,\SY aWd3Sb1WqY LabSf 9MD S+WSq S ]\a\O
+Sq /Wq 11 S4dh1ZSqE b*VS1E V*V ob* ]d+WSO
V*gSqE aWd3*b ]`1V`*aZmY Sab\hZSV\Y /df\,O
Z\y ]SkSE +W*-\/*`q V\b\`\y Ym ]\ZSY*1YE ,
h1Y aYmaW 3S4ZSE S 4Z*1YE hb\ \- 4*YmaWSW
/Wq Z*aD
˙*,S/ hd,ab,\,*W a1+q , +14\]*aZ\abSE ,1/n
\Z 4Z*WE hb\ 1aWS +d/1b ]`S+WS3*bnaq V a,\1O
Yd Z1+1aZ\Yd *abm`pE 1-\,1E b\ Z +d/1b a
Wp+\,np 4*+\bSbnaq \ Z1Y w,\ ,a1 /ZSDDD 1-\
3S4ZSx LabSf :MD \b1WS +m ,m \+`1abS b*Vdp
d,1`1ZZ\abnH ˚aWS /*E b\ ab`1YSb1an d4Z*bnE
V*V Y\3Z\ ]`S+WS4Sbnaq V 1-\,1D \-/* ,m +dO
/1b1 hd,ab,\,*bn a1+q , +14\]*aZ\abSE aW\,Z\
Z* `dV*f 1WSV\-\ *abm`qE V\b\`my ,1/1bE 4*O
kSk*1b S ]Sb*1b b1fE Vb\ ]`1/*Z 1Yd La*Sq
8>B55MD
Z\-SY 4Z*V\Y b*V\y ,*`S*Zb ]1`1,\/* ob\-\ abSf*B
w\a]\/n P *abm`n Y\yxD b\+m d4Z*bnE ]\h1Yd Z1V\b\O
`m1 ]1`1,\/hSVS S+WSS d/*WSWS SYq \-*E 1-\,*E ]`\hSO
b*yb1 ab`*ZSgm 5=9P5=; VZS-S w1Yd Z* a*Y\Y /1W1 dhSb
S+WSqHxE S4/*ZZ\y ,S/1b1WqYS 1-\,mD
˚˚˙˚˚ ˚˚ ˚B
˛ \, 7

),Wq1baq WS ]`\]\,1/ZSh1aV*q /1qb1WnZ\abn ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m
Sa]\WZ1ZS1Y +S+W1yaV\-\ ]`\`\h1ab,*H ˚ =D
*VS1 daW\,Sq +d/db Z* 41YW1 ]\/ ]`*,W1ZS1Y *`ab,* \-*H
˚ 5>D
*V Y\W\/mY `\/Sb1WqY dW*3S,*bn `*4Z\-W*aSq , ,\]`\a*f
,\a]Sb*ZSq /1b1yH ˚ 55D
*V ]\q,SW\an 4W\H ˚ 5:D
\h1Yd , \aaSS Z* Z1V\b\`m1 ]d+WSV*gSS ,S/1b1W1y 1-\,m
Z*W\31Z 4*]`1bH ˚ % 5