Trends in Linguistics Documentation 25

Trends in Linguistics 

Documentation 25 

Editors 

Walter Bisang 

Hans Henrich Hock 

Werner Winter 

Mouton de Gruyter 

Berlin • New York

A Historical Dictionary 

of Yukaghir 

by 

Irina Nikolaeva 

Mouton de Gruyter 

Berlin • New York

Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague) 

is a Division of Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin. 

The publication of this volume was made possible by subsidies from 

the Finno-Ugric Society and the Foundation for Endangered Languages. 

® Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines 

of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability. 

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data 

Nikolaeva, I. A. (Irina Alekseevna) 

A historical dictionary of Yukaghir / by Irina Nikolaeva. 

p. cm. - (Trends in linguistics. Documentation ; 25) 

Includes bibliographical references and index. 

ISBN-13: 978-3-11-018689-5 (hardcover : alk. paper) 

ISBN-10: 3-11-018689-6 (hardcover : alk. paper) 

1. Yukaghir language - History - Dictionaries. I. Title. II. Series. 

PM20.N55 2006 

494'.6-dc22 

2006012647 

Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek 

Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; 

detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at . 

ISBN-13: 978-3-11-018689-5 

ISBN-10: 3-11-018689-6 

ISSN: 0179-8251 

© Copyright 2006 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin 

All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this 

book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, 

including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without 

permission in writing from the publisher. 

Printed in Germany.

РдА 

го 

joob 

Acknowledgements 

I would like to express my gratitude to all my Yukaghir consultants, and 

especially my principle guide to the language, the late Vasilij Salugin. I am 

deeply indebted to Tapani Salminen for his help in converting my database 

into a format suitable for publication. Without his assistance and 

encouragement this volume would not have appeared. I also thank Aleksandr 

Anikin, Uwe Bläsing, Michael Fortescue, Eugene Helimski, and Tapani 

Salminen for discussing Yukaghir materials and related questions with me. 

Many special thanks go to Simon Carne for patiently editing the English 

text. The work on the book has been partly supported by the Spinoza Prize 

awarded to Frederick Kortlandt by the Netherlands Organization for 

Scientific Research, by the Finno-Ugric Society (Helsinki), and by Deutsche 

Forschungsgemeinschaft through Sonderforschungsbereich 471 at the 

University of Konstanz. I wish to thank Professor Kortland for his kind 

support of my work. I am very grateful to the Foundation of Endangered 

Languages for sponsoring this publication. The book is dedicated to the 

memory of my father, Aleksej Vasil'evič Nikolaev.

Preface 

Yukaghir is spoken in the extreme North-East of Siberia. Several centuries 

ago there used to be several Yukaghir idioms, but by the end of the 19th 

century only two varieties had survived. They are referred to as Tundra (or 

Northern) Yukaghir and Kolyma (or Southern) Yukaghir. These languages 

exhibit fairly significant differences, especially in vocabulary. Although 

traditionally they have been termed dialects, some scholars prefer to view 

them as separate languages and speak about "a Yukaghir language family" 

rather than "the Yukaghir language" (Kurilov 2001; Maslova 2003). 

According to estimates from the late 1980s, Tundra Yukaghir is spoken 

fluently by about 150 people and Kolyma Yukaghir by about 50 people, but 

these numbers seem to be rapidly decreasing. 

This book has two main purposes. First, it is intended as a relatively 

complete source of information on the Yukaghir lexicon. No comprehensive 

lexicographic description of Yukaghir is available for the international 

linguistic community. In addition to several relatively small glossaries 

(Veenker 1989; Endo 1997, 2001; Nyikolajeva 2000; Nikolaeva and Šalugin 

2003; Maslova 2001, 2003), two major dictionaries have been published so 

far: Angere (1957) and Kurilov (2001). The former is based on Jochelson 

(1900) and mostly presents the data from Kolyma Yukaghir as spoken at the 

end of the 19th century. The transcription and morphological segmentation 

used in this dictionary are seriously flawed. Kurilov (2001), together with its 

shorter version Kurilov (1990), is a very rich collection of the modern Tundra 

Yukaghir lexicon, but it uses the Cyrillic transcription with Russian 

translations and copies are rare outside Russia. Most importantly, each of 

these sources only describes one Yukaghir idiom. In contrast, this dictionary 

presents the different varieties of Yukaghir in comparative format. The 

modern Tundra Yukaghir materials are taken from published sources, while 

the modern Kolyma data were obtained through my own fieldwork conducted 

in the 1980s-1990s. Although some lacunae are inevitable, the book presents 

the first fairly comprehensive lexicographic description of Kolyma Yukaghir. 

In this respect it can be viewed as an attempt to document the lexicon of this 

highly endangered language. The dictionary also contains earlier materials 

starting from the late 17th century, most of which reflect extinct varieties of 

Yukaghir. 

J ПО M.TvíSSiäity GÍ iOwćt LíQfüftea

viii Preface 

Second, and most importantly, the dictionary provides a reconstruction of 

Proto-Yukaghir, which has not previously been attempted (but see Nikolaeva 

1988). Proto-Yukaghir is understood as the common ancestor of all known 

Yukaghir varieties. Proto-Yukaghir stems are established based on internal 

reconstruction and comparison between various Yukaghir idioms, as well as 

the external data. In some cases I cite possible cognates of Yukaghir stems 

from other languages, mainly Uralic and Altaic. Yet this dictionary is not 

etymological in the usual sense, i.e. it is not meant to provide etymologies for 

all Yukaghir words. Our present knowledge of the history of Yukaghir is 

insufficient for this purpose, but this dictionary may be a first step in this 

direction. 

The Yukaghir family is usually classified as isolated, although its 

possible distant genetic relationship with Uralic has been much discussed 

(Collinder 1940, 1957, 1965; Bouda 1940; Angere 1956; Tailleur 1959b; 

Nikolaeva 1988; Fortescue 1998). There is no consensus on this matter, 

mainly because the history of Yukaghir has remained little known. Since in 

this volume Yukaghir forms are not only cited in their modern shape, but are 

reconstructed for the first time, my hope is that it will provide a foundation for 

future etymological work. The dictionary will assist scholars to establish the 

affiliation of Yukaghir and to reconstruct the ethnic and linguistic situation 

in prehistoric northern Asia, as well as to investigate the possibility of distant 

genetic relations between language families in general.

