Learning Data Mining with Python

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Chapter 10 We use clustering techniques when we don't have a clear set of target classes for our data. In that sense, clustering algorithms have little direction in their learning. They learn according to some function, regardless of the underlying meaning of the data. For this reason, it is critical to choose good features. In supervised learning, if you choose poor features, the learning algorithm can choose to not use those features. For instance, support vector machines will give little weight to features that aren't useful in classification. However, with clustering, all features are used in the final result—even if those features don't provide us with the answer we were looking for. When performing cluster analysis on real-world data, it is always a good idea to have a sense of what sorts of features will work for your scenario. In this chapter, we will use the bag-of-words model. We are looking for topic-based groups, so we will use topic-based features to model the documents. We know those features work because of the work others have done in supervised versions of our problem. In contrast, if we were to perform an authorship-based clustering, we would use features such as those found in the Chapter 9, Authorship Attribution experiment. The k-means algorithm The k-means clustering algorithm finds centroids that best represent the data using an iterative process. The algorithm starts with a predefined set of centroids, which are normally data points taken from the training data. The k in k-means is the number of centroids to look for and how many clusters the algorithm will find. For instance, setting k to 3 will find three clusters in the dataset. There are two phases to the k-means: assignment and updating. In the assignment step, we set a label to every sample in the dataset linking it to the nearest centroid. For each sample nearest to centroid 1, we assign the label 1. For each sample nearest to centroid 2, we assign a label 2 and so on for each of the k centroids. These labels form the clusters, so we say that each data point with the label 1 is in cluster 1 (at this time only, as assignments can change as the algorithm runs). In the updating step, we take each of the clusters and compute the centroid, which is the mean of all of the samples in that cluster. [ 223 ]
Clustering News Articles The algorithm then iterates between the assignment step and the updating step; each time the updating step occurs, each of the centroids moves a small amount. This causes the assignments to change slightly, causing the centroids to move a small amount in the next iteration. This repeats until some stopping criterion is reached. It is common to stop after a certain number of iterations, or when the total movement of the centroids is very low. The algorithm can also complete in some scenarios, which means that the clusters are stable—the assignments do not change and neither do the centroids. In the following figure, k-means was performed over a dataset created randomly, but with three clusters in the data. The stars represent the starting location of the centroids, which were chosen randomly by picking a random sample from the dataset. Over 5 iterations of the k-means algorithm, the centroids move to the locations represented by the triangles. [ 224 ]
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[ 1 ] www.allitebooks.com
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Learning Data Mining with Python Co
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About the Author Robert Layton has
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Christophe Van Gysel is pursuing a
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www.allitebooks.com
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Table of Contents Preprocessing usi
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Table of Contents Chapter 7: Discov
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Table of Contents GPU optimization
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Preface If you have ever wanted to
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What you need for this book It shou
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Preface Reader feedback Feedback fr
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Getting Started with Data Mining We
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Chapter 1 In the preceding dataset,
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After you have the above "Hello, wo
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Chapter 1 Windows users may need to
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Chapter 1 The dataset we are going
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Chapter 1 As an example, we will co
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We get the names of the features fo
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Chapter 1 Two rules are near the to
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Chapter 1 The scikit-learn library
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We then iterate over all the sample
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Chapter 1 Overfitting is the proble
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Chapter 1 Summary In this chapter,
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Classifying with scikit-learn Estim
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Predicting Sports Winners with Deci
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Recommending Movies Using Affinity
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Chapter 4 The classic algorithm for
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Chapter 4 When loading the file, we
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Chapter 4 We will sample our datase
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Chapter 4 Implementation On the fir
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Chapter 4 We want to break out the
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The process starts by creating dict
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movie_name_data.columns = ["MovieID
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To do this, we will compute the tes
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Chapter 4 - Train Confidence: 1.000
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Extracting Features with Transforme
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Chapter 5 Thought should always be
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Chapter 5 Other features describe a
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Chapter 5 Similarly, we can convert
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Chapter 5 [18, 19, 20], [21, 22, 23
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Chapter 5 Next, we create our trans
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Chapter 5 This returns a different
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Also, we want to set the final colu
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Chapter 5 The downside to transform
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Chapter 5 A transformer is akin to
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We can then create an instance of t
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Chapter 5 Putting it all together N
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Social Media Insight Using Naive Ba
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Discovering Accounts to Follow Usin
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Chapter 7 Next, we will need a list
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Chapter 7 Make sure the filename is
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Chapter 7 cursor = results['next_cu
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Chapter 7 Next, we are going to rem
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Chapter 7 Creating a graph Now, we
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Chapter 7 As you can see, it is ver
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Chapter 7 Next, we will only add th
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Chapter 7 The difference in this gr
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Chapter 7 We can graph the entire s
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Chapter 7 Optimizing criteria Our a
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Chapter 7 Next, we need to get the
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• method='nelder-mead': This is u
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Beating CAPTCHAs with Neural Networ
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Chapter 8 The red lines indicate th
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Chapter 8 The combination of an app
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Chapter 8 Next we set the font of t
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Chapter 8 We can then extract the s
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Chapter 8 Our targets are integer v
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Page 198 and 199: Chapter 8 From these predictions, w
Page 200 and 201: Chapter 8 This code correctly predi
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Page 204 and 205: Chapter 8 However, it isn't very go
Page 206: Chapter 8 Summary In this chapter,
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Page 211 and 212: Authorship Attribution If we cannot
Page 213 and 214: Authorship Attribution After taking
Page 215 and 216: Authorship Attribution This dataset
Page 217 and 218: Authorship Attribution "instead", "
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Page 221 and 222: Authorship Attribution Kernels When
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Page 242 and 243: Chapter 10 We are going to use MD5
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Page 250 and 251: Chapter 10 We only fit the X matrix
Page 252 and 253: Chapter 10 We then print out the mo
Page 254 and 255: Chapter 10 Our function definition
Page 256 and 257: Chapter 10 The result from the prec
Page 258 and 259: Chapter 10 Implementation Putting a
Page 260 and 261: Chapter 10 Neural networks can also
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Page 270 and 271: Chapter 11 Each of these issues has
Page 272 and 273: Chapter 11 Using Theano, we can def
Page 274 and 275: Chapter 11 Building a neural networ
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Page 278 and 279: Chapter 11 return [image,] return s
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Page 282 and 283: Chapter 11 Getting your code to run
Page 284 and 285: Chapter 11 Setting up the environme
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Page 290 and 291: Chapter 11 Finally, we set the verb
Page 292: Chapter 11 Summary In this chapter,
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Working with Big Data Governments a
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Working with Big Data We start by c
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Working with Big Data The final ste
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Working with Big Data Getting the d
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Working with Big Data If we aren't
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Working with Big Data Before we sta
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Working with Big Data The first val
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Working with Big Data This gives us
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Working with Big Data Next, we crea
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Working with Big Data Then, make a
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Working with Big Data Left-click th
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Working with Big Data The result is
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Next Steps… Extending the IPython
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Next Steps… Chapter 3: Predicting
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Next Steps… Vowpal Wabbit http://
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Next Steps… Deeper networks These
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Next Steps… Real-time clusterings
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Next Steps… More resources Kaggle
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authorship, attributing 185-188 AWS
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feature extraction about 82 common
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NetworkX about 145 defining 303 URL
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scikit-learn package references 305
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Thank you for buying Learning Data
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