Open access e-journal Cardiometry - No.9 November 2016

Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 1

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Contents
November 2016 / Issue No.9
6 Interview with Vyacheslav
Tyutyunnik
President of INTERNATIONAL IN-
FORMATION NOBEL CENTER (IINC)
32 Simple association of
the genetic code with
hexagrams of the Book of
Changes (I Ching)
58
11
21
Determining role of cyclicity
in cosmic and natural
processes for formation of
energy figures in Chinese
Classical Zhen Jiu Therapy
Alexey I. Falev
Victor L. Kokorin
The article covers the questions
of cosmic and natural phenomena,
identity, cyclic nature and parallelism
of their constant changes.
The genetic code as a
structure of the Five
Elements in Chinese
philosophy
Sergey P. Fedotov
Article "The genetic code as a
structure of the Five elements in
Chinese philosophy" hypothesizes
about the structure of the
formation of the DNA codons as
a reflection of wave processes in
nature. . The paper shows the relationship
of elements of Chinese
philosophy with the structure of
the DNA codons.
44
Sergey P. Fedotov
It allowed to suggest an idea of
digrams and trigrams as a tool
for description of DNA codons in
the process of their interaction,
each with others as an independent
oscillator (objects, generating
its own natural frequency).
On the basis of this hypothesis it
is considered the logic of structure
of trigrams from the Book of
Changes (I Ching), the properties
of Start and Stop codons, and
the properties of their position
in the general order of the King
Wen.
The Elements of life
Sergey P. Fedotov
Article "Elements of Life" offers a
hypothesis about the relationship
of the phenomenon of traditional
Chinese medicine with the physical
laws. It shows the principle
of forming a sequence of daily
activity of the acupuncture meridians
as a consequence of the
Doppler effect in the process of
flowing around the planet Earth
by cosmic wind (by Ether). In accordance
with this specification
the daily structure of meridians
had been built. It is suggested
that the essence of the Chinese
Qi (Chi) are vibrations of a certain
range in the medium. Consequently,
it became possible to set
the interrelation of frequencies of
the visible spectrum with certain
meridians.
70
74
Energetically optimal nonstationary
mode of flow
along tube with constant
and time-varying radius
Sergey G. Chefranov
Derived is a new modification of
hydrodynamic equations of viscous
incompressible fluid flowing along
the tube with radius changing in
time.
Energetic criteria of lymphocytes
in evaluation of
efficacy of system processes
correction under oncopathology
Alla I. Shikhlyarova
Galina V. Zhukova
Oleg I. Kit
Svetlana M. Babieva
The activity of key ferments
in the Krebs cycle (SDH) and
glycolysis (α-GPDH) in peripheral
blood lymphocytes in
animals and humans with cancer
pathology is considered
herein.
Novel formula to measure
mean pulmonary artery
pressure
Francisco Jose Chacon-Lozsan
Elizaveta O. Lebedeva
Juan Sebastian Peinado-Acevedo
Mean Pulmonary Arterial Pressure
(MPAP) is an important
parameter in evaluation of patients
with pulmonary hypertension.
The aim of this study is to
correlate a new formula using
non-invasive blood pressure and
Bernoulli’s right ventricle systolic
pressure (RVSP) with invasive
method.
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 1

Cardiometry
Basic and applied research.
Theory, practice, therapy, engineering, philosophy & methodology.
ISSN 2304-7232 Open Access e-Journal
www.cardiometry.net
EDITORIAL
Editor-in-chief
Prof. Vladimir Zernov
Russian New University
Moscow, Russia
Deputy editor
Prof. Mikhail Y. Rudenko
Russian New University
Taganrog, Russia
Phone/Fax: +7 (8634) 312-403, e-mail: journal@cardiometry.net
Editorial board
Prof. Howard Robert Horvitz
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, United States
Prof. Peter Mansfield
University of Nottingham
Nottingham, United Kingdom
Prof. Yury V. Gulyaev
National Research University of Electronic
Technology (MIET)
Kotelnikov Institute of Radio Engineering
and Electronics of Russian Acade my of
Sciences
Moscow, Russian Federation
Prof. Roman M. Baevsky
State Research Center of the Russian
Federation – Institute for Biomedical
Problems (IBMP)
Moscow, Russian Federation
Prof. Sergey G. Chefranov
Russian Academy of Sciences, A.M. Obukhov
Institute of Atmospheric Physics
Moscow, Russian Federation
Dr. Sergey V. Kolmakov
University Central Hospital Kuopio, Department
of Psychiatry
Kuopio, Finland
Dr. Olga K. Voronova
Voronezh State University
Voronezh, Russian Federation
Prof. Vyacheslav M. Tyutyunnik
Tambov Department of Russian Academy
of Natural Sciences (RANS), President
of INTERNATIONAL INFORMA-
TION NOBEL CENTER (IINC)
Tambov, Russia
Prof. Sergey N. Zaguskin
Southern Federal University,
Research Institute of Physics
Rostov-on-Don, Russian Federation
Prof. Gury P. Stupakov
State Research Center of the Russian
Federation – Institute for Biomedical Problems
(IBMP)
Moscow, Russian Federation
Prof. Vladimir A. Vecherkin
Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement
Compounds, Russian Academy of
Sciences
Moscow, Russian Federation
Editorial council
Dr. Christian Muller
Medizinische Universitat Wien
Vienna, Austria
Dr. Alberto Alfie
Hospital Nacional Prof. A. Posadas
Buenos Aires, Argentina
Dr. Saad Al Bugami
King Faisal Cardiac Center
Dammam, Saudi Arabia
Dr. Zied ben El hadj
Medical School of Tunis
Tunis, Tunisian Republic
Prof. Mohammad Aleem
Cairo University
Cairo, Egypt
Dr. Chandra Mani Adhikari
Shahid Gangalal National Heart Centre
Kathmandu, Nepal
2 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

Prof. Jorge Moreno-Lopez
Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet,
Department of Biomedical Sciences and
Veterinary Public Health
Uppsala, Sweden
Prof. Boris I. Leonov
All-Russian Scientific Research Institu te
for Medical Instrument Engineering
Moscow, Russian Federation
Dr. Marwan Refaat
American University of Beirut Medical
Center
Beirut, Lebanon
Dr. Pablo Avanzas
Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias
Asturia, Spain
Prof. Alejandro Barbagelata
DUCCS Board Member
(Duke University Cardiovascular Society)
Duke University
Durham, USA
Prof. Vitaly S. Polikarpov
Southern Federal University
Taganrog, Russian Federation
Dr. Nancy Aggeli
Thivas General hospital Tecnological Institute
Thivas, Greece
Dr. Marko Banovic
FESC, specialist of Internal Medicine at
University Clinical Centre of Serbia
Belgrade, Serbia
Prof. Dimitrios Karakitsos
Clinical Assistant Professor of Medi cine,
University of South Carolina
Columbia, USA
Dr. Hong Lei
Chinese Chongqing School of Traditional
Chinese Medicine
Chongqing, China
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Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 3

Mikhail Rudenko
Deputy editor
4 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

EDITORIAL
Dear Reader!
As might be seen, our Journal is a theme-oriented publication so that each
issue offers concentrated materials targeting a certain topic. The present
publication is treating the very topical problem: it is energy of the heart.
CARDIOMETRY does not focus on the anatomy of the heart. Energy is
required to provide the proper performance of the heart in an organism, as
it is the case with any other organ in a living organism. And energy is generated
not only by biochemical reactions in the organism: it can be supplied
from environment, too, and in this case electromagnetic waves as carriers of
energy should be mentioned before all. The said problem has been poorly
studied, but it is really of great significance.
We invited some experts to submit their detailed suggestions and opinions
related to this specific topic. Let’s hope we are broadly in line with the readership
expectations. Our intention is to provide herein some research matters
to the duly consideration and discussion. We think it might be useful in
practice, while a number of theoretical and practical questions need some
clarification.
A thought-provoking interview is opening this Journal release.
We should remember those scientists and researchers who dedicated their
lives to science. We also should remember that we are freely enjoying the use
of unique advancements made at the cost of many lives of those scientists
and researchers who paid a high price for their success. The story presented
in the interview is very exciting for everyone. The publication should be
treated as a tribute to the scientists’ bravery. At the same time, it gives rise to
understanding of how little we know of the physiology of a human and its
capabilities.
So, don’t delay! Let’s read the Journal! And we wish health and success in
research to all our readers!
Your letters and responses are very much appreciated by us.
Sincerely yours,
Editorial
CARDIOMETRY
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 5

EDITORIAL
Vyacheslav M. Tyutyunnik 1
1
Tambov Department of Russian
Academy of Natural Sciences (RANS),
President of INTERNATIONAL IN-
FORMATION NOBEL CENTER (IINC)
Russian Federation
Sometimes history offers very
interesting facts which induce
thoughts to consider everything. I
am sure a story presented herein will
not leave anyone among our readers
indifferent. The point is that everybody
is concerned with his/her own
health problems and with medicine
dedicated to solve them, either directly
or indirectly. Achievements
in health care are widely used in our
everyday’s life, and they are a common
knowledge at all. The existing
system of health care is capable of
solving a great variety of most complex
problems. But at the same time
medicine possesses some poorly understandable
fields calling for further
investigations. Often we cannot
find an answer why different doctors
are offering us differing treatments?
Why are there so many medical drugs
available? Are medical drugs really effective?
Why there are two health care
systems available: Western and Eastern
medicine? And of course many
generations have been searching for
the secret of long life.
For a number of reasons, the text
is presented herein in the form of an
interview. The name of a person who
was close to me and directly participated
in the story is not revealed herein.
When having read it, you will understand
everything and think about
the price the humanity pays for moving
towards the idea of immortality
and what motivation encourages researchers
in finding the Elixir of Life.
So, let’s start our story…
V. Tyutyunnik: “Every person has
somebody very beloved in his life.
I had such a human too. It was my beloved
lady. But it just happened that
she needed urgent help in oncology
treatment. In 2006, she completed a
lot of therapy courses in many hospitals,
but it was impossible to accurately
diagnose her disease, so that doctors
missed tumor progression. Metastases
reached pancreas in her organism.
By the beginning of 2007 she was discharged
from hospital with the following
doubtful diagnosis: “she is healthy”.
By that time I had been abroad for a
long period and when I returned home
I saw that she was very thin. It was necessary
to take immediate measures as I
suspected that she had the fourth degree
cancer. I invited well-known cancer
surgeons for consultations. Their
findings were disastrous: nothing more
could help her. They recommended
remedies produced by HEEL. I began
to look for them and studied the
history of their development.
It became clear later that the medicaments
were developed by a group of approximately
100 researchers who were
hired by A. Hitler to work in a secret
laboratory in Germany located near
Baden-Baden. The group included experts
in many fields: medi cine, chemistry,
mathematics, and physics. The
aim of their research was to develop a
remedy against all diseases. The underground
laboratory was absolutely secret,
and the researches were not entitled
to leave it. In 1944 Hitler liquidated
it. All the researchers were killed, and
the laboratory entrance door was completely
destroyed by explosion. The
only alive was Hans von Krebs.
He survived because he had fallen
ill and had been taken to an intensive
care unit before the laboratory liquidation.
Americans saved him. They
knew about the laboratory, cleared
the entrance by removing debris and
saved the only alive human. I had the
lucky chance to find the man not long
before his death: he was 95 when we
met, but he was no longer able to show
the exact location of the lab. According
6 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

Baden-Baden
Germany
to him, the group of researchers succeeded
in developing of approximately
2000 different medi cation products.
Each medical drug exerted its own selective
effect on a specific function in
a human organ or a system of them.
Thus, an issue of selective approach
in pharmacology and medicine was
raised as early as 1938-1939 years. By
the end of 1944, all the study results
and medical products were given to
the local military authorities.
For many years any information on
the laboratory was top secret. Only
in 1960’s a veil of secrecy over it was
descending. In Baden-Baden, a pharmaceutical
company was established
and named after HEEL: it started
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 7

Cologne
Germany
8 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

manufacturing some medical drugs
under the same name. Nowadays
they are manufactured as homeopathic
remedies. The R & D studies
are performed by the company, new
pharmaceuticals appear, but only
few people understand what was the
purpose these drugs were once developed
for. The main purpose was
to change the energy properties in a
specific organ or a system to provide
the organ performance free of any
pathology.
At that time Hans von Krebs trained
one Russian lady, a doctor, in some
methods for recovery developed in
that lab. The lady doctor’s name was
Irina. She mastered the methods of
application of the HEEL pharmaceuticals,
was good at properly finding the
relevant energetic points in a human
organism for injections and knew how
to remove metabolic pro ducts from a
human organism. I found Irina near
Köln, and she began to treat my dearest
woman after all the doctors in
Moscow and Tambov had refused to
do it. Upon completion of the prescribed
uninterrupted everyday’s injections
during one month and a half,
Irina was capable of “extinguishing”
two tumors sized 19 and 4 cm, respectively.
What methods were used by
that expert? Basing on certain parameters
of the organism electric signals,
the doctor identified the points to be
triggered and placed sensors on the
patient’s back and breast surface.
Everyday Irina injected 20 ampules
5-10 mg each into the above mentioned
points using a very thin needle
similar to a filament. Remedies
were changed during the course of
treatment. It was necessary to provide
certain effects on some points
with the use of a specific remedy to
stop the cells death and initiate the
mechanism of their restoration. As
a result, we could witness the tumor
regression as if it were eaten. It was
confirmed by ultrasonic scanning,
tomography and other methods applied
every 5 days. The tumor decay
products were removed specifically
by the following way: medical leeches
were put on the legs, and they sucked
and enlarged their sizes up to 20 cm.
When the leeches were removed,
some black flakes came off the places
of their suction, and bandages looked
like rags put in fuel oil. The complete
procedures took approximately one
month and a half. About 700-750
ampules and 20 different remedies
were utilized during the course. I
can remember such names as UBI-
CHINON, ECHINACEA, HEPAR,
COENZYME and a great number
of some other HEEL remedies. The
treatment effect was fantastic.
To stand such a course of treatment
was incredibly difficult both for a
patient and her doctor. My beloved
woman demonstrated her best capability
to withstand all the treatment:
she had to receive the procedures on
her knees (it was impossible to lie
owing to suction cups and electrodes
applied). It was not easy for the lady
doctor, too. I asked Irina if she had
any trainees or followers. She reported
that there were neither trainees
nor followers since it was necessary
to be trained for a very long time, up
to 13 years.
What was happening during that
treatment in the organism of the patient?
To my mind, that may involve
the restoration of the organism energetic
system on a cellular level by
means of the above mentioned medical
drugs, and oncology processes
have been stopped. But I have also
observed the following: the organism
energetics should be initially high
enough in the first place. If it is weak,
the organism would not manage it
well, and its many systems would fail.
This is just what happened in the said
story: cancer was cured, but after 3
days upon completing the treatment
course the heart of my beloved lady
stopped beating.
I have never asked for Irina’s last
name, I do not know even her patronymic.
As far back as we communicated
with each other she moved to
Ukraine, Poltava, where her methods
were also not supported by official
medicine. In 2008 I contacted her via
phone for the last time. She was ill
and could not answer my phone calls
any more.
According to Irina, her equipment
was designed and developed by one of
the space research centers in Germany.
We may suppose that this equipment
is intended for electroacupuncture
diagnostics and treatment. It
deals with the organism active points
showing certain conductivity. It took
several hours for Irina to find them
and select the proper drug.
Nowadays this methodology is lost.
But its principles are clear, and it is
necessary to proceed with studies in
the given field.
In my time, I examined UBICHI-
NON: it is the strongest antioxidative
agent. However, it is really effective
only when reaching the center of the
process in question, i.e. it should be
applied to a tumor or active points of
the organism to maximize its effect.
It is important to develop technologies
to early detect the cause of a disease.
The main causes are disorders
in acid-base balance and respiration.
Nourishment is no less important.
So, this is our story. Surprising is
the fact, to be more exact, the price,
which so many people paid by giving
their life and time to make the top secret
remedies available for everyone.
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 9

10 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

Submitted: 12 August 2016 Accepted: 30 August 2016 Published: 16 November 2016
LECTURE
DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2016.9.1119
Determining role of cyclicity in cosmic and
natural processes for formation of energy figures in
Chinese Classical Zhen Jiu Therapy
Alexey I. Falev 1 , Victor L. Kokorin 1*
1
School of Traditional Chinese Medicine “Medicine of Changes” of A.I. Falev
Russia, 354340, Sochi, Lenin st.217
*
Corresponding author:
e-mail: kvsochi@yandex.ru
Abstract
The article covers the questions of cosmic and natural phenomena, identity, cyclic
nature and parallelism of their constant changes. The authors regard it as a
starting point for giving definitions to fundamental terms in Canon of Changes (Yi
jing) which is a methodological basis of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM); law of
dynamic alternation of Yin and Yang, their cyclic regularity, succession, constancy
and symmetry at any level of organization of the being; concept of changes as a
function of movement; origin and numerological value of fundamental numerals
and characters: the energy images of Canon of Changes; their mutual definition
and mutual derivation as well as synchronizing indivisibility.
Keywords
Chinese Medicine, Chinese Canon of Changes, Yin and Yang, Energy images
Imprint
Alexey I. Falev, Victor L. Kokorin. Determining role of cyclicity in cosmic and natural
processes for formation of energy figures in Chinese Classical Zhen Jiu Therapy.
Cardiometry; Issue 9; November 2016; p. 11-19; DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.
2016.9.1119; Available from: http://www.cardiometry.net/issues/no9-november-
2016/energy-figures-in-сhinese- therapy
An observation of processes which
cyclically occur in ambient nature,
the rise and the set of the Sun and
the Moon, which are associated with
such definitions like light (heat) and
darkness (cold), with a changing degree
of their intensity during the day
and night as well as changing shadow
sizes of objects with a vector being the
negative of the vector of the rotating
Sun are indications of the Solar phases
during the day.
The same is applicable to the Moon,
the Orb of the night, which also determines
the respective time intervals
because of cyclicity in changing
its phases due to its movement in the
night sky from left to right, in the
similar way as it is the case with the
direction of the motion of the Sun.
There are the same similarities in the
cyclicity laws, according to which the
Solar System planets are orbiting,
when and where the square of the
orbital period of a planet, in years, is
equal to the cube of its mean distance
from the Sun in astronomical units.
And this principle works not only in
our Solar System, but everywhere in
the Universe, when and where a great
number of star systems and galaxies
are rotating, completing their slow
and smooth motion, obeying laws
of cyclicity, rhythm etc. (see Figure 1
below herein).
The Earth and all the living thereon,
together with all inherent biochemical
and biophysical processes
being integrated members in a cosmic
chain are tightly bound to the
motion of the star systems and their
emissions. This matter is as old as the
hills. The law of the motion of the Sun
offers us an idea on two phases complementing
each other, namely, when
a place on the Earth is experiencing
a day, then the opposite one thereon
is experiencing a night; when there
is a sunset in a place, in the opposite
place a sunrise is observed, etc. One
thing cannot exist without the other,
as is the case with Yin and Yang, describing
how the contrary forces are
actually complementary, interconnected,
and interdependent in the
natural world [1-7]. By the day (Yang)
is meant a wake, an active operation,
and the night implies sleeping, rest
and passivity. But considering the
annual cycle on the Earth, it should
be noted that the day and night show
different durations: the longer the
day, the shorter the night (in summer
time) and vice versa (in winter
time). This raises the question as to
how can we determine the length of
the day/night cycle and the symmetricity
of the day-night cycle spans? If
we observe the motion of the Sun, it
may be established that actually the
sunrise and sunset positions change
every day throughout the year: the
position might be straight, right and
left referred to some geo-landmarks.
Upon completion of the regular
closed cycle, a day will come again
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 11

Figure 1. The Milky Way Galaxy
(The location of the Sun is marked)
when the Sun will repeat its certain
path time and again. The same parallels
between the motion of the Sun
and that of the stars or planets in the
night might be made, when the stars
and planets are rotating on their axis
and revolving about a certain cosmic
center which is designated according
to Chinese Tradition as Star Tai Yi.
Everything in the Universe is subjected
to permanent cyclical changes:
Yin creates Yang, and Yang generates
Yin. The morning through the dawn
is generated by the night (it’s Yang in
Yin), and then it is converted into the
day which is the Yang culmination.
Following this way, symmetrically
the sundown occurs that generates
the evening (it’s Yin in Yang) followed
by its climax: the night (Yin)
(see Figures 2 and 3 herein). The similar
sequence order is found in the
four seasons every year.
A living being, a creature of nature,
is developing in accordance with
the similar law: germination begins
with a young root emerging through
a seed, then we observe growth of
a planting which will develop into
the adult plant, followed by maturity
reproductive phase and eventually
seed set and senescence, under transforming
into another form of being.
So, the cyclically repeated processes
Figure 2. Motion of substances Yin and Yang
within the 24 hours cycle (projection onto
scheme Supreme Ultimate Taiji)
form certain concentric circles which
represent movement of different hierarchies
in the world order. The necessity
of considering this concept
in such a way stems from the fundamental
proposition reflected by Lao
Zi in the Dao-De-Jing suggested that
“the Dao generates one, one generates
two, and the two generates three
[1-5, 8]. The three generate the ten
thousand of things Wan You. For the
ten thousand things, there is Fu Yin as
their carrying basis, and they generate
and promote growing the Yang principle
by following it in order to bao.
They should act in accordance with
movement rhythm Chong Qi through
which indwelling in peace, calmness,
serenity and agreement hé is reached.”
This notion constitutes the basis of
CHANGES by generating them (see
Figure 4 A and B).
It follows that the day or summer is
the climax of the development of the
Yang tendencies (it’s Yang in Yang).
Symmetrically, the midnight, the
winter is the climax of the Yin tendency
progression (it’s Yin in Yin),
which bears in its essential potency
the Yang tendencies, foretelling their
further development and conversion
into the morning and the spring,
respectively, and so on. In such a
manner, it is evident that everything
in the world is moving at a varying
intensity rate of changes, conversion
or transformation of the manifesting
forces Yin and Yang, which are found
everywhere and anywhere in symmetrically
located positions throughout
space and time. In this connection,
it can be stated that it is actually
true that the life is a perpetual motion
which dictates CHANGES. If there
exists Yang (life, motion), then there
is always Yin (a life pause, stoppage,
rest). But this definition is of relative
nature, since death destroying life
creates at the same time new forms of
life at other levels of organization of
a matter and integrates the latter into
the common cycle circuit in the Universe
[1–5, 9–15].
The perpetual cyclic change of processes
throughout in the world suggests
a certain logical definition of
time. For the purpose of measurement,
it is convenient to use, for example,
a vertical gnomon casting
varying shadow, depending on day
time and season, as the sun moves.
The shortest size of the shadow is reported
to be at the noon in summer
time, and the longest shadow is identified
in the evening in winter. Following
this way, it is possible to clearly
identify the day when a new year
begins. Essentially all ancient civilizations
(among them the ancient
Chinese civilization), when observing
celestial bodies, assigned great
significance to the Moon, changes
in its shape and its influence exerted
on life on the Earth. It was noticed
that the Moon changes its appearance
12 times a year, demonstrating
every time some cyclic lunar phases
and this phenomenon has enabled
ancient scientists to define a lunar
month and a lunar year. But the total
12 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

number of the days in the calendar
solar year cannot be divided without
a remainder by the 12 lunar phase cycles,
since each lunar phase cycle lasts
29 ¼ days. This is the reason why a
year may have apparently different
numbers of the days. If 12 lunar
months are considered, each lunar
month is linked according to Chinese
traditions with a certain animal sign
(Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit etc.) within a
year measured between the two equinoxes,
but it is inevitably determined
that there is always a remainder of
one fourth. This fact leads logically
to defining the thirteen lunar month
which is incomplete with respect to
the number of the days therein. The
said incomplete month is not associated
with the Pantheon of Chinese
Animal signs, and it consists of two
Moon cycles, or phases.
The Chinese tradition provides for a
clear-cut differentiation between the
seasons of the year, and the starting
point and the end for each of them
are exactly defined. This concept is
intimately connected with the entire
Chinese culture, and it is widely
applied both to Traditional Chinese
Medicine (TCM) and agriculture.
With the use of gnomon, ancient
Chinese scientists succeeded in identification
of the four days in a year
when the night and day are exactly of
the same length; 12 hours each. They
also found two other temporary opposite
times which offer an unbiased
reflection within the natural cyclicity.
Further consideration thereof shows
that we can observe a cyclic change
in phase progression: an onset, starting
from fertilizing (as it is the case
with Yang derived from Yin) shows a
minor time shift referred to the latter
(see Figures 5 and 6 herein). This
means that each of the four seasons:
spring, summer, autumn and winter
Figure 3. Yin and Yang ascending & descending
within the context of rule “midnight – midday”
and seasons correspondence (in projection
onto scheme Supreme Ultimate Taiji)
begins somewhat earlier as it is the
case with their calendar terms. Each
equinox or solstice marks the middle
point of a season, showing a border
line therein.
It is generally accepted that twelve
months in a year are allocated to four
seasons, three months for each season.
So, spring begins forty five days
before the spring equinox and ends
forty five days thereafter, etc. Each of
the eight positions (equinox or solstice)
is a middle point of the respective
season. The same cyclic sequence
takes place both during the year cycle
(change of seasons) and during an
individual season: onset, growth, climax,
decay and transformation o conversion
into another state [1-5, 16].
The concept of cyclic changes during
the annual time line is fundamental
for TCM that will be treated in more
details in our further papers later.
Essentially, the existence of the seasons
and the function of their successive
mutual transformation or
conversion within the annual circuit
is determined by an influence of cosmic
cycles that is denoted according
to Chinese Tradition as “the rotation
of Heaven” (Zhoutian). The influence
of this mechanism to cover the annual,
season- and month-related cycles (see
A)
B)
Figure 4 (A and B). Cosmological model to
reflect the principle “the Dao generates one,
one generates two, and the two generates
three. The three generate the ten thousand
of things Wan You”.
Legend:
A – center (0) – the onset and the natural
limitation of the line of fair rotation, when 1,
2 and 3 are generating.
B – typical ideal model of spirally rotating
stars system.
Figure 7) is necessarily found in the
time cyclicity during the solar day as
it is shown in the above Figures. In this
connection, special attention should
be paid to such notion like a Watch,
or double hour unit that finds a broad
application in TCM, especially in the
Zhen Jiu therapy. Following the principle
to divide a year into twelve months,
the Chinese specify 12 Watches within
the 24-hours-day cycle [1-5, 17].
So, with the use of gnomon and
clepsydra, the ancient Chinese scien-
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 13