Table of contents 

Acknowledgements v 

Preface vii 

Abbreviations xi 

Introduction 1 

1. Organization of the dictionary 1 

1.1. The structure of an entry 1 

1.2. Sources 2 

1.3. Presentation of the data and translations 3 

1.4. Transcription and transliteration 5 

1.5. Grammatical information 7 

1.6. Reconstructions, etymologies, and comments 8 

2. Sources of the Yukaghir material 10 

2.1. Old Yukaghir 10 

2.1.1. Witsen 10 

2.1.2. Mueller/Lindenau 12 

2.1.3. Klitschka 15 

2.1.4. Boensing 17 

2.1.5. Billings/Merk 18 

2.1.6. Matjuškin (Čuvan and Omok) 24 

2.2. End of the 19th century and 20th century 25 

2.2.1. Kurilov 25 

2.2.2. Krejnovič 25 

2.2.3. Spiridonov 25 

2.2.4. Jochelson 26 

2.2.5. Schiefner 27 

3. Basics of Kolyma Yukaghir phonology 29 

3.1. Phonemic inventory 29 

3.1.1. Vocalism 29 

3.1.2. Consonantism 31 

3.1.3. Some non-phonemic variations 33 

3.2. Positional restrictions on consonants 34 

3.3. Vowel harmony 35 

3.3.1. Harmony in the first foot 36 

3.3.2. Harmony of short vowels after the first foot 3 7

х Table of contents 

3.3.3. Harmony of long vowels 39 

3.3.4. Synharmonism 40 

3.4. Alternations of vowels 41 

3.4.1 Quantitative alternations 41 

3.4.2. Deletion 43 

3.4.3. Assimilation of mid vowels 45 

3.4.4. Reduction of the stem-final vowel 46 

3.5. Alternations of consonants 47 

3.5.1. "Sonorant ~ obstruent" alternation 47 

3.5.2. Assimilation of voiced consonants 48 

3.5.3. Voicing and palatal assimilation 50 

3.5.4. Assimilation of sibilants and7 51 

3.6. Epenthesis 52 

3.6.1. Consonantal epenthesis 53 

3.6.2. Vocalic epenthesis in word edge clusters 53 

3.6.3. Word-medial vocalic epenthesis 54 

4. A reconstruction of Proto-Yukaghir phonology 57 

4.1. Vocalism 57 

4.1.1. Inventory and vowel harmony 57 

4.1.2. Non-high vowels 57 

4.1.3. High vowels 61 

4.1.4. Long vowels 64 

4.2. Consonantism 65 

4.2.1. Inventory 65 

4.2.2. Sibilants and affricates 66 

4.2.3. Fricatives 68 

4.2.4. Sonorants and glides 69 

4.2.5. Consonantal clusters 71 

4.3. The structure of the stems 74 

4.3.1. Monosyllabic stems 74 

4.3.2. Bisyllabic stems 75 

4.3.3. Trisyllabic stems 77 

5. List of affixes 79 

Notes 84 

References 87 

Dictionary 95 

Index of meanings 465 

Language index 499

Abbreviations 

Languages 

Chuk. Chukchi 

Esk. Eskimo 

Ev. Even 

Evk. Evenki 

К Kolyma Yukaghir 

Kor. Koryak 

Mong. Modern Mongolian 

Nen. Nenets 

Ngan. Nganasan 

Ost. Ostjak 

Rus. Russian 

Selk. Selkup 

T Tundra Yukaghir 

Yak. Yakut 

Sources of Yukaghir materials 

В 

BO 

KD 

KJ 

KK 

KL 

M 

MC 

ME 

MK 

M U 

MO 

RS 

SD 

SU 

TD 

FP Finno-Permic 

FU Finno-Ugric 

FV Finno-Volgaic 

MG Proto-Mongolian 

NS Northern Samoyed 

NT Northern Tungus 

ou Ob-Ugric 

OY Old Yukaghir 

PA Altaic 

PE Proto-Eskimo 

PY Proto-Yukaghir 

S Samoyed 

TU Tungus 

и Uralic 

Billings (1787) 

Boensing (1781) 

Kolyma Yukaghir from Jochelson's manuscript dictionary 

Kolyma Yukaghir (Jochelson 1898, 1900) 

Kolyma Yukaghir (Krejnovič 1982) 

Klitschka(1781) 

Maydell (Schiefner 1871b) 

Čhuvan materials of Matjuškin (Wrangel 1841) 

Merk (1787) 

Kolyma materials of Mueller/Lindenau (1741) 

Ust'-Janskoe materials of Mueller/Lindenau (1741) 

Omok materials of Matjuškin (Wrangel 1841) 

Raj skij/Stubendorf (Schiefner 1871 a) 

Kolyma Yukaghir (Spiridonov 2003) 

Suvorov (Schiefner 1871a) 

Tundra Yukaghir from Jochelson' manuscript dictionary

xii Abbreviations 

TJ Tundra Yukaghir (Jochelson 1900) 

TK Tundra Yukaghir (Krejnovič 1958, 1982) 

W Witsen (1692) 

Sources of etymologies 

CED Fortescue et al. (1994) 

DEWOS Steinitz (1966-1993) 

EDAL Starostin et al. (2003) 

ESRD Anikin (2000) 

ESRZ Anikin (2003) 

Grammatical terms 

JRS Slepcov (1972) 

JU Collinder (1940) 

HUV Collinder (1965) 

LR Fortescue (1998) 

UJN Collinder (1957) 

ABL ablative ITER iterative 

ACC accusative HAB habitual 

AJD adjectival derivation HORT hortative 

ADV adverbial LAT lative 

AN action nominal LOC locative 

APPL applicative MULT multiplicative 

ATTR attributive N nominal derivation 

AUGM augmentative NEG negation 

BP body part NOM nominative 

CAUS causative NONIT non-iterative 

COLL collective OF object focus 

COM comitative ORD ordinal 

COND conditional PART participle 

CONN connective PERF perfective 

CONV converb PL plural 

DAT dative POS possessive 

DEL delimitative PP postposition 

DES desiderative PRED predicative 

DIM diminutive PROH prohibitive 

DIR directive PROL prolative 

DS different-subject converb PRON pronominal 

EMPH emphatic QUAL qualitative 

EV evidential RES resultative 

FREQ frequentative SF subject focus 

FUT future SG singular

Abbreviations xiii 

GEN genitive SN subject nominal 

IMP imperative SS same-subject converb 

IMPF imperfective STAT stative 

INCH inchoative SUP supine 

INDEF indefinite TEMP temporal 

INST instrumental TR transitive 

INT intensive TRANS translative 

INTER interrogative INTJ interjection 

INTR intransitive V verbal derivation 

Other abbreviations 

dial. dialectal rect. rectus 

id. idem rev. reverse 

lit. literally smb somebody 

P- page smth something 

pr. proper noun

Introduction 

1. Organization of the dictionary 

The dictionary part of the volume is preceded by this Introduction which 

explains the principles of the phonological transcription adopted in the book, 

describes the sources of the data, and discusses the grounds for the suggested 

reconstruction, as well as the relationship between different varieties of 

Yukaghir. The dictionary is followed by an English index intended to facilitate 

the search for Yukaghir equivalents of English words, and a language index. 

1.1. The structure of an entry 

The data in the dictionary are organized alphabetically according to 

reconstructed stems preceded by an asterisk. In the alphabetical order the 

diacritics such as the palatalization sign ('), the length sign (:) and the hachek 

are disregarded. The letters о and о; n, Л and ŋ\ g and у; I and /'; d, d' and δ, as 

well as e and a are treated as one letter each. For recent borrowings into 

Yukaghir, mainly from Russian, Yakut and Even, the source forms are cited 

without an asterisk. Russian verbs are cited in the infinitival form, although 

Yukaghir normally borrows the bare stem. Each reconstruction or source 

word is provided with a consecutive number from 1 to 2659, with which the 

entry is cited in the reverse index. Unfortunately, for technical reasons the 

following 36 numbers are missing from the numeration: 113, 196, 207, 318, 

416, 428, 437, 588, 690, 799, 1114, 1143, 1144, 1222, 1244, 1296, 1559, 

1578, 1706, 1736, 1873, 1922, 1923, 2001, 2080, 2119, 2175, 2216, 2259, 

2266, 2460, 2461, 2462, 2463, 2494, 2503. Thus, the dictionary includes 

2623 entries. 

In each entry the reconstruction or the source word is followed by the 

Yukaghir data. The source of the data is indicated by an abbreviation in capital 

letters before the word. For most entries the data are organized in several 

groups, each of which is written on a separate line. A group is formed by at 

least two words from different sources which exhibit more or less identical 

morphological structure in an uninflected form. For example, verbs have the 

same aspectual affixes, and nouns have the same derivational affixes or are 

parts of the same compound. When deciding whether words belong to the

Introduction 3 2 

same group I have ignored transcriptional differences between the sources, as 

well as regular phonological variations. The data within a group is cited in the 

following order: data from the 20th century Kolyma Yukaghir - data from the 

20th century Tundra Yukaghir - data from the earlier sources. 

