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CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM IN KENYA: An Audit Preliminary Table of contents Acronyms…………………………………………………………..................…………….......…………xx Glossary…………………………………………………………….................………….......………….xxii Foreword………………………….……………………………………..................………..........………xxiv Acknowledgement.……………………………………………………...................……………......……xxvi Overview and Executive Summary ………………………………………….....................………....……xxviii Methodology ………………………………………….....................………....……................................... xxxi Chapter 1: Contextual Analysis Historical Development of Criminal Justice System.………....…......…35 Legal Framework of the Criminal Justice System.………........……….36 Criminal Procedure Code.………………………………………………….........………………………….37 Safeguards against the abuse of Police arresting powers..………………………....…………..........………….38 Remand of pre-trial detainees in prison.……………………………………………………..........………….40 Bond and bail processes..………………………………………………………………..........…………….41 Legal representation..………………………………………………………………….............…………44 Prosecution under special legislation – Terrorism.…………………………………………………............…44 Vulnerable groups in the Criminal Justice System.…………………………………………............…………46 Child offenders.……………....…………………………………………………............……………46 Mentally ill offenders............…………………………………………………………………………48 Immigrants..............…………………………………………………………………………………49 Women.................…………………………………………………………………………………...52 Pre - Trial Detention................…………………………………………54 Legal framework on pretrial detention.........…………………………………………………………………55 The Regional level............…………………………………………………………………………………56 4
Right to liberty and security of the person .......…………………………………………………………58 Notification .........………………………………………………………………………………….....59 Appearance before a Judicial or other Authority ............…………………………………………………60 Conditions of Pre-trial Detention In Kenya ................……………………………………………………61 Standards of Conditions of Detention ......………………………………………………………………63 Formalities – Registration, Record Keeping and Communication ...………………………………………63 Access to Counsel and Legal Assistance .....……………………………………………………………63 Conditions of detention .........…………………………………………………………………………64 Special regime .........…………………………………………………………………………………64 Accommodation ......…………………………………………………………………………………64 Food and water .........…………………………………………………………………………………64 Medical care ............…………………………………………………………………………………65 Hygiene ...................…………………………………………………………………………………65 Clothing ..................…………………………………………………………………………………65 Property ...................…………………………………………………………………………………66 Women in detention .....………………………………………………………………………………66 Vulnerable persons in detention .........…………………………………………………………………67 Case Flow Management......……………………………………………67 The Judiciary.......…………………………………………………………………………………………68 Office of the Director of Public Prosecution.........……………………………………….........………………71 Legal representation.................………………………………………………….................……………….72 The National Police Service.......………………………………....................…………………………………73 Kenya Prisons Service.............………………………………….............…………………………………..75 Probation and Aftercare Services......…………………………............……………………………………..76 Children’s services.....………………………………...................…………………………………………78 Chapter 2: Case Flow Management Findings 2.1. Kenya Police findings.................................................................81 Methodology..............…………….………………………………………………………..............………81 Cell Register Sampling.........…………………………………………………………………………81 Charge Register Sampling.........………………………………………………………………………82 5
Page 3 and 4: National Council on the Administrat
Page 5: 12 13 14 10 11 15 9 8 7 6 16 17 18
Page 9 and 10: Duration of charges........……
Page 11 and 12: Bail amounts..............………
Page 13 and 14: Ensuring legal presentation........