Figure 5. Projection of key points of four seasons
onto scheme Supreme Ultimate Taiji
tists were able to identify the cyclic
regularity in time changes within a
year, a season, a lunar month and a
day & night interval. Since the said
cyclic processes, which occur in nature
during different time lengths,
are governed by the motion (“rotation”)
of Heaven, the Sun, the Moon,
the stars and the planets, the ancient
Chinese people, upon observation
of the natural phenomena, created
their original scheme of the motion,
and utilizing the scheme, it becomes
possible to detect and predict certain
regularities therein and effects thereof
on biosphere, including human
life as an integral part of the latter.
In doing so, the Pole Star Tai Yi (the
Heaven axis, Yin) and the Sun being
an active cosmic agent (Yang) are
taken as the initial reference point.
Besides, there are four directions of
the world and seven celestial bodies
(five of them are planets plus the Sun
and the Moon), which are mutually
correlated in the Chinese cosmology
and numerology, from which 28 star
constellations (Xiu) are derived.
These 28 star constellations being
projected onto twenty eight cardinal
directions of ecliptics govern the
course of processes on the Earth,
covering all from the human organism
performance up to and included
a social organization in a society.
The significance of investigation of
Figure 6. Reflection of seasonal, solar and
lunar regularities of ascending & descending
of Yin and Yang substances in projection
onto scheme Supreme Ultimate Taiji
influence of cosmic processes on the
Earth is determined, in its turn, by a
possibility of applications in practice
of the said influence in everyday’s life
of people. Heaven supplies energy
to move to every Earth object and
subject which exhibits their essential
features of their nature in laws of the
phenomenon which is changeable
and multi-linkable within the cyclicity
of time. This concept represents
the principle of an unbiased and universal
reflection of an action made
by Heaven on the Earth. Life is objectiveness
and universality that represents
an expression of an absolute
necessity of manifestation of Heaven’s
Will in the nature of things that establishes
their essential determinacy
which is changeable in the course of
time and which is expressed as difference
or variety in their phenomena.
Herein we should especially note that
the said difference is not an inherent
self-determined one, when one definition
may be embedded into another.
In this connection, in the course
of consideration we are moving to
the next stage of conceptualization of
laws and regularities of the universal
cyclic motion in the course of time.
So far, when we treated the motions
of the Sun, the Moon, the planets,
change of seasons etc., the background
of which consists of reciprocal
mutual transformation of Yin
into Yang and vice versa, discussed
have been certain external things and
phenomena which are independent
on human consciousness of a human
being as a subject of cognition. Now,
as we see that the underlying cause
of all life process cyclicity is something
inherent in the things, their information
& energetic essence, then
the existing difference between the
cognitive perception of a thing and
the thing itself lose their power and
significance. Now, the consciousness,
having an object, is being referred to
a certain other, which is however immediately
not anything else, i.e. the
consciousness begins to investigate
its own reflection, or its own essence,
which manifests itself in the object,
i.e. itself. Following this way, moving
to a higher level of understanding of
the sphere of the essence, the pictures
of which within the framework of the
studied questions are symbols and energy
images Gua, as well as the preceding
stage of the organization of the basic
world order powers of being: they
are substances Yin and Yang and four
images Si Xiang (Figure 7). Therefore
the comments to Canon of Changes
(Yi jing) state: “Most perfect wise people
designed Gua pictures (trigrams
and hexagrams).”
According to the Chinese tradition,
there are three fundamental potencies
which are uninterruptedly interlinked
with each other and which always
continuously act: Heaven Tian,
Human being Ren and the Earth Di.
This conceptual notion is not only
a feature of cosmology and philosophy,
but it is also widely used in TCM
practice, including the Zhen Jiu therapy
[1-5, 17].
Since human being is a measure of
all things, according to the ancient
14 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

concept, his birth between Heaven
and the Earth, being an absolute necessity,
determines creation of a qualitatively
new form of being which is
organized by a manifestation of his
socium. Following this principle, it
might be stated that Human being is
a product of creating Will of Heaven
which manifests and displays itself
in the Earth material. But at the
same time, Human being, coming
from the Earth and inhabiting the
Earth as his inherent inevitable environment,
experiences control undertaken
by Heaven, but with the
use of the Earth as a specific energy
generator. Traditionally, it is accepted
that Heaven belongs to the Yang substance,
and the Earth represents the
Yin substance. The idea thereon is
fundamental in the concept of Canon
of Changes (Yi jing), since, as it
was mentioned above, “the Dao generates
one, one generates two and the
two generates three. The three generate
the ten thousand of things Wan
You.” This principle is applicable to
everything that takes place not only
in the Space, but also on the Earth.
Consequently, it refers to the world of
Human being as well. To put it otherwise,
Heaven is governing through its
energies the Earth, and Human being
by his response is governing his own
environment he inhabits (the ten
thousand of things Wan You). But
there is little sense only in stating the
fact of existence of the said energies.
Much more important is to establish
their ratios and proportions as well as
motion of the Earth elements that is
determined thereby.
It is well known that modes of
thought of many ancient civilizations
rest on a postulate that there are some
world ordering elements available:
water, Earth (soil), fire and air, which
are always interlinked and interacted
with each other and which are always
found in motion, which in its turn
generates a variety of the Earth energies.
For example, movement of air
generates wind; motion of fire creates
heat; motion of water creates dampness;
motion of the Earth creates dryness
(water is absorbed by soil) etc. It
should be noted that all processes occur
on the Earth (soil) which is considered
to be their center and which
fuels them (see Figure 8). Besides,
there are four directions in the world,
which correspond to the four seasons,
which in its turn refer to the respective
body organs and meridians.
Since the relationship scope between
them rests on the Earth soil, the latter
is taken as the fifth element: it is the
Wu Xing cycle.
Following this way of treatment,
we can say that the five elements are
parameters of the Heaven-Earth relationship
in the Yin-Yang sequence
change. A manifestation of Heaven
energies in the Wu Xing cycle algorithm
can be represented graphically
as two semi-cycles, with five sections
in each semi-cycle, that makes
up ten symmetrically located Heavenly
stems (hereinafter referred to as
HS). Taking into account the Earth
aspect, actually, considering the time
duration of an annual cycle from one
month to another, we can separate
twelve Earthly branches (herein-after
referred to as EB) which are divided
into groups, three months in
each group. In doing so, we obtain
the following: each Heaven Stem is
equal to twelve months (1 year). Established
is the fact that there is two
cyclic motions available: the Heaven
cyclic motion (Zhoutian) and the
Earth cyclic motion (Diqiu zizhuan)
which differ from each other both
in time and its oscillation attribute
characteristics. If we take a zero ref-
Figure 7. Symbols and energy images Gua
to reflect changes in interaction between
the Sun, the Earth and the Moon
erence point, it is an easy matter to
note that we observe a progressing
difference which is designated in the
opposite direction from the Earth to
Heaven. In order to reach the initial
point again (Heaven 0, Earth 0), this
cyclic motion should make the same
number of the comp lete Earthly and
Heavenly turns that is expressed both
for the first and the second motion
type, as sixty (10 HS are completed
six times (i.e. 10 x 6 = 60) and 12
EB which are completed 5 times and
generate the same numerical value
of 60 (12 x 5 = 60). The value of 60
represents the total number of the
synchronously repeated digits. The
above simple arithmetic operations
are those fundamental in the Chinese
numerology, and they demonstrate
the significance of numbers
5 (an Earth-related number) and 6
(a Heaven-related number), which
are very often used for calculations
of various parameters in TCM, especially
in the Zhen Jiu therapy that
will be further discussed herein later
as well in our other papers.
So, there are five elements existing
in the Earth sphere (the Wu Xing cycle),
which are in a resonance with the
Heaven influences being inductively
interlinked with them and which
can be computed from the formula:
5 x 12 = 60. This formula should
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 15

Figure 8. Projection of the time-related principle
of Yin and Yang ascending & descending
and the Wu Xing cycle of viscera onto
scheme Supreme Ultimate Taiji
correlate with the formula of Heaven
energetics: 6 x 10 = 60. The Heaven
number 6 is a reflection of potency
of the six energetic factors which are
related to the five factors of the Earth.
The six energies acting on the Earth
make an immediate effect on Human
being. Following this way, it may be
said that the relationship between the
five energies of the Earth (wind, heat,
dampness, dryness and cold) are associated
via resonance with the six
pathogenic factors: wind (feng), cold
(han), summer heat (shu), dampness
(shi), dryness (zao) and fire (hun).
Life means always a motion which
stops upon interrupting or termination
of processes which determine
and govern life. The main source of
all processes on the Earth is the Sun
which by completing certain phases
of its activity within a day and a year
transmits its harmony to the seemingly
chaotic structure of dynamics
of one or other type of phenomenon
subjected to inevitable power oscillations
of the solar and cosmic energy
in the course of their motion.
Following the processes in progress
in their natural environment, the
ancient Chinese people discovered
that there was a rigorous mathematical
harmony and perfectness coming
to light as oscillating movement
of the designated Heaven and Earth
energies with time, which might be
seem to be of random or arbitrary nature
(Figure 13). Since the Sun being
treated with respect to the Earth as a
stable, constant value, which shows
its constancy in its change of phase
motion (growth, culmination, sunset),
it is just the Sun which is responsible
for the phenomena of the stable
constancy in the alteration and intensity
of its influence, that has been
not only detected, but also described
in ancient times. According to Chinese
tradition, the above mentioned
notions are associated with the principle
of Heat which is developing
during the progress of moving and
growing of the Sun activity towards
the phase of apogee (fire) that forms
the sixth principle of Heat as a forerunner
of the Fire origination. So,
we are dealing with the six Heavenly
energies which traditionally differ
from the five elements of the Earth,
namely, wind, heat, fire, dampness,
dryness and cold. This system of energies
and elements is hierarchical
and subjected to rather strict quantitative
and qualitative laws which govern
their motion and interrelations.
The five elements and the six energies
being in interrelations with each
other determine and reciprocally
generate each other being subjected
at the same time to inevitable overmastering
forces controlling them
both inside and outside. Motion of
the Earth referred to Heaven, which
is mutually synchronized, is responsible
for a lot of differing functional
parameters determining the essence
of the CHANGES and TRANSFOR-
MATIONS or CONVERSIONS.
The four annual seasons structurally
connected with the five elements
of the Wu Xing cycle, which have in
their center soil, are referred to the
five energies (wind, heat, dampness,
dryness and cold). Since the said five
energies representing motion of the
five elements are conditioned by the
Heavenly Qi, they being projected
onto the Heaven circle are ordered
according to the hierarchical principle.
Motion of the Heavenly Qi occurs
cyclically and is determined by
the phase-related alterations of Yin
and Yang that makes up ten Heaven
parts, each of them corresponds to
a year which is controlled by the respective
element which is resonant
with the characteristics of its own Qi.
As noted before, the Earth division
correlates pathognomically with the
respective phases of the month cycle,
which are determined by changes in
the phases of the lunar oscillations
forming the twelve Earthly divisions
(EB). Following this way of consideration,
we obtain a relationship
between the decimal Heaven division
governed by motion of the Sun
(Yang) and the duodecimal division
of the Earth controlled by motion
of the Moon (Yin) that makes up a
sexagesimal Heavenly cycle corresponding
to the Chinese 60-years’
period, when a harmonical alternate
Yin-Yang sequence is executed. Both
cycles (the Heavenly and the Earthly
cycles) being in an interrupted rotation
promote and initiate the motion
factor governing the progress of all
processes in a great variety of biological
entities and natural phenomena
available in biosphere, which become
more pronounced and clearly defined
by exhibiting an adequacy of the
rhythm of pulsation of their own life
performance to the rhythm of alternating
phases of the rise and decline
of the Heaven influences. The Heavenly
cycle consisting of 10 HS with
reference to the Earth cycle contain-
16 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

ing 12 EB shows a longer duration as
compared with the Earth cycle and
differs from the latter by 1/12 of its division.
It displays how the difference
within the time required to complete
a turn of the Heaven cycle is accumulated
every year. This bears witness to
the fact of some delay in the Earthly
response to Heaven influences. In
this connection, despite the fact that
initially “the rotation” of Heaven and
the Earth is synchronous (from left to
right), due to the said delay the Earthly
aspect demonstrates a tendency of
motion in the reverse direction. This
principle can be observed when two
athletes running in the same direction,
but showing a different speed,
are viewed from the front reference
point. That athlete which has been
falling behind in the competition will
be observed as moving back with the
reference to the first one.
By this means it can be stated that
Heaven being rotated from left to
right has its opposite: it is the Earth
rotating from right to left. To better
illustrate this movement effect, two
circumferences might be constructed
which differs in their rotational direction
vectors. A more indicative visualization
is obtained when we depict the
designated position by constructing
one circle divided horizontally along
the diameter through the center. In
doing so, we will obtain two semicircles,
and the upper semicircle will
represent Heaven, while the lower one
will be the symbol of the Earth moving
in the reverse direction: all this is an
ancient diagram of the Earlier Heaven
Xiantian. In this case, both motions
are considered to be unified and interlinked.
It should be noted that this diagram
is similar to the sinusoid of the
Great Limit Taiji, but demonstrates a
difference in its essence (see Figure
9 herein). Besides, this diagram con-
Figure 9. Pattern of Earlier Heaven Xiantian.
Preset fixed positions of Heaven and the
Earth which dictate the form of scheme Supreme
Ultimate Taiji
tains a structure of the initial order of
azimuthal direction of the fundamental
essences (see Figure 10 herein).
In contrast to the order of the Earlier
Heaven, there is another order of arrangement
of the fundamental essences
demonstrating another azimuthal
orientation, where, for example, Fire
and Water (Kan and Li) are located in
the North and the South, correspondingly:
it’s the order of the Later Heaven
Houtian (see Figu re 11 demonstrating
their differing locations in the East
and West for Earlier Heaven).
So, let's continue our analysis of
motions. Each of the Heaven Stem
is measured as one year where and
when all twelve Earthly Branches are
found. By the time of the beginning
of the last month on the Earth, a year
is nearing its regular completion, and
the existing difference in the motions
referred to the Earth and Heaven,
accordingly, can be illustrated by the
position of the moving minute hand
of the clock, which has completed its
full turn, related to that of the hour
hand completed its full hour turn.
In order to provide the synchronous
Figure 10. Initial proto-historical order (Earlier
Heaven); locations of azimuthal orientation of
basic structures of life
motion, starting from the zero points,
it is necessary that the number of the
given turns applied to both rotation
systems should be in a certain harmony
that can be expressed by the
formulas as follows: 6 x 10 = 5 x 12.
The final completed circulation in
any of the said system must be equal
to a constant value of 60 years that
represents the conventional Chinese
60-years cycle as opposed to the European
100-years-century. The Chinese
calendar measures time by taking the
first moon after the winter solstice as
the initial point that is closely related
to the European calendar referred
practically to the same starting point.
However, in practical terms, of interest
is not the calendar itself, but its
astronomical mechanism (see Figure
12 herein). The above mentioned formulas
should be interpreted in more
detail considering numerological aspect:
they are the Heaven number 6
and the Earth number 5. Since Heaven
and the Earth interact with each
other in accordance with the known
principles, the Earth number 5 is
a Heaven derivative as it is the case
with the Heaven number 6 determined
by the Earthly response to the
Heaven action or control. The idea
thereon is accepted as fundamental
one for the numerology of Canon of
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 17

Figure 11. Pattern of Later Heaven. Positions
of Yin and Yang in scheme Supreme
Ultimate Taiji have been changed; there are
also changes in locations of Gua images
Kan and Li
Changes, since everything derived
from Heaven should be interpreted
to be not paired (Yang), and everything
associated or interlinked with
the Earth is thought to be paired or
even-numbered (Yin). This is the basis
of such classical categories like Yin
in Yang (6, Heaven) and Yan in Ying
(5, the Earth). Considering the foregoing,
it may be concluded that there
are two major groups of Qi as listed
below:
1) Group 1: Qi of Heaven influence;
2) Group 2: Qi of Earth resonance.
Owing to the performed division
into 10 HS and 12 EB it turns out that
the synchronization of time covering
the centuries, years, months and days
can be visualized. Taking the solar
performance with its phase-related
activity as the reference for an analysis
of the performance of the system, the
respective period of the highest solar
activity should be identified that correlates
with the notion of the world
Figure 12. Ecliptic coordinates and celestial
equator
direction and that of the day. When
analyzing the visible solar movement,
it should be stressed that the Sun activity
growing begins in the East, on
the left, that is gradationally is associated
with the birth of Yang in this
direction of the world as well as with
the onset of spring and morning. Since
there the initial point of the common
motion of the entire system of the astronomical
mechanism is found, this
origination point should be referred
to as the zero point. Beginning with
this moment, it becomes possible to
calculate different visible phases of
growth, climax and decay in progression
of the phases of the solar activity
which is decreasing in the West.
Further we observe a conversion
to an opposite phase, where also the
birth and the night climax take place
that is symmetrical to the visible
phase. East is the birthplace of Yang
and in the similar way the zero reference
point to identify the movement
of the astronomical mechanism. But
at the same time, some ancient civilizations
thought that it would be rather
more reasonable to accept the West
position as the reference point which
is associated with the sunrise phenomenon
that is considered to be the
place of decay, decrease in the solar
activity and the symbol of the coming
day. But it seems to be not reasonable,
since the onset of any process,
along with the onset of any biological
creature, is taken not from the time
of their death, but from the time of
the birth. Therefore, the night phase
is a preparatory one, during which
a potency of a new birth in the East
is being created. Traditionally the
North position is a place where the
potency of growth and fertilization
is being formed. It is sure that every
of the four positions (East, South,
West and North) has its own significance
for orientation in motion of the
Heaven mechanism. But it is just the
East position that it is governing and
decisive, since it gives a possibility to
perform the synchronization of motion.
The South position is associated
with the Emperor, the Sun (Yang in
Yang); the North position is linked
with Yin in Yin; the middle position
(East) represents a link between the
South and the North.
Summarizing the above, it should be
noted that since the South (Zenith of
Heaven) is a position of the highest
manifestation of the powers of the Yang
substance, in a similar way, the maximum
manifestation of Yin is found
in the North that forms Energy Axis
South – North. The Sun completes
the following phases of its movement:
growth – East, apogee – South, sunset
– West. The Moon and other planets
experience the similar way that is denoted
according to Chinese traditions
as Huang Dao (Yellow Way). The motion
of the Moon dictates the twelve
months time spans (the lunar months)
within an annual time cycle. The thirteenth
lunar month is obtained due
to the difference in the Moon motion
time length (twenty nine days and a
half) accumulated within the previous
lunar one. There are five elements
in Heaven which govern the five ele-
18 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

ments on the Earth. So the Heaven
cycle has two phases: they are Yin and
Yang, each of them is divided into five
parts (a total of 10 parts of Heaven).
Ten Heavenly and twelve Earthly divisions
rotate in the same direction specified
by the character of the Heaven
motion. But considering a difference
between the motion speed of Heaven
and that of the Earth, the synchronicity
of the motion is produced by the
rule as follows 6 х 10 = 5 х 12 = 60 that
governs the cycle of the Chinese time
period. Based thereof, it can be stated
that the direction of Heaven is from
left to right, and that of the Earth is
from right to left that is determined by
their mutual reference in motion. The
major world directions can be specified
as follows: the North is a zone of
a calendar year; the East is a zone of
astronomical calculations; the South
is the highest apogee (Heaven zenith,
Yang) corresponds to its opposite: the
North (Yin). All this define the notion
of motion of the Universe responsible
for CHANGES. A generalized outline
of the above statements is shown in
Figures 13 and 14 herein.
Authors' Comment:
To represent Chinese, the authors hereof
have used a specific mixed Romanization
system.
Statement on ethical issues
Research involving people and/or animals
is in full compliance with current
national and international ethical
standards.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Author contributions
The author read the ICMJE criteria
for authorship and approved the final
manuscript.
Figure 13. Scheme for calculation according
to solar, lunar and stellar cycles.
The central circle: Ursa Major
Circle 1 - four sectors of the night sky
Circle 2 – four seasons in a year
Circle 3 – 6 trigrams (lunar phases)
Circle 4 – 12 EBs
Circle 5 – 12 hexagrams of the solar cycle
Circle 6 – 24 seasons in a year
Circle 7 – 30 lunar cycles
Circle 8 – 60 hexagrams in Wen Wang sequence
Circle 9 – 29 mansions (Xiu)
References
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Traditional Chinese Zhenzhu therapy.
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Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 19

20 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

Submitted: 15 July 2016 Accepted: 30 August 2016 Published: 16 November 2016
OPINION
DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2016.9.2131
The genetic code as a structure of the
Five Elements in Chinese philosophy
Sergey P. Fedotov 1*
1
Pulse Academy, Saint-Petersburg branch
Russia, Saint-Petersburg, 198332, Leninsky prospect 76, building 1, room 874
*
Corresponding author:
phone: +7 (911) 956-26-53, e-mail: pulseacademy@mail.ru
Abstract
Article "The genetic code as a structure of the Five elements in Chinese philoso phy"
hypothesizes about the structure of the formation of the DNA codons as a reflection
of wave processes in nature. The paper shows the relationship of elements of
Chinese philosophy (in the interpretation of previous work "Elements of Life") with
the structure of the DNA codons. The hypothesis is proposed that formation of the
vortex tube of DNA goes under a hydrodynamic effect of stream of ideal liquid
(Ether) when liquid flows around the primer of DNA's chain. It is shown the scheme
of activation of DNA codons as a result of order of natural oscillations during a day
on the base of their correlation with the structure of Elements in Chinese philosophy.
A version of the correlation of each nitrogenous base in the codon with a certain
meridian of traditional Chinese medicine on the basis of their spectral matching is
represented. This assumption establishes the properties of each nitrogenous base,
depending on its position in the codon and such correlation solves the problem of
redundancy of amino acids encoding options.
Keywords
DNA spectrum, Vortex tube, Spiral, Codon, Triplet
Imprint
Sergey P. Fedotov. The genetic code as a structure of the Five Elements in Chinese
philosophy. Cardiometry; Issue 9; November 2016; p. 21-31; DOI: 10.12710/
cardiometry.2016.9.2131; Available from: http://www.cardiometry.net/issues/
no9-november-2016/genetic-code-structure-of-the-five-elements
Introduction
In article “Elements of Life” (read it
at http://pulse-academy.com/researchroom)
we have studied 4 macroElements
by Dr. Samokhotsky (potassium,
calcium, magnesium, sodium)
in their relations with Chinese Elements.
On the other hand, a branch of science
like genetics utilizes also only
four components – four types of
Nitro genous bases as follows:
– Cytosine (C);
– Adenine (A);
– Guanine (G);
– Uracil (U) or Thymine (T).
It is surprising how only the four Elemental
bricks are capable to form the
DNA sequence and organize the “software”
of all living organism on the Earth.
Let’s try to establish the relations
between the macroElements by Dr.
Samokhotsky and Nitrogenous bases
as well as Chinese Elements.
The starting point
In accordance with common point
of view, the genetic code has following
peculiarities:
– Triplet code: the meaningful unit
type is a combination of three nucleotides
(a triplet, or a codon).
– Continuity: there are no punctuation
marks between triplets, that is,
information is read continuously.
– Disjointness: the same nucleotide
cannot simultaneously be present in
the two or more triplets (not applicable
to some overlapping genes of
viruses, bacteria and mitochondria,
which encode several proteins that
are read from the shift frame).
– Uniqueness (specificity): a specific
codon corresponds to only one
amino acid (however, codon UGA
in Euplotes crassus encodes two
amino acids – cysteine and selenocysteine).
– Degeneracy (redundancy): the
same amino acid can have multiple
codons.
– Versatility: the genetic code works
in the same manner in organisms of
different levels of complexity - from
viruses to humans (that is the basis
for genetic engineering techniques).
– Immunity: mutation nucleotide
substitutions that do not result in a
change of the class encoded amino
acids are referred to as conservative;
mutation nucleotide substitutions
resulting in a change of amino acid
encoded by class are spoken of as
radical.
– Punctuation: triplets undertake
function of punctuation.
Also known is a circle picture of
codons (Figure 1).
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 21

Figure 1. Codons in Figure 1 should be read from the center to the periphery of the circle
(from the 5’ end to the 3’ end).
Marking Start and Stop indicate codons of the beginning and the end of DNA replication
(Start - Metionine – AUG and Stop is associated with UAA, UAG, UGA)
The coincidence or not?
The positions of Start and Stop codons
in the circular presentation diagram
of codons (Figure 1) coincide
with the respective positions of the
Chinese meridians in the daily circulation,
which are associated with the
Liver (LR) meridian (Chinese Wood
Element) and the meridians of Urinary
Bladder (BL) and Kidneys (KI)
(Chinese Element of Water).
The respective colors of the Chinese
Elements are as follows:
– Wood Element (red) = Yin Fire
(Heart – HT – yellow) + Yang Fire-Minister
(Triple Energizer, Blood – TE –
purple);
– Fire Element (yellow) = Yang Wood
(Gall Bladder – GB – green) + Yin Wood
(Liver – LR – red);
– Earth Element (green) = Yin Metal
(Lungs – LU – turquoise) + Yang
Metal (Large intestine – LI – yellow);
– Metal Element (turquoise) = Yang
Earth (Stomach – ST – blue) + Yin
Earth (Pancreas – SP – green);
– Water Element (blue) = Yin Fire
Minister (Pericardium – PC – purple)
+ Yang Fire (Small intestine – SI – turquoise);
– Fire-Minister Element (purple) =
Yang Water (Urinary Bladder – BL –
red) + Yin Water (Kidneys – KI – blue).
According to the theory of Traditional
Chinese Medicine (TCM), any process
begins with the Element of Wood:
it is a manifestation of the initial phase
of any developing process. At the same
time, any process in conformity with
Chinese philosophy ends with the Water
Element: it is the phase of demolition
and destruction [1-5]. Thus, we
may suggest that there are some associations
of the initial and the terminal
triplets with the proper Elements on
the basis of similarity of the Five Elements
diagram (Figure 2) and the sector-related
scheme of codons (Figure
1). Moreover, we can identify the frequencies
which are triggering the start
and end process of the DNA replication
(bands of red and blue frequencies in
the visible light spectrum, accordingly).
Nevertheless, we need to obtain an
additional evidence for the relationship
between the Nitrogenous bases
and the Chinese Elements.
Let us address another interpretation
of the daily circulation of the
Elements, which is known in Tibetan
and Chinese medicines (the colors of
the Elements are given in accordance
with the diagram based on the Doppler
effect model in Figure 2 herein).
Considering Figure 3, the sectors of
the Earth Element can be removed
at all (they stipulate only a border
between the other four Elements).
In doing so, the remaining four Elements
will take one of four quadrants
of the circle. Due to the Doppler effect,
each quadrant has certain frequency
properties under the action
of the force vector (the purple arrow
on the right in Figure 3).
Taking into account the disposition
of Elements in Figure 3 and comparing
the position of Start and Stop codons
in Figure 1, we can establish the
correlation between the Nitrogenous
bases and the Chinese Elements in
the following order:
– Uracil (Thymine) (U) – Water Element,
– Cytosine (C) – possibly Liver (Wood
Element) inside Fire Element.
Because the pairing requirements
imposed by the DNA double-chain
22 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

Figure 2. In Figure 2 colors indicate the respective
sectors of the natural frequencies
of the Chinese meridians in the visible light
spectrum range. Each pair of meridians
generates its own frequency of Chinese Elements
(the color of the Elements is specified
in the six sectors of the inner circle). Colors
(vibrations) of the meridians appeared
due to Doppler effect are described in our
previous article" Cosmic mechanism of life"
http://pulse-academy.org/files/LifeMechanicsEN.pdf.
structure are strict, each Nitrogenous
base will pair only with its complementary
base so that we obtain the
following:
– Uracil (U) is bonded with Adenine
(A), and
– Cytosine (C) is bonded with Guanine
(G).
The same pairing interrelation exists
in the theories of Traditional Chinese
Medicine and Indian Ayurveda
where Elements produce the following
pairs:
Wood – Metal (Kapha dosha; in our
research it is a balance between the
Mg ++ and Ca ++ ions),
Fire – Water (Pitta dosha; in our
case it is a balance between the K +
and Na + ions),
Earth – Fire-Minister (Vata dosha;
according to our interpretation
herein it is a balance between H + and
OH - ).
Figure 3.
Green sectors are Earth element position
This relation also can be detected
between the opposite meridians in the
daily circulation shown in Figure 2
above. This association is described by
the known acupuncture rule “Noon –
Midnight”, and it establishes the Yin-
Yang balance at each moment.
From the above mentioned, we may
determine some relations between
two other Nitrogenous bases and
Chinese Elements:
– Adenine (A) is associated with
the Fire Element;
– Guanine (G) is referred to the
Metal Element.
Or the correlation can be represented
in the graphical form as illustrated
in Figure 4 below herein.
Figure 4.
Green sectors are Earth element position
Correlation between the natural
frequencies of the Nitrogenous
bases and the phases of
the Doppler’s effect cycle
The correlation between the Nitrogenous
bases and the definite Chinese
Elements is stipulated by similar natural
frequencies, where each frequency
is belonging to the definite phase
of the physical process arising due to
Doppler’s effect, when the stream of
Ether flows around the rotating Earth.
Let’s study the band of frequencies
changes in each phase of the Doppler
cycle as shown in Figure 5 below
herein.
The higher the pressure of the medium,
the greater the value of natural
oscillations of the medium (the particles
within the space collide more
frequently). The relationship between
the frequency and the pressure
of the Ether can be described by the
same formula as the sound pressure:
P = 2 . π . f . ρ . c . A
where:
P – maximum acoustic pressure;
f – frequency;
с – velocity of the sound;
ρ – density of the medium;
A – amplitude of the medium oscillation.
The fact that the Ethereal medium
carries vibrations in accordance with
the acoustic laws was reported by Nikola
Tesla:
“The so-called Hertz waves are still
considered a reality proving that light is
electrical in its nature, and also that the
Ether is capable of transmitting transverse
vibrations of frequencies however
low. This view has become untenable
since I showed that the universal medium
is a gaseous body in which only
longitudinal pulses can be propagated,
involving alternating compressions and
expansions similar to those produced
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 23