The words in a group normally have the same meaning and it is only cited 

once, after the first word. So when the following words in a group are not 

accompanied by a translation, it should be assumed that they have the same 

meaning as the first word in this group. Where the meaning of a word in a 

group differs, a translation immediately follows. If a word has an additional 

meaning together with the meaning it shares with other words, this is indicated 

with a plus sign (+). Words from different sources within a group are 

separated by a semi-colon. As an example I cite below part of the entry for the 

stem * köŋ-, 

(1) *köŋ- 

K köŋe:- to chop; KK köŋie-, koŋie-; KJ koŋie-; KD koŋie-; T köŋie- to 

undo, to unrip; to cut; TJ kaŋie-; TD konie- to cut a skin or a fish 

К köŋu: split, crack; KK kuŋu: + scratch; KD koŋu: 

KJ koŋda- to take off |TK köŋiere- to cut 

This fragment includes two groups, one with the basic meaning 'to chop' and 

another 'split, crack'. Both go back to the reconstructed proto-stem *köŋ-. 

Some words have meanings that differ from the basic meaning, e.g. TD konie- 

'to cut a skin or a fish'. KK kuŋu: means 'split, crack' and additionally 

'scratch', as indicated by the plus sign. The entry contains also the words KJ 

koŋda- 'to take off and TK köŋiere- 'to cut' derived from the same stem but 

having no exact correspondence in any other available sources. Such words 

are not members of a group. They are presented on a separate line and divided 

by the sign |. Translations are given after each word. 

When it is unclear whether the word belongs to the relevant entry, it is 

preceded by a question mark. Some entries also contain brief etymological 

remarks and comments (see 1.6 for details). These are written on separate 

lines. 

1.2. Sources 

The modern Kolyma data come from my field materials recorded among the 

Kolyma Yukaghirs in the settlements Nelemnoe and Zyrjanka, as well as in 

Jakutsk, in 1986-1991. Some of these materials remain unpublished, others


have been published as text collections (Nikolaeva 1989, 1997, 2000) and a 

school dictionary (Nikolaeva and Salugin 2003). I have also used other 

sources of modern Kolyma Yukaghir for consultation, such as Spiridonov 

(1997), Endo (1997, 2001), and Maslova (2001, 2003). However, I do not 

indicate them because they mostly correspond to my field data. 1 

It is not my goal to present all Kolyma Yukaghir derivations here, 

especially the numerous aspectual forms of verbs, which exhibit various 

degrees of productivity. Normally, verbal derivations are cited in three 

cases: (i) if the derived form has a direct correspondence in at least one 

other source and therefore is part of a group, (ii) if its meaning is 

unpredictable and substantially differs from the base form, and (iii) if it 

provides some phonological information relevant for the reconstruction. So 

if a verbal derivational form is not cited, the reader should not automatically 

assume it to be non-existent. Relevant generalizations and a list of attested 

verbal derivations can be found in Maslova (2003). On the other hand, I have 

tried to cite all or most attested nominal derivates and compounds, as well as 

some idiomatic expressions. Words of Russian origin in Kolyma Yukaghir 

are only cited if they are recorded several times from different informants 

and so can be considered more or less established loanwords. But I cite all 

Russian words that occur in other sources. 

The modern Tundra Yukaghir data are exclusively taken from the works of 

Kurilov (1990, 2001). Other data from the 20th century and the late 19th 

century come from the works of Jochelson, Spiridonov and Krejnovič. My 

intention was to cover these sources as fully as possible, but I have omitted 

many expressions whose status seems to be in between lexicalized compounds 

and free collocations, as well as some predictable derivational forms. 

Earlier materials are represented by the data from Schieffner (1859, 1871a, 

1871b) from the second half of the 19th centuiy, and by what I refer to as Old 

Yukaghir, i.e. data from all known Yukaghir sources starting from the late 

17th century until the first third of the 19th century (on Old Yukaghir see 2.1). 

They are taken either from published sources or unpublished archive 

collections. See Abbreviations for explanations of the labels, and Section 2 of 

the Introduction for descriptions of the sources. 

1.3. Presentation of the data and translations 

Although Kolyma Yukaghir data are unified on phonological grounds, in 

some cases I also cite free and idiolectal variants; they are separated with a 

comma. Verbs are cited as uninflected stems followed by a hyphen, as are


some postpositional stems that can host an inflection. Nouns are given in the 

basic Nominative Singular form. 

The words from published and unpublished sources are normally cited as 

they appear in the source, while Cyrillic-based data are transliterated (see 1.4). 

In some cases I have chosen to provide corrected versions of records that are 

obviously erroneous in square brackets after the abbreviation rect. Variations 

that occur in the sources are separated by commas. 

The presentation of the data from the 20th century sources basically 

follows the same format as for modern Kolyma Yukaghir. Nouns are written 

without a hyphen, unless they only occur in an inflected form in the source in 

question. Verbal stems are given without inflectional affixes and are followed 

by a hyphen. Because of fiisional processes on the morpheme boundaries, such 

truncated forms may differ from the actual stem. For example, KJ 'strange, 

odd' is represented by the participle pailiče, where -če is a participial affix. In 

fact the verbal stem is pajlu:-, while -и: changes into -i before certain affixes. 

But as the stem pajlu:- is not attested in KJ in this shape, I cite it as pajli-, 

merely omitting the participial suffix. 

In contrast, pre-20th century data are given as they occur in the source, 

i.e. in inflected forms. For example, the stem топ- 'to say' is represented in 

SU as mo'ny and топка. These are inflected forms of the 3 rd person Singular 

and Plural, respectively, cf. К mon-i and moŋ-ŋi. Translations and 

grammatical comments for such forms are not provided. 

Hyphenation, spacing and capitalization that occurs in the sources is not 

preserved. However, I provide a morphological analysis for compounds and 

separate their components with a hyphen. Hyphenation concerns both 

nominal and verbal compounds. By verbal compounds I mean lexicalized 

expressions which normally include a verb and a noun in a possessive, case 

or postpositional form. Proclitics are also separated with a hyphen, while 

suffixes are not. In some cases it is difficult to see whether we are dealing 

with a compound or a suffix, e.g. -ed'ilil in T aŋded'ilil 'waist' (cf. К aŋd-il 

'waist'). Such elements are not separated with a hyphen. 

If a compound is attested in more than one source, it is cited as a group of 

words in the entry that corresponds to its first component. Consider for 

example a fragment of the entry *aŋa. 

(2) К aŋan-pugelbe: beard, moustache [lit. mouth fur]; KJ aŋade-pugelbie, 

aŋa-pugolbie\ KD aŋa(n)-pugelbie, aŋan-pudelie; T aŋa-buguče\ ТК 

aŋan-bugut'e\ TD an'an-bugoče, an'an-pugoče; В anghen-bugu'lbv, ME 

angen-bugulbie


As can be seen in (2), literal translations may be provided to facilitate the 

understanding of the morphological structure of a compound. Note that in 

most nominal compounds the first component stands in the Genitive in -rt/-d, 

which does not belong to the stem. 

If the second component of a compound does not exist independently, it is 

cited as a separate entry. If a compound is represented in only one source, for 

modern Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir it is given as a whole. Isolated 

compounds from other sources are not cited, but their components are treated 

separately under their respective entries. Consider the following example. 

(3)T morqile broken country with many hills and holes; TD -morxile 

The TD -morxile is only attested as the second component of an isolated 

compound, i.e. a compound which does not have a direct correspondence in 

other sources. This compound is not given, but TD -morxile is cited together 

with the independently existing T morqile and is preceded by a hyphen. 

Where the translations provided in the sources were in a language other 

than English, I have given English equivalents. However, I shortened and 

simplified some of the translations from Kurilov (2001), which gives several 

meanings for each entry. For fuller information on the semantics of Tundra 

Yukaghir words the reader should consult Kurilov's original works. Closely 

related meanings are separated by commas, while more distantly related 

meanings are separated by semi-colons. Obviously, the decisions I had to 

make here are somewhat individual. Proper nouns are translated with the 

abbreviation pr. and further explanations are given in brackets (e.g. a man, 

woman, river, etc). For most birds and fish Latin names are provided in 

addition to English translations. 

