BMET 433 Final Exam – New 2016

BMET 433 Final Exam – New 2016
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(TCO 1) What is the name of the medical imaging
system that uses an emission signal from a human
body to create the image of the organ?
(TCO 1) The spatial frequency along the x-axis of a
pixel dimension (expressed in mm) is
(TCO 1) The Beer-Lambert law is most important in
radiology and is expressed by I=I0e -μx . What is the unit
of exponent μxin this equation?

(TCO 2) All of the following affect the shape of the X-
ray spectrum except
(TCO 2) The main difference between bremsstrahlung
B X-rays and characteristic C X-rays is
(TCO 2) Which of the following affect the shape of the
X-ray spectrum?
(TCO 3) Here is a grid with the following four CT data sets. What are the final μ values
in the 2 x 2 matrix using the unfiltered back projection method? Reconstruct the original
grid of coefficients, μ(x,y), and show your work.
(TCO 3) A third-generation CT scanner has which of
the following features?
(TCO 3) The pictorial representation of the Radon
transform off(x,y)is known as
(TCO 4) The figure below shows an interface between two media (a and b) with
impedance values of Z1 = 1.38x10 6 kg/m 2 -s (fat) and Z2 = 1.70x10 6
kg/m 2 -s (muscle) and velocity values,n1 = 1450 m/s andn2 = 1581 m/s,
respectively.
If the difference in acoustical impedance values of the tissues increased, how
would that affect the transmitted intensity?
(TCO 4) Which of the following is the minimum
frequency of acoustic signal used in medical
ultrasound imaging?
(TCO 4) What thickness of PZT crystal should be used
if we want to create a US transceiver to operate at 2
MHz with a characteristic speed of sound, CT= 4000

m/s?
(TCO 5) In the figure below, which part of the MRI machine creates a unique
Larmor frequency for each voxel?
(TCO 5) For a gradient coil, a 50 mT/m gradient can be
expressed as frequency of
(TCO 5) Calculate the local Larmor frequency of H-1
for a z-slice in an MRI machine at a z-coordinate of 15
cm, given that the B(z) is 1000 gauss and the B0= 3.000
T.
(TCO 6) Radiation used in standard nuclear medicine
is
(TCO 7) How thick does a surgeon’s lead apron need
to be to block a typical X-ray radiation by at least 98%
if the μ of lead is 0.75 mm -1 ?
(TCO 2) What is the function of the collimator on an X-
ray machine and what is it usually made of?
(TCO 4) Explain how ultrasound bends at an interface
between tissue mediums.
(TCO 5) Assuming that an MRI uses a 2 T permanent
magnet, what is the local magnetic field B(z) at a
distance of -2 cm if the gradient field applied on the z-
axis is 30 mT/cm?
(TCO 1) Summarize the four physical signals that give

ise to the major imaging modalities: radiography,
nuclear medicine, ultrasound, and magnetic
resonance imaging.
(TCO 2) A photon with an energy of 98.9 keV excites
and dislodges a tungsten K-shell electron, which then
dislodges an L-shell electron. Calculate the released
L-shell electron energy in [keV]. (Note: K-shell binding
energy is 67.5 keV and the L-shell binding energy is 11
keV for Tungsten.)
(TCO 4) Assuming the US wave incident angle, θi = 0 o ,
what is the transmission percent, transmission angle,
θt, and reflection percent if Z1 = 1.50 and Z2 = 1.35.
Also, c1 = 1000 m/s and c2 = 1050 m/s. Show your
process of calculations.
(TCO 3) Given a grid with the following four CT data sets, what are the final ì
values in the 2 X 2 matrix using the unfiltered back projection method?
Reconstruct the original grid of coefficients, ì(x,y), and match with the following.
(TCO 3) An X-ray computed tomography (CT) produces tomograms of the distribution of
(TCO 4) In the figure below, an interface between two media (“a” and “b”) has
impedance values of Z1 = 1.38x10 6 kg/m 2 -s (fat) and Z2 = 1.70x10 6 kg/m 2 -s (muscle)
and velocity values n1 = 1450 m/s and n2 = 1581 m/s, respectively.
What is the wavelength of the ultrasound in fat, λ1 if the wavelength of the same
ultrasound signal in muscle is 1.5 mm?
(TCO 4) The maximum frequency of medical ultrasound is
(TCO 4) In the figure below, an interface between two media (“a” and “b”) has
impedance values of Z1 = 1.38x10 6 kg/m 2 -s (fat) and Z2 = 1.70x10 6 kg/m 2 -s (muscle)
and velocity values n1 = 1450 m/s and n2 = 1581 m/s, respectively.

If the difference in acoustical impedance values of the tissues increased, how would
that affect the transmitted intensity?
(TCO 4) How thick is the fat if the attenuation coefficient, m = 0.63 dB/cm, and
assuming a 20dB loss across the tissue?
(TCO 5) In the figure below, what part of the MRI machine energizes the H-protons to
change Mz and Mxy?
(TCO 5) See the figure below. What part of an MRI machine initially aligns the H-
protons?
(TCO 5) In NMR or MRI, if a main static magnetic field of 2 tesla is used instead of 1
tesla, what would the Larmor frequency of H-1 protons be? Assume the gyromagnetic
ratio of 42.58 (MHz/T).
(TCO 1) List and explain the three major contributors to image quality.
(TCO 1) Distinguish between the noise and artifact in a medical image.
(TCO 2) Describe the main process to generate an ultrasound image of a human
organ.
(TCO 2) Which types of technology(s) could an X-ray system use to get a
consistent exposure time feedback signal?
(TCO 2) Discuss three technique factors of an X-ray machine to get a better
image.
(TCO 3) Which CT reconstruction method is used to recalculate (estimate) the
original attenuation coefficients, μ(x,y), for each pixel in the FOV?
(TCO 3) Distinguish between X-ray imaging and CT imaging.
(TCO 3) Explain the relationship between linear attenuation coefficient of human
tissue and CT number in Hounsfield unit.
(TCO 4) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of M-mode and B-mode
ultrasound imaging.
(TCO 5) Assuming that an MRI uses a 3 T permanent magnet, what is the local
magnetic field B(z) at a distance of +2 cm if the gradient field applied on the z-axis
is 40 mT/cm?

(TCO 5) Assuming that an MRI uses a 2 T permanent magnet, what is the local
magnetic field B(z) at a distance of -2 cm if the gradient field applied on the z-axis
is 30 mT/cm?
(TCO 5) Explain the net magnetic field gradients 20 mT/m in z-direction of the
human body.
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