Figure 5.
Depending on the diameter of a circle and its
circumferential velocity in the oncoming flow
of cosmic Ether (vector of force that moves
the Earth on the orbit as illustrated in Figure
4 herein), on the surface of the Earth there
will appear some regions of Doppler Ether
pressure distribution showing different power
of compression. The sectors of the Earth,
moving in the direction of the Ether's wind
vector will experience less pressure than
those moving against the flow.
by sound waves in the air. Thus, a wireless
transmitter does not emit Hertz
waves which are a myth, but sound
waves in the Ether, behaving in every
respect like those in the air, except that,
owing to the great elastic force and extremely
small density of the medium,
their speed is that of light...” [6-11].
That is the reason why the lower pressure
curve in Figure 6, depending on
the phase of the Doppler cycle, takes
the form similar to that of the graph
of air pressure change in a cylinder of
an air compressor, constructed on the
basis of the crank kinematics:
This is because the compressor
crank mechanism causes changes in
the dynamic pressure in the cylinder
by the Doppler effect law as a result
of converting the rotational motion to
the linear one as illustrated below in
Figures 7 and 8.
Figure 6.
Thus, the nature of the Ether pressure
changes as a result of the Doppler
effect will cause a series of resonance
activation of Nitrogenous bases
in DNA during the regular rotation
cycles (circulation). This will be followed
by a hierarchical sequence of
natural frequencies of the bases in ascending
order as follows:
f C < f A < f (G) < f (U)
Proportions and nominal values thereof
will be discussed further therein.
A hypothesis on the origin
of the natural frequencies of
Nitrogenous bases
It is known from biochemistry that
purine and pyrimidine bases (uracil,
thymine, cytosine, adenine and guanine)
are aromatic heterocycles.
The aromatic heterocycles are planar
ring systems which contain atoms
of oxygen, sulfur and nitrogen
instead of one or more carbon atoms.
The heterocycles are called aromatic
due to the fact that they meet all the
criteria inherent in any aromatic system,
namely:
– The system is cyclic.
– The cycle is planar.
– There is a conjugation of electron
conductivity over the cycle. It is possible
to smooth any delocalization
of p-electrons in the entire system,
thanks to the non-hybridized p-orbitals.
– The p-number of delocalized
electrons participating in the conjugation,
in agreement with Hückel's
rule, is 4n + 2, where n is an arbitrary
natural number including 0, that is
responsible for aromaticity of compounds
of this sort.
The foregoing suggests that the Nitrogenous
bases in question represent
a molecular oscillation circuit,
wherein a heterocycle is a flat inductor,
and the place of its connection to
the ribose or deoxyribose molecule
creates a capacitance (it works like a
capacitor):
Depending on parameters of heterocyclic
inductance (L) of a Nitrogenous
base and capacitive coupling
(C) with ribose, the entire system will
possess some resonance (natural frequency)
due to some free electrons,
which are available in the system [12-
17]. The resonant frequency of the
heterocycle (nitrogen base) is calculated
by the formula:
1
w
h
=
LC
In Figure 9 below the locations of
forming a capacitor in a hypothetical
molecule oscillator circuit (resonator)
of Nitrogenous bases are shown
with red arrows.
Where does the spiral come
from?
Which structure in physics has the
same structure as the DNA? On the
basis of what is possible to study the
formation of spiral?
– This stationary vortex trail that is
formed in the turbulent region. It has
been discovered during the experimental
observation, and there are
some attempts to describe it [18].
One of the known natural phenomena
of the spiral formation (Karman
path) is a giant vortex street in the
clouds, formed when the wind flows
around the island Robinson Crusoe
(satellite view):
The reason for the appearance of a
vortex street is sparse density caused
24 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

Figure 7. Figure 8.
Figure 9.
due to the flow around an object. Depending
on the viscosity of the medium
and the flow velocity, a group
of vortices comes into being, which
combines into a vortex spiral. A spiral
vortex tube automatically organizes
a channel, which pumps the
medium from the outer radius to the
sparseness zone directly behind the
streamlined object (Figure 11).
In Figure 11 red color marks the top
(closest to the viewer) parts of the
spiral, and blue color is used to mark
the lower parts, respectively. Three
blue arrows behind the streamlined
object show the dissipation (spraying)
process of the substance coming
from the vortex tube into the sparse
area.
Thus, the appearance of a spiral is
the nature's way to compensate for
the difference between the Etheric
pressure behind the object and that
of external medium. The phenomenon
of life uses the spiral just to produce
its own structures. The flat conductive
rings of Nitrogen bases are
“mounted” on the spiral in the manner
as it is dictated by the local distribution
heterogeneity in the space on
the basis of resonance relations. That
is why the appearance of the DNA
helix is impossible without a "primer":
it’s a short nucleic acid fragment,
which in the intercellular laminar
flow of liquids forms a spiral vortex
and determines the parameters of the
initial growth of chain of triplets.
Figure 10.
As the spiral tube is formed, standing
waves start their oscillations (Figu
re 12).
Obviously, the rings of nitrogen
bases, mounted on the tube spiral
vortex, generated by the primer, will
be a sort of the organ registers, exciting
certain frequencies of Ether
vibrations inside the vortex tube.
This "music" is required to be synchronized
with the main part of the
whole body: a dynamic Ethereal
structure of waves in the organism
at each moment of existence. In the
truest sense, the DNA spiral is a special
cavity for Ethereal sound waves
in the body.
External environment change signals
of Ether pressure at a certain
time and at predetermined intervals
of time activate natural vibrations
of the vortex tube, trigger a self-oscillating
process in the circuits of
Nitrogenous bases, and make all the
DNA helix to emit the desired "melody".
The music is designed to create
a field of standing waves in the body
as the basis for activating of normal
vibrations of acid-base balance for
the purposes to provide the normal
course of metabolic processes.
The wave nature of the DNA was
found and is studying for a long time
by Peter Garyaev in his theory of linguistic-wave
genome theory (http://
www.wavegenetic.ru) [19].
Correlation of DNA triplets
with the daily activity of Chinese
meridians
In our article "The Elements of life"
(http://pulse-academy.org/files/TheElementsOfLifeEN.pdf)
we have
represented the rationale for the activity
of so-called meridians in Chinese
medicine as a result of existence
of medium frequency patterns on the
Earth's surface that have arisen due
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 25

Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Where:
– Wood Element (red) = Yin Fire (Heart – HT- yellow) + Yang Fire-Minister (Triple Energizer,
Blood – TE – purple);
– Fire Element (yellow) = Yang Wood (Gall Bladder – GB - green) + Yin Wood (Liver – LR –
red);
– Earth Element (green) = Yin Metal (Lungs – LU – turquoise) + Yang Metal (Large intestine
– LI – yellow);
– Metal Element (turquoise) = Yang Earth (Stomach – ST – blue) + Yin Earth (Pancreas –
SP – green);
– Water Element (blue) = Yin Fire Minister (Pericardium – PC – purple) + Yang Fire (Small
intestine – SI – turquoise);
– Fire-Minister Element (purple) = Yang Water (Urinary Bladder – BL – red) + Yin Water
(Kidneys – KI – blue);
to the Doppler effect in the incoming
flow of Ether.
Here is a daily chart of a frequency
distribution associated with the activity
of the meridians (Figure 13).
Colors in Figure 13 should be regarded
as a specific frequency range.
In accordance with Figure 4, where
we have assigned definite colors
(natural frequencies ranges) to Nitrogenous
bases, a scheme of the
daily activity of Chinese meridians
in association with the above
mentioned bases is represented in
Figure 14. In Figure 14, each of the
two-hour periods of the meridians
(Shi periods in Chinese Medicine)
is divided into one hour time slots,
the colors (vibrations) of which are
compared with the respective colors
(vibrations) of Nitrogenous bases
following the principle to form the
meridian frequency (in the range
of colors). Thus, the frequencies
of Uracil (U) and Cytosine (C) can
synthesize the frequency of the Kidney
(KI) meridian; Adenine (A) and
Guanine (G) can produce the frequency
of the Heart (HT) meridian
and so on.
Distribution of Nitrogenous bases
between the meridians shows that
there are two equal periods, which
provide the compliance with the
normal sequence -C-A-G-U-C-A- ...
(this is the order of the Elements by
the rule of mutual generation in Chinese
philosophy, and, from the point
of view of physics, it is a sequence of
changes in frequency patterns as a
result of the continuous repetition of
frequency patterns due to Doppler
effect in the onflowing Ether).
Conventionally, the night period
begins at 17.00 and it lasts until 05.00
am. The period starts with Uracil
(U) and ends with Guanine (the G):
totally, there are three full groups of
26 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

Conditionally night time
17 – 18 18 – 19 19 – 20 20 – 21 21 – 22 22 – 23 23 – 24 00 – 01 01 – 02 02 – 03 03 – 04 04 – 05
KI HT TE GB LR LU
U C A G U C A G U C A G
Min-ter Wood Element (C – base activity) Fire Element (A – base activity) Earth
Conditionally day time
05 – 06 06 – 07 07 – 08 08 – 09 09 – 10 10 – 11 11 – 12 12 – 13 13 – 14 14 – 15 15 – 16 16 – 17
LI ST SP PC SI BL
A G U C A G U C A G U C
Earth Metal Element (G – base activity) Water Element (U – base activity) Min-ter
Figure 14. * Min-ter = Fire-Minister Element
normal sequences of bases (Fig. 14)
which fit in this period of time.
At the same time, we should understand
that a combination of Uracil
vibrations (U) with those of Cytosine
(C) gives a violet vibration of Fire
Minister (a combination of blue and
red bands), and the combination of
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) produces
Green vibration of the Earth (a
combination of the yellow and blue
frequencies). So, we can see a cyclical
process of changing in the acid-alkaline
balance of the medium properly
activated by the meridians. In Figure
14, in the conditionally accepted
Night period, the liquids of the system
are shifted towards the alkaline
side (this group is represented by the
Heart (HT), Gall bladder (GB), Lung
(LU). The shift towards the acid direction
is produced by the Kidney
(KI), Triple Energizer (blood – TE),
Liver (LR) meridians.
From the viewpoint of cell metabolism,
it has the meaning on which
side of the cell membrane the acidic
or alkaline pattern is formed. Anabolic
state is accompanied by the alkaline
extra cellular medium at acidic
contents of the cell (the cell in this
case draws electrons inside for production
of reduction reactions).
Catabolic phase of the cell is inversed
to anabolic state in terms of
polarity of acidic and alkaline media
with respect to the cell membrane
and the predominance of negatively
charged radicals within the cells increase
intracellular oxidative activity
of the cells through activation of reactive
oxygen species.
In accordance with postulates of
Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yang
is an external, but Yin is an internal
form of any event. Therefore,
the above described acid-base patterns
should be considered in terms
of their location in relation with the
cells membranes.
In this case, the acid state of the Kidneys
(KI) means anabolism; alkaline
condition of the Heart (HT) should
be treated as catabolism; acid state
of the Triple Energizer (Blood – TE)
should be classified as catabolism; alkaline
condition of Gall bladder (GB)
should be considered as anabolism;
acid state of the Liver (LR) should be
regarded as anabolism, and alkaline
state of Lungs (LU) should be viewed
as catabolism.
As can be seen, each pair of the
meridians, organizing an individual
specific Element in a series of daily
circulation in Chinese philosophy, is
in the similar metabolic phase. At the
same time, there is a change of metabolic
phases in a successive transition
from one Element to another: the
metabolic activity of the pair Heart
(HT) – Triple Energizer (TE) is replaced
by anabolic activity of the pair
of Gall bladder (GB) – Liver (LR) and
so on, except for the pair of systems
Large Intestine (LI) – Lungs (LU) and
Urinary bladder (BL) – Kidney (KI),
which will be discussed below.
Let's continue consideration of Figure
14 given herein below:
At the moments 05:00 and 17:00
there is a rupture of the normal order
of the activity of Nitrogenous bases:
the system of Large Intestine (LI) has
the same pair of Nitrogenous bases:
A (Adenine) – G (guanine) as it is the
case in the conjugated system – Lung
(LU). It means that there is a complete
resonance of alkaline medium patterns
between the Large Intestine systems
(LI phase of anabolism) and Lungs (LU
– phase of catabolism). It maximizes
the mutual compensation of metabolic
phases within the overall alkalinity.
Similar metabolic compensation
takes place at the evening starting at
17:00 between systems Urinary Bladder
(BL – catabolic phase) and Kidney
(KI – phase of anabolism), but
within the overall acidification (the
metabolic activity of the Uracil (U)
and Cytosine (C)).
Thus, if we impose the locations of
the Elements from Figure 4 on the
structure shown in Figure 14, we obtain
the inner meaning of each Element
in terms of the sequence of Nitrogenous
bases.
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 27

Fire element
Earth elemnt
Gall bladder
Liver
Lungs
Large intes.
23:00
–
00:00
00:00
–
01:00
01:00
–
02:00
02:00
–
03:00
03:00
–
04:00
04:00
–
05:00
05:00
–
06:00
A A A Lysine (Lys)
A A G Lysine (Lys)
A A U Asparagine (Asn)
A A C Asparagine (Asn)
A A A Lysine (Lys)
A G G Arginine (Arg)
A A A Lysine (Lys)
A G G Arginine (Arg)
A G U Serine (Ser)
A G C Serine (Ser)
A G A Arginine (Arg)
A G G Arginine (Arg)
A U U Isoleucine (Ile)
A U C Isoleucine (Ile)
A U A Isoleucine (Ile)
A U G Methionine (Met) Start
A U U Isoleucine (Ile)
A C C Proline (Pro)
A U U Isoleucine (Ile)
A C C Threonine (Uhr)
A C A Threonine (Uhr)
A C G Threonine (Uhr)
A C U Threonine (Uhr)
A C C Threonine (Uhr)
A A A Lysine (Lys)
G G G Glycine (Gly)
G G U Glycine (Gly)
G G C Glycine (Gly)
G G A Glycine (Gly)
G G G Glycine (Gly)
A A A Lysine (Lys)
A A G Lysine (Lys)
A A U Asparagine (Asn)
A A C Asparagine (Asn)
A A A Lysine (Lys)
In addition to the schemes indicated in Figure 4 and
Figure 14, we can apply another rule, which determines
the internal content of the Elements. This rule is observed
in the structure of the meridians of Zi-Wu-Liu-
Zhu cycle – method of Chinese chronopuncture [20],
When the activity of any meridian begins with its root
Qi (Qi in this case is considered as the Element of the
lower level in the hierarchy), it also ends up in "the
point of reunification" ( "meeting trunks"). Accordingly,
therefore, the Elements in Figure 14 begin and end with
related Nitrogenous bases:
– Wood on the Cytosine (C);
– Fire on the Adenine (A);
– Metal on the Guanine (G);
Metal element
Large intes.
Stomach
Pancreas
06:00
–
07:00
07:00
–
08:00
08:00
–
09:00
09:00
–
10:00
10:00
–
11:00
Figure 15, beginning
G G G Glycine (Gly)
G G U Glycine (Gly)
G G C Glycine (Gly)
G G A Glycine (Gly)
G G G Glycine (Gly)
G U U Valine (Val)
G U C Valine (Val)
G U A Valine (Val)
G U G Valine (Val)
G U U Valine (Val)
G C C Alanine (Ala)
G U U Valine (Val)
G C C Alanine (Ala)
G C A Alanine (Ala)
G C G Alanine (Ala)
G C U Alanine (Ala)
G C C Alanine (Ala)
G A A Glutamic acid (Glu)
G A G Glutamic acid (Glu)
G A U Aspartic acid (Asp)
G A C Aspartic acid (Asp)
G A A Glutamic acid (Glu)
G G G Glycine (Gly)
G G U Glycine (Gly)
G G C Glycine (Gly)
– Water on the Uracil (U).
It follows that the Elements have the definite content
in terms of activity of Nitrogenous bases as given below:
– Wood: C-A-G-U-C;
– Fire: A-G-U-C-A;
– Metal: G-U-C-A-G;
– Water: U-C-A-G-U.
And such a sequence will have the same profile of activity
of Elements at each level of hierarchy.
Here is a detailed schedule of daily circulation of the
meridians, where triplets are embedded in accordance
with mentioned terms and rules (Figure 15).
As the above table shows, in 24 hours we have 120 segments
of 12 minutes duration each. The Zi Wu Liu Zhu
methodology of chronopuncture has also suggested division
of each cycle exactly into 120 segments, 5 segments
inside each hour of the daily circulation.
The sequence of 120 segments consists of periods of
the Elements Wood, Fire, Metal and Water, and they take
25 12-minute segments each. But each the Earth and
Fire-Minister Elements have periods of only 10 segments.
Each Element is divided into 5 or 2 groups (a group
consists of 5 segments) - they are represent Elements of
28 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

Water element
Fire Minister elemnt
Pericard
Small intestane
Urinary bladder
Kidne.
11:00
–
12:00
12:00
–
13:00
13:00
–
14:00
14:00
–
15:00
15:00
–
16:00
16:00
–
17:00
17:00
–
18:00
U U U Phenilalanine (Phe)
U U C Phenilalanine (Phe)
U U A Leucine (Le)
U U G Leucine (Le)
U U U Phenilalanine (Phe)
U C C Serine (Ser)
U U U Phenilalanine (Phe)
U C C Serine (Ser)
U C A Serine (Ser)
U C G Serine (Ser)
U C U Serine (Ser)
U C C Serine (Ser)
U A A (Stop)
U A G (Stop)
U A U Tyrosine (Tyr)
U A C Tyrosine (Tyr)
U A A (Stop)
U G G Glycine (Gly)
U A A (Stop)
U G G Tryptophan (Trp)
U G U Cysteine (Cys)
U G C Cysteine (Cys)
U G A (Stop)
U G G Tryptophan (Trp)
U U U Phenilalanine (Phe)
C C C Proline (Pro)
C C A Proline (Pro)
C C G Proline (Pro)
C C U Proline (Pro)
C C C Proline (Pro)
U U U Phenilalanine (Phe)
U U C Phenilalanine (Phe)
U U A Phenilalanine (Phe)
U U G Phenilalanine (Phe)
U U U Phenilalanine (Phe)
middle level of hierarchy. And in its turn each of the 120
segments is an Element of the lowest level of the hierarchy.
The starting AUG triplet is located almost in the middle
of the period of activity of the Yin Wood meridian
of the Fire Element (LR-Liver is a representative
of Wood Element - the Element of the beginning of
all processes). At the same time, the end triplets of
replication (UAA, UAG) are in the second part of the
Water Element, and the last triplet (the UGA) has a
position in the Element of Water, the Yang Water meridian
(Urinary bladder –BL) is a manifestation of the
end and the destruction of any process in Chinese philosophy.
Wood element
Kidne.
Heart
Triple energizer
18:00
–
19:00
19:00
–
20:00
20:00
–
21:00
21:00
–
22:00
22:00
–
23:00
Figure 15, end
C C C Proline (Pro)
C C A Proline (Pro)
C C G Proline (Pro)
C C U Proline (Pro)
C C C Proline (Pro)
C A A Glutamine (Gln)
C A G Glutamine (Gln)
C A U Histidine (His)
C A C Histidine (His)
C A A Glutamine (Gln)
C G G Arginine (Arg)
C A A Glutamine (Gln)
C G G Arginine (Arg)
C G U Arginine (Arg)
C G C Arginine (Arg)
C G A Arginine (Arg)
C G G Arginine (Arg)
C U U Leucine (Le)
C U C Leucine (Le)
C U A Leucine (Le)
C U G Leucine (Le)
C U U Leucine (Le)
C C C Proline (Pro)
C C A Proline (Pro)
C C G Proline (Pro)
Direct association of four Nitrogenous bases
with the twelve meridians of Chinese medicine
At present time, genetics do not see any difference between
the qualities of Nitrogenous bases, depending on
their position in the triplet. However, such a connection
is obvious: the first bases in the triplets have a lower natural
frequency, and therefore the phase of their activity
shown in the diagram in Figure 15 has a longer period
in order to ensure the continuity of the process corresponding
to the vibrations of the relevant Element.
Apparently, during the process of "mounting" of Nitrogenous
bases on the vortex spiral, the molecular
resonant capacitor circuit between Nitrogen base and
carbohydrate-phosphate skeleton, takes a certain value
that is dictated by Ether pressure of the external medium.
Therefore, each Nitrogen base in the chain of DNA
structure can participate in three different types of vibrations
linked each with another by resonance relations.
Let's try to establish the position of each system (meridian)
in a full set of Nitrogenous bases, created by the principle
of positioning in the triplet. We will use the rule of Yin and
Yang, which says that Yin has lower (slower) frequency char-
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 29

Senior
base
Middle
base
Junior
base
C
Pericardium
C
Liver
C
Urinary bladder
A
Large Intense
A
Heart
A
Pancreas
G
Gall Bladder
G
Small Intense
G
Lungs
U
Kidneys
U
Stomach
U
Triple energizer
Figure 16.
acteristics in comparing with Yang, with
taking into account the color (frequency)
characteristics of each meridian.
Some other specific details in table may
be identified additionally (Figure 16).
To be verified that the table in Figure
16 is not occasional, please see at
the following specific detail.
It is obviously seen that Figures 17
– 19 have the same sign. It is a reflection
of the resonant relations between
meridians in daily circulation.
It is obviously that Figures 20 – 23
have the same sign. It is a reflection
of mutual direct suppression between
the meridians in daily circulation.
In Figure 24 we see relations between
meridians as it was discovered
at our previous work http://
pulse-academy.org/files/ActionPotentialEN2.pdf,
where the four types
of pulses have been detected.
These four pulses are associated
with the simultaneous activity of еру
following meridians:
(1) – Liver, Pancreas, Kidneys;
(2) – Pericardium, Heart, Lungs;
(3) – Large Intestine, Small Intestine,
Triple Energizer;
(4) – Gall bladder, Stomach, Urinary
bladder
It is evident that in Figure 25 the
disposition of the meridians by the
diagonal is in the order of the mutual
birth of Elements for even (red arrows)
and odd (blue arrows) systems
of the meridians (please refer to Fig.
13 above) in daily circulation.
Thus, the scheme of the meridians
disposition in Figure 16 confirms
that there is some regularity shown in
clauses a,b,c and d. It may entitle us
to make a conclusion that the table of
the correlation between Nitrogenous
bases and vibrations of the meridians
from Chinese philosophy has been
established correctly.
Conclusion
The represented model of the Nitrogenous
bases activity during the
daily circulation of the Doppler patterns
can be used for the following
applications:
– Managing of daily biorhythms
with help of acid-base peculiarities of
Nitrogenous bases;
– Diet managing of metabolic balance
by correct prescription of 20 essential
amino-acids;
– Purposeful use of 60 Wushu
points to correct the energy balance
of the body with the help of acupuncture
at any time without the risk of
side effects;
– In future development of technologies
will be targeted at correction of
genetic defects.
Naturally, the effective result cannot
be reached if it is not based on an adequate
assessment of the organism by
special spectroscopic methods, one of
which is the Pulse Metabolic Analysis
(PMA) invented by Pulse Academy.
Statement on ethical issues
Research involving people and/or animals
is in full compliance with current
national and international ethical
standards.
Figure 17. Cytosine (C) column
Figure 18. Adenine (A) column
Figure 19. Guanine (G) column
Figure 20. Uracil (U) column
30 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

Figure 21. The first line Figure 22. The second line Figure 23. The third line
Senior
base
Middle
base
Junior
base
C
Pericardium
C
Liver
C
Urinary bladder
A
Large Intense
A
Heart
A
Pancreas
G
Gall Bladder
G
Small Intense
G
Lungs
U
Kidneys
U
Stomach
U
Triple energizer
C
Urinary bladder
U
Kidneys
Figure 24. Figure 16 by diagonal (from up to down)
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Author contributions
The author read the ICMJE criteria
for authorship and approved the final
manuscript.
Senior
base
Middle
base
Junior
base
C
Pericardium
C
Liver
C
Urinary bladder
A
Large Intense
A
Heart
A
Pancreas
Figure 25. Figure 16 by diagonal (from down to up)
G
Gall Bladder
G
Small Intense
G
Lungs
U
Kidneys
U
Stomach
U
Triple energizer
Senior Editorial Manager’s Note
To represent Chinese, the author hereof
has used one of the original generally
accepted Romanization system
versions.
References
1. Eremeev VE. Drawing of Anthropocosmos.
Moscow. 1993. [in Russian]
2. González RG. The 4 waves and
Traditional Chinese Medicine. Revista
Internacional de Acupuntura.
April-June 2014; 8( 2): 63-70.
3. Barbaso-Schwartz A. Traditional
Chinese medicine: Ancient holistic
healing. Home Health Care Management
and Practice. 2004;16(6): 494-8.
4. Mahdihassan S. Indian and Chinese
cosmologies reconsidered. American
Journal of Chinese Medicine. 1985;
13(1-4):5-12.
5. Borchardt JK. Traditional Chinese
Drug Therapy. Drug News
and Perspectives. December 2003;
16(10):698-702.
6. Nikola Tesla. Pioneer Radio Engineer
Gives Views On Power. New
York Herald Tribune. September 11,
1932.
7. Tesla N. Experiments with alternate
currents of very high frequency
and their application to methods of
artificial illumination. Transactions
of the American Society of Agricultural
Engineers. 1 January 1891;
8(1):267-319.
8. Tesla N. On light and other high frequency
phenomena. Journal of the Franklin
Institute. October 1893; 136(4): 259-79.
9. Tesla N. On electrical resonance.
1893. M.D. computing : computers
in medical practice. March
1995;12(2):137-40.
10. Thibault G. The automatization
of Nikola Tesla: Thinking invention
in the late nineteenth century. Configurations.
2013; 21(1): 27-52.
11. Edgerton D. Innovation, technology,
or history what is the historiography
of technology about? Technology
and Culture. July 2010;51(3): 680-97.
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 31

OPINION Submitted: 20 June 2016 Accepted: 8 August 2016 Published: 16 November 2016
DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2016.9.3243
Simple association of the genetic code with
hexagrams of the Book of Changes (I Ching)
Sergey P. Fedotov 1*
1
Pulse Academy, Saint-Petersburg branch
Russia, Saint-Petersburg, 198332, Leninsky prospect 76, building 1, room 874
*
Corresponding author:
phone: +7 (911) 956-26-53, e-mail: pulseacademy@mail.ru
Abstract
Article "Simple association of the genetic code and hexagrams of the Book of
Changes (I Ching)" is based on the provisions of previous paper "The genetic code
as a structure of the Five elements in Chinese philosophy" where the hypothesis
regarding the principles of formation of digrams and trigrams in Chinese philosophy
are proposed. It allowed to suggest an idea of digrams and trigrams as a tool
for description of DNA codons in the process of their interaction, each with others
as an independent oscillator (objects, generating its own natural frequency). On
the basis of this hypothesis it is considered the logic of structure of trigrams from
the Book of Changes (I Ching), the properties of Start and Stop codons, and the
properties of their position in the general order of the King Wen. It is suggested
that hexagrams order of King Wen describes dynamics of pulse process in the
human body as a process of interaction of amino acids which are programmed by
codons on the base of frequency (wavelength) peculiarities. In addition, a comparative
study of the properties between peptide products (manufactured on the
base of research of Institute of Gerontology and Bioregulation – St. Petersburg)
and the scheme of daily activity of codons are represented.
Keywords
DNA, Nucleotide, Trigram, I Ching, Fu Xi order, Pulse
Imprint
Sergey P. Fedotov. Simple association of the genetic code with hexagrams of
the Book of Changes (I Ching). Cardiometry; Issue 9; November 2016; p. 32-43;
DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2016.9.3243; Available from: http://www.cardiometry.net/
issues/no9-november-2016/simple-association-of-the-genetic-code
Introduction
In our article "The genetic code
as a structure of the Five elements
in Chinese philosophy»
(http://pulse-academy.com/research-room/)
we have introduced
the scheme of DNA triplets in association
with the natural frequencies
of the twelve main meridians of acupuncture
(Figure 1).
Thus, senior bases in triplets
have the lowest natural frequencies
in comparing with the middle
and junior bases. The middle
nitrogenous bases have an average
position of their natural frequencies
between the senior and junior
bases.
It is exactly this frequency distribution
that is the cause of the degeneracy
of the genetic code, when the
specification of the senior and middle
nitrogenous bases has lower vibrations,
and it determines the basic
profile of the natural frequencies of
the molecular structure of triplets as
the entire object.
And, in addition, the hierarchical
distribution of natural frequencies
of bases easily explains the non-standard
values of triplets, when during
the translation the natural frequency
of the targeted amino acid is slightly
different (for example, marine alga
Acetabularia translates the standard
stop triplets UAG and UAA as the
amino acid glycine – GGx rather than
as a stop; fungus Candida interprets
RNA CUG triplet not as leucine, but
as serine – UCx).
Table of twelve-minutes periods
of activity of acupuncture
meridians
In accordance with Figure 1, there are
120 twelve-minute segments during a
day where the simultaneous activity
of three acupuncture meridians creates
the natural frequency of a definite
triplet or amino acid (Figure 2).
There are the following abbreviations
contained herein:
Wood Element:
– Yin Wood – Liver – LR;
– Yang Wood – Gall Bladder – GB;
Fire Element:
– Yin Fire – Heart – HT;
– Yang Fire – Small Intestine – SI;
Earth Element:
– Yin Earth – Pancreas – SP;
– Yang Earth – Stomach – ST;
Metal Element:
– Yin Metal – Lungs – LU;
– Yang Metal – Large Intestine – LI;
32 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