1.4. Transcription and transliteration 

The modern Kolyma Yukaghir data are cited in phonological transcription, as 

explained in Section 3 of this Introduction. Latin-based sources are TD, KD, 

B, ME, M, R, SU, ST, W, MU, and MC. These data are cited essentially as 

in the source, but I transliterated ï as y, denoted vowel length with a colon 

rather than a macron, and have ignored some diacritics (for example, the signs 

" and ° on vowels). Some small changes in the citation of individual 

sources are also possible. They are explained in the respective subsections 

of Section 2.


Sources based on Cyrillic are T, KJ, TJ, TK, KK, SD, BO, KL, MC, and 

MO. The data from these sources are given in transliteration. In (4) I present 

the basic rules of transliteration applicable to all sources cited in this volume. 

(4) Cyrillic Transliteration Cyrillic Transliteration 

a 

6 

а 

b 

П 

p 

Р 

г 

в W, V с s 

г g T t 

S 

Д 

У 

d 

У 

Ф 

U 

f 

e e,je- X q, х 

ё jo, 'о Ц с 

ж ž 4 č 

3 z Ш š 

и i Щ čš 

й 

к 

j 

k 

ъ 

ы 

0 

У 

t 

л 1 ь 

м m э e 

н n ю ju, 'u 

Н ŋ я ja, 'a 

о 0 е, "jaf" e,jeе 

ö 

This system differs slightly from the standard transliteration used to render 

Cyrillic in that в is rendered as w rather than v and x is rendered as q rather 

than x. Such a transliteration brings the records of the Yukaghir words closer 

to phonemic transcription. Note that when transliterating в and x in Russian 

words I use the letters v (rather than w) and x (rather than q), respectively. 

The so-called jotacized letters (ё, ю and я) are transliterated in two ways 

depending on their position. Word-initially or after a vowel they are 

transliterated as the combination of j and the corresponding non-jotacized 

vowel (о, и or a). After a consonant they are transliterated as a non-jotacized 

vowel, while the preceding consonant takes a palatalization sign ('). Again the 

purpose of this system is to make the form closer to the Yukaghir equivalent. 

The jotacized vowel e, as well as the Old Russian letters с and "jaf", occur 

only in Old Yukaghir materials, since modern Cyrillic-based sources use э


instead. These letters do not normally involve palatalization of the preceding 

consonant. However, in Matjuškin's materials (MO and MC) the initial e- may 

denote je- as well as e, cf. MC eme ~ К eče: 'father' but MC ебой ~ T jabo:j 

'dead'. For these sources I write je- when it is confirmed from other sources 

and (j)e- when the word is otherwise unknown. 

The word-final "hard sign" ъ which was used after a final consonant in the 

old Russian orthography does not denote any sound and has been left out in 

the transliteration. The "soft sign" ь denotes palatalization of the preceding 

consonant, but if it occurs after ч ( = ć) palatalization is not marked because č 

is already palatalized. When this sign is used after n, I, and d, the whole string 

is transliterated as ń, /', and d\ respectively. Boensing (BO) and Klitschka 

(KL) additionally use the sign ', whose meaning is not entirely clear. On 

vowels it is likely to denote stress, while on consonants palatalization. This 

sign is preserved in transliteration, but at the beginning of the word before a 

vowel it is rendered as j. Some Cyrillic letters, e.g. ф, ц and щ, occur in 

Yukaghir words only by mistake, since the corresponding sounds do not exist 

in Yukaghir. 

1.5. Grammatical information 

The dictionary is not intended as an introduction to Yukaghir grammar and 

provides only a minimum of grammatical information, mostly indications of 

word classes. Yukaghir distinguishes the following grammatical classes: (i) 

nouns, (ii) verbs, (iii) adjectives, (iv) adverbs, (v) postpositions, (vi) 

numerals, (vii) pronouns, (viii) conjunctions, (ix) particles, and (x) 

interjections. 

Verbs and nouns are easily distinguished by morphological criteria. As 

mentioned above, nouns are uninflected in the Nominative Singular and are 

cited in this form. Verbs rarely appear uninflected, and verbal stems are 

followed by a hyphen. The category of verbs includes qualitative and 

quantificative stems translated with adjectives and numerals, respectively, e.g. 

К embə- 'black' and ataql- 'two'. Transitive and intransitive verbs have 

different inflectional paradigms. In some cases I indicate whether the 

Yukaghir verb is transitive or intransitive by the abbreviations TR and INTR 

after the translation. This is done, first, if the English translation is ambiguous, 

as e.g. for the verb 'to open', and second, when the transitivity of the Yukaghir 

verb does not correspond to its English equivalent. For example, К ege:rə- 'to 

tread on, to step on (TR)' is transitive, unlike its English counterpart.


Adjectives in Yukaghir form a small closed class, which includes at least 

the following words: К ńańčə 'big\juku 'small', čomo 'big', joloqə 'last', 

pońqə 'white',pömkə 'round', čičkə 'long, tall', čö:l'ə 'old, ancient', and il'l'ə 

'new, fresh, (an)other'. The grammatical class of these words is not 

indicated in the dictionary. Adverbs, numerals, conjunctions and pronouns 

are not indicated either, but their category should normally be clear from the 

translation provided. Postpositions in Kolyma Yukaghir are marked as PP. 

Interjections are marked as INTJ and in some cases an approximate translation 

or an explanation of use is provided in brackets. 

Particles either express a certain grammatical meaning or serve discourse 

purposes. Unlike adverbs or interjections they cannot form an independent 

utterance, not even an elliptical one. From a morphological viewpoint they 

rather form an heterogeneous class. Some particles are free standing words, 

others are bound words, while yet others are clitics. I do not provide details of 

their morphological behavior here. Some particles are translated with their 

English equivalents, while for others I provide a description using the general 

word "marker". For example, the approximate meaning of the К qata is 

something like 'let us', but in the dictionary it is translated as 'hortative 

marker'. Proper nouns and interjections, as well as most particles, are not 

included in the reverse index. 

Section 5 of this Introduction contains a list of Yukaghir inflectional and 

derivational morphemes which is meant to facilitate the morphological 

analysis of the cited materials. Grammatical labels used in the dictionary are 

largely based on Maslova (2003) with a few deviations discussed in Nikolaeva 

(2005). 

1.6. Reconstructions, etymologies, and comments 

The principles of the Proto-Yukaghir reconstruction are explained in Section 

4 of this Introduction, which should be consulted before using the dictionary. 

Alternative reconstructions are indicated with a slash or brackets. 

Homonymous reconstructions are provided with numbers, e.g. *aj- 1 and 

*aj- 2. As with all sources, if a reconstructed stem does not normally occur 

in an uninflected form, it is followed by a hyphen. This is characteristic of 

all verbal stems, as well as some non-verbal stems. No attempt is made to 

reconstruct the Proto-Yukaghir meaning, but in most cases it can be easily 

deduced from the meanings of the daughter words. 

If the word in only attested in one Old Yukaghir source, the 

reconstruction may only be a very rough approximation, since these sources


are not very reliable. Such reconstructions are marked with a question mark. 

Thus, the meaning of the question mark differs: in the presentation of the 

data it indicates that it is questionable whether the word is related to the 

relevant stem, while in a reconstruction it indicates that it is approximate. 

In most cases I have tried to reconstruct a stem alone and so omitted 

easily recognizable and fairly productive affixes even if they are present in 

all daughter words. For example, the aspectual and valence-changing verbal 

affixes are excluded from the reconstruction. On the other hand, 

reconstructions may include some non-productive affixes, such as for 

example the nominal suffixes -r/-t, -ma, -l'ə, and -kə-/-qə. 