Page 15 and 16: Practices around children....……
Page 17 and 18: 5.7. Access to sport and religious
Page 19 and 20: The Prisons....................…
Page 21 and 22: Chapter 4: Conclusions and Recommen
Page 23 and 24: IPOA JTF KNCHR LRF LSK MHA NCAJ NPS
Page 25 and 26: Population Sample Sampling The popu
Page 27 and 28: Our new Constitutional order demand
Page 29 and 30: Consultants: Rtd. Lady Justice Mary
Page 31 and 32: A key finding from the audit study
Page 33 and 34: Methodology The audit targeted eigh
Page 35 and 36: It was necessary to categorize offe
Page 37 and 38: Historical Development of Criminal
Page 39 and 40: not be remanded in custody for offe
Page 41 and 42: More safeguards against the abuse o
Page 43 and 44: prisons has been the practice in Ke
Page 45 and 46: esearch shows that “there has bee
Page 47 and 48: on the next normal Court day. 48 Th
Page 49 and 50: Every child accused of having infri
Page 51 and 52: other detainees in special cells. 6
Page 53 and 54: Migrants in Kenya are upon arrest a
Page 55 and 56: ofthe inmates and guards. Currently
Page 57 and 58:
In some cases, such deprivations am
Page 59 and 60:
even elements of violations of pris
Page 61 and 62:
♦♦ ♦♦ ♦♦ Clear stipulat
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individual has to be released. No i
Page 65 and 66:
Standards of Conditions of Detentio
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well prepared and well served, as w
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is an important factor as all inter
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Moreover, prison records showed tha
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The guidelines were launched on 1 s
Page 75 and 76:
Paralegals also play a great role i
Page 77 and 78:
The Police Service still faces a nu
Page 79 and 80:
esource mobilization and the ring-f
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and transgender prisoners), the Cou
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2.1 Kenya Police Findings In this s
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Voi 200 7.05 100.00 Total 2,835 100
Page 87 and 88:
Murang’a 4,500 3.11 97.24 Makueni
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Immigration offence This is a very
Page 91 and 92:
illegal because it is in a national
Page 93 and 94:
Table 7: Reason for release from po
Page 95 and 96:
and negative values, the duration o
Page 97 and 98:
Maua 19.15 48.88 68.03 13.16 18.8 V
Page 99 and 100:
clear difference between Saturdays
Page 101 and 102:
Table 14: Charges referred from pol
Page 103 and 104:
Makueni 2,918 1,400 48% Nyali 6,760
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Violent Offences 2 4,970 10.96 69.1
Page 107 and 108:
of law enforcement officers rather
Page 109 and 110:
esult in administrative fines, whic
Page 111 and 112:
Improving prosecution There appears
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epresenting cases enrolled in 14 Ma
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Nakuru 6,600 Nakuru 7,900 Nyali 4,0
Page 117 and 118:
Malicious Damage 1,117 2.07 96.91 P
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more serious offences were more lik
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elow shows the composition of guilt
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was imposed in 20% of cases, CSO’
Page 125 and 126:
Duration of cases In 63% of observa
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Durations for incomplete cases Some
Page 129 and 130:
perception that the criminal trial
Page 131 and 132:
Policy and practice Rationalising t
Page 133 and 134:
Children’s Court Register Samplin
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This brings into the question the a
Page 137 and 138:
Offences All observations relating
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is a lower percentage than was obse
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(4) Where a case to which paragraph
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Some 37% of cases did not have an o
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Perhaps it is time for a serious co
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surveyed is represented in the tabl
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Nakuru 280 9.52 95.24 Nyeri 140 4.7
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Figure 3: Tribe or cultural affilia
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Drugs 4 0.14 15.47 Drugs, Possessio
Page 155 and 156:
Duration in Remand Recall that for
Page 157 and 158:
Conclusions on Remand Homes Remand
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Legislative Framework Recidivism Th
Page 161 and 162:
Table 1: Observations in the Crimin
Page 163 and 164:
Increased Sentence 48 0.88 56.69 Li
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• Property offence cases more lik
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• One-year completion rates The d
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Ensuring legal representation The h
Page 171 and 172:
Methodology As indicated above in t
Page 173 and 174:
Nyeri Women (Capital 15 3.10 90.08
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42 12 1.45 87.88 43 6 0.73 88.61 44
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4 14 2.27 76.18 5 9 1.46 77.63 6 7
Page 179 and 180:
Findings: Men on Remand Number of m
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43 25 0.26 89.39 44 84 0.88 90.27 4
Page 183 and 184:
Farmer 370 5.79 36.47 Fisherman 45
Page 185 and 186:
Offences The largest category among
Page 187 and 188:
Conclusion The profile of remand de
Page 189 and 190:
Table 1: Observations drawn from pr
Page 191 and 192:
Male admissions The total number of
Page 193 and 194:
Immigration 2,874 3.68 25.06 Malici
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37 632 2.11 83.48 38 434 1.45 84.93
Page 197 and 198:
50 42 0.46 94.32 51 35 0.38 94.70 5
Page 199 and 200:
Tugen 4 0.02 100 Nandi 2 0.01 100 P
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Offences against Children 0.21 1.38
Page 203 and 204:
Farmer 299 3.81 11.96 Fish Monger 1
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Lawyers and paralegals to investiga
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Courts Martial Courts Martial exerc
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“(5) Despite clauses (1) and (2),
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days thereafter unless the accused
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That there were two observations fr
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out on bond pending appeal. Corpora
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The trial took two months before it
Page 219 and 220:
Case Study 5: Private E Private E w
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Fair trial rights mean private defe
Page 223 and 224:
Thus the offence is not dealt with
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Note there was initially no provisi
Page 227 and 228:
Internal Disciplinary Processes of
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227
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3.1. Conditions of detention at sel
Page 233 and 234:
♦♦ ♦♦ ♦♦ ♦♦ ♦♦
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6. Access to toilets International
Page 237 and 238:
detainees do not stay for very long
Page 239 and 240:
conflict with the law may be remand
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Nairobi Nairobi, Nairobi 2/12/2015
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(2) Where the case of a child appea
Page 245 and 246:
the same offence. For cases in a co
Page 247 and 248:
♦♦ ♦♦ Rules 31-34, and 37 o
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5.5 Adequate food and drinking wate
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♦♦ ♦♦ Rules 49-55 of the Un
Page 253 and 254:
(Nairobi). All children qualifying
Page 255 and 256:
7.4 Discipline The UNSMR require th
Page 257 and 258:
9. Complaints and inspection proced
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Persons deprived of liberty shall b
Page 261 and 262:
Deficiencies in service delivery ar
Page 263 and 264:
17. Serious consideration should be
Page 265 and 266:
♦♦ the level of occupation of t
Page 267 and 268:
CJS AUDIT 2015(CASE FLOW MANAGEMENT
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Makueni 8 0 0 0 6 Marsabit 3 0 0 0
Page 271 and 272:
the prohibition of torture is a sub
Page 273 and 274:
some concern that there was such va
Page 275 and 276:
is, however, more problematic. Some
Page 277 and 278:
case of terrorism offences, the rem
Page 279 and 280:
The available square meter per pers
Page 281 and 282:
The poor conditions of police build
Page 283 and 284:
The UNSMR, in Rule 24(1), states th
Page 285 and 286:
the detainee’s expense and may be
Page 287 and 288:
All the stations confirmed that det
Page 289 and 290:
to apply alternative measures. When
Page 291 and 292:
13. Recommendations As is the case
Page 293 and 294:
19. All police stations should be i
Page 295 and 296:
♦♦ the level of occupation of t
Page 297 and 298:
Kisii 02/09/2015 Kisii Women 27/08/
Page 299 and 300:
The Prisons Table 3 presents the ba
Page 301 and 302:
♦♦ ♦♦ Rule 87(a) of the Uni
Page 303 and 304:
Record keeping The International Co
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during consultations. This is viola
Page 307 and 308:
♦♦ Rules 31-34, 47 and 48 of th
Page 309 and 310:
Langata Women 6.3 17 107.1 97 1.10
Page 311 and 312:
Shimo La Tewa). From Shimo La Tewa
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Compliance with religious dietary r
Page 315 and 316:
Bedding The Persons Deprived of the
Page 317 and 318:
some prisons do have a nurse that i
Page 319 and 320:
From all 26 prisons was it reported
Page 321 and 322:
of prisons reported that body cavit
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♦♦ reduction in stage, or forfe
Page 325 and 326:
Incident register All the prisons r
Page 327 and 328:
that can be accommodated at any one
Page 329 and 330:
practices were reported from Meru a
Page 331 and 332:
Children present a particularly vul
Page 333 and 334:
Voi 150 100 1.5 Langata Women 655 4
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15. Prisoners require a more varied
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335
Page 339 and 340:
Overall Conclusions on Case Flow Ma
Page 341 and 342:
help to further extract children fr
Page 343 and 344:
It is recommended that the followin
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of countries in Africa have set the
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ecords are being typed manually. Ex
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in respect of court holding cells.
Page 351 and 352:
People with disabilities are partic
Page 353 and 354:
Research Assistants Name Allan Odhi
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Problem/ Findings 1. Significant pr
Page 357 and 358:
3. 70% of the cases referred to cou
Page 359 and 360:
Problem/ Findings 1. Magistrate Cou
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Problem/ Findings Desired situation
Page 363 and 364:
3. 47% of pretrial detainees are il
Page 365 and 366:
Problem/ Findings 1. More Children
Page 367 and 368:
3. 15% of children were remanded in
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6 High number of children held in p
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2. High rate of imprisonment leadin
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4. Conditions of detentions are not
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(Footnotes) 1. Article 159 (2)(c) o
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Court the maximum period of remand
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