Water Element:
– Yin Water – Kidneys – KI;
– Yang Water – Urinary Bladder – BL;
Fire Minister Element
– Yin Fire-Minister – Pericardium –
PC;
– Yang Fire-Minister – Triple Energizer
(Blood) – TE.
The simultaneous participation of
the natural frequencies of only three
meridians in the oscillatory process
of triplets is stipulated by the three-dimensionality
of our space. An instant
force vector of cyclic tensile and compression
of the environment within
the local space of a triplet has decomposition
into only three mutually orthogonal
vectors, and it determines the
dynamic stereometry of the molecular
structure. Descriptions of such molecular
DNA constructs are currently
developing by V.A. Karasev [1] in his
theory of "Molecular vector machine".
Considering the above, the dependence
of the DNA geometry on the
external order of frequency fluctuations
becomes evident. We literally
are result or products of the external
cosmic vibrations. A regular change in
frequency on the habitat background
due to Doppler Effect (please see our
article "The Elements of life": (http://
pulse-academy.org/files/TheElementsOfLifeEN.pdf)
determines the spatial
structure of the molecular complexes.
Accordingly, the wholeness and interrelations
of all parts of the body is
provided by a predetermined cyclic
sequence of vibrations in the environment.
As soon as the vibrations of an
organism are out of resonance with
cosmic vibrations, tensile or compressive
forces arise in molecular structures,
which at the physical level disintegrate
tissues and damage cells of the body.
From this perspective, sickness and
aging are merely the result of a mismatch
of the body's rhythms with the
Senior
nitrogenous
base
Middle nitrogenous
base
Junior
nitrogenous
base
Figure 1.
C
Pericardium
C
Liver
C
Urinary
bladder
A
Large
Intense
A
Heart
A
Pancreas
natural rhythms of environment: the
energy of inner oscillations is simply
being lost without support of the natural
vibrations. And without vibrations
the life itself is impossible, because
there will be no possibility of cellular
structures to maintain their normal
sequence of anabolic and catabolic
phases. Indeed, you know that the collective
existence of cells, in its turn, is
the core and essence of the life process.
Thus, the most proper task of healing
of patients is a restoration of the normal
balance in the entire spectrum of
rhythms of oscillatory processes in the
body.
The result of the pulse diagnosis
software (Pulse Metabolic Analysis
(PMA)) is exactly the profile of
rhythms balance, where each vibration
is associated with one of the twelve
acupuncture meridians. Each meridian
is a manifestation of the power
of an instantaneous vector that is involved
in the formation of the tensor
of the body as a point of space in the
Universe (6 vectors converging to the
center of the body and 6 vectors providing
a reaction against the external
compression).
How to control the DNA
triplets activity by acupuncture
meridians
On the basis of pulse data analysis,
taking into account the correspondences
shown in Figure 1 and Figure
2 of this article, we have the possibility
G
Gall
Bladder
G
Small
Intense
G
Lungs
U
Kidneys
U
Stomach
U
Triple
Energizer
to work out the preventive correction
of oscillatory processes in order to
equalize the energy of all twelve meridians.
Obviously, if the correction is
not be made, the systems of the body
with a deficiency of oscillatory energy
are damaged from point of view of
their functional activity. The proper
DNA triplets will be simply not represented
in the space quantitatively, and
as a consequence, certain proteins will
not be able to provide synthesis, and
the life process itself starts gradually
fading.
Here is a sample how to use the table
presented in Figure 2 herein. Assume
that the PMA analysis has shown
a lack of energy on the Heart (HT)
meridian. Activity of the Heart meridian
is associated with the middle
nitrogenous base in triplets of DNA.
Referring to the table given in Figure
2 herein we find that the frequency of
the Heart meridian (HT) is involved
in the following periods:
– 19–21 hours, while there is activity
of Glutamine (AAx);
– 23–01 hours, while there is activity
of Lysine and Asparagine (AAx);
– 03–04 hours, while there is activity
of Lysine (AAA; AAG);
– 05–06 hours, while there is activity
of Lysine and Asparagine (AAx);
– 09–11 hours, while there is activity
of Glutamic and Aspartic acid (GAx);
– 13–15 hours, while there is activity
of Tyrosine and stop triplets UAA and
UAG.
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 33

Fire element
Earth elemnt
Gall bladder
Liver
Lungs
Large intes.
23:00
–
00:00
00:00
–
01:00
01:00
–
02:00
02:00
–
03:00
03:00
–
04:00
04:00
–
05:00
05:00
–
06:00
A-LI A-HT A-SP Lysine (Lys)
A-LI A-HT G-LU Lysine (Lys)
A-LI A-HT U-TE Asparagine (Asn)
A-LI A-HT C-BL Asparagine (Asn)
A-LI A-HT A-SP Lysine (Lys)
A-LI G-SI G-LU Arginine (Arg)
A-LI A-HT A-SP Lysine (Lys)
A-LI G-SI G-LU Arginine (Arg)
A-LI G-SI U-TE Serine (Ser)
A-LI G-SI C-BL Serine (Ser)
A-LI G-SI A-SP Arginine (Arg)
A-LI G-SI G-LU Arginine (Arg)
A-LI U-ST U-TE Isoleucine (Ile)
A-LI U-ST C-BL Isoleucine (Ile)
A-LI U-ST A-SP Isoleucine (Ile)
A-LI U-ST G-LU Methionine (Met) Start
A-LI U-ST U-TE Isoleucine (Ile)
A-LI C-LR C-BL Proline (Pro)
A-LI U-ST U-TE Isoleucine (Ile)
A-LI C-LR C-BL Threonine (Uhr)
A-LI C-LR A-LR Threonine (Uhr)
A-LI C-LR G-LU Threonine (Uhr)
A-LI C-LR U-TE Threonine (Uhr)
A-LI C-LR C-BL Threonine (Uhr)
A-LI A-HT A-SP Lysine (Lys)
G-GB G-SI G-LU Glycine (Gly)
G-GB G-SI U-TE Glycine (Gly)
G-GB G-SI C-BL Glycine (Gly)
G-GB G-SI A-SP Glycine (Gly)
G-GB G-SI G-LU Glycine (Gly)
A-LI A-HT A-SP Lysine (Lys)
A-LI A-HT G-LU Lysine (Lys)
A-LI A-HT U-TE Asparagine (Asn)
A-LI A-HT C-BL Asparagine (Asn)
A-LI A-HT A-SP Lysine (Lys)
Accordingly, all systems of the body, associated with the
function of the above mentioned amino acids, are violated,
including the performance of the Stop triplets, which
presumably are related to the uncontrolled proliferation of
cancer cells in case of the Stop-triplet damage (apparently,
that is why the cancer of the Heart is a rare disease due to
the fact that death from heart failure develops more rapidly
due to general violation of the circulation of oxygen and
nutrients than the violation of the DNA replication order in
cardiomyocytes).
In this situation, the deficiency of Heart (HT) frequencies
should be compensated by glutamine, lysine, asparagine,
glutamic and aspartic acid, tyrosine (they are materials to
carry natural frequencies of the Heart (HT) meridian) and
Metal element
Large intes.
Stomach
Pancreas
06:00
–
07:00
07:00
–
08:00
08:00
–
09:00
09:00
–
10:00
10:00
–
11:00
Figure 2, beginning
G-GB G-SI G-LU Glycine (Gly)
G-GB G-SI U-TE Glycine (Gly)
G-GB G-SI C-BL Glycine (Gly)
G-GB G-SI A-SP Glycine (Gly)
G-GB G-SI G-LU Glycine (Gly)
G-GB U-ST U-TE Valine (Val)
G-GB U-ST C-BL Valine (Val)
G-GB U-ST A-SP Valine (Val)
G-GB U-ST G-LU Valine (Val)
G-GB U-ST U-TE Valine (Val)
G-GB C-LR C-BL Alanine (Ala)
G-GB U-ST U-TE Valine (Val)
G-GB C-LR C-BL Alanine (Ala)
G-GB C-LR A-SP Alanine (Ala)
G-GB C-LR G-LU Alanine (Ala)
G-GB C-LR U-TE Alanine (Ala)
G-GB C-LR C-BL Alanine (Ala)
G-GB A-HT A-SP Glutamic acid (Glu)
G-GB A-HT G-LU Glutamic acid (Glu)
G-GB A-HT U-TE Aspartic acid (Asp)
G-GB A-HT C-BL Aspartic acid (Asp)
G-GB A-HT A-SP Glutamic acid (Glu)
G-GB G-SI G-LU Glycine (Gly)
G-GB G-SI U-TE Glycine (Gly)
G-GB G-SI C-BL Glycine (Gly)
with the help of acupuncture method of PC-9 point activation
at any time, when the adenosine (A) is active at
the middle position of any triplet (it is a field of ethereal
structure of the oscillation processes, accompanied by
electromagnetic phenomena). Besides, the treatment of
acupuncture point PC-9 described in the given case, we
can use the ability of Uracil (U) to suppress Adenosine
(A) vibrations in the middle position of triplet. Uracil
has eigenfrequencies of Stomach (ST) in systems that
demonstrate a shift of 180 degrees in daily circulation
relatively to the activity of adenosine (A) of the Heart
meridian, i.e. it is usage of regular acupuncture rule
"day-midnight".
In accordance with the precepts of Chinese traditional
medicine, we can use point ST-45 to suppress the activity
of the Stomach (ST) meridian frequency.
If an excess of oscillatory energy on the Heart (HT)
meridian is available, then we should use the PC-7 point
(sedation of the Heart (HT) meridian during periods of
activity of adenosine in the middle position in triplets)
and the ST-41 point (toning the Stomach (ST) meridian
in the periods of Uracil activity also in the middle position
of triplets).
34 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

Water element
Fire Minister elemnt
Pericard
Small intestane
Urinary bladder
Kidne.
11:00
–
12:00
12:00
–
13:00
13:00
–
14:00
14:00
–
15:00
15:00
–
16:00
16:00
–
17:00
17:00
–
18:00
U-KI U-ST U-TE Phenilalanine (Phe)
U-KI U-ST C-BL Phenilalanine (Phe)
U-KI U-ST A-SP Leucine (Le)
U-KI U-ST G-LU Leucine (Le)
U-KI U-ST U-TE Phenilalanine (Phe)
U-KI C-LR C-BL Serine (Ser)
U-KI U-ST U-TE Phenilalanine (Phe)
U-KI C-LR C-BL Serine (Ser)
U-KI C-LR A-SP Serine (Ser)
U-KI C-LR G-LU Serine (Ser)
U-KI C-LR U-TE Serine (Ser)
U-KI C-LR C-BL Serine (Ser)
U-KI A-HT A-SP (Stop)
U-KI A-HT G-LU (Stop)
U-KI A-HT U-TE Tyrosine (Tyr)
U-KI A-HT C-BL Tyrosine (Tyr)
U-KI A-HT A-SP (Stop)
U-KI G-SI G-LU Glycine (Gly)
U-KI A-HT A-SP (Stop)
U-KI G-SI G-LU Tryptophan (Trp)
U-KI G-SI U-TE Cysteine (Cys)
U-KI G-SI C-BL Cysteine (Cys)
U-KI G-SI A-SP (Stop)
U-KI G-SI G-LU Tryptophan (Trp)
U-KI U-ST U-TE Phenilalanine (Phe)
C-PC C-LR C-BL Proline (Pro)
C-PC C-LR A-SP Proline (Pro)
C-PC C-LR G-LU Proline (Pro)
C-PC C-LR U-TE Proline (Pro)
C-PC C-LR C-BL Proline (Pro)
U-KI U-ST U-TE Phenilalanine (Phe)
U-KI U-ST C-BL Phenilalanine (Phe)
U-KI U-ST A-SP Phenilalanine (Phe)
U-KI U-ST G-LU Phenilalanine (Phe)
U-KI U-ST U-TE Phenilalanine (Phe)
Correlation of DNA triplets with hexagrams of
Fu Xi order in Chinese philosophy
Many researchers have been trying to establish associations
of DNA triplets with hexagrams of the Chinese
philosophy since the time when the genetic code has
been discovered. The combinatorial similarity of 6 lines
in hexagrams to the four types of nitrogenous bases have
pushed researchers to a conclusion that between hexagrams
and DNA triplets there is a definite correlation
available: both systems have the same number of conjunctions
equal to 64.
In our opinion, nobody of the authors has yet created the
true model of association of triplets with hexagrams (there
is no practical result of any model application).
Wood element
Kidne.
Heart
Triple energizer
18:00
–
19:00
19:00
–
20:00
20:00
–
21:00
21:00
–
22:00
22:00
–
23:00
Figure 2, end
C-PC C-LR C-BL Proline (Pro)
C-PC C-LR A-SP Proline (Pro)
C-PC C-LR G-LU Proline (Pro)
C-PC C-LR U-TE Proline (Pro)
C-PC C-LR C-BL Proline (Pro)
C-PC A-HT A-SP Glutamine (Gln)
C-PC A-HT G-LU Glutamine (Gln)
C-PC A-HT U-TE Histidine (His)
C-PC A-HT C-BL Histidine (His)
C-PC A-HT A-SP Glutamine (Gln)
C-PC G-SI G-LU Arginine (Arg)
C-PC A-HT A-SP Glutamine (Gln)
C-PC G-SI G-LU Arginine (Arg)
C-PC G-SI U-TE Arginine (Arg)
C-PC G-SI C-BL Arginine (Arg)
C-PC G-SI A-SP Arginine (Arg)
C-PC G-SI G-LU Arginine (Arg)
C-PC U-ST U-TE Leucine (Le)
C-PC U-ST C-BL Leucine (Le)
C-PC U-ST A-SP Leucine (Le)
C-PC U-ST G-LU Leucine (Le)
C-PC U-ST U-TE Leucine (Le)
C-PC C-LR C-BL Proline (Pro)
C-PC C-LR A-SP Proline (Pro)
C-PC C-LR G-LU Proline (Pro)
The reason for this situation is the ignoring of the
physical properties of the fundamental oscillatory process:
the Doppler Effect. Only the Doppler Effect can
explain regular changes in natural vibrations on the
Earth surface during a day.
Actually, the vibrations are result of the changes
of Ether compression: a higher compression in of
the environment causes higher natural frequencies
at a given place. This effect is well known to divers:
their tone of voice is elevated when the pressure
is increased. Sometimes divers have to use special
equipment to convert speech octaves with high frequency
to normal levels of perception by the human
ear.
For the object we are researching it is supposed that,
any numerical system must have a specific physical
meaning, i.e. a mathematical apparatus should be used
as a digital model of a physical process, but not vice
versa, when somebody tries to pull the properties of
a certain mathematical structure on peculiarities of
a physical process, even without having a clue about
what this process is in essence.
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 35

An example of this fail is the abstract
mathematical description of a set of
Fu-Xi system of hexagrams by Dr.
Phys.-Math. Sci. Sergey V. Petoukhov
[2–6] (Figure 3).
In accordance with suggestions by
Dr. Petoukhov, the binary values have
the following compliance with the Fu
Xi system of hexagrams (Figure 4).
Obviously, the Author of the above
scheme of the correlation given in Figure
3 herein, apparently, is a hostage of
formal logic of some quality of binary
sequence of numbers.
Due to scientific interests of the said
Author in the field of symmetries, he
has forced the order of Fu Xi hexagrams
to fit the beautiful symmetrical
disposition of triplets.
However, we hold a differing point
of view and consider the binary system
of hexagrams and the quaternion
system of nitrogenous bases simply
as a notation of some physical parameter.
In our case, we estimate that
natural frequencies are directly proportional
to the pressure of the Ether
at a specified point of space.
Thus, each position in the triplet
has the rank (senior, middle and junior),
and each category of nitrogenous
bases has one of four values
that form the following hierarchy
in terms of the values of natural frequencies
in the order of elevation:
C, A, G, U, i.e. Cytosine (C) has the
lowest natural frequency, but Uracil
(U) is in possession of the highest
one. Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
are located at intermediate positions.
If we represent the value of each nitrogenous
base in the binary form of
hexagrams, we obtain the following
scheme of correlations (the least significant
bit of hexagrams is the upper-most
line) (Figure 5).
The formation process for the binary
system of hexagrams from tetrad re-
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
36 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

Figure 5.
cording system of triples is shown in
Figure 5 herein.
In accordance with the rules in traditional
Chinese philosophy, the hexagram
should be read from the bottom
up, from the senior (low value of natural
frequency) level to the junior one
(high natural frequency).
Thus, it becomes easy and simple to
identify the correlation between the
trigrams of Fu Xi and the triplets of
DNA.
On the physical level, the sequence
of the Fu Xi Trigrams is simply a diagram
of monotonic increase of the
Ether pressure (and, accordingly, natural
frequencies) in the space from the
lowest value (hexagram Qian – Heaven
– white, the lowest density of the
medium) to the very high frequency
(hexagram Kun – Earth – black,
maximum density of the medium, the
black hole) (Figure 6).
Naturally, the properties of amino acids
of triplets will depend on their positions
on the pressure scale exhibited
in Figure 6 herein.
High Ether pressure contributes to
the displacement of electrons from
the given part of space into the environment,
and it is a manifestation of
the acidic properties of the material
particles. Oxidation processes are activated
with heat energy release. Oxidation
is also stimulated by heating of
the environment (compressed materials
experience heating). It is a period
of predominance of catabolic phase of
cell metabolism.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 37

Low Ether pressure provides conditions
for inflow of electrons to the
given part of space, activates recovery
processes and heat energy absorption
(also it is amplified by expanding bodies
and cooling). It is the phase of anabolic
processes.
Please look at the disposition of acidic
and basic amino acids in the following
Figure 7.
As you can see in Figure 7 herein,
the theoretical assumption regarding
the place of acid (marked in red) and
alkaline (marked in blue) triplets is
brilliantly confirmed. The first half of
the table is characterized by low Ether
pressure and an essential influx of electrons,
which pre-determine the excess
negative charge. In the second part of
the table, expulsion of electrons due
to an excessive Ether pressure, amino
acids losing some electrons demonstrate
their more acid character (they
become positively charged).
Meaning of the King Wen
order of hexagrams from the
Book of Changes (I Ching)
The theme of hexagrams from the
Book of Changes has been described
by thousands of tons of literature, but
up to now without any physical sense
and appropriate benefit. We suppose
our studies give a reason to believe
that the order of King Wen describes
the transients of oscillatory energy in
a closed system between 64 types of
oscillators. It means that each hexagram
and triplet in the Fu Xi order
is a representation of a physical oscillator
with definite parameters [7-10].
In our opinion, the King Wen order
of hexagrams is some kind of a time
scale, and its number indicates the
most active oscillator of the whole
system at a definite moment of some
cyclic process, where each oscillator
interacts with all the others consid-
Figure 8.
ering the absorption and emission of
oscillatory energy.
Therefore, in the order King Wen
found should be a specific law of
the triplets excitation in a such way
so that the potential of the interaction
to be maximized is maintained,
i.e. an alternation of triplets with the
high and low frequencies must be
traced. This alternation, in fact, will
stimulate the flow of energy from the
high-frequency oscillators (where the
pressure is higher) to the low frequency
oscillators (where the pressure is
lower).
Let's try to consider the order of
King Wen from the point of view of
the pressure distribution (and accordingly
from the point of view of
vibrations accompanying the processes
of Ether compression).
This sequence of monotonically
varying parameters of density of the
Fu Xi order should be divided into
two groups referring to the point in
the middle (zero value for the whole
system). In this case, a zero density of
the system is located between triplets
AAU and GCC (shown in Figure 8
below with yellow lines).
Let's assign to each hexagram a
value of the pressure referred to the
zero point in a such way so that all
hexagrams are divided in a positive
field with values from 1 to 32, and
in a negative field values from -1 to
-32, as it is shown in black numbers
in Figure 8 below herein. Red figures
are numbered by the rule of the King
Wen order of hexagrams from the
Book of Changes (Figure 8).
As noted long ago by researchers
of the I Ching, the hexagrams in the
order of King Wen are paired on the
basis of some principles [11, 12].
Let's take into account systems of
the odd (Yang) and even (Yin) numbers
that is typical in the ancient Chi-
38 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

№ Name of hexagram
Number
of odd
(Yang)
hexagram
Pressure
(Yang)
Pressure
(Yin)
Number of
even (Yin)
hexagram
Name of hexagram
Level of
mutual compensation
1 The Creative, Heaven 1 32 -32 2 The Receptive, Earth 0
2
Difficulty At The
Beginning
3 3 -15 4 Youthful Folly -12
3 Waiting 5 27 -9 6 Conflict 18
4 The Army 7 -16 -30 8 Holding Together -46
5
The Tamin
Power of the Small
9 28 24 10 Treading (Conduct) 52
6 Peace 11 25 -25 12 Standstill (Stagnation) 0
7 Fellowship with Men 13 16 30 14
Possession in Great Measure
8 Modesty 15 -24 -28 16 Enthusiasm -52
9 Following 17 7 -7 18
Work On What Has Been
Spoiled
10 Approach 19 17 -29 20 Contemplation (View) -12
11 Biting Through 21 6 10 22 Grace 16
12 Splitting Apart 23 -31 1 24 Return (The Touring Point) -30
13 Innocence
(The Unexpected)
14 Providing
Nourishment
25 8 26 26
27 2 -2 28
The Taming Power of the
Great
Preponderance of the
Great
15 The Abysmal (Water) 29 -14 14 30 The Clinging, Fire 0
16 Influence (Wooing) 31 -18 -4 32 Duration -22
17 Retreat 33 -17 29 34 The Power of the Great 12
18 Progress 35 -27 9 36 Brilliance Injured -18
19 The Family (The Clan) 37 12 22 38 Opposition 34
20 Obstruction 39 -22 -12 40 Deliverance -34
21 Decrease 41 18 4 42 Increase 22
22 Break-Through
(Resoluteness)
23
Gathering Together
(Massing)
43 31 -1 44 Coming To Meet 30
45 -26 -8 46 Pushing Upward -34
24 Oppression (Exhausion) 47 -10 -6 48 The well -16
25 Revolution (Molting) 49 15 -3 50 The Cauldron 12
26
The Arousing
(Shock, Thunder)
27 Development
(Gradual Progress)
51 5 -23 52 Keeping Still, Mountain -18
53 -21 21 54 The Marrying Maiden 0
28 Abundance 55 13 -19 56 The Wanderer -6
29
The Gentle
(The Penetrating)
30 Dispersion
(Dissolution)
57 -5 23 58 The Joyous, Lake 18
59 -13 19 60 Limitation 6
31 Inner Truth 61 20 -20 62
Preponderance of the
Small
32 After Completion 63 11 -11 64 Before Completion 0
1 The Creative, Heaven 1 32 -32 2 The Receptive, Earth 0
2
Difficulty At The
Beginning
3 3 -15 4 Youthful Folly -12
3 Waiting 5 27 -9 6 Conflict 18
Figure 9.
46
0
34
0
0
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 39

nese philosophy [13, 14]. In this case
the sequence of paired hexagrams
has formed a specific order.
This order will become clear if we
assign to each hexagram a value of
pressure from Figure 8 as illustrated
in Figure 9.
In column "Levels of mutual compensation"
in Figure 9, there are results
as the summations of the pressure
readings between the paired
hexagrams in the King Wen order.
As it can be seen, 8 pairs of hexagrams
have got instant full mutual
compensation (referred to the zero
point between the yellow cells). It is a
sign of complete independence of the
given oscillators on other part of the
closed system. These oscillators show
the maximum stability, and it is supposed
they work like a frame of the
whole oscillatory process.
The unity of eight pairs of the oscillators
is perfectly clear if we mark
them in the field of hexagrams:
In Figure 10 herein between the
hexagrams in yellow squares there is
the zero point of the system’s density.
It is obvious the system of 16 oscillators
has a definite inner structure
based on some common resonance
parameters.
It is interesting that the group of 16
oscillators includes the most notable
hexagrams which are known as a
manifestation of pure elements:
Wind (CCC – No. 1);
Fire (AAA – No. 63);
Metal (GGG – No. 64);
Water (UUU – No. 2).
Other oscillators of the system are
fully compensated only at the level
of the synchronous interaction of the
4 oscillators only, and periods of the
compensation are shown in the right
part in Figure 9 by connective lines.
The connection with the largest gap
in time (shown as red connective line)
Figure 10.
is represented by hexagrams No.21
(Biting Through), No. 22 (Grace),
No. 47 (Exhaustion) and No. 48 (The
Well), and all of them by themselves
according to the interpretation of the
Book of Changes carry mainly negative
connotation. It is not a stable relationship
of the mutual compensation,
and the transfer of oscillatory energy
between the given oscillators (triplets
AAG, AGG, GAA and GGA) can be
easily broken. This is not surprising,
as these two pairs demonstrate their
activity closely to the zero point of the
whole system; changes of density are
not considerable, but there all types of
the ambient noise are concentrated.
Thus, the King Wen order demonstrates
the dynamic performance of
the functionally closed system of the
oscillators, where the processes of
emission and absorption of energy
between the oscillators are perfectly
balanced within the excitation cycle.
Notable properties of Yin and
Yang in the King Wen order of
hexagrams
Let’s analyze a diagram of Ether pressure
for Yin (even) and Yang (odd)
hexagrams of the King Wen order
(Figure 11).
What wonderful things can we find
in Figure 11?
– Super resonance of the system at
the end and at the beginning of the
King Wen order. It is the maximum
expression of the four main elements
activity: Wood (triplet CCC), Fire
(triplet AAA), Metal (triplet GGG),
and Water (triplet UUU). This mutual
compensation of the AAA and
GGG triplets generates basic (alkaline)
base of the system, but the CCC
and UUU triplets produce acid part.
It means that between No. 64 and
No.1 in the Hexagrams there is the
maximum of interaction between the
acidic and the basic patterns of the
40 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

system when the quantity and speed
of energy movement is the highest
for the whole cycle.
– In the middle of the sequence
of the oscillatory process there is
a quiet window, where an abrupt
change of pressure polarity is absent
both for the Yang and Yin sequence
of the oscillators. It turns out that
this is the only time when the DNA
is capable of successfully replicating
without a risk of damage due
to sharp changes of environmental
parameters.
The physical process of the
King Wen order
Let's summarize the Yin and Yang
graphics sequences displayed in Figure
11 herein and flatten them.
The smoothed blue line is exactly
similar to the theoretical form of a
pulse wave which has been already
applying in our pulse metabolic analysis
(PMA) during the last two decades
(Figures 12 and 13).
Figure 11.
Additional confirmation of
daily circulation allegiance
given in Figure 2 in the context
of DNA triplets
By a chance, we have got Guidelines
[15] prepared by the St. Petersburg
Institute of Bio-regulation and Gerontology.
This training manual describes
the amino acid composition
of some products developed by the
research staff of the Institute.
We have compared compositions of
the products in order to determine
whether the amino acids show any
relations with the organs and systems
in accordance with our correlation
model given in Figure 2 of the present
article.
It is noteworthy that each product
contains glutamic acid (GAU, GAG)
and aspartic acid (GAG, GAU).
Figure 12.
In Fig. 7 above, we have shown that
these amino acids have acidic properties.
Consequently, any other amino acid
can form with the above mentioned
amino acids rather stable conjugates.
It technically allows using positively
charged amino acids as a carrier for
other amino acids.
The result of comparison is represented
in Table 1.
Thus, we can argue that the Table
depicted in Figure 2 herein is true
and useful. It allows us working out
some targeted methods of treatment
for the respective organs and systems
with amino acids, select the proper
Figure 13.
acupuncture meridians for governing
at the appropriate time. We now can
clearly understand that the human
health is nothing more than the normal
dynamic balance of oscillating
processes in the body.
Finally, let's consider the meanings
of triplets in the context of function-
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 41