Etymological comments are very brief. I mostly cite potential cognates 

from Uralic and Tungus-Manchu languages, but in a few cases I also 

mention Turkic, Mongolian, Chukchi and Eskimo parallels. For the most 

part potentially related words are cited as they appear in the cited sources. In 

some instances small transcriptional changes are made, but without any 

substantial revisions. If the comparison with Yukaghir is highly problematic, 

it is preceded by a question mark. If a comparison has been suggested in the 

previous literature, references are given after the double slash sign //. When 

such references are missing, the comparison is suggested here for the first 

time. Translations are provided for the cognate words, unless their meanings 

are basically identical to the meaning of the Yukaghir words and are easily 

detected. 

In the comment line I indicate whether the phonological shape of the 

word is irregular and comment on individual phonological and semantic 

changes. Irregularity either suggests that the word looks like a recent 

borrowing but the source is unknown to me, or that the word is 

morphologically complex. The comment line may also contain information 

on whether the Yukaghir word was borrowed into another language.


2. Sources of the Yukaghir material 

This section of the Introduction describes the sources from which the Yukaghir 

data are cited, other than my own field notes on Kolyma Yukaghir, which will 

be addressed in Section 3. 

2.1. Old Yukaghir 

In this section I outline the sources of what I refer to as Old Yukaghir. This 

term describes the varieties of Yukaghir spoken between the first known record 

of the language (in the second half of the 17th century) and the first third of the 

19th century. The upper "border" is marked by the time when an important 

phonological change, the simplification of the intervocalic clusters, took place 

(see 4.2.5). 

The Old Yukaghir data come from published and unpublished sources. The 

unpublished sources are kept in the following archives: the archive of the 

Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, abbreviated as AAN, the Manuscripts 

Department of the State Public Library, St Petersburg, abbreviated as OR GPB, 

and the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, Moscow, abbreviated as 

RGADA. Most of these data were collected by the expeditions of the Russian 

Academy of Sciences, such as the Second Kamchatkan Expedition (1733- 

1743), the North-Eastern Expedition of Joseph Billings (1785-1793), and the 

expedition of Ferdinand von Wrangel (1821-1824). The work of these 

expeditions is addressed in detail in Gnučeva (1940), Vdovin (1954) and Širina 

(1983), among others. Other materials were collected by Petr Pallas via 

correspondence with the local administration and later systematized by 

Friedrich Adelung, as part of the Russian Academy of Science's programme 

for the compilation of comparative dictionaries of world languages. Pallas 

published his materials twice, in slightly different versions (Pallas 1786, 1789), 

while Adelung's compilations remain in the archives. 1 All these sources 

represent slighly different idioms, but I leave open the question of whether they 

should be classified as dialects or separate languages. The philological analysis 

of Old Yukaghir sources presented here was first suggested in my dissertation 

(Nikolaeva 1988a). 

2.1.1. Witsen 

The first known record of Yukaghir is actually a published text. It appeared in a 

book by the Dutch diplomat and scholar Nicolaas Witsen (1641-1717) first


published in 1692. Witsen himself did not visit the Yukaghir land. He received 

the Yukaghir materials by post sometime after his visit to Moscow in 1664- 

1665, probably through his cousin Andrea Vinius, who later headed the 

Siberian Chancellery in Moscow (Gebhard 1881: 44; Wiadimiroff 1997). The 

text is a translation into Yukaghir of the Lord's prayer. Nothing is known about 

its origin. It is essentially a word-to-word translation and in some respects 

preserves the Russian syntax, for example, by postposing a possessive pronoun, 

which is not typical of Yukaghir. The text is written in Dutch orthography; for 

instance, the digraph oe denotes u. 

Witsen's text was published by Adelung (1806: 562), Schiefner (1871a: 

393-394), and Collinder (1940: 14), however these publications omit some 

diacritic signs and do not provide explanations for some words. Therefore I cite 

it here as a whole after Witsen (1785: 687). The first line presents Witsen's 

text, the second line gives possible modern Kolyma Yukaghir correspondences, 

while the third line provides glosses. 

Otjé 

eče: 

father 

Totlié, 

tət-1'ə 

thou-POS 

Mitsjé, 

mit-l'ə 

we-POS 

Lætiot, 

l'ə-t-i ət 

be-FUT-3SUBJ 

Je levianh: 

i lebe:-gə 

and earth-LOC 

keyck 

kej-k 

give-IMP 

Taldelpon 

tadul-pə 

debt-PL 

kandi 

qadi 

which 

Legatei 

l'ə-ŋi-tə-j 

be-PL-FUT-3 

Mitin 

mit-in 

we-DAT 

t'sjemol al 

čomo:l-əl 

will-N 

Mïtlæpoel, 

mit-1'ə-pul 

we-POS-PL 

koendsjoenga, 

kužu:-gə 

sky-LOC 

poegandallanpoh, 

pugu-d-allə-bə 

sun-GEN-boss-N 

kaltei, 

kel-tə-j 

come-FUT-3 

Temlælængh Nim, 

nu: 

name 

Totlié 

tət-1'ə 

thou-POS 

konda 

qodo 

how 

koed Zjuga, 

kužu:-gə 

sky-LOC 

Lünliagel Miltjé Monidetjelæh, 

i:-legul mit-l'ə moni-də-tə-lə 

smoke-food we-POS stomach-TR-FUT-? 

telaman, 

?-mə 

here-TEMP 

Mït 

mit 

we 

kondan 

qodo 

how 

Je 

and 

ponkatsj 

pońa:š 

leave.IMP 

Mitin, 

mit-in 

we-DAT 

poniatsjok tannevinol 

pońa:š-o:k tańńə-?-ŋin 

leave- INTER. 1 PL owe-?-DAT


Mïtlæpoel, Je kondo Olgonílæk 

mit-Pə-pul i qodo əl-qaŋi:-lək 

we-POS-PL and how NEG-chase-PROH 

Olo Oimïk, 

əl-?-mik 

NEG-7-TR.2SG 

kondo molíak 

qodo moli 

how by.no.means 

kimda annelan; Le dot 

kimda:ńə-? l'ə-t ət 

deceive-? be-FUT SUBJ 

tonbanck, 

tönbə-š-k 

Je tændælov, 

? 

koendejanck. 

kude-jə-k 

strong-V-IMP and ? 

become-?-IMP 

Mitel 

mit-u-1 

we-O-PRON .ACC 

poegoedal Lenpoh, Je 

pugu-d-[allə]-bə i 

sun-GEN-boss-N and 

Mitel 

mit-u-1 

we-O-PRON. ACC 

As can be seen above, most words from this text have Kolyma Yukaghir 

equivalents, so we may be dealing with an Old-Yukaghir idiom that was very 

close, if not identical, to Kolyma Yukaghir. If this is so, the text is likely to 

have been recorded on the upper Kolyma. 

In this dictionary Witsen's materials are indicated as W. The original 

transcription is preserved, except that, as for the other sources, I write у instead 

of* 

2.1.2. Mueller/Lindenau 

Chronologically the next data on Old Yukaghir were recorded by Jakob 

Lindenau, a participant of the Second Kamchatkan expedition organized by 

Gerhard Friedrich Mueller. Lindenau's task was the ethnographic description 

of the Siberian peoples, including their languages. His Yukaghir materials 

consist of two wordlists recorded in 1741, when Lindenau traveled from 

Jakutsk to Oxotsk. Both are translations of the standard Latin list compiled by 

Mueller, which contains about 300 words from the basic vocabulary. The lists 

reflect two different Old Yukaghir idioms. 

The list I refer to as Mueller/Kolyma (MK) is kept in RGADA in the socalled 

Portfeli Millera (fund 199, list 2, part 513, № 13, pp. 20-23 rev.). Page 

20 contains the title: Jukagirisch (Kolymskije Yukagiri) - Korjakish - 

Korjakisch II - Kurilisch, and consequently some Chukotkan-Kamchatkan 

words. There are no references to Yukaghirs in the comments provided on page 

23, so the exact place of the recording is unknown. It is however clear that we


are dealing with Yukaghir from the upper or middle Kolyma. The list contains 

about 220 lexical entries, as well as the incomplete verbal paradigm. As far as I 

know, it has never been published before. 

This source is likely to reflect the language of the Kolym-cy tribe that lived 

in the middle basin of the Kolyma, as well as on the rivers Jasačnaja and 

Korkodon (Dolgix 1960). Kolym-cy is the Russian word, while the Yukaghirs 

used the word kögimə to refer to this tribe, cf. modern T kö.jmə 'Kolyma 

Yukaghir'. According to Sauer (1802), Yukaghirs of the upper Kolyma 

considered themselves the descendants of the people called konghini, which 

suggests the PY *köŋkimə, cf. also the hydronym koŋgiina found in Jochelson's 

materials. According to Jochelson (1900: 209), Kolyma Yukaghirs of the end 

of the 19th century regarded the kögimə as an extinct archaic tribe. In the 18th 

century ten kögimə clans merged together on the upper Kolyma into three clans 

called in Russian Rybnikovskij (Fish clan), Nartennyj (Sledge clan), and 

Uškanskij (Hare clan) (Dolgix 1960: 417). The former later joined the lower 

Kolyma Yukaghirs and mixed with other tribes (Šoromba and Omok-i), while 

the latter two became ancestors of the modern Kolyma Yukaghirs. The idiom 

reflected in MK was apparently spoken by a Northern group of kögimə, 

possibly by members of the Rybnikovskij clan. 

Lindenau's second wordlist contains about 280 words. It was recorded in 

Ust'-Janskoe, a settlement on the mouth of the Jana in the middle of the Northwestern 

Yukaghir territory and is abbreviated here as MU (Mueller/Ust'- 

Janskoe). According to Dolgix (1960), in the 17th century this territory was 

occupied by several Yukaghir tribes: Jandin-cy (on the right bank of the Lena), 

Xoromo-X (in the upper basin of the Yana), Jangin-cy (around the middle of the 

Indigirka), Onojdi (on the right bank of the Jana), and Oljubenzi (in the lower 

basin of the Indigirka). Veenker (1984) attributed the language of MU to the 

Xoromo-x tribe. However, by the time it was recorded (1741), the Northwestern 

Old Yukaghir tribes had been already greatly mixed. The Jandin-cy 

were a mixed Even-Yukaghir tribe to start with (Dolgix 1960: 382). According 

to Gurvič (1982), they later mixed with the Xoromo-i and Jangin-cy, while the 

Jangin-cy mixed with the Evens, in their turn. The tribe Onojdi was divided 

into two clans, Petajskij/Betil'skij and Del'janskij/Zel'janskij. The former was 

apparently Tungus by origin, and Gurvič (1966: 11), contrary to Dolgix, did not 

even consider it Yukaghir. So the idiom reflected in MU is likely to be a 

mixture of several idioms spoken by North-Western tribes, and also had an 

Even component. 

This list is known in several copies. The main copy, arguably written down 

by Lindenau himself, is preserved in RGADA (fund 199, list 2, part 513, № 10, 

pp. 5-8 rev.) and contains the following title on page 5: Lexikon burjatskij, 

tungusskij, lamutskij [The Buriat, Even and Evenki vocabularies]. The first


sheet has the additional title: Yukaghiri Ust-Janskoe [The Yukaghirs from Ust'- 

Janskoe]. It is this copy that is published in the present volume and denoted as 

MU. In addition, there are several copies made by scribes. 

(i) OR GPB, fond 7, № 111, pp. 15-20 rev. 

(ii) AAN, fund 94, list. 1. № 170, pp. 1-14 

(iii) OR GPB, Erm/nem., № 41/1, pp. 95-100 

(iv) OR GPB, Erm., № 577 

(v) OR GPB, fund 7, № 142 

(vi) OR GPB, fund 7, № 111, pp. 21-22 

The relationship between these copies can be represented in the following way: 

RGADA fund 199, list 2, part 513, № 10, pp. 5-8 rev. 

(iv) (V) (vi) 

(ü) 

I 

(iii) 

Copy (i) has the following title on page 9: Tungusike (Werchna Angara) - 

Tungusice (Jakutz'k) - Yukagiri (Ust-Janskoe) [Evenki (Upper Angara) - 

Evenki (Jakutsk) - Yukaghir (Ust'-Janskoe)]. Page 16 rev. contains two 

additional words absent from the other copies, which I have included in the 

dictionary: kaká 'penis' and papa 'vagina'. Copy (i) and consequently all 

copies derived from it, i.e. (iv), (v) and (vi), demonstrate numerous 

inconsistencies in rendering the diacritic signs, as well as the following copying 

mistakes (in order of appearance). 

Table 1. 

MU copy (i) modem 

Yukaghir 

numä memä К numö house 

tschuwóndschä tschiwoondschä К šubed'ə heart 

jong, jongla jongjongla Kjoγul nose 

anggá angýa К T aŋa mouth 

tschanngdschamá tschangdscham - wolverine 

óllega ólloga T al'γə fish

Table 1 cont. 


tschul tschal К T ču:l meat, flesh 

ljängdschandö gängdschando Кjaŋžəd-ö: (goose) egg 

léngde-búndsche lérigder- T leŋdəbud'ə want to eat (INTR. 1SG) 

bundsched 

léngdetsche léngdesche К T leŋdətčə eat(FUT.lSG) 

imóbujen imóbyjen К immu:jə get drunk (INTR. 1SG) 

ángdsche anydsche - cry 

ongétschele ongétschell К T oγo:ti:li stand (FUT.INTR.l PL) 

ongénit ongénet К T oγo:ŋitəj stand (FUT.INTR.3PL) 

namdátschit namdútschit - low 

lútsche tútsche Kju:čə smoke 

-jelaxlón -jelaklón Kjelekun four 

-andaklon -andklon К ataqun two 

jömbón jämboón Tjabo:ń dead (INTR.3SG) 

ónsche óusche К o:ži: water 

vaitagá baitagá К pa:jtəgə woman (AUGM) 

nóxtscha nóktscha К noqšə sable 

endschdsche endschöldsche К eńd'ə living (IMPF.PART) 

-tschomó -tschonv К čomo:- big 

jehotí jchotí Kjoγoti: arrow 

Copy (i) or one of its derivatives served as the source of Pallas's 

publications (1786, 1789), 4 although Pallas transliterated it into Cyrillic. His 

materials reflect the deviations from the main copy cited above; for example, he 

writes мемя for memä, instead of пита {пито) 'house'. Notably, Pallas 

omitted some words from the original list. A few words from copies (ii) or (iii) 

were published in Schiefher (1859, 1871a) and Veenker (1984). 5 In this volume 

the MU list is published in full for the first time. 

2.1.3. Klitschka 

The materials of the Irkutsk governor Franz (Fedor) Klitschka include the 

translation of the 22 so-called Bachmeister sentences (Bachmeistersche 

Sprachproben) and numerals. They were sent by Klichka to Pallas in a letter 

received by the addressee on 10 July 1781. The manuscript is kept in OR GPB 

(fund 7, № 11, pp. 3 rev. - 5). Page 5 rev. contains the following note: Régu le 

10 Juillet 1781 de Mr de Klitschka Gouvernier d'Irkutsk, while page 3rev. 

contains the title: Reči perevedennye srednekovymskogo jukagirskogo rodu ot 

knjazca Afanasija Ostrjakova i pročix inorodcev togo že roda [Sentences 

translated by the princeling of the Yukaghir Srednekolymsk tribe Afanasij


Ostrjakov and other members of the same tribe]. The so-called Schögren's fund 

(AAN fund 94, list 2, № 60, p. 5) has a copy of the numerals from Klitschka's 

materials with the following title: Perevod na jukagirskoj jazyk, perevodčikov 

zdes ne slučilos', a nižepisannye slova najdeny v prežnix delax [A translation 

into Yukaghir. There are no translators here, but the words below were found in 

the earlier documents]. So the translation was made in the vicinity of 

Srednekolymsk where the Northern group of Kolyma Yukaghirs (Kolym-cy) 

lived. Indeed, from a lexical viewpoint, Klitschka's materials stand very close 

to Mueller/Kolyma (MK), see 2.1.2. 