No.
Name, aim of cure, amino
acids composition
1 Vezugen
(increase of functional activity
of blood vessels). Composition:
lysine, glutamic acid, aspartic
acid
2 Ovagen (increase of the functional
activity of Liver). Composition:
Leucine, Glutamic Acid,
Aspartic Аcid.
3 Kartalaks
(Increase of the functional
activity of cartilage). Composition:
Alanine, Glutamic Acid,
Aspartic Acid
4 Pinealon
(Increase of functional activity
of brain). Composition: arginine,
glutamic acid, aspartic
acid
5 Kristagen (normalization of the
immune system). Composition:
Proline, Glutamic Acid, Aspartic
Acid
6 Honluten (normalization of
bronchial mucosa). Composition:
Glycine, Glutamic Acid,
Aspartic Acid
Interpretation of the properties of products in accordance with the DNA triplets and meridians
correlation in Figure 2
Lysine (AAA, AAA, AA, AAU): for the senior and middle nitrogenous bases in a triplet there
are activities of meridians Large Intestine and Heart, which are associated with the Fire element;
for the junior base it is activity of the Urinary bladder, Pancreas, Lungs and Triple Energizer
meridians. In Fig. 2 lysine resonates with Gall bladder activity (from 23.00 to 01.00). In
the Gall bladder, Lysine stimulates anabolic phase, thereby releasing the load from the Heart
(the Gall bladder is a part of the same system of the meridians, which include the Heart, and
it is found in the order of generation exactly after the Heart). Conclusion: lysine is able to
normalize the function of the Heart. However, to prefer the selection of histidine would be
more effective, since it is activated just in the anabolic phase of the Heart directly at 19.00-
20.00: the high efficiency of histidine to restore Heart function and the cardiovascular system
is discovered by the relevant studies [16].
Leucine (CUC, CUA, CUNG, CUU): for the senior and middle nitrogenous bases in a triplet
there are activity of the Pericardium and Stomach meridians; for the junior base it is activity
of the Urinary bladder, Pancreas, Lungs and Triple Energizer meridians. In the daily cycle,
leucine is active in the period 21.00-23.00 in the meridian of Triple Energizer. Triple Energizer
is included into the same system of meridians as it is the case with the Liver, and it is placed
exactly before the Liver in the cycle of the mutual birth (Triple Energizer birth Liver) in accordance
with the canons of ancient Chinese medicine. In addition, Leucine for the middle and
junior nitrogenous base is similar to isoleucine (its activity is just during the period of the Liver
performance 01.00--3.00), and the first base in leucine - C(Cytosine) - by the order of the
mutual birth gives the possibility to be converted into to the base A (Adenine) of isoleucine.
Thus, leucine can improve the Liver function, but it is supposed isoleucine will work directly
and more powerfully.
Alanine (GCC, GCA, GCG, GCA) - for senior and middle nitrogenous bases in a triplet there are
activity of the Gall bladder and Liver meridians; for the junior base it is activity of the Urinary
bladder, Pancreas, Lungs and Triple Energizer meridians. In the daily circulation, Alanine resonates
with the period of Stomach and Pancreas meridians activity. Vibrations of the Stomach
and Pancreas (blue and green) meridians form a vibration of Metal element (turquoise colour).
One of the Metal peculiarities in the ancient Chinese medicine is responsible for generation of
body fluid like slime (mucins is a special subclass of glycoproteins). This slime forms a basis of
cartilage tissue. The amino acid composition of mucins has predominance of five amino acids
as follows: Alanine, Glycine, Proline, Serine and Threonine. Conclusion: the functional effect
of the given product is confirmed as it is the declared, but, apparently, the use of the entire
spectrum of the five above mentioned amino acids would make the product more effective.
Arginine (CCG, CGA, CGG, CGG): for the senior and middle nitrogenous bases in a triplet,
there are activity of the Pericardium and Small Intestine meridians; for the junior base it is
activity of the Urinary bladder, Pancreas, Lungs and Triple Energizer meridians. In the daily
circulation according to the diagram in Fig. 2 Arginine is involved into catabolic function of
the Heart meridian. Also, the first and second nitrogenous base of the Arginine triplet (Pericardium
- Fire Minister and Small Intestine - Yang Fire element) are associated with the blood
circulation system. In accordance with the canons of the ancient Chinese medicine «The pericardium
governs blood, and houses the mind" that is similar to the Fire Element. The second
fact is that the Western medicine study reported an increase in blood nitric oxide as a result of
taking the arginine. Conclusion: when taking this product, general circulation is improved with
an emphasis on the brain: it causes the correct metabolism of brain tissues. Thus, the product
meets the declared properties.
Proline (CCC, CCA, CCU, CCU): for the senior and middle nitrogenous bases in a triplet there
are activity of the Pericardium and Liver meridians; for the junior base it is activity of the Urinary
bladder, Pancreas, Lungs and Triple Energizer meridians. Proline in our model shown
in Fig. 2 operates between 18.00 and 19.00 in the Renal activity period. Kidneys in Chinese
medicine are associated with the bone function, including the bone marrow. A bone marrow
is a body of immunopoiesis, i.e. it is the system, which produces immune cells. Conclusion: the
product meets the declared properties.
Glycine (GGC, GGA, GGG, GGA): for the senior and middle nitrogenous bases in a triplet
there are activity of the Gall bladder and Small Intestine meridians; for the junior base it is
activity of the Urinary bladder, Pancreas, Lungs and Triple Energizer meridians. Glycine is an
amino acid responsible for stimulation of mucins production in an organism together with
four others: Alanine, Proline, Serine and Threonine. On the other hand, according to the
diagram given in Fig. 2, Glycine is associated with activity of the Lungs within the period
04.00-05.00, and this fact stipulates the objective function of exactly glycine. Accordingly,
the effect of the product on the function of the mucus metabolism of the bronchi has a
clear base.
42 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

al activity of Stomach meridian. The
Stomach is a Yang system, and it has
blue frequency of the Water element.
The Water element in ancient Chinese
philosophy is a manifestation of
destruction and death. Please see the
interesting meaning of the triplets of
Stomach in our Table shown in Figure
2 herein in correspondence with
trigrams of the Book of Changes (I
Ching) as displayed in Figure 8
Legend:
GUU – The Army;
GUC – Dispersion (Dissolution);
GUA – The Abysmal (Repetition of
danger);
GUG – Youthful Folly;
GUU – The Army;
GCC – Coming To Meet;
GUU – The Army;
GCC – Coming To Meet;
GCA – Preponderance Of The Great;
GCG - The Cauldron.
As you can see, 9 of 10 triplets carry
the sense of death and destruction of
some grade, but the last one GCG has
the following meaning:
The Cauldron, The Vessel, Rejuvenation,
Cosmic Order, The Alchemical
Vessel, "A complete transformation of
a person or circumstance" (D.F. Hook).
Is it not a result from a digestion
process?
Considering the background of I
Ching interpretation, basing on Figure
8 hereof for START triplet AUG
(hexagram No. 27 - Providing Nourishment)
and for STOP triplet UAA
(hexagram No. 39 – Obstruction)
and taking into account the above
comments regarding peculiarities of
products offered by the St. Petersburg
Institute of Bio-regulation and Gerontology,
we can be fully sure that all
the evidence supports the validity of
our model of correlation between the
amino acids, the acupuncture meridians
and DNA triplets.
Statement on ethical issues
Research involving people and/or animals
is in full compliance with current
national and international ethical
standards.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Author contributions
The author read the ICMJE criteria
for authorship and approved the final
manuscript.
Senior Editorial Manager’s Note
To represent Chinese, the author hereof
has used one of the original generally accepted
Romanization system versions.
References
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model of spatial representation
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Advances in Вioinformatics
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Publ. Co., 2005. Pages 482-493.
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Regular and Chaotic Dynamics.
2008. ISBN 978-5-93972-643-6. [in
Russian]
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and Attributive Conception of Genetic
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of the International Conference
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Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 43

OPINION Submitted: 2 August 2016 Accepted: 16 September 2016 Published: 16 November 2016
Revised version of "Cosmic mechanism of life" dated September 07, 2014
DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2016.9.4457
The Elements of life
Sergey P. Fedotov 1*
1
Pulse Academy, Saint-Petersburg branch
Russia, Saint-Petersburg, 198332, Leninsky prospect 76, building 1, room 874
*
Corresponding author:
phone: +7 (911) 956-26-53, e-mail: pulseacademy@mail.ru
Abstract
Article "Elements of Life" offers a hypothesis about the relationship of the phenomenon
of traditional Chinese medicine with the physical laws. It shows the
principle of forming a sequence of daily activity of the acupuncture meridians as
a consequence of the Doppler effect in the process of flowing around the planet
Earth by cosmic wind (by Ether). In accordance with this specification the daily
structure of meridians had been built. It is suggested that the essence of the
Chinese Qi (Chi) are vibrations of a certain range in the medium. Consequently, it
became possible to set the interrelation of frequencies of the visible spectrum with
certain meridians. It is shown that the topological relationship of ancient (barrier)
points of the Five Elements (Wu-Shu points) are associated with the wave lengths
of the so-called Qi. It is shown also that the essence of the Wu-Xing law is based
on daily circulation patterns of meridians. The examples of the surrounding world,
including pulses processes in the human body, are confirming the above mentioned
theses. A correlation diagram between the main elements by Dr. Samohotsky
A.S. (dissertation "The experience of the definition of medical laws", 1946)
and the Five Elements of traditional Chinese philosophy is established. The above
represented hypotheses are yet introduced in practice in form of pulse spectral
analysis system.
Keywords
Chinese medicine, Physics, Daily cycle of acupuncture meridians, Ether, Spectrum
Imprint
Sergey P. Fedotov. The elements of life. Cardiometry; Issue 9; November 2016; p. 44-57;
DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2016.9.4457; Available from: http://www.cardiometry.net/
issues/no9-november-2016/the-elements-of-life
Foreword
Modern official medicine is in crisis:
this fact is known for a long time to
many professionals. A huge amount
of knowledge about the processes in
the living body is accumulated, but
our centenarians live for as long as
thousands of years ago. There are still
incurable diseases that kill even representatives
of medicine at the same
way just like the ordinary folk.
Researchers in medical science look
like a flea on an elephant's body. Each
flea examines some minor detail and
pays almost no attention to what the
others are doing around. It is doubtful
that such quantitative approaches
can be transformed into quality. Even
trillions of fleas on the elephant will
not be able to understand what they
are dealing as a whole with.
Required is a different approach, allowing
to change the perspective of
the study review arbitrarily, in accordance
with the current needs either
to observe the elephant as a whole
system, or as a part, or microscopically
in a local order, as it is occurring
nowadays.
This article is the result of rather
long-term considerations and research
in the area of pulse spectral
analysis, searching for the supporting
evidence of fresh models and ideas.
Briefly, now facts clearly indicate the
absolute dependence of life processes
on the Earth on cosmic events, and
it can be explained by the theories of
old Physics of 19 th century.
Primary Elements of physics:
Space and its contents
Catching up solving a mystery of
the life it is impossible to ignore such
science as physics (from the ancient
Greek φύσις – nature). In fact, we have
to study the properties of the Universe
(Cosmos): it’s the largest (unlimited
size) object we can image, which itself
includes everything that exists. The
recognition of the existence of such
object, which includes most everything
that can exist, is a contradictory
statement. Indeed where is the Cosmos
itself is located?
In addition, the vastness of Cosmos
is difficult to grasp. The whole experience
of life suggests that everything
has its limits, that any event here has
always a beginning and an end. However,
to achieve practical results that
will help us to improve the life, we can
44 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

accept the postulate of the infinitude
of Cosmos, and put this principle to
the base of our theory. After all, if we
compare the size of our earthly world
with the scale of the cosmos, from a
practical point of view, the immensity
of space should be allowed.
And, certainly, our theories we have
to check by practice.
Further, in terms of research methodology,
we rely on the principle of
"Occam's Razor”: to explain the phenomena
and events of Nature used
must be a minimum of objects and
rules. This methodological approach
is fully in line with the natural principle
of the least action. In nature always
the process wins which in order
to achieve the maximum results will
consume the minimum of energy.
In other words, it's principle of optimum
– the principle of the necessity
and sufficiency – water always flows
to the direction where it is easier to
flow; nobody will scratch his (her)
right ear with the left hand with no
reason, and so on.
Any study and any science are based
on a certain number of axioms and
postulates, i.e. statements that do not
require any proof. In our study, we
use the postulate of genius Rene Descartes
"In the Universe there is nothing
but Ether and its vortexes."
Descartes postulate fully complies
with the principle of "Occam's Razor",
because it contains only two components
which are composition of all
things.
These two components are the scene –
Cosmos, and the actor – Ether on the
stage. With the help of this scene and
actor Nature is playing the whole
Cosmic grand show which is represented
in the smallest details of vast
multiplicity of processes and phenomena.
The presence of only two
above mentioned components of all
things is completely analogous to the
semantic concepts of Yin and Yang
in the Oriental philosophy. In our
case we can name Cosmos (Space) as
Yang (the Form) which is filled with
Yin – Ether (the Content).
A blink of the cosmic eye
And what does it see?
I'll promise neither you or me.
With gravity at our feet its destiny
we meet
Grounded to the Earth like we're
blind from birth
We were never meant to really see
The full beauty of the Galaxies
A spectrum of colors
Rain a bow of feelings
Black holes swallowing
Dark twisted healings
Sun's shining moon
Guide our night to light
Reminding us to fight each fight.
Stephanie Nicole
Properties of Space
Space as a measure of length has
two fundamental properties:
The first property of Space: it has
three-dimensional measurements -
via the intersection of two mutually
perpendicular lines, you can draw
only one single line that is perpendicular
to the both intersecting lines. It
means that at any number of operating
forces near the given point of the
intersection of 3 lines can be reduced
just to three mutually perpendicular
INDEPENDENT forces.
The three-dimensional measurement
of Space is reflected in the
physical phenomena, such as follows:
– The ancient Indian philosophy of
the theory of the three doshas (Pita,
Kapha, Vata) postulates the necessity
and sufficiency of only three active
principles in the human body;
– The result of the reaction of two
chemicals will be different depending
on the acidity status of the medium;
– The electromagnetic energy vector
of Umov-Poynting is orthogonal
both to the electric potential and the
magnetic vector and so on.
With the help of three perpendicular
lines intersecting at one point of Space
it is possible to specify uniquely the coordinates
of any point by values of the
three distances from the point of the
intersection of three lines (the center
of the coordinates system) as orthogonal
projections on the lines of the system
of coordinates (Figures 1 & 2).
The description of physical processes
through Space of the other dimension
has a specific character (zero,
one and two-dimensional space). In
case with more than three dimensions,
the description serves for calculation
of some artificial mathematical
models (four, five or more spaces)
and in our opinion it has no relations
to real physical processes (in fact it
is violation of the “Occam’s Razor”
principles).
The second property of Space is isotropy
when the conditions for movement
in any direction of Space are not
dependent on Space itself.
Properties of the Ether
The Ether as a material substance
consists of superfine homogeneous
particles, which have an absolute elasticity
in collisions with each other and
move at the same constant speed.
The Ether, as well as Space, has two
main characteristics:
The first peculiarity is that due to
the properties of the Ether's particles
to interact elastically. It provides
the endless moving and everlasting
changes in the Universe, which was
fixed in the great book of Chinese
philosophy – the Book of Changes
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 45

Figure 1. Coordinate System of the Space.
The center of the System may be any point
of the Space, but if the point is selected it
should be taken for all further calculation to
save the continuity of the data
Figure 2. The set of points on the trajectory
is the Minkowski’s Space. Possibly the Minkowski’s
Space was introduced to hide the
common sense
(I Ching). That infinitude movement
represents the Energy itself: the force
of countless particles of the Ether
has no restrictions in the Universe
(against any force there is always a
more powerful force available). However,
each particle of the Ether has
equal and permanent speed in comparing
with other particles. The speed
of the sole particle of the Ether is a
single quant of Energy in our Universe.
Exactly this peculiarity of the
Ether gives the opportunity to physicists
to create their quantum theories.
During an equal period of time, all
particles in the Ether complete the
same path. It means that the time has
similarity to Space: on the one hand
time can be estimated by measuring
the traveled distance, and on the other
hand the distance may be predicted
by measuring the time. It is obvious
that this property of Ether in Space
was used by famous mathematician
Hermann Minkowski to create his
theory of a pseudo-Euclidean space,
where the time is the fourth dimension
(The Minkowski space is the
base of Einstein's relativity theory).
However, in the opinion of the Author
of this study, no real physical processes
have relations to the Minkowski's
space, and it is only a tool to record a
trajectory of objects in three-dimensional
space with time.
The Time phenomenon is a consequence
of properties of the uniform
motion of the Ether's particles, and
therefore it is dependent on the parameter
of Space. That is actually
Space contains Time, and therefore
the Time itself cannot play a role of
an axis of a coordinate in principle. It
is only value of a distance matter. For
a definite size, its own local time will
flow. For example, there is no practical
reason to measure processes of
Galactic motion by scale of life term
of Drosophila fly.
The second property of the Ether
is a non-uniform distribution of its
particles in Space. There are constantly
changing sizes of the regions
with high and low density of Ether's
particles. Irregular distribution of the
Ether in Space generates Space anisotropy
(Figure 3). The theory of relativity
postulating the isotropy of medium
(where the speed of light is declared
as a constant) has rather weak relations
with true reality.
The more particles are placed per
unit of volume, the higher is pressure
of the Ether (the number of collisions
between particles increases), and the
higher energy level takes place (the
amount of motion also rises). Considering
a Black hole from this point
of view, it is such a region in Space,
where many motion vectors are spontaneously
directed towards a single
point. When the maximum concentration
of particles is achieved, the
Ether's particles under the influence
of the predominance of the elastic
forces start moving to the regions
with a low density of the particles.
Ether sparseness occurs in Space, the
pressure is reduced.
With the time, some local micro-spaces
showing more or less equal
distribution of density can spontaneously
form rectangular lattices of
flashing nodes (the nodes have permanent
regular changes in density of
the Ether). This type of construction
of the crystal lattice is the most natural
for the three-dimensional space
(significant inequality in Space will
lead to other types of crystal lattices
reflecting the shape of irregularity).
The distance between the nodes of the
rectangular lattice will depend on the
average density of the Ether in a given
area of Space (Figure 4).
The measure of the Ether density
is determined by an averaged distance
between the particles at a given
volume of Space. For the neighborhood
of the Earth's surface, where
the observation by terrestrial physics
is possible, the mean range of the
Ether particles before its collision
with another particle is within the
Planck's wave length, and it is equal
to 1,616199(97)·10 −35 meter.
The ongoing process of formation and
decay of Black holes produces between
them and the "White" holes laminar
flows of the Ether. When two laminar
flows are encountered, wide varieties
of sizes of Descartes vortices are created.
The longest-living type of the Ether
vortex has the form of toroid. As an example
of the toroid formation is emission
of smoke by a smoker (Fig. 5).
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Figure 5. The toroid formation process
Figure 3. Stars sky shows visually the inequality
distribution of Energy – Matter in
Space
Everything is composed of toroids
of different sizes: from elementary
particles, electrons, atoms to planets,
stars and galactic areas. As they say,
all products are cut from the same
cloth.
Influence of Ether density
irregularities on biochemical
reactions
While the concentration of the
Ether particle increases in Space,
the process of formation of a regular
structure starts automatically.
Upon reaching high density, the
Ether always consists of a crystalline
structure (section 3 in Fig. 6) which
provides for the maximum accommodation
number of the particles at
a given volume.
Hypothetically, Space has a certain
average density of the Ether particles.
This is so-called zero energy level in
the Universe. The volume with an
excess of the Ethereal particles generates
an excess energy potential,
which always seeks ways how to neutralize
another area with a deficiency
of the particles.
If we focus our attention on the level
of atoms of chemical elements, we
should refer to their base element: a
proton. It is suggested the proton is an
accelerating vortex of a definite size.
Figure 4. Lattice with nodes of high and low
density. In a half of period of density oscillation,
large balls are transforming to small
ones, but the small ones become large
Due to a centrifugal effect, the acceleration
causes a lower inner compression
of the Ether, and the vortexes
exist as a point with a permanent tendency
to absorb the Ether to compensate
a deficiency of pressure. There are
also vortexes with inhibition of their
rotation. In this case, such vortexes
are in the process of their decay due
to the necessity to emanate the excessive
portion of the Ether. It is suggested
the decaying vortexes are electrons
(possibly it is a decayed vortex of a
proton). These above described processes
form flows of the Ether from
electrons towards protons: the suction
force comes into existence. When
an electron approaches a proton vortex,
the centrifugal forces compensate
the force of the suction, and the electron
is stabilizing on a definite orbit
around the proton (Figure 7).
The suction forces of atoms of
chemical elements are determined
by the electronegativity factor. This
factor indicates how many electrons
must be attracted to an atom to reach
the neutral condition, when comparing
with the Ether's surroundings. A
greater imbalance in the Ether density
causes a more powerful reactivity
of chemical elements and electromagnetic
effects.
An electrical potential is a difference
in the Ether density between two separated
volumes in Space. A magnetic
flow is an Ether flow seeking for a
compensation of the available Ether
inhomogenity or irregularity.
Upon the above detailed considerations,
it is quite reasonable to
discuss how all above described processes
may produce some effects on
living organisms.
A deficiency or an excess of electrons
in a volume of the body affects
parameters of the redox potential and
the acid-base balance (the significance
of these parameters in metabolism is
generally accepted and recognized).
In the case of a deficiency of electrons
in the given volume, Fluorine, Oxygen
or Chlorine are capable to detach
them from any substrate in the body.
It is dramatically increasing the rate of
free radical oxidation to such an intensity
that instead of carbohydrates
and fats the protein structures will
"burn", causing irreversible damage to
normal cells. That is why an excess of
oxidative processes can be suppressed
by the aeration by Chizhevsky's chandelier
or by grounding the foot.
If there is an excess of electrons in
medium, electronegativity of halogens
and oxygen will be compensated,
and the body at the expense of
previously stored energy will initiate
the restoration of cellular structures.
Due to a proper understanding of the
crucial role of the electrons in the body,
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 47

Figure 6. Compaction of the Ether particles
we can estimate the effect of metabolic
changes for different densities of the
Ether concentration in Space:
The density of the Ether is increased.
Protons receive an additional rotation
impetus to accelerate the process of
capturing of the Ether to compensate
the increased pressure. At the same
time, the Ether inflow expels electrons
(the electrons themselves emit
Ether), the quantitative equilibrium
is shifted toward the predominance of
protons, and, accordingly, the medium
becomes acidified. The activity of
the chemical elements - oxidizers (oxygen,
fluorine, and chlorine) is sharply
enhanced. It means the phase of the
Ether excess pressure corresponds to
the processes of catabolism, i.e. burning
of nutrient substrate to produce
energy that is required for the body
and partially saved for future needs.
Metabolism is closely associated
with some weather condition: when
there is a good shiny condition, the
Ether pressure is high, and all living
organisms feel an excess of vital energy
and are engaged in their active life.
The density of the Ether is dropped.
At a reduced pressure, the proton vortices
begin to slow down and give up
electrons easily. The volume freed by
the Ether, replaces by unbound electrons.
The medium becomes alkaline.
The unbound electrons compensate
for the action of halogens and oxygen.
Reduced rate of oxidative processes
activates recovery processes, and the
energy saved in the previous catabolic
phase is taken to cover recovery
needs.
The low density of the Ether accompanies
the bad rainy weather: the
medium is filled with molecules and
electrons (in the atmosphere the water
molecules are predominant). All
living organisms usually try to conduct
their less active lifestyle.
Thus, the regular, periodic change in
the density of the Ether in space creates
the conditions for the flow of metabolic
processes in living organisms in
the form of a permanent sequence of
anabolic-catabolic phases (Figure 8).
At biophysical level, the Ether's pressure
fluctuations are reflected for living
organism in the form of changes of
geometric dimensions of the structures
of the body. Volumes of fluids, blood,
cells, compartments and other smaller
hierarchical structures up to separate
conglomerates of molecules change
their sizes cyclically. These changes are
accompanied by regular oscillations of
medium acidity and redox potential
(the absence of pH and redox potential
oscillation means death). Due to the fact
that 60-80% of the body consists of the
water, there are cyclical transient processes
of liquids in structures of organism
between conditions of gel and sol.
The sol phase corresponds to an alkaline
shift of pH of liquid at a high pressure
of the Ether against the background
of the electrons deficiency, when geometric
size of molecules in Space is
decreased. Such condition inside cells
accompanies active catabolic processes,
when the cell preparing to contraction
and produce DNA replication.
The gel phase is accompanied by
an elevation of acidity in liquids, and
Figure 7. A probable model of Hydrogen.
Black lines indicate flows of the Ether, and
inside the flow there is an electron
there is a deficiency in the Ether pressure
and an excess of electrons; geometric
size of molecules is increased.
The transition to this phase is determined
by an active physical contraction
and utilization of substrates
stored in the previous Sol phase.
During the gel phase, the cell intensively
absorbs oxygen and completes
its anabolic work.
A living organism differs from a
non-living object by existence of free
volition. The volition gives an opportunity
for living organism to initiate
catabolic processes in any period of
time independently of the Ether pressure
(certainly, catabolic work will be
less effective in the anabolic period
with low density of the Ether pressure).
The free will enables a living organism
to move, search for food or to escape
from a danger in time, when it is required
for vital needs and survival. The
accumulation of such energy is provided
through the use of microscopic cycles
of cellular metabolism, stimulated
by the vibrations of the Ether pressure.
This process is similar to using an appliance
for charging. For example, the
efficiency of energy converting of the
Ether vibrations in muscle cells of
a flea is so high that when the com-
48 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

Figure 8. Rotation of metabolic phases is
provided synchronically with changes in the
Ether’s pressure in the environment
pressed protein rezilin is released, the
accumulated tension develops a jumping
acceleration up to 100G (even astronauts
are experiencing acceleration
just of 3-4 G).
The life is impossible without vibrations
of the Ether pressure. Even
minor changes in the spectrum of the
vibration during traveling far from
the surface of the Earth (on a cosmic
orbit or in a mine) may develop serious
health problems. It means our
genetic vibration profile is adapted to
exist exactly on the Earth surface.
A living organism is similar to the
Cosmos (Figure 9).
As illustrated in Figure 9, it is evident
that the principle established in
Tabula Smaragdina Hermetis: “Quod
est inferius est sicut id quod est superius”
has been realized.
Figure 9. The similarity of the Space and human structures is amazing: on the left side there
is result of Universe modeling made by Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics and on the
right side there is a photo of a human bone
Origin of the Primary Elements
in Traditional Chinese
Medicine (TCM). Daily cycle
of the Elements sequence
The most important biorhythm,
which generates almost all metabolic
cycles in every living creature on the
Earth, is the circadian (daily) rhythm.
This is the natural rhythm of the cosmic
process of an interaction between
two streams of the Ether in Space,
which has spawned the swirling motion
of the Earth planet with a rotation
period of one revolution of 23 hours,
56 minutes and 4 seconds.
Let us investigate the mechanism of
the formation of the circadian biorhythms.
Figure 10 below herein shows two
essential vectors that form the vortex
of the Earth and keep it in a state of
equilibrium on the orbit. Points of action
of the essential vectors coincide
with the Earth's sectors when there is
a period of activity of the Fire Minister
meridians in TCM. The Fire-Minister
Element has its own specific place in
the theory of the Five Elements.
There is a stream of the Ether around
the Earth in synchronous rotation associated
with the physical surface of the
planet. This association is of the same
type as it is the case with a boundary
layer of water moving together with
a ship's hull. An interaction between
the Ether vector from the Cosmos and
the Ether stream associated with the
Earth's surface generates areas with different
vibrations based on the Doppler
Effect. When the two flows encounter
(the blue and turquoise areas), they
form a higher frequency area as compared
with the recession frequency part
(the yellow and red areas in Figure 11).
Precisely the same mechanism generates
Doppler Ether clouds around
the Earth under action of the Ether
flow from the Sun (Figure 12).
The combined effect of the two almost
opposite flows of the Ether in
Space forms the Earth's rotating vortex
and the impellent orbital vector
which is produced by a geometric sum
of two main vectors. Under the influence
of the orbital vector of the Ether
the summarized Doppler clouds are
produced (Figure 13).
In Figure 13 herein we can observe
some changes in the wavelength of
vibrations from the longest length
(Red) to the shortest one (Purple).
Now let's study some designs of traditional
Chinese philosophy, namely
the one of the main conception: the
theory of the Five Elements. In particular,
we are interested in the scheme of
corresponding of symbols in trigrams
with the Primary Elements. Below the
diagram of such correspondences is
represented (Figure 14).
Where we have the following legend:
– E – Earth,
– Wt – Water,
– Wd – Wood,
– FM – Fire-Minister,
– F – Fire,
– M – Metal.
Further in the text, we'll use the following
names and abbreviations for
the Primary elements and meridians
in a daily circulation:
Wood Element:
– Yin Wood – Liver – LR;
– Yang Wood – Gall Bladder – GB;
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 49

Figure 10. Two Ether vectors form rotation of the Earth and produce an impellent orbital
vector
Figure 11. Disposition of vibration at the associated stream of the Ether under action of the
vector from the Cosmos
Fire Element:
– Yin Fire – Heart – HT;
– Yang Fire – Small intestine – SI;
Earth Element:
– Yin Earth – Spleen – SP;
– Yang Earth – Stomach – ST;
Metal Element:
– Yin Metal – Lungs – LU;
– Yang Metal – Large Intestine – LI;
Water Element;
– Yin Water – Kidneys – KI;
– Yang Waters – Urinary Bladder – BL;
Fire-Minister Element:
– Yin Fire – Minister – Pericardium – PC;
– Yang Fire – Minister – Triple Energizer
(Blood) – TE.
Let’s return to our trigrams. We suspect
(as Leibniz did) that trigrams are
simply binary numbers. Then we'll
apply to each trigram the number,
which is obtained with help of the
trigram reading rule in Chinese philosophy
from the bottom up. When
trigrams are placed in the order of
increasing of numerical values, the
traditional sequence of Primary Elements
will appear from the right to
left by rule of mutual birth: Wood
gives rise to Fire, Fire gives rise to the
Earth, the Earth gives rise to Metal,
Metal gives rise to Water. And probably
Fire-Minister is an initiator of the
complete cyclicity and can be treated
as a connecting link between the end
of one cycle and the beginning of the
next one. If we make an assumption
that a numeric value of trigrams may
be associated with a visible color, the
following figure may be produced
(Figure 15).
The association of the numerical
values of trigrams and the Elements
with the solar spectrum wavelengths
allows us to obtain information
about the true color of Chinese Elements
and understand this part of
information from Chinese philosophy
like vibrations with certain frequencies.
And certainly we consider
these vibrations as the Ether density
oscillations. The Ether itself plays a
role of pneuma, which generates "ten
thousands of entities" in the Chinese
philosophical paradigm.
The represented idea is rather fresh
in interpretation of the phenomena
of Chinese philosophy. Now it is possible
to find the information regarding
the origin of the colors of the Five
Elements. It is suspected, that the
widely known correlation is wrong,
and it's happened either due to a deliberate
distortion, or we are witnessing
a degradation of the ancient hightech
expertise.
We assume that the flow of energy
transiting via the order of the mutual
birth of Elements in the direction
from Wood to the Fire Minister Element,
i.e. from longer wavelengths to
the short ones in the physical world,
corresponds to the process of the
50 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

Figure 14. Scheme of correlation between
the Primary Five Elements and trigrams
Figure 12. Doppler Effect under the Ether vector from the Sun
Figure 15. Correspondence of the Five Elements
with the solar spectrum
Figure 13. Summarized Ether aura under action of summarized Ether impellent vector
Ether pressure increasing in our local
Space. This position is fully consistent
with the physical theories of vortex
gravitation, where gravity is a derivative
of the Ether drift to the centers of
planets and stars. In accordance with
this theory, we live in an ever-shrinking
world. The results of Space shrinking
are the physical effects of the "red
shift" and "recession of galaxies" – all
exactly as if we were on the spot of decreasing
Alice in Wonderland by Lewis
Carroll and observed an increase
of all things around from the point of
view of geometric sizes.
Further, we made substituting the
names of the corresponding Elements
by the names of Yin meridians
in acupuncture theory of traditional
Chinese medicine. The choice of the
Yin meridians was made for the reason
that they are referred to as structural
ones because they form the basis
of life of the organism (Figure 16).
Knowing that there are two Ether
acting vectors available and identifying
their activity periods in the daily
circulation, taking into account the
order of colors for the Doppler's effect
of vectors, we have generated the
full scheme of meridians and Five
Elements circulation (Figure 17).
It was found that the colors of the
Five Elements were the result of a superposition
of the color components
of the acupuncture meridians by the
rule of colors synthesis in the visible
spectrum (Figure 18).
Green + Red = Yellow
Turquoise + Yellow = Green
Blue + Green = Turquoise
Purple + Turquoise = Blue
Red + Blue = Purple
Yellow + Purple = Red
And here is the color model of daily
circulation that represented in the
form of wheels (Figure 19).
As you can see, each meridian corresponds
to a certain frequency of vibra-
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 51

Figure 16. Color of structural (Yin) meridians
Figure 17. The color scheme of daily activity of 12 main acupuncture meridians
Figure 18. The Scheme of the color synthesis
tions and, accordingly, these frequencies
are initiated by the process of the
daily rotation of the Earth. It is the only
reason of the circadian rhythms of metabolic
processes in living organisms.
There are colors and meridians associations
as indicated below:
– The Red color corresponds to the
performance of the Liver (LR) and
Urinary Bladder (BL),
– Yellow – Heart (HT) and Large Intestine
(LI),
– Green – Pancreas (SP) and Gall
Bladder (GB),
– Blue – Lungs (LU) and Small Intestine
(SI),
– Blue – Kidney (KI) and Stomach (ST),
– Purple – Pericardium (PC) and
Blood (Triple Heater – TE).
In contrast to the conventional
scheme of the meridians activity from
the traditional Chinese medicine, in
our scheme Meridian Yin Fire-Minister
(Pericardium) is actually active
within the period from 11 a.m. to 01
p.m. due to following reasons:
Firstly, it has its special place between
the Elements in Chinese philosophy;
Second, from the physical point of
view, the time and place the corre-
Figure 19.
sponding astronomical noon is an
application of the force of the Ether
flow from the center of the solar system
according to the model of the
Doppler’s effect forming vibration
activity acupuncture meridians;
Third, thanks to the hierarchy of
the proper meridian frequencies, the
wavelength of the Pericardium meridian
should be shorter than that of
the Heart. This is confirmed by the
topology of the location of the meridians
on the body – the true pericardium
meridian ends at the end of the
little finger of the hand, which naturally
shorter than the end of the middle
finger – the end of the true meridian
Heart that says just that messed
up only the name of the meridians in
the order of the daily circulation, but
the true position of the meridians in a
daily circulation of activity remained.
All 12 types of vibration are acting
simultaneously in the body, but each
one prevails within the proper period
of the daily circulation. In spite of
a living situation of an organism, the
circadian rhythm provides for the
regular changes via the Ether pressure
which creates rhythms of anabolic
and catabolic processes for each
cell. If the rhythms for some reason
are out of synchronization, the energy
base of the anabolic-catabolic phases
52 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

circulation disappear. Cell falls out of
general metabolic stream and dies.
Aging is a growing number of dying
cells due to a mismatch with rhythms
of the Ether medium. Only these
rhythms are free and infinite suppliers
of energy to create a vibration of
vitality.
Association of vibrations of meridians
with the energy of 6 Qi
Let's move on to the study of correlation
of acupoints to the Primary Elements
(in different sources, they are
called as transporting (Wu-Shu, Ancient,
Barrier) points.
We find that on the Yin meridians
Wind Qi points (Wood element) are
at the greatest distance from the center
of the body (it is suggested as a center
of vibrations). Qi points of other Elements
are located closer to the center
of the vibration in the order of decreasing
of their wave length by the order of
the mutual birth in the Wu-Xing cycle
(Heat, Damp, Wind, Dryness, Cold).
Points at Yang meridians are also situated
in the order of generation in the
direction toward the center of vibration,
but they start with the Dryness Qi
point (Metal Element), and it indicates
the shift between metabolic cycles of
the Yin and Yang meridians.
It is clear that the wavelength of points
at an equal distance from the center of
vibrations cannot differ significantly.
Therefore, for further analysis, it is decided
to assign to the points of the Yang
meridians the similar colors, if they are
placed at the similar distance from the
center of vibrations (Figure 20).
In the light of the above mentioned
suggestions let’s try to establish the
correlation between 60 Wu-Shu points
and the frequencies of the meridians
and the Elements (see Fig. 19 herein).
For this purpose, we will use the
Wu-Xing law of mutual interrela-
Figure 20. Comparing vibrations between points of Yin and Yang meridians.
Please note the points of the Heart and Pericardium meridians are shown here in the traditional
order, but in accordance with our conclusions the names of the above mentioned meridians
should be changed. The arguments in favor of renaming are presented above in this article
Figure 21. Wu-Xing scheme (Five types of interrelations between vibrations of Elements)
tions between the meridians inside
of the Odd or Even system. If we
stand on the point of some meridian
(“I’m”) and activate it, the next meridians
will be tonyfied (Son), the
second will be suppressed (Friend),
with the third there will be a mutual
balance (wife – the acupuncture rule
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 53

Meridians, Periods
of activity
Gall Bladder GB,
23 – 01
Liver LR, 01 – 03
Lungs LU, 03 – 05
Large Intestine LI,
05 – 07
Stomach ST, 07
– 09
Spleen SP, 09 – 11
Pericardium (It's
point of Heart
meridian in present
interpretation) PC,
11 – 13
Small Intestine SI,
13 – 15
Urinary Bladder BL,
15 – 17
Kidneys KI, 17 – 19
Heart (It's point
of Pericardium in
traditional
interpretation) HT,
19 – 21
Triple Energizer TE,
21 – 23
Figure 22.
Jing –
Well
GB-44
BL
7.1 mm
LR-1
LR
7.1 mm
LU-11
PC
4.9 mm
LI-1
LI
5.6 mm
ST-45
PC (↓)
4.9 mm
SP-1
LR
7.1 mm
HT-9
ST
5.6 mm
SI-1
TE
4.9 mm
BL-67
PC (↑)
4.9 mm
KI-1
TE (↓)
4.9 mm
PC-9
BL (↑)
7.1 mm
TE-1
KI
5.6 mm
Ying –
Spring
GB-43
HT (↑)
5.6 mm
LR-2
LI (↓)
5.6 mm
LU-10
HT
5.6 mm
LI-2
SP (↓)
4.9 mm
ST-44
BL
7.1 mm
SP-2
LI (↑)
5.6 mm
HT-8
PC
4.9 mm
SI-2
LI
5.6 mm
BL-66
BL
7.1 mm
KI-2
LR
7.1 mm
PC-8
HT
5.6 mm
TE-2
TE
4.9 mm
“Noon-Midnight”), the forth meridian
will suppress “I’m” (Grandfather,
Enemy), and the fifth meridian will
activate “I’m” (Mother) (Figure 21).
In Traditional Chinese medicine
there is information what Wu-Shu
acupuncture points are used to manage
each of 12 main acupuncture meridians
in accordance with above represented
Wu-Xing law. Below in Fig.
22 we have marked each point with
the proper color in correlation with
Jing –
Well
GB-41
GB
4.9 mm
LR-3
SP
4.9 mm
LU-9
GB (↑)
4.9 mm
LI-3
SI
7.1 mm
ST-43
GB
4.9 mm
SP-3
SP
4.9 mm
HT-7
BL (↓)
7.1 mm
SI-3
SP (↑)
4.9 mm
BL-65
HT (↓)
5.6 mm
KI-3
SP
4.9 mm
PC-7
GB (↓)
4.9 mm
TE-3
LR (↑)
7.1 mm
Points
Yuan
GB-40
LI-4
ST-42
SI-4
BL-64
TE-4
Jing –
Well
GB-38
LU (↓)
7.1 mm
LR-4
KI
5.6 mm
LU-8
LU
7.1 mm
LI-5
TE
4.9 mm
ST-41
LU (↑)
7.1 mm
SP-5
SI (↓)
7.1 mm
HT-4
HT
5.6 mm
SI-5
SI
7.1 mm
BL-60
GB
4.9 mm
KI-7
SI (↑)
7.1 mm
PC-5
LU
7.1 mm
TE-6
LI
5.6 mm
He – Sea
GB-34
ST
5.6 mm
LR-8
TE (↑)
4.9 mm
LU-5
ST (↓)
5.6 mm
LI-11
LR (↑)
7.1 mm
SP-9
KI
5.6 mm
SP-9
KI
5.6 mm
HT-3
LU
7.1 mm
SI-8
KI (↓)
5.6 mm
BL-40
ST
5.6 mm
KI-10
KI
5.6 mm
PC-3
PC
4.9 mm
TE-10
SI (↓)
7.1 mm
the associated Element and taking
into account the Wu-Xing law of Elements
interaction. In accordance with
Wu-Xing law, tonification point is before
the point of the proper meridian
(red and yellow arrows up) and sedation
point is placed behind the given
point (arrows down in Figure 22).
Ether's wave in Space, and on the other
hand, a lower Ether pressure makes
wavelength longer and decreases the
velocity of the wave movement.
Analysis of Qi dynamics
Let’s analyze exemplary changes of
a wavelength of the Yellow vibration
during a day. The length of waves of
the Yellow vibrations in periods of
activity on the proper meridians will
be counted according to the table in
Figure 22 herein from the right side
to the left one in the increasing order.
The right-most cell means volume 1
(One is the shortest wavelength), the
left-most cell indicates a volume equal
to 5 (Five is the longest wavelength).
Volumes for Odd and Even meridians
are paired in accordance with dividing
the daily cycle into 6 Elements as it is
shown in Figure 19 herein.
As you can see in Figure 23, the Even
system of meridians (Triple energizer,
Liver, Large Intestine, Spleen, Small
Intestine, Kidneys) looks like a pulse
form in sphygmogram (Figure 24).
The sum of the wavelengths of the
Odd and Even systems of meridians
(the green line in Figure 23) shows the
dynamic character of the wavelengths
of the Yellow vibrations during a day.
There wavelengths are relatively longer
at the time of the Fire and Earth
Elements activity (in accordance with
the pattern in Figure 19 herein). This
period lasts approximately from 23.00
till 07.00 (the red “b” segment in Figure
24), and it is the main daily anabolic
phase for the organism when the
efficiency of the anabolic process is at
the highest level.
The catabolic phase is stipulated
by the vibrations of shorter wavelengths
(there is a higher pressure
of the Ether), and this period takes
approximately time from 07.00 till
23.00 (the blue “a” segment in Figure
34 herein).
It is interesting that the ratio between
the catabolic and anabolic phases of
the daily pulsation is similar to the
Golden Ratio.
54 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

By the way, the Golden ratio in pulse
was discovered by Dr. V. Tsvetkov in
1984 (V.D. Tsvetkov, “Heart, Golden
Ratio and Symmetry”, published by
Department of Scientific and Technical
Information of RAS, Pushchino
Research Center, 1997).
Where in Figure 25 tp(V)/ts(V) and
ts(V)/t(V) are equal to 0.618.
Further evidence of the Doppler
principle in the Primary
Elements formation.
The fidelity of the Doppler model
of the Primary Elements and the meridians
can be confirmed further by
three physical facts as follows:
The first fact is that the frequency of the
first Schumann resonance of the Earth
is 7.83 Hertz, which resonates with the
frequency of the middle of the visible
solar spectrum, with the green area. In
our model, the green color is associated
with the Yin Earth element (Spleen) and
the Yang Wind element (Gall Bladder):
7.83 Hz = C / (λ * 2 46 )
Where:
C = 299 792 458 m/s is the speed of
light,
λ = 0,000000544 m is the wave
length of the middle of green color in
the visible solar spectrum, and 2 46 is a
factor of octave fractal.
As it is known in traditional Chinese
philosophy, the Earth Element
plays a special role. Around this Element
revolve the remaining four Elements
in the Wu-Xing scheme.
The second fact: In the lectures on
the physics by famous American scientist
Richard Feynman, in Chapter
9, "Electricity in the Atmosphere,"
paragraph 1 " The electric potential
gradient of the atmosphere", there is
a daily graph as follows in Figure 26.
Quote of the Feynman lecture:
«The current (in the atmosphere –
noted by the Author hereof) varies by
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
about ± 15 percent, and it is largest at
7:00 p.m. in London. The strange part
of the thing is that no matter where you
measure the current – in the Atlantic
Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, or the Arctic
Ocean – it is at its peak value when the
clocks in London say 7:00 p.m.! All over
the world the current is at its maximum
at 7:00 p.m. London time and it is at a
minimum at 4:00 a.m. London time. In
other words, it depends upon the absolute
time on the Earth, not upon the
local time at the place of observation».
Now we can explain this fact, which
seemed surprising to R. Feynman.
The Doppler model of Elements has
a summarized vector of the Ether
flow at 06 p.m. This vector moves
the Earth on its orbit. Naturally the
maximum of the Ether pressure will
be built up at the point of the application
of the vector. Increased pressure
of the Ether displaces electrons
Figure 25.
from the medium and increases the
medium resistance, increases the
electrical potential between two vertical
points in the atmosphere. A period
of the wave of the Ether flow is
one day with the wave maximum at
19 Greenwich Mean Time. The shift
between 06 p.m. in our model and 07
p.m. in the real physical process indicates
the fact that the real meridian
of the Ether wave application on the
planet is placed towards West from
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 55

Figure 27. Spectrum of Hydrogen atom
Figure 26. Daily graph of electric potential in
the atmosphere of the Earth at London’s time
Figure 28. Spectrum of Potassium atom
London. And we have some amazing
fact regarding this real zero meridian:
If we study an old map by Mercator
prepared in 1595, the zero meridian
passes through the western part of
Iceland (currently it has a longitude
of 17 ° 59 '12 "W). The one hour of
the Earth rotation relatively to the stellar
coordinates consists of 15 degrees,
which actually corresponds to the arrival
of the Ether wave at 18 p.m. of
local astronomical time at Iceland and
that fits reasonably well our models!
It is worth noting that his maps
were designed by Mercator on the basis
of some ancient sources, probably
inherited from the last civilization
catastrophe in the 14th century AD.
It is known that the 14th century by
the famous Austrian cultural historian
Egon Friedell in his book "Kulturgeschichte
der Neuzeit" was given the
name "The Last Great Shock", after
which the recent history of the survived
mankind originates, beginning with
the Renaissance. Apparently, Leonardo
Da Vinci, the engineering genius of the
Renaissance period, based his expertise
on a solid foundation of technical
knowledge of the former civilization.
Even such a minor fact as establishing
of the zero meridian demonstrates that
previous civilization was more powerful
and advanced than ours. Old science
was fully aware of the Ether and
relied on the natural process, considering
it in their cartography, astronomy
and obviously medicine (TCM).
Figure 29. Spectrum of Sodium atom
Figure 30. Spectrum of Magnesium atom
Figure 31. Spectrum of Calcium atom
The third fact: It is in the same quote
coming from Feynman lectures: it is
said that the lowest electric potential
is recorded at 4 a.m. London time. If
we change this time to the astronomical
time of the correct zero meridian
at Iceland, the true time is 5 a.m.. The
5 a.m. in our Doppler model corresponds
to the middle of the Earth Element:
it is the period when there is
the low pressure of the Ether, when
the maximum reduction processes in
the body (excess of electrons) and the
maximum of Yin in Traditional Chinese
Medicine is available.
Macroelements by
Dr. Samokhotsky
Russian doctor Alexander Samokhotsky
(1890-1986), a surgeon, discovered
in his long experimental
work that almost any disease can be
effectively treated by only four macroelements:
Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium,
and Sodium. Regardless of
the type of the disease, his mixtures,
to be applied on the basis of blood
analysis, gave rapid healing effect in
most cases.
It was suggested that each of the
Primary Elements in Chinese philosophy
might be associated with the
above macroelements.
The two Primary Elements, namely
Fire-Minister and Earth, were excluded
from our consideration since
in the Doppler model they correspond
to the polar level of H + and
electron concentration (Fire-Minister
is an excess of H + , but the Earth is
an excess of electrons).
To find a correlation of Ca ++ , Mg ++ ,
K + and Na + with other Primary Elements,
we studied spectra of absorption-emission
energy in the Ballmer's
series of the visible solar spectrum:
56 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

As a conclusion we have identified
the correlation as follows:
– Fire-Minister – excess of H + ;
– Earth – electrons excess (or OH -
radical);
– Wood – Calcium;
– Fire – Potassium;
– Metal – Magnesium;
– Water – Sodium.
Below there is the line of reasoning
(Figures 27 – 31):
Hydrogen – Figure 27, Potassium –
Figure 28, Sodium – Figure 29, Magnesium
– Figure 30, Calcium – Figure 31.
If we submit a smoothed graph of
spectral energy power of macroelements,
their lines will be represented
in Figure 32.
– The Hydrogen graph shows a decline
in the power of vibrations in
the green area and increases towards
the edges, where the purple area is
situated (the area of increased acidity).
The Hydrogen is associated with
the Triple energizer (Blood) and the
Pericardium meridians.
– The Potassium graph has the
power of the vibrations decreased in
the area with the short wavelength,
in the field of the blue color. The
mid-power spectrum is marked with
the yellow color, which was previously
identified in correlation with the
Fire Element. The minimum of the
power of vibrations (the blue color)
corresponds to the Element of Water.
It is obvious spectral confrontation
between the Fire and Water Elements
in the daily circulation, and this
graph confirms the physical base. Potassium
is associated with the Heart
and Large Intestine meridians.
– The Sodium graph as opposed to
the Potassium graph has the greatest
value in the short-wave part of
the spectrum, and the average maximum
of the power in spectrum is
found in the blue color area, but the
Figure 32. Smoothed energy spectra of 4 macroelements
minimum corresponds to the yellow
area. Previously, the blue color
was determined in correlation with
Water Element, and its minimum in
the yellow spectrum corresponds to
confront with Fire. Sodium is associated
with the Kidneys and Stomach
meridians.
– The Magnesium graph has a narrow
maximal spike in the transition
from the green to blue color, while
other parts of the spectrum show
meager values. In the opinion of the
Author hereof, taking into account
the established correlation of the four
previous macroelements (Hydrogen,
Potassium, Sodium and Hydroxyl ion
OH - ) with the Primary Elements, the
line of Magnesium most likely corresponds
to the Metal Element. Magnesium
is associated with the Lungs and
Small Intestine meridians.
– The Calcium graph demonstrates
its smoothed character throughout
the spectrum with a moderate level
of energy. It produces the only possible
correlation with the Wood Element.
In favour of this relationship at
least two arguments can be presented:
a) the Mutual metabolic suppression
between Magnesium and Calcium
is well known in medicine and
on the graphs we can see some kind
of opposition when Magnesium has
concentrated energy in the narrow
band of spectrum, and Calcium has
the scattered energy over the entire
spectrum; b) In traditional Chinese
medicine the Wood Element (Wind
Qi) is responsible for the movement,
while Calcium in vivo is directly involved
in the contractile processes
(Magnesium, on the contrary, promotes
relaxation). Calcium is associated
with the Liver and Urinary
Bladder meridians.
Statement on ethical issues
Research involving people and/or animals
is in full compliance with current national
and international ethical standards.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Author contributions
The author read the ICMJE criteria
for authorship and approved the final
manuscript.
Senior Editorial Manager’s
Note
To represent Chinese, the author
hereof has used one of the original generally
accepted Romanization system
versions.
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 57

REPORT Submitted: 11 June 2016 Accepted: 22 August 2016 Published: 16 November 2016
DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2016.9.5869
Energetically optimal nonstationary mode of flow
along tube with constant and time-varying radius
Sergey G. Chefranov 1*
1
Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics of RAS
Russia, 119017, Moscow, Pijevskii str. 3
*
Corresponding author:
phone: +7 (916) 947-63-58, e-mail: schefranov@mail.ru
Abstract
Derived is a new modification of hydrodynamic equations of viscous incompressible
fluid flowing along the tube with radius changing in time. Obtained are exact
non-stationary solutions of these equations generalizing a well-known classic stationary
solution for Hagen–Poiseuille flow in the tube with radius constant in time.
It is demonstrated that the law of changing the tube radius in time may be determined
basing on the condition of minimality of the work expended for flowing
the set fluid volume along such a tube during the period of radius change cycle.
Obtained is the solution of the corresponding variational (isoperimetric) problem
on conditional extremum determining the limits to dimensionless quantity of the
cycle duration set by the specified dimensionless value of the flowed fluid volume.
Identified is the generalization of well-known model of optimal branching pipeline
(F.L. Chernous’ko, 1977) in which the Poiseuille law modification is used for a new
exact non-stationary solution of hydrodynamic equation instead of the law itself.
It is demonstrated that the energetically favorable non-stationary modes with
negative hydraulic resistance are permissible in certain conditions. The obtained
conclusions may be used for development of the hydrodynamic basis of modelling
the energy-optimal blood flow realized in the cardiovascular system in norm.
Keywords
Viscous fluid hydrodynamics, Hydraulic resistance, Conditional extremum
Imprint
Sergey G. Chefranov. Energetically optimal nonstationary mode of flow along tube
with constant and time-varying radius. Cardiometry; Issue 9; November 2016;
p. 58-69; DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2016.9.5869; Available from:
http://www.cardiometry.net/issues/no9-november-2016/energetically-optimal-
nonstationary-mode
Introduction
Since the times of Leonardo da Vinci
there has been an issue of extremely
high energetic efficiency of blood
circulation in the cardiovascular system
(CVS) observed under its normal
performance. Actually, admissibility
of such an efficiency cannot be established
when modelling the blood
flow process along the vessels using
the traditional Poiseuille law [1].
This law relates the velocity of fluid
volume transfer along the tube with
its radius (and difference of pressures
on tube’s ends) and results from an
exact stationary solution of the Navier–Stokes
equations for Hagen–Poiseuille
flow along the tube unlimited
in length and circular cross-section
permanent in time and along the
tube’s axis. Actually, according to the
Poiseuille law the hydraulic resistance
increases inversely proportional to
the fourth degree of the tube radius
value. It leads to the values, which are
incompatible for small arterioles and
capillaries with the observed normal
CVS performance in relatively low
expenditure of energy [2-4].
Modelling of pulsating nonstationary
mode of viscous incompressible fluid
flow taking into account the probability
of the tube radius change in time is
proposed in the present paper. At the
same time, derived are the new equations
of viscous incompressible fluid
whose nonstationary solutions generalize
the classical solution for Hagen–
Poiseuille flow.
Actually, usually when deriving
the equations of hydrodynamics the
parameters characterizing the fluid
boundaries and its volume are supposed
to be temporary independent
[1]. At the same time, for example,
when modeling blood flow along
the vessels with elastic walls, we have
to face a need for creating such a
modification of the hydrodynamic
equations to make it possible to take
into account the change in time of
radius of the tube, along which the
fluid flows under the action of the
relevant pressure gradient along the
tube’s axis. The paper proposes the
simplest modification, which, for
the present, takes into account only a
synchronous change in time of radius
of the tube along its entire length.
Besides, obtained is a generalization
58 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