Klitschka's materials were originally written down in Cyrillic, but 

published by Schiefner (1871a) in a Latin transliteration. This transliteration 

deviates from the original at several points, partly because Schiefner attempted 

to correct supposed errors in the Cyrillic text. The deviations are shown below 

together with the transliteration used in the present volume and, where possible, 

approximate equivalents from modern Yukaghir. 

Table 2. 

Schiefner KL ту К 

transliteration 

el jennili еленнылыи el-(j)ennylyi - do not want 

(INTR.1PL) 

marxilduek мархилдиекъ marxildiek marqil'dö:k little girl 

ale am tan алеамданъ ale-amdań əl-amdəj immortal 

(INTR.3SG) 

čemut чему chemu čumu everybody 

keilani кейланш kejlanii kejləńi red (INTR.3SG) 

manalä манал'а manal'a majlə hair 

oilä оил'а oil'a öjl'ə there is/are no 

elejun элеюч elejuč jo:ləj ill (INTR.3SG) 

jojulen еюлечъ Ü)ejuleč jo:ləj ill (INTR.3SG) 

pändai п'андай p'andaj pe:dəj burn (INTR.3SG) 

jonkul еюнкулъ (j)ejunkul joγul nose 

xoni XOHtjbHÍ qoneii qoni go (INTR.3SG) 

čomoð чомонь čomoń čomo:j big (rNTR.3SG) 

juoa ю'оа ju'oa jö: see (TR. 1SG) 

lukoč люконъ ljukon juko:j small 

pimžai ипимжаьло ipimžailo memžəjələ flame (ACC) 

modoi модони modoni modoŋi sit (INTR.3PL) 

tin тыннъ tynn tiŋ this 

adi адыи adyi adi firm, hard 

(INTR.3SG)


Klitschka's materials were published in Jochelson (1900: 229-230), where they 

were essentially translated into contemporaiy Yukaghir. In this dictionary they 

are reproduced in my transliteration after the manuscript and denoted as KL. 

2.1.4. Boertsing 

The materials of the assessor Boensing include the translation of Bachmeister's 

sentences and some numerals. The original manuscript is kept in OR GPB 

(fund 7, № 132, pp. 45 rev. - 46 rev). As follows from the note on page 46 rev., 

the data were sent to Pallas by Boensing in a letter of 24 March 1781 received 

by the addressee on 5 September 1781. In addition, the State Public Library in 

St Petersburg (OR GPB) has several secondary copies in fund 7: (i) № 132, pp. 

26-31, (ii) № 132, pp. 32-36, (iii) № 132, pp. 37-41, (iv) № 137, pp. 9-12, (v) 

№ 137, pp. 13-16, and (vi) № 137, pp. 17-20. These contain many copying 

mistakes and are not considered here. Copies (i), (ii) and (v) as well as the main 

copy have the following title (the English translation is mine): Translation of 

Russian sentences into Koryak, Chukchi and Yukaghir with a separate 

indication of each language made in the fortress of Gižiga according to the 

printed book sent by Mr. Timofej Šmalev. Copies (iii) and (iv) have a different 

title: Translation from Russian into Koryak, Chukchi and Yukaghir made by the 

commander of the Okhotsk port Captain Leutenant Zubov via interpreters. This 

indicates that the translation was made in or near Gižiga, i.e. not in a Yukaghir 

territory. 6 

As already suggested by Tailleur (1962: 56-58), the idiom recorded by 

Boensing is particularly close or even nearly identical to the Cuvan idiom 

recoded by Matjuškin (on which see 2.1.6 below). This idiom was spoken by 

the Cuvan-cy tribe, which lived on the Anadyr' and underwent strong 

assimilation by the Chukchi in the 18th century. The Čuvan-су were 

constantly attacked by the Chukchi, especially after 1747 when the Chukchi 

defeated the local Russian troops and moved closer to Anadyr' (Wrangel 

1841: 82; Argentov 1886: 12; Antropova 1957: 179; Okladnikov 1975: 17; 

Gurvič 1982: 173-74). A part of the Čuvan-cy escaped to Nizhnekolymsk 

and in the 19th century was assimilated by the Tundra Yukaghirs. Some of 

them still preserved their ethnic identity at the end of the 19th century, but 

did not know their language (Nejman 1872: 40; Maydell 1894: 61; Jochelson 

1894: 27). Another part of the Čuvan-су was assimilated by the reindeer 

breeding Koriaks (Maydell 1925: 24). Finally, the third part settled on the 

Anjuj in Markovo and underwent russification (see 2.2.5). 7 

Boensing's materials were first published in Schiefher (1871a), while 

Tailleur (1959a) later reproduced this edition. Apart from omitting many


diacritic signs, the following deviations from the original copy can be seen in 

Schiefner's publication. 

Table 3. 

Schiefner BO ту 

modern 

transliteration Yukaghir 

ili umboti и'ли' ílí-jumboty T əl-jabatəj immortal 

юмботы (INTR.3SG) 

imoxanbo имон'хаЬо imońxabo К ńə-γanbo:j five 

tingii ты'нги týngi Ttegi these 

titungeč ти'т!)нге'чь títengéč - run (INTR.3SG) 

onomikondo оно'мнкондо onómn-kondo T -köde man 

juxkon ю'хчонь júxčoń Tjuko:ń little 

(INTR.3SG) 

makagat ма'нагать mánagat К monoγə how 

te то' tó - eyes 

jaižee я'нжее jánžeje - smoke 

inža и'жи'ело ízhíelo К o:ži:lə water (ACC) 

elookongat оно'нгат onóngat К unuŋgət from 

(ABL) 

the river 

uotle- мотл!)- motle- - more 

In this dictionary Boensing's materials are cited as in the original copy and 

abbreviated as BO. 

2.1.5. Billings/Merk 

A list of 500 words was recorded during the North-Western expedition 

directed by Captain Joseph Billings. The place, time and circumstances of 

the recording are well known from the published diary of the expedition 

(Sauer 1802). The recording took place on 15 January 1787 in the settlement 

Nunkuntung-nagel (K nungəd-ən-aŋil) situated in the mouth of the river 

Nelemnaja, a tributary of the Jasačnaja. These materials also reflect the 

language of the Kolym-cy tribe (see 2.1.2). All words found in Billings' 

materials are known in modern Kolyma Yukaghir or the earlier variety of 

Kolyma Yukaghir recorded by Jochelson. 

Several copies of the list have survived, but they show significant 

differences. 8 Three copies are based on the English orthography: (i) Billings' 

copy (OR GPB, fund 7, № 137, pp. 23-30 rev.); page 30 rev. contains a note: 

A us Billings Papieren, (ii) the publication of Sauer (1802), and (iii) the


publication of Schiefher (1871a). Further, there are two publications in Cyrillic, 

Saiyčev (1811: 93-102) and Pallas (1789). They both represent the 

transliteration of the English-based list, but lack several entries. The 

transliteration of the digraphs tsh, zsh, sh, dzsh as well as gh by Saryčev is 

inconsistent and there are other mistakes that may have appeared when 

transliterating from Latin to Cyrillic script. These are shown below. 

Table 4. 