of the well-known model of optimal
branching tube [5] for the case of a
new non-stationary solution of hydrodynamic
equations. The result
shows that the hydraulic resistance
may even take negative values in
a certain range of variations of the
problem parameters characterizing
the degree of deflection of flow from
a stationary mode for the tubes with
both constant and variable in time
radii.
1. Modification of hydrodynamic
equation
Let us consider the relevant modification
of the Navier–Stokes equations
and the continuity equations in order
to model a nonstationary flow mode
in the time-varying radius tube.
Assume that in the unlimited in
length tube, on a segment of fixed
arbitrary length L, occurs the varying
of the radius R(t) in time, and such
a varying is the same along all this
segment of tube. The fluid can flow
in and flow out of the one segment
of tube. Let the corresponding velocity
of the resulting volume source of
fluid be equal to value Q 0
(t), where
Q 0
> 0 when flowing into the considered
tube segment. In case of flowing
out the fluid has a negative volume
velocity value Q 0
< 0, it occurs when
the fluid is flowing out of this part of
the tube. Thus, the time-varying volume
of the considered tube segment
is equal to
2
Vt () = π R()
tL
In Supplement (see (S.1) – (S.4))
derived is the continuity equation
which differs from the case of fluid
flow in a fixed volume and is the following:
dR
2
Q0
divu + dt
2
R = (1)
π R()
tL
where ū is a vector of velocity of viscous
incompressible fluid flow in the
tube. For derivation (1) used are the
mass conservation law in the form of
(S.1) [1] and the well-known formula
of differentiation of integral with
variable limits of integration.
d
dt
bt ()
∫
at ()
dt F( t ,) t =
1 1
bt ()
∂F
db()
t
dt1
F( b( t), t)
(2)
∫
∂t
dt
at ()
= + −
da()
t
−Fat ( ( ), t)
dt
The left part of equation (1) does
not include the value of the tube segment’s
length L, which may be arbitrary
in this case. It occurs because
the varying of the tube radius in time
is homogeneous along the whole
considered tube’s segment. If this radius
value is defined by, for example,
a pulse wave which propagates along
the tube with velocity c 0
, then
R = R( z − tc )
and instead of (1) we obtain the following
continuity equation:
2 2
2 c ⎡
0
R ( L−ct 0
) −R ( −ct
0
) ⎤
divu −
⎣
⎦
=
=
π
In the left part of equation (3) already
observed is an explicit dependence
on length L whose value has to
correspond to a typical longitudinal
(along the tube axis) scale.
For simplicity’s sake, let us consider
a case corresponding to the mass
conservation law in the form of equation
(1). At the same time, only in the
equation for radial component of
impulse as well as in (1) appears an
0
L
2
∫ dzR z − c0t
0
Q () t
( )
0
L
2
∫ dzR z − c0t
0
( )
(3)
additive term related to the presence
of dependence of tube radius on time
R = R(t). The corresponding Navier-Stokes
equations for radial, tangential
and longitudinal component
of velocity field in axially symmetric
case have the following form (in cylindrical
coordinate system z, r, φ):
dR 2
2( )
∂ur
+ dt +
∂t
R
∂ur
∂ur
+ ur
+ uz
=
∂r
∂z
1 ∂p
ur
=− + ν ( ∆ur
− )
2
ρ ∂r
r
0
∂uφ ∂uφ ∂uφ
+ ur
+ uz
=
∂t ∂r ∂z
uφ
= ν ( ∆uφ
− )
2
r
∂uz ∂uz ∂uz
+ ur
+ uz
=
∂t ∂r ∂z
1 ∂p
=− + ν∆uz
ρ ∂z
where Laplace operator
0
2
1
∆= ∂ r
∂ +
∂
r ∂r ∂r ∂z
(4)
(5)
(6)
ν is a kinematic viscosity coefficient,
ρ 0
is a constant density of fluid, and
due to assumption of axial symmetry
lacking are the derivatives with
respect to angular variable φ which
the considered components of velocity
field u r
, u φ
, u z
and pressure p do
not depend on. Let us consider the
system of equations (4)-(6) together
with the continuity equation in the
form (1) when in (1)
∂u
1 ∂ru
divu
z
= +
∂z r ∂r
(for case (3) the form of equations
(4)-(6) is different-looking). In addition
to equations (4)-(6) let us use the
following boundary conditions on a
moveable solid tube wall:
2
r
,
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 59

u = u = 0, r=
Rt ( )
z
φ
dR
ur
= , r=
Rt ()
dt
(7)
(8)
According to boundary condition
(8) allowable is the following representation
for radial component of velocity
field u r
:
u
r
dR
= r dt
R
(9)
In case of independence of the velocity
field longitudinal component
on a longitudinal coordinate (i.e.
∂uz
∂ z = 0 ), representation (9) may
be fulfilled only in condition of existence
of the following relation between
value Q 0
(t) and velocity of the
tube radius varying:
dR dV () t
= 4 = 2 (10)
Q0
π RL dt dt
2. Nonstationary generalization
of the Hagen–Poiseuille flow
1. Let us consider a nonstationary
mode of flow in tube with
time-varying radius. This mode is
a generalization of the well-known
classical stationary exact solution
of hydrodynamic equations corresponding
to the Hagen-Poiseuille
flow (along the tube with constant
radius and corresponding zero intensity
of sources and drains of fluid
[1] when
dR
0, Q0
0
dt = =
should be put into (1) and (4)-(10)).
For nonstationary generalization of
Hagen-Poiseuille (HP) flow taking
into account the probability of varying
the tube radius in time, from (1),(4)-
(10) results the following (where
∂p
∆pt
()
= −
∂z
L
is designated, as a function of only
time, pressure drop on distance L,
when in (6) we have Δp(t)).
dR()
t
ur
= r dt ; uφ
= 0;
Rt ()
u
z
2
r
= umax (1 − )
2
R () t
(11)
Nonzero radial component of velocity
field in solution (11) appears due to
necessity of conservation of viscous
incompressible fluid mass when flowing
along the tube with time-varying
radius and required is equation (1) execution
under conditions (9) and (10)
(see explanations in Supplement). In
(11), for longitudinal velocity component
u z
, conserved is the radial structure
typical for HP flow in the tube
with constant in time radius. Besides,
however, an execution of additional
relation is required in (11)
u
max
2
∆ptR
() () t
=− =
4ρ
Lν
2
∆pt (
0) R( t0)
=− = const.
4ρ
Lν
0
(12)
Actually, representation (11) satisfies
equation (6) as the left side of equation
(6) becomes to zero under set in
(11) form of u r
for case of arbitrary
dependence of u z
on dimensionless
group R ⁄ R(t).
Pressure field for solution (11) is the
following:
∆ptz
()
p = p0
− −
L
2
2 d R dR 2 (13)
r 2( r )
2
− ρ0( dt + dt )
2R
R
For new nonstationary solution
(11)-(13) there exist only one maximum
in radial distribution of longitudinal
velocity u z
component as in
case of stationary mode of HP flow.
Let us call such a flow with one max-
0
imum for velocity u z
component on
the tube axis a V-shaped. As opposed
to it, the next paragraph considers
a new nonstationary fluidity mode
with M-shaped radial distribution
of longitudinal velocity component
u z
, which generally has an arbitrary
number of local maxima along the
radial coordinate that varies from
axis to the tube wall.
2. Let us calculate for solution (11)
volume
2
t2
t0
Rt ()
V ( t ) 2π
dt drru
= ∫ ∫
of fluid which flows across the considered
nonstationary cross section
of the tube during time interval from
the beginning of the tube radius R(t 0
)
extension at time moment t 0
to time
moment t 1
when the tube radius is
the biggest. Besides, assume that
t 1
>>t 0
. When t > t 1
the mode of tube
radius reduction starts and continues
up to the time moment t 2
> t 1
when
the tube radius is R(t 0
) again. The
indicated value of volume, pumped
during T = t 2
– t 0
interval, may be
used for evaluation of stroke volume
in heart during rapid and slow blood
ejection from left ventricle into aorta.
At the same time, we obtain the following
representation from (11) for
nondimensional quantity of volume
pumped during time T:
y
2
(
2)/ 0 ∫ τ ;
1
( τ ) t t
; ,
2
τ y ;
g= Vt V=
ds
R
s = = =
Rt ( ) t t
0 0 0
1
2
V0 = πumaxtR 0
( t0)
2
Let us calculate a total work expended
during the same period of
time due to transmission of fluid volume
(14). For nonstationary mode of
flow (11)-(13) the total work is the
following:
0
z
(14)
60 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

t2
Rt () ⎡ptru (, )
z
(, tr)
+ ⎤
A = 2π
dt drr ⎢
1
⎥
∫ ∫
=
⎢
2 2
t0
0
+ ρ0uz( uz + ur)
⎥
⎣ 2
⎦
= aE ;
a =
y
∫
⎡ 2 2 4 ⎤
⎢
− + s (1+ −
2 2
M M ⎥
0
dτ
⎢
⎥
2
⎢ 2γ
d s 27 ds ⎥
⎢− ( s + ( ) ))
2
⎥
⎣ 3 d τ 5 d τ ⎦
(15)
1 2
In (15) the following designations
are used:
1 2 3
E0 = πR ( t0) t0ρ0u
max;
8
umax 2 ∆pt
(
0)
M = , c = ;
c ρ
where arbitrary, still dimensionless,
function s(τ) is defined by a set mode
of varying the tube radius in time as
well as in (14).
At the same time, in expressions (14)
and (15) a form of dependence on
time for function s(τ) corresponds to
limitations related to only requirement
of sufficient smoothness of this function
which is defined by condition of
continuity of varying in time the radial
component of velocity field in (11).
Arbitrariness, which still exist when
selecting the form of function s(τ),
may be limited by selecting such
modes of extension and reduction of
the tube radius under which minimal
is the value of work (15) expended
for the given fluid volume (14) transmission
during time T.
Let us consider the solution of the following
variational problem in conditional
extremum (type of isoperimetric
problem) when it is necessary to define
the form of functions s, for which the
work functional reaches its extremum
(minimum) in fixed fluid volume g =
g 0
= const in (14) pumped within the
period of extension and further reduction
to the initial tube radius s(y) = 1.
0
2
R ( t0) umax 2 p0
2 2 ; M0 , c0
tu
0 max
c0 ρ0
γ = = =
0
,
Using the Lagrange method of multipliers
we solve the problem of finding
the extremum of functional:
F = a+ λ g−g
( )
L 0
. (16)
In the class of smooth functions s
satisfying the following conditions
s(1) = sy ( ) = 1; g− g = 0
(17)
Setting the first variation of functional
(16) equal to zero we obtain the following
nonlinear equation for defining
such functions s, which the extremum
of work is achieved for in (15):
2
d s ds 2
s + ( ) =
d
2
τ d τ
(18)
5 4
=− ( λL
+ 1 + ) ≡b
2
8γ
M
Let us consider two different exact
solutions of equation (18) in the following
two items.
3. One of the two exact nonlinear
equation (18) solutions is the following:
s( τ) = s ( τ)
=
= + +
where value b, defined in (18), and
C 1
, C 2
are arbitrary constants. To solve
(19) we obtain from conditions (17)
the following expressions for these
constants:
Besides, for case b0,
value τ in (19) for any 1 ≤ τ ≤ y belonging
to segment y – 1 < g 0
When
b>0 in (19) condition s 2 (τ)>0, for all τ
from interval 1 ≤ τ ≤ y is executed only
when g 0
< y–1 0, on the contrary, the
tube radius firstly reduces from s = 1
to minimal value
y + 1
s( τ = ) = smin
=
2
⎡ 3( y−1 −g0)
⎤
= ⎢1
−
2( y −1)
⎥
⎣
⎦
and then extends to initial value s = 1
in the moment of time τ = y.
Let us note, that equalities g +
correspond
to solutions (19), (20), where
is the
y + 1
ε = ≤τ
≤ y
2
volume pumped during time period
g –
, and
t1
y + 1
1 ≤τ
≤ ε = = .
t 2
Equation (18) determines a probable
form of function s allowing only tube
radius changes under which achieved
is the conditional extremum for work
value (15) under condition (17) when
the value of the first variation from
(16) is equal to zero. To specify this
extremum type it is necessary to consider
the second variation of functional
(16) value which, in general, is
the following:
2
δ F =
⎡ 2 4 ⎤
⎢δ
s( λL
+ 1+ +
2
M ⎥
0
⎢
⎥
y
2
⎢ 8 γ ds (( )
2 d s ⎥
= d
2 s .(21)
∫ τ ⎢+ +
2 )) −⎥
5 dτ
dτ
1 ⎢
⎥
⎢ 8 2 dδ
s 2 ⎥
⎢−
γ s ( )
5 dτ
⎥
⎣
⎦
Before defining the sign on the
right side (21) we should determine
the Lagrange multiplier value, which,
according to (18) (at the same time,
0
1/2
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 61

when b < 0 assumed is an execution
of inequality y < g 0
+ 1, and when
b > 0 the noted above inequality g 0
< y–1 0,
it is easy to demonstrate a presence of
the condition of positivity in the second
variation of functional in (21).
Thus, just the mode, which satisfies
the condition b > 0 in (20), corresponds
to an energetically efficient
fluid flow at a minimal work required
for flowing the given fluid volume g 0
through a cross-section of the tube
with time-varying radius according
to (19), (20). This additional condition,
which provides an energetically
advantageous mode of fluid flow is
the following:
g . (23)
0
< y− 1<
3g0 Besides, it turns out that the condition
of positivity of the functional’s
second variation (21) (expressed in
the right inequality in (23)) accurately
coincides with the condition of
positivity of square of function (19)
just in case when b > 0 (the left in-
0
equality in (23) corresponds to the
condition b > 0).
4. Now let us consider the second
exact solution of equation (18) which
supplements the exact solution (19),
(20). This solution, as opposed to
solutions (19), (20), has a physical
meaning only when b > 0 (and, correspondingly,
1
λ
L
+ 1+ < 0)
2
M
and has a form of linear function of
dimensionless time
With the use of this exact solution of
equation (18) it is possible to form
a cyclic piecewise smooth mode of
extension and further reduction of
the tube to an initial radius when the
conditions (17) are fulfilled. Let us
represent the corresponding mode as
follows:
Solution (24) is continuous everywhere
including a point of changing
the extension mode to the reduction
one at τ = ε, where even the first derivative
breaks in. As a result, representation
(24) also satisfies equation
(18) on the whole considered range
of changing the dimensionless time
except the noted point. Let us consider
approximate solution (24) as it
is done above for exact solution (19)
satisfying (18) in all points.
For solution (24) the representation
of dimensionless volume of fluid g +
flowing during the period of tube extension
y + 1
1 ≤τ
≤ ε =
2
0
s( τ)
= ± τ
b .
s = s ( τ) = 1 + b( τ −1),
+
y + 1
1≤τ
≤ ε =
2
s = s ( τ) = 1 + b( y−τ),
−
ε ≤τ
≤ y
(24)
is the following:
1
g = 3 b
⋅
+
. (25)
⎡ y −1
3 ⎤
⋅
⎢
(1 + b( )) −1
⎣ 2 ⎥
⎦
Besides, the whole volume of fluid
flown during the whole period of cycle
g = g 0
has to coincide with
T = ( y−1)
t .
(24), (25) demonstrate g 0
= 2g +
as
g 0
= g +
+ g –
and g –
= g +
.
Within the limit when
y b >>1
from (25) and equality g 0
= 2g +
we
obtain the following representation
of the Lagrange multiplier:
96g
γ 1
λ
L
=− −1−
5y
It is easy to verify that the second
variation of functional in (21) is exactly
equal to zero (in case of the
above assumption on independence
of variation value from time, otherwise
the second variation is negative
in general case that corresponds to
maximum of work) for solution (24)
taking into account expression (25).
As a result, solution (24), as well as
(19) and (20) at b < 0, cannot pretend
to be an energetically advantageous
mode of fluid flow.
At the same time, in solutions (19)
and (20) at b > 0 (that corresponds
to an initial reduction and only afterwards
an extension of the tube up
to initial radius) possible is the realization
of energetically advantageous
fluid flow mode, and an execution of
condition (23) is necessary for it.
Relation (23) may be also used in
modelling some phases of cardiac
cycle. Besides, an energetically optimal
mode of CVS performance, as it
follows from (23), may be defined by
0
0
3 2
M0
(26)
62 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

correlation between the dimensionless
duration of this phase y – 1 and the
corresponding dimensionless value of
blood volume g 0
pumped through the
aorta cross-section during this time.
Besides, the blood stroke volume value
V st
and the used nondimensional
value of volume g 0
may be related by
g
0
V st
= = 2g
V
where volume V 0
is defined in (14).
3. Nonstationary mode with
M-shaped profile
1. Now let us consider the nonstationary
mode where the pressure
gradient along the tube axis may be a
function of time regardless of whether
the tube radius varies or not, as in
the previous paragraph. For this sake,
let us use the following concrete representation
for nonstationary longitudinal
pressure gradient:
1 p =- a(t) =
r z
0
0
t
=-a 0(t)exp( -ò dt
1l(t 1));
>0. (27)
t0
a
0(t) a
0(t 0)
= = const
l(t) l(t )
At condition (27) the exact solution
of hydrodynamic equations (1),
(4)-(6) for the tube with time-varying
radius R(t) is the following (see
also [3], where obtained is the similar
nonstationary solution for the constant
tube radius):
dR(t)
u dt
r
= r ; uf
= 0;
R(t)
u
z
a (t )exp(- l(t )dt )
0 0 1 1
0
t
ò
t0
= ×
l(t )
é ra
ù
J(
0
)
R(t)
× -1
J(
0
a)
êë
úû
0
+
,
.
(28)
where J 0
is a Bessel function of zero
order, and
l(t)
a= R(t) =
n
l(t )
n
0
= R(t
0)
=
const
is an analog of Womersley parameter
[4]. In [7] considered is the case
of periodic variability of longitudinal
pressure gradient in time, when in
(27) value λ = i.ω, where i is a complex
unit. Solution (28) in case, when
u r
= 0; R = const; λ = const; a 0
= const
exactly coincides with the solution obtained
in [6].
In flow mode (28) the radial distribution
of the velocity longitudinal component
u r
(r, t) may already have not
one extremum (maximum on the tube
axis), as in (11), but several local extrema
when changing the radial coordinate.
Such a mode is called M-shaped
though the extrema quantity in (28)
may be more than three in the tube
cross-section when 0 ≤ r < R.
However, it occurs at not any value
of parameter α but only in case of
rather high above threshold values of
this parameter which characterizes
the initial velocity of changing the
longitudinal pressure gradient:
α > α th
(n) = j 1,n
; n = 1, 2... (29)
where j 1,n
are zeros of the Bessel function
of the first order, i.e. J 1
(j 1,n
) = 0.
Actually, the position of extrema of
longitudinal velocity component in
(28) is determined from the condition
when the derivative is equal
uz
r
to zero, that takes J 1
(rα ∕ R) = 0 or
(rα ∕ R) = j 1,n
; n = 1, 2... form. At the
same time, from condition r

where j 0,m
are zeros of the Bessel function
of the first order, i.e. J 0
(j 0,m
) = 0.
In particular, for the given above
example of М-shaped velocity profile
(corresponding to value n=1 in
inequality (29)) from condition (31)
follows the limitation on the analogue
of the Womersley parameter in
the form of j 0,2
< α < j 1,2
as it is wellknown
that j 1,2
< j 0,3
.
Thus, in general case, condition (31)
supplements the condition (29), which
provides the presence of M-shape in
radial velocity profile, and they can
exist together only under condition
of j 0,m
> j 1,n
for m > n = 1, 2, ... for each
n in condition (29). This condition
marks the range of change of the pa-
uz
s=r0n ( )
r=
R
r
is a positive value and directed not
from the flow to the tube solid wall,
as in solution (11), but in the opposite
direction. It corresponds to an efficient
negative viscosity for the realized
non-equilibrium mode of viscous incompressible
fluid flow. Actually, for
mode flow (28) the representation for
the value of impulse flow at the tube
wall is the following:
s( t ) = -r R(t )a (t ) ×
J( a)
0 0 0 0
1
× exp( -l(t 0)t0×
s( ta ) J
0( a)
t
1 t
× d t ), t= ,
ò
2 1
s( t
1 1) t0
R( t)
s( t ) =
R(t )
It follows from (30) that an admissibility
of positive values of impulse
flow becomes possible when in (30)
The last inequality is possible only
under the following condition:
0
J(
1
a ) < 0
J( a)
.
0
. (23)
j 0,m
< α < j 1,m
; m = 1, 2, ... (31)
rameters which characterize the flow’s
non-equilibrium degree and make the
energetically advantageous fluid flow
possible. Besides, according to (30), it
occurs either in tubes with constant in
time radius (when in (30) s=1).
4. Model of optimal branching
tube
As in [5], let us consider a problem
of uniform distribution of fluid on the
three-dimensional area using the system
of branching tubes (BT). The BT
system begins in some part of the surface
(limiting the noted area) in the
form of one tube having zero number
of generation n = 0. Then the m-like
branches of smaller diameter generate
from the tube and they are assigned
with the first generation number
n = 1. Each of these branches also divides
into m-branches of the second
generation with number n = 2 and
so on till the tubes with generation
number n = N. For simplicity’s sake,
within the framework of the given
model assumed is an identity of all the
tubes’ lengths and diameters in all the
branches with the same generation
number n. Each branch of the tube
with generation number n is corresponded
to its own three-dimensional
area, which is supplied by this branch
and all the branches with higher generation
numbers appearing from this
branch. It is a dichotomic branching
when m = 2, and, in general, the m
value does not have to be even an integer
number [5].
The BT model may be widely applicated
in evaluation of transport processes
efficiency in many natural and
technical systems. For example, in
circulatory, respiratory, irrigation systems
and many others.
At the same time the theory [5] follows
from simple hypotheses of similarity
and limitation of the transported
fluid volume when finding the
conditions of the hydraulic resistance
minimum. As a result, in [5] derived
are the basic laws of changing the
tubes section lengths and areas depending
on the generation number n
which characterizes the degree of remoteness
from source of fluid when
describing its transportation along
each tube according to Hagen–Poiseuille
(HP) stationary flow.
In the present paragraph generalized
are the theory [5] conclusions for
nonstationary M-shaped mode flow
described by hydrodynamic equation
(28) exact solutions. At the same time
we use a well-known definition [5]
for hydraulic resistance value
Dp(t)
= r Q ,
where positive value Δp is the difference
between the pressure in the beginning
and the end of the transportation
system the fluid flows through.
Let us also assume the fluid has a
constant density ρ 0
and volume consumption
velocity Q 0
. For flow (28)
we have (taking into account representation
the following Poiseuille law generalization:
2
Ln
a
R
res
= =
4
pR 2J
1( a)
( - 1)
aJ( a)
where
R
res
Dp(t)
0 0
2 1
Q0
= pR ( -1);
Lr0 aJ( 0
a)
t
0
2J ( a)
D p(t) = Dp exp( ò d tl( t)), D p =
t0
a
0(t 0)
= )
l (t )
0
2
a
= R
res
( a= 0)
2J
1( a)
8( - 1) , (32)
aJ( a)
8L n
R
res
( a= 0) =
4
R
0
64 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

epresentation for hydraulic resistance
corresponding the Poiseuille law for
stationary HP flow used in [5] when
considering the optimal BT model.
Within the limit α > 1
n
ln
n
Q = 2p drru =
0 z
0
t
2 2
0 0 0 0 0ò
1 2
1
1
pa (t )R (t )s ( t)exp( -l(t )t d t )
s( t1)
= ×
l(t 0)
é2J 1( a)
ù
× -1
ê
(34)
aJ( 0
a)
ú
ë û
values (when
J( a 1 n)
» tg a )
n
J(
0
a
n)
the hydraulic resistance (32) and (33)
appears to be
2
8( tgan
-1)
8 a
n
»
2
F a
0 n
less than for the Hagen-Poiseuille
flow (HP) stationary mode.
Moreover, under condition
tgα n

during this time period (as it has
been done in paragraph 2 for flow
mode (11)).
Thus, it is not hard to obtain from
(34) the following representation for
total nondimensional volume g (flown
through the tube cross-section during
time period Δt = t2 – t0) and total
nondimensional work a corresponding
to this mode:
V
01
y
ò dIG, (38)
0
01 1
V
g= = t
V
2
2pt0R (t
0) a
0(t 0)
= =
l(t )
= 2p t R (t )u ,u =
2
0 0 m m
a
0(t 0)
= . (39)
l (t
0)
A
a = =
E01
é 1 gLG
ù
I(
0
- ) +
2 2
M1
s
y
IB
2 2
= ò dt G +g (2I1B 1+ ) +
;
2
1
2
GI
13
+
ê
ë 2 ú
û
um
2 p0
M
1= ;c0
=
c r
0
0
ds 2
( )
B
1
= dt
;
s
2
d s ds
2
2
B d d . (40)
2
= t + ( t);
s s
2 3
E = 2pr t R (t )u =
0
0 0
1
G = exp( -l(t 0)t 0) ò d t1 );
2
s( t )
ra
s( t) J(
0
)
n+
1 s( t)
In
= ò drr ( - 1), n = 0,1, 2;
J( a)
s( t)
0
3
I s
13
= ò drr( -1) ;
J(
0 0
a)
t
1
ra
J( )
01 0 0 0 m
=r u V ;
2
0 m 01
1
2
s() t
1
I
0
= ( -1);
2 aJ( 0
a)
g=
g =
L
2J ( a)
2
R (t
0) 2 2 ;
tu
0 m
L l(t 0) .
Let us consider the next isoperimetric
problem of conditional extremum
of work functional a at a fixed volume
g = g 0
= const, investigating the
functional variations F = a + λ L
.g.
Within the limit M 1

s(1) = s(y) = 1. From (43) and condition
of continuity
2 2
s
+
( t=e ) = s
-( t=e)
of tube radius changing at time moment
τ = ε (when the tube extension
mode is replaced by the reduction one)
we obtain the following interrelation
between parameters:
2 l(t 0)t 0(y-1)
q =
. (44)
1+ 2 l(t 0)t 0( e-1)
3ln 1 - 2 l (t )t (y -e )
0 0
Thus, from condition g = g 0
(38) and
(43) derived is the following equality
(at q > 0, when inequality
1
e> y- 2 l (t )t
0 0
execution is needed for that in (44)):
g0
= g+ + g
-;
1 2J
1( a)
A = ( -1)
6 l(t 0)t0 aJ 0( a)
é
3
ù
2
g+
= A (1+ 2 l(t 0)t 0( e-1)) -1 ;
ê
ú
ë
û
é
3 ù
2
g-
= A 1 -(1-2 l(t 0)t 0(y -e))
×
ê
ú
ë
û
1-2 l(t 0)t 0(y -e)
×
1+ 2 l(t )t ( e-1)
0 0
. (45)
In (45) the fixed volume value is
g 0
> 0. From (45) and (44) it is possible
to define values q and ε as functions
of parameters y, λ(t 0
)t 0
and α.
Within the limit 2 λ(t 0
)t 0
ε>>1 at
2 λ(t 0
)t 0
(y – ε)>g –
, when from (44) (under condition
y1; λ(t 0
)t 0

and the tube radius R(t) at pulsating
mode flow. At the same time, let us
consider a general case for various
arbitrary (not only optimal as in previous
paragraph) modes of the tube
walls’ extension and reduction.
Let the tube radius change according
to the set power law
t
R (t) = R(t )( ) . (51)
( + ) p
0
t0
When extending the tube in (51)
index value p > 0. For modelling the
pulsating mode we consider the phase
of extension on time interval from t 0
to t 1
, when the dependence of tube
radius on time is defined by function
(51). The reduction phase is defined
on time interval from t 1
to t 2
, during
this phase the tube radius changes according
to the following law:
(-) t
2 d
R (t) = R(t
0)( ) . (52)
t
Besides, a condition of correlation
between representations (51) and (52)
is an execution of the following equality
which establishes relations between
parameters involved in (51), (52):
ln(t
1/ t
0)
d=
p . (53)
ln(t / t )
2 1
According to (34) the average (in
tube cross-section) velocity decreases
by power law only at the mode of extension
(51) when the index is p=1/2:
( + ) t0
l(t 0)t0
u
av(t) = u
av(t 0)( )
t
a
0(t 0) 2J
1( a)
u
av(t 0) =- (1-
);
l(t ) aJ ( a)
0 0
l(t 0)
a= R(t
0)
. (54)
n
In other cases the mode of evolution
in time is rapider than the power one.
Let us note, that just for solution (43),
which corresponds to an optimal energetical
advantageous transportation
mode, typical is the same index of
power as for (52) under p=1/2, which
provides a power mode of average velocity
changing in (54). Besides, observed
is a qualitative correspondence
to conclusions [8]-[10], in which we
used an axiomatic construction of description
of average velocity interelated
to pulsating change of tube radius
in time when describing the system of
optimal blood transportation in cardiovascular
system. However, in [10]
for description of mode of (51) type
used was index p=1/5, not p=1/2, as
it has to follow from considerations
given in the present study. The studies
[8 – 10] results have already found
their application (see [10] for more
details) in medical practice for evaluation
of cardiovascular system (CVS)
functional state in a norm and under
negative influences such as both the
CVS pathology and environmental
factors change (during space mission,
etc.).
Thus, the present study considers
some aspects related to a possibility
of energetically advantageous fluid
transport realization owing to taking
into account the pulsating mode
of the fluid supply into the system
and optimal structure of branching
tubes. The obtained conclusions
on energetical efficiency of just the
pulsating transportation mode, realized
at conditions defined above,
supplement the existing conclusions
[11 – 13]. [11 – 13] consider swirling
flows whose realization in CVS is also
found to be important for interpretation
of high coefficient of efficiency
in normal CVS performance. In its
turn, providing the normal CVS performance
influences all other integrative
systems of organism [14] and
defines the degree of the organism
sensitivity to changing factors of environment
[15].
The study is supported by RSF, project
No. 14-17-00806
Supplement
Usually when deriving the continuity
equations considered is the law of
mass conservation
m
ò
3
= dxr
V
of fluid with density ρ, located in volume
V and flowing with velocity ū
(see (1.1) in [1], p.14):
t
3 3
( d x ) d xdiv( u) Q(t)
ò ò
V
r+ r =
V
(S.1)
Here in the right side (S.1) a possibility
of existence of source (at Q > 0) or
drain (Q < 0) of fluid mass, characterized
by mass velocity value Q = Q(t), is
taken into account.
Generally, in (S.1) the value of volume
V may depend on time V=V(t).
At the same time it is possible to use
formula (2) when calculating time
derivative in the first term in (S.1).
For example, in case of flow along
the tube with time-varying radius
R(t) (which is the same along the
whole considered tube length L) the
value of volume in (S.1) is found to
be dependent on time just owing
to the R(t) variability. In this case
equation (S.1) in axisymmetric case
(when absent is the dependence of
considered fields on angular variable
φ at introduction of cylindrical
coordinates z, r, φ with axis z coinciding
with the tube axis) takes the
following form (taking into account
(2)):
L
ò
R(t)
r
dz ò drr( + div( r u)) +
t
0 0
L
+ RR dz r (R(t),z,t) = Q(t) / 2p,
ò
0
(S.2)
where R =dR/dt. Let us consider (S.2)
for incompressible fluid with constant
density ρ =ρ 0
=const. Let us also take
into account the following identity
68 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

2p
L
R(t)
2
LpR 2
0 0 0
0 0
Q(t)
LRR
- º 2 pr
1 Q(t)
º df dz drr(LRR
ò ò ò - ) =
pr
L R(t)
2R
Q(t)
= ò dz ò drr( - )
R p r
(S.3)
R(t)
é 2R
Q(t) ù
dz drr divu ò + - = 0
ê
2
R pRLr
ú
ë
0 û (S.4)
0
2
RL
0
Taking into account (S.3) we obtain
the following equation from (S.2):
L
ò
0 0
In [1] when deriving the continuity
equation (see (1.2) in [1]) for case
of stationary fluid volume, basing on
equality of this volume integral to zero,
we make a conclusion about necessity
of converting to zero the subintegral
function because an integral has to be
equal to zero in any volume. For equation
(S.4) its execution is also required
regardless of the value of considered
in (S.4) nonstationary volume the integration
is carried out over. Thus,
following the logics of [1], we obtain
equation (1). Indeed, in case of fixed
volume of integration (for example,
forset value L and function R(t)) equation
(1) does not have to follow from
equality (S.4). However, at the same
time, knowingly true is the converse
proposition that equation (1) execution
is sufficient to satisfy equation
(S.4) which is required to be exactly
executed because of the mass conservation
law. It is important to keep
in mind that equation (1) at the same
time describes the mass conservation
law for viscous incompressible fluid
just for the case of time-varying tube
radius, when common condition of
zero divergence of velocity field is substituted
by equation (1) with not equal
to zero right side. Actually, the right
side of equation (1) (which describes
capacity of externak sources in the
mode of tube extension or drains in
the mode of tube reduction) has to be
nonzero in case of any radius change in
0
time. It has a form of (10) at the mode
of velocity radial component change in
the form of (9) (see also (11)), which is
obtained according to boundary conditions
of sticking on solid boundary
of the tube with time-varying radius.
Besides, in any volume of fluid, separated
inside the tube, an influence of
presence of the external source-drain
of the fluid described by right sides (1)
and (10) has to be evident.
For the case of running wave
R = R(z–c 0
t)
from (S.1) it is easy to obtain the
continuity equation modification in
form (3) using the same method.
Statement on ethical issues
Research involving people and/or animals
is in full compliance with current
national and international ethical
standards.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Author contributions
The author read the ICMJE criteria
for authorship and approved the final
manuscript.
References
1. Landau LD, Lifshitz EM. Theoretical
physics. Vol. 6, Hydrodynamics.
Moscow: Nauka; 2006 [in Russian].
2. Green SI, (ed.): Fluid Vortices. Dordrecht
etc., Kluwer Academic Publishers;
1995. 878 pp. ISBN: 0-9723-3376-4
3. Saffman PG. Vortex dynamics. Cambridge
University Press; 1993. 311p.
ISBN: 052142058X
4. Schlichting H. Boundary layer theory:
Seventh edition. McGraw-Hill Book
Co; 2008. ISBN: 978-007055334-7
5. Chernous’ko FL. Optimal structure
of branching tubes. Applied mathematics
and mechanic. 1977;47(2):376-
83. [in Russian]
6. Chefranov SG. On condition of
negativity of friction resistance for
nonstationary modes of blood flow.
Cardiometry. 2013;2:40-50.
7. Womersly JR. Oscillatory flow in
arteries: the constrained elastic tube
as a model of arterial flow and pulse
transmission. Physics in Med. and
Biol. 1957;2(2):178-87.
8. Poyedintsev GM, Voronova OK.
The third flow pattern. Science in
Russia. 1993;1:22-3. [in Russian]
9. Poyedintsev GM, Beregovkin AV,
Ponomarev SI, Strumskite OK. Method
for calculation of heart systolic
volume. Bulletin of investigations.
1981;17:10. [in Russian]
10. Voronova OK. Development of
models and algorithms for computer
aided evaluation of cardiovascular
system transportation function [dissertation].
Voronezh: VorSTU; 1995.
145 p. [in Russian]
11. Chefranov AS, Chefranov SG.
Extrema of energy and velocity of its
dissipation in swirling flows hydrodynamics.
Doklady Akademii Nauk.
2003;393(5):624-8. [in Russian]
12. Chefranov SG. Generation of helicity
in uniform spiral vortex flows.
JETP. 2004;126(5(11)):1133-45.
13. Chefranov SG. Maximum volume
consumption of fluid and golden angle of
swirling flow in tube. Doklady Akademii
Nauk. 2009;426(3):328-31. [in Russian]
14. Chefranov SG, Kovrov GV.
Mathematical modeling of macrostructural
scale-like arrangement of
sleeping and its efficiency integrative
indicator. Doklady Akademii Nauk.
2006;407(5). [in Russian]
15. Chefranov SG, Artamonova MS,
Bockeria LA, et al. Mathematical
modeling of blood flow pattern arrangement
for prediction of the human
individual sensitivity to environmental
factors; Moscow: Nauka;
2014. [in Russian]
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 69

SHORT REPORT Submitted: 20 June 2016 Accepted: 25 July 2016 Published: 16 November 2016
DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2016.9.7073
Energetic criteria of lymphocytes in evaluation of
efficacy of system processes correction under oncopathology
Alla I. Shikhlyarova 1* , Galina V. Zhukova 1 , Oleg I. Kit 1 , Svetlana M. Babieva 1
1
Rostov-on-Don Oncology Research Institute
Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation
Russia, Rostov-on-Don, 344037, 14 th Line str. 63
*
Corresponding author:
phone: +7 (928) 900-68-82, e-mail: shikhliarova.a@mail.ru
Abstract
The activity of key ferments in the Krebs cycle (SDH) and glycolysis (α-GPDH)
in peripheral blood lymphocytes in animals and humans with cancer pathology
is considered herein. Identified is a close relationship between the fermentative
activity and non-specific integral reactions of an organism, the type of which can
be regulated by factors of electromagnetic nature. Monitoring of signal energetic
and adaptive reactions permits to adequately evaluate an efficacy of treatment
and predict recovery.
Keywords
Blood lymphocytes, Dehydrogenases, Cancerogenesis, Mammary gland cancer
Imprint
Alla I. Shikhlyarova, Galina V. Zhukova, Oleg I. Kit, Svetlana M. Babieva. Energetic criteria
of lymphocytes in evaluation of efficacy of system processes correction under
oncopathology. Cardiometry; Issue 9; November 2016; p. 70-73; DOI: 10.12710/
cardiometry.2016.9.7073; Available from: http://www.cardiometry.net/issues/
no9- november-2016/energetic-criteria- of-lymphocytes
Special attention which is paid to
lymphocytes is related not only to
their role as immune competent cells.
Their capability to participate in regulation
of a number of the organism
non-immune functions from energetic
and free radical processes at the
catecholamine level in blood to physiological
regeneration, growth and
development has a great significance.
Thus the lymphocyte criteria serve
as a dynamic indicator which gives a
new meaning to the signal structure
of basic characteristics of the organism
robustness [1, 2].
According to Prof. M.N. Kondrashova,
the founder of the Russian
School of mitochondrial energetics,
blood lymphocytes are an inspection
glass in our organism, since they
carry a direct signal of energetic metabolism
[1, 2]. Meant is an integral
change in the mitochondrial system
in the organism that is adequately
demonstrated by the state of lymphocyte
dehydrogenases. Known is the
existence of the direct relationship
between the activity of mitochondrial
glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
(α-GPDH) and succinate dehydrogenase
(SDH) [3-5]. The relation
between the activity both of α-GP-
DH and SDH and the immune reaction
indicators is determined by the
function of these ferments: α-GPDH
participates in functioning of the glycerophosphate
shunt which governs
the glycolysis state, while SDH participates
in the Krebs cycle as the key
ferment. Modulation of the activity
of SDH and the related α-GPDH reflects
not only the type of the cell metabolism
rearrangement, but the formation
of qualitatively different types
of adaptive reactions [6, 7] as well.
Thus, under stress, the lowest indicators
of SDH (8,6±0,7 in conventional
units) and α-GPDH (6,2±0,6 in conventional
units) activity are reported,
that allows assuming there is a disorder
in the integration of the processes
of phosphorylating respiration and
glycolysis. Besides, a reduction in the
macroerg production in lymphocytes
leads to a disorder in permeability
and intactness of cell membranes and
organelles that is dangerous for highly
sensitive systems like the nervous and
cardiovascular ones. Under development
of the reaction of activation, a
much more higher activity of SDH
(15,1±2,0; р

Figure 1. Change in activity of dehydrogenases of lymphocytes in peripheral blood in rats
at early stages of cancerogenesis for reference group versus VLF MF exposed group (thick
lines)
dehydrogenases in peripheral blood
can determine a degree of damage or
restoration not only at the level of the
immune system cell components, but
also at the level of the organism with
its discreteness of the states of the
norm and pathology [8, 9].
Disorders in mitochondrial processes
with a deficiency of the SDH
activity are observed for a great variety
of nosological forms from cardiovascular
diseases to insufficiency
of gastric secretion and renal function.
R.P. Nartsissov [10] considers
that the cytochemical analysis of
the peripheral blood lymphocytes is
a “mediated biopsy” of viscera. For
instance, the state of a SDH depression
is typical for severe pathology in
newborns and serves as a predictor of
their further development. The most
advanced computer-aided medical
diagnostics systems include calculations
of energetic parameters in cardiometry
[11, 12].
Despite the fact that the ferment
systems of lymphocytes under different
system disorders are well studied,
research on the ferment activity of
lymphocytes in case of development
and treatment of malignant tumors
under applications of some factors of
regulatory influence remains of topical
significance.
An evaluation of the activity of the
lymphocyte dehydrogenases in peripheral
blood under experimental
conditions of the tumor growth and
medication of the mammary gland
cancer with the use of an electromagnetic
field exposure has become the
aim of the study described herein.
Some experiments have been carried
out by modeling chemically induced
cancerogenesis in 72 albino
rats. Brain scanning with the use of
very low frequency magnetic field
(VLF MF) has been carried out according
to the algorithm of frequencies
of 0,03-0,3-3-9 Hz with rectangular
impulse modulation of 300 Hz,
at the 3.2mT induction and 8 min.
exposure [13].
An application of VLF MF during
week 1 of cancerogenesis significantly
retarded a reduction of the ferment
activity of the peripheral blood lymphocytes
as compared to the reference
values. A balance in the operation of
the SDH-α-GPDH system reflected a
coordinated interaction between the
Krebs cycle and the α-glycerophosphate
shunt against the background
of an increase of the lymphocyte
concentration in the complete blood
count up to 65% (the level of calm
activation reaction) against 45% in
the reference test (the level of stress).
It indicates not only an anti-stressor
effect of VLF MF, but also the control
provided by the latter over concentration
of ferments-bio-regulators
which govern the mechanisms of cell
metabolism [13].
The said specific features of the influence
made by VLF MF were also
confirmed later: week 5 and week 9
of cancerogenesis demonstrated the
maintenance of the activity of SDH
which is of particular value for synthesis
of energy-rich compounds.
The regulation of SDH in the processes,
which require an economical
ATP synthesis, such as proliferation,
in the opinion supported by Davidson
J. [12], is performed by changing
the ATP concentration. Under peak
load conditions in an organism, demanding
urgent production of ATP, it
is just SDH that plays the major role
in the organism for this purpose. The
mecha nism of activation of SDH is
related to an elevation of the restorability
of the components of the mitochondrial
respiratory chain under the
“working” hypoxia, as well as to an
increase of succinic acid supply with
burning lipids and proteins [14-19].
The stable distinguishing feature of
the activity of SDH in lymphocytes in
peripheral blood in rats exposed to
VLF MF under cancerogenesis, that
has been detected by us, makes possible
to asses one more physiological
aspect of the regulation of the activity
of the ferment. It is linked with the
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 71

necessity to avoid an excessively intensive
oxidation of succinic acid that
may involve not only depletion of
substrates, but also a disagreement in
the respiration processes and phosphorylation.
But at the same time, in
spite of the completed VLF MF exposures,
the fact of a reduction in the
activity of α-GDFH was reported, that
was scarcely exhibited in week 5 and
clearly detected in week 9 of the chemical
cancerogenesis (see Figure 1).
For an interpretation of the possible
mechanism, it is required to take
into account the linkage between
α-GPDH and some specific functions
of lymphocytes, namely, their
immune, trophic functions etc. It has
been established that the condition
of differentiation of lymphocytes is
determined by the respective level
of activity of dehydrogenases [13-
17]. In this case, it should be noted
that the ferment activity in immature
lymphocytes is higher than that in
mature ones, and an increase in the
relation between α-GPDH and SDH
may be used as an indicator of the
“rejuvenation” of the cell population.
Following this interpretation way, we
can state that a reduction in the activity
of α-GPDH in relation to SDH under
VLF MF exposure may indicate
that there is an increase in the pool
of mature lymphocytes. The research
literature offers a knowledge of high
informative value of the morphometric
markers of immune competent
cells in blood in oncology patients
suffering from blood cell production
disorders, and one of the markers is
considered to be the absence of the
small (maturate) lymphocytes and
an increase in the averaged area of
the lymphocytes at the expense of expanding
the volume of the cytoplasm.
So, it is logical to suppose that in case
of cancerogenesis, under VLF MF
exposure, there certain conditions of
the internal environment are being
formed, which provide for preservation
and an increase in the number of
the maturate differentiated immune
competent cells responsible for anti-tumor
resistance.
In order to validate our hypothesis,
we have studied the fermentative activity
of lymphocytes in local-type
mammary gland cancer patients
under their autohemochemotherapy
with the use of optical magnetic
treatment (OMT) of blood. It has
been established that the initial activity
of SDH according to the averaged
amount of formazan granules (Mav)
(before the treatment) has been recorded
at a level of 16,5 – 19,8 in conventional
units. As this takes place,
the pool of the cells showing a high
concentration of ferment-containing
granules (Ja) has reached a level of
224 ± 2,4 in conventional units, that
has been reflected in the relationship
between the SDH-activated lymphocytes
and the null-subpopulation
cells (Jo). Taking into account that
we were dealing with not a generalized,
but a local form of the cancer,
we might suggest that the mechanisms
of the energy production in
the circumstances are active enough
to meet the demands of the organism
which is competing against a progressing
tumor.
Upon the completion of chemotherapy
(therapy course 1), the activity of
SDH was reported to be lowered to
9,8 – 13,3 in conventional units, with
the Ja-level reduction to 190 ± 17,5 in
conventional units and the Ja/Jo-relation
decrease to 1,85. This condition
has characterized the suppression of
the respiratory processes and oxidative
phosphorylation of the blood
lymphocytes. This bears witness to
the stressogenic effects of cytostatic
agents on the energy metabolism as
one of the most important members
in the bio-adaptive integral responses
by an organism.
The group of patients who received
a combination of chemotherapy and
OMT for peripheral blood has demonstrated
the condition of fermentative
activity of lymphocytes that has been
characterized by the actual keeping of
the initial values of SDH, and the count
of the exhausted lymphocytes has been
recorded to be very low. An indication
of a higher level of involvement of ferments
in energetics of lymphocytes
was an increase in relation Jа/Jо by 2.3
times. Upon completion of chemotherapy
course 2, the dynamics of the
SDH activity in the reference group
was reported as negative. For the
main group exposed to OMT, against
the background of the maintenance
of the activity of SDH, there has been
reported a response of the α-GDPH
activity that has been synchronized
by criteria Jа and Jа/ Jо with the Krebs
cycle process level. Glycolysis boostering
was not prolonged; observed
were coming into action of the regulatory
mechanisms, correction and
protection from acidosis.
This is the supporting evidence for
the opinion by M.N.Kondrashova
and I.E.Maevski that “the mitochondrial
approach” is very productive
in an organism and that moreover it
demonstrates a high prognostic va lue
when assessing treatment efficacy.
We may conclude that the behavior
of the cell systems illustrated by an
example for the lymphocyte population
in the peripheral blood is subjected
to a regularity of the formation
of an adaptive response, with developing
the trigger mechanisms, which
may be induced by some factors of
electromagnetic nature: VLF MF and
OMT. This mechanism implements
72 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

the systems of metabolic re-setting
on the cell membranes of lymphocytes,
weakening inhibition influence
of tumor growth on fermentative activity.
By this means an assessment of
metabolic correction of lymphocytes
as one of the principal members of
the immunological protection under
tumor diseases and other critical
pathological conditions can bear
witness to a degree of involvement of
physiological resources of an organism
in the processes of elevation of
unspecific resistance. The simple assessment
criteria for energetics in an
organism provides us with the ”online”
information about efficacy of
the correction of pathological disorders
and the real forecast of stability
of treatment in oncology, cardiology
and other most important fields in
medicine.
Statement on ethical issues
Research involving people and/or
animals is in full compliance with
current national and international
ethical standards.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Author contributions
The author read the ICMJE criteria
for authorship and approved the final
manuscript.
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and Cell Biology. January
2013;45(1):190-200.
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 73

REPORT Submitted: 20 June 2016 Accepted: 1 September 2016 Published: 16 November 2016
DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2016.9.7476
Novel formula to measure mean
pulmonary artery pressure
Francisco Jose Chacon-Lozsan 1* , Elizaveta O. Lebedeva 2 ,
Juan Sebastian Peinado-Acevedo 3
1
Hospital Caracas’s University Hospital
Venezuela’s Central University
Venezuela, Caracas
2
Division of Emergency Endovascular Surgery
National Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery M. Amosov
Ukraine, 03110, Kiev, N. Amosov str. 6
3
Autonomous University of Bucaramanga
Colombia, Bucaramanga
*
Corresponding author:
phone: +58 (412) 427-14-87, e-mail: franciscojlk@hotmail.com
Abstract
Mean Pulmonary Arterial Pressure (MPAP) is an important parameter in evaluation
of patients with pulmonary hypertension. The aim of this study is to correlate
a new formula using non-invasive blood pressure and Bernoulli’s right ventricle
systolic pressure (RVSP) with invasive method. To archive the objectives, we enrolled
143 patients with suspected pulmonary hypertension from January 2015
till January 2016; all patients underwent right heart catheter evaluation and simultaneously
RVSP by transthoracic echocardiography and non-invasive blood
pressure to calculate MPAP by the formula MPAP = Pulse Pressure / (Mean Arterial
Pressure/RVSP); and the results were compared using the Pearson’s simple-linear
correlation method. We found a significant association between invasive and
equation results with a Pearson’s correlation of 0,872 with a confidence interval
from 0,795 to 0,921; sensitivity was 1,538% with a 95% confidence of interval (CI)
from 0,038% to 8,276%, and Specificity was 100% with 95% CI from 94,48% to
100%. Our results suggest that the new formula have a good correlation estimating
MPAP compared with invasive right heart catheterization method.
Keywords
Mean pulmonary artery pressure, Pulmonary hypertension, Echocardiography,
Non-invasive hemodynamic assessment
Imprint
Francisco Jose Chacon-Lozsan, Elizaveta O. Lebedeva, Juan Sebastian Peinado-Acevedo.
Novel formula to measure mean pulmonary artery pressure. Cardiometry; Issue 9;
November 2016; p. 74-76; DOI: 10.12710/cardiometry.2016.9.7476; Available from:
http://www.cardiometry.net/issues/no9-november-2016/pulmonary-artery-pressure
Introduction
The pulmonary circulation is a circuit
with a high flow and low pressure,
and this favors the pulmonary gas exchange
by preventing fluid moving
out of the pulmonary vessels into the
interstitial space so that the right ventricle
operates with a low energy cost.
The right ventricle is a thin-walled
structure, and for this reason, it is
poorly prepared to rapid changes in
loading condition. Pulmonary arterial
pressure (PAP) is the blood pressure
in the pulmonary artery; it is generated
by the right ventricle ejecting blood
into the pulmonary circulation, which
acts as a resistance to the output from
the right ventricle. With each ejection
of blood during the ventricular systole,
the pulmonary arterial blood volume
increases that stretches the wall
of the artery. As the heart relaxes (ventricular
diastole), blood continues to
flow from the pulmonary artery into
the pulmonary circulation [1].
In hemodynamic terms, the mean
pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP)
can be described by the following
equation: MPAP = (Cardiac output x
Pulmonary vascular resistance) + Pulmonary
venous pressure, or in clinic
terms MPAP = Pulmonary arterial
systolic pressure + (2 x Pulmonary arterial
diastolic pressure) / 3. Therefore,
increases in cardiac output, pulmonary
vascular resistance or pulmonary
venous pressure will lead to increases
in PAP. The normal mean pulmonary
artery pressure is 11-17 mmHg, however
there is some variation with age,
weight and physiologic states [2].
By consensus, pulmonary hypertension
(PH) refers to the presence of
a MPAP ≥ 25 mmHg at rest measured
by right heart catheterization (RHC).
The RHC is technically demanding
and has been associated with serious,
sometimes fatal complications, thus,
74 | Cardiometry | Issue 9. November 2016

this invasive diagnostic procedure
should be performed in expert centers.
The zero level of the pressure
transducer varies among centers and
should be standardized for future research
because the level of the transducer
has an important impact on
the hemodynamic results, especially
on the right atrium pressure and pulmonary
artery wedge pressure [3,4].
Echocardiography is performed to
estimate the pulmonary artery systolic
pressure through Doppler ultrasound
and to assess right ventricular size,
thickness, function, right atrial size,
left ventricular systolic and diastolic
function, and valve function, while
detecting pericardial effusions and intracardiac
shunts; they can be causes
of PH. Overestimation and underestimation
of pulmonary arterial pressure
occurred with similar frequency when
used Doppler echocardiography, especially
when an inadequate tricuspid
regurgitant jet is over-interpreted.
There is also variability for the operator
and the equipment [5,6].
Both echocardiography and RHC
are subject to disagreement when performed
at different times and under
different medical conditions, which is
a major limitation of the studies that
compare their accuracy in the diagnosis
of PH. Nonetheless, while echocardiography
detects PH with a greater accuracy
than clinical history and examination,
its greatest value is the detection of
underlying left-sided heart disease as
well as assessing RV function [7].
The aim of this study is to assess a
formula for MPAP and right ventricular
systolic pressure measurement
from non-invasive variables.
Materials and methods
Patients
The patients evaluated for the present
study were hundred forty-three
Figure 1. Correlation between right hearth catheterization measured MPAP and obtained
by equation
(143); thirty (32) patients were women
and thirty-five (111) were men,
between 35-56 years old, with clinical
suspected pulmonary hypertension,
without neoplastic, congenital
or psychiatric disease, non-pregnant,
and without heart failure admitted
to diagnostic right heart cardiac
catheterization; non-patients were
enrolled with dilated cardiomyopathy,
using inotropes or intravenous
vasoactive medications. The patients
were taken from the hemodynamics
unit of the Amosov National Institute
of Cardiovascular Surgery in
Ukraine, and the study was approved
by the Ethics Committee of the same
institution. All patients had accepted
the informed consent before they entered
the study.
Design
All patients submitted to diagnostic
coronary cardiac catheterization,
after the procedure, were submitted
to pulmonary artery catheterization
measuring right ventricle systolic
pressure and pulmonary mean arterial
pressure. Simultaneously, the
right ventricle systolic pressure was
measured by echocardiography using
the Bernoulli’s equation, and non-invasive
blood pressure was measured
by noninvasive method according
guidelines [8] to use with the experimental
formula as follows.
Formula:
MPAP = Pulse Pressure / (Mean
Arterial Pressure / Right Ventricular
Systolic Pressure).
Pulse pressure = Systolic blood
pressure – Diastolic blood pressure.
Mean Arterial Pressure = Systolic
blood pressure + (2 x Diastolic blood
pressure) / 3
Statistical Analysis
The information collected was
downloaded to GraphPad Prism for
Windows 5.1, and a linear correlation
was performed by calculating the r
Pearson study.
Results
143 patients were enrolled to the
study; mean values of MPAP were
42mmHg with a standard deviation
of 18,22 mmHg. The Pearson’s correlation
was 0,872 with a confidence
interval from 0,795 to 0,921 when
compared MPAP between invasive
and formula results. Sensitivity was
1,538% with a 95% confidence of interval
(CI) from 0,038% to 8,276%,
Issue 9. November 2016 | Cardiometry | 75

and Specificity was 100% with 95% CI
from 94,48% to 100% (Figure 1 and
Table 1).
Conclusions
Patients with suspected PH must be
evaluated using a multimodality approach
to ensure a precise diagnosis,
from clinical evaluation, non-invasive
imaging techniques like echocardiogram
until RHC, which is considered to
be the ‘‘gold standard’’. Echocardiography
should be performed always in patients
with HP suspected, and it can be
used to infer the diagnosis of HP in multiple
patients whose results of echocardiographic
measurements are consistent
with this diagnosis; echocardiographic
changes in PH are several: right ventricular
enlargement, right ventricular
hypertrophy, right atrial enlargement,
functional tricuspid regurgitation with
a high velocity regurgitant jet by Doppler
and a mid-systolic notch on the
pulmonary artery Doppler flow tracing;
however echocardiography alone is not
enough to make a decision about treatment,
and RHC is necessary [8,9].
Several authors have attempted to
create novel formulas to calculate
different hemodynamic variables, for
example, pulmonary artery occlusion
pressure [10], and PAP is often
estimated from echocardiographic
estimations [5,11]. The Bernoulli
equation was the best way to measure
MPAP using echocardiography with
a correlation of r=0,451 compared
with invasive measurements, in 2011;
Pyxaras Stylianos and his working
team published a new formula to estimate
the MPAP: they compared their
new formula against the invasive way
in 60 patients, obtaining a correlation
of r = 0,692 [12]. In this study we
compared the new formula against
invasive method in 143 patients obtaining
a correlation of r=0,872.
The non-invasive methods to calculate
different hemodynamic variables
have great advantages over the invasive
methods, due to the patient is not
subjected to risks inherent to the procedure,
and for this reason, this study
shows a novel method to calculate
the MPAP using vital signs, which is
cheap, easy and have good accuracy.
Statement on ethical issues
Research involving people and/or animals
is in full compliance with current national
and international ethical standards.
Conflict of interest
None declared.
Author contributions
All authors have full access to all data
in the study and the final responsibility
for the decision to submit for publication.
All authors seen and approved the
submitted version. There was not any
medical writer or editor involved in
the generation of this publication. The
study was founded by the authors, and
there’s no conflict of interest. The author
read the ICMJE criteria for authorship
and approved the final manuscript.
References
1. Peacock AJ, Naeije R, Rubin LJ.
Pulmonary Circulation: Diseases and
Their Treatment, Third Edition. London
United Kingdom, ERS. Taylor &
Francis Ltd. 27 May 2011
2. Klabunde RE. Cardiovascular Physiology
Concepts, Second Edition. LWW;
Sep 6, 2011.
3. Hoeper MM, Bogaard HJ, Condliffe
R, Frantz R, Khanna D, Kurzyna
M, et al. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013
Dec;62(25 Suppl):D42-50.
4. Kovacs G, Avian A, Olschewski
A, Olschewski H. Eur Respir J
2013;42:1586–94. 28. Hoeper MM,
Maier R, Tongers J, et al.
Pearson r 0,8720
95% confidence of
interval
0,7950 to 0,9213
P Value