Saryčev Sauer К 

аншу antoo ad-ö: son 

ларкунъ larkul larqul root 

ниченне natshennee ńa:čəńi sharp (INTR.3SG) 

онманнсы onmannee önməńi clever (rNTR.3SG) 

милпиалхлонъ malgialachlon malγí-jalo:j eight (INTR.3SG) 

аньнюма angnuma aŋnumə earlier 

неюнмонгуль nejunmolgul ńə-molγil year 

хунишки chuniirki- kunir-kiI'd'o:j nine (INTR.3SG) 

елендяоенъ ellendzshien 

умат umat jö:mət see (TR.2PL) 

iaicb i-ak aja:k glad (IMP) 

этхя etchëa eče father 

ыаду yädoo - husband 

иви ivi ajbi: shadow 

новдри nóndri nonžo:j weak (INTR.3SG) 

Moiioxaia moinchaija - wave 

юкень irken irkin one 

Both Saryčev's copy and Sauer's list contain common copying mistakes 

absent from other sources, cf.: 

Table 5. 


лукундай lukundae jukud-ö: boy 

маналла' manalla'e majlə hair 

ичеэндамей itsheendamey i:čəd-amun elbow 

пундалволе poondalvolle po:d-olbəl'ə widower 

люуша lie'usha ju:čə soul, spirit 

арранпя arra'ngia arannəj light (INTR.3SG) 

юангуйчель i-óanguitshel jo:n-kičil forehead

20 Introduction 

Table 5 cont. 

Billings Schiefner К 

lukundä - jukud-ö: boy 

- monolä majlə hair 

itsheendami itscheendami i:čəd-amun elbow 

poondolvóle poondolvole po:d-olbəl'ə widower 

lewsha lewsha ju:čə soul, spirit 

arrangya arannei arańńəj light (INTR.3SG) 

i-onguitshel ionguitshel jo:n-kičil forehead 

But the following words show that Saryčev did not copy directly from Sauer, 

since Sauer's list contains copying mistakes not followed by Saryčev. 

Table 6. 


мархелъ marchet marqil' girl 

лагетак sagetak legitək feed (IMP) 

пуданмай pudanniai pudenme:j tall (3SG) 

онманнсы onmanneig önməńi clever 

поинюлечь poinjuletsk pən-jouləč evening 

маагилъ määjil maγil coat 

кундшу kunshu kuzhu: sky 

This indicates that Saryčev and Sauer used a common source based on English 

orthography. Pallas's publication contains the same Cyrillic transliterations as 

Saryčev's list, but also shows the individual mistakes illustrated below. 

Table 7. 

Pallas Saryčev Billings К 

суута - tshukta šuktə city; Jakutsk 

аачель - aktshel ekčil' boat 

агангня - alangnae eleŋńə- lazy 

ягмак ягтак - jaqtək sing (IMP) 

аньюнма аньшдма angnuma aŋnumə earlier 

Some of these mistakes could have emerged as a result of the misunderstanding 

of the Cyrillic form, which suggests that Saryčhev and Pallas used a Cyrillicbased 

source.


On the other hand, Billings' and Schiefner's materials exhibit common 

features and contain considerably more words than those of Saryčev and Sauer, 

although they lack a number of words present in the latter. The following table 

demonstrates copying mistakes shared by Billings and Schiefiier. 

Table 8. 

Saryčev Sauer Billings Schiefiier К 

те tia - - ti: here 

канбунной kanbunnoi kanbonnoi kanbonnoi kenbunəj wide 

(INTR.3SG) 

ханнинъ cha'nnin channen cha'nnen qanin when 

- nunbur nunbar nunbar dew 

кейвей keivey keivy keivy kejbəj thin 

(INTR.3SG) 

онджиль ondzshil onzshil onzhil ud'il' nail 

онджи ondzshi onzshi onzshi o:ži: water 

Billings' list also contains some individual features not shared by Schiefner. 

Table 9. 

Billings Schiefiier К 

marklóo marchloo marql'-ö: daughter 

oniak aniak ańńək speak (IMP) 

nengashe nenganshe nigižə yesterday 

pomzshole'ni pomzsholene pömžələńi round (INTR.3SG) 

angunma angnuma aŋnumə earlier 

tshayoia - čoγojə knife 

This suggests that Billings' and Schiefner's lists both go back to another 

English-based source, presumably different from the one used by Saryčev and 

Sauer (see Veenker 1984: 573 for a similar conclusion about Schiefner's and 

Pallas's publications). In other words, the inheritance schema for this group of 

sources can be reconstructed in the following way.


English-based proto-source 

English-based source English-based source 

Billings Schiefner Cyrillic-based source Sauer 

Saryčev Pallas 

In this dictionary I cite the reconstructed forms of the English-based protosource 

and indicate them as B. The reconstructed forms are cited with an 

asterisk if they do not coincide with any of the actual sources. Their 

relationship to the individual sources is shown in Table 10. 

Table 10. 

reconstruction Billings Sauer 

*aimáivi black aimaivi aimáibi 

*artshetshúngzsha sorrow arlshetshunzsha artshetshúnzsha 

*arránei light arrangya arrángiä 

*etchëä father etschea etchëa 

*illeyénnee wind illeyennee illejénnie 

*i-ónguitshel forehead i-onguitshel i-óanguitshel 

*kailey raven bailey - 

*ke-ick give ke-ich keick 

*koikil stump - koikél 

*ledemneë low ledemnee ledemnië 

*poldshitsha leaf - paldshitsha 

*poóndolvólle widow poondolle poóndalvólle 

*yakandaitsha horse - - 

*yälon three yalon iälon 

*yärka ice yarka iärka 

*yëlaklon four yelaklon iëlahlon 

*yelondzshendigia sun's ray yelonzshendigia jelondshent digia 

*yelongédukshimba east yelongidukshimba jelongédukshimba 

*yomüel neck yomuel jomüel 

*yöatsh pain yoatsh joatsh 

*yonrul mow yourul -

Table 10 cont. 


reconstruction SaryCev Schiefiier 

*aimáivi black аимайви aimaivi 

*artshetshúngzsha sorrow арчечунжа artscha tschungzsha 

*arránei light арранпя arannei 

*etchëä father этхя etcheä 

"illeyénnee wind иллеънье illevennee 

*i-ónguitshel forehead юангуйчель ionguitel 

*kailey raven - - 

*ke-ick give кеик - 

*koikil stump койкилъ - 

*ledemneë low ледемне ledemnee 

*poldshitsha leaf полдшича peldshitsha 

*poóndolvólle widow пундалволе poondol voile 

*yakandaitsha horse - yakandaitscha 

*yälon three ялонъ yalon 

*yärka ice iapica, ярка yarka 

*yëlaklon four ялаглонъ yelaklon 

*yelondzshendigia sun's ray - yelonzshendigia 

*yelongédukshimba east !елонп jolongodukshimba 

*yöatsh pain юань joatsh 

*yomüel neck юмуелъ jomuel 

*yonrul mow - jonrul 

Finally, three wordlists that resulted from the work of the same 

expedition are based on German orthography: (i) OR GPB, fund 7, № 137, 

pp. 2 rev. - 8; page 2 rev. contains the title: Bey de Billingschen Expedition 

ven Dr. Merk gesammelt, 9 (ii) AAN, fund 94, list 2, № 59, pp. 1-8; page 8 

contains the folllowing note: Captain Billings and some explanation about 

the Yukaghir calendar in English, as well as the title: Vocabulary of the 

Dialect of the Kovima Ukagers, and (iii) the publication of Rohbeck 

(Billings 1802: 91-129). Copies (i) and (ii) are almost fully identical, except 

that in (ii) all words begin with a capital letter, as was usually the case when 

copies were made by a scribe. Copy (iii) is a transliteration from English into 

German orthography. Its source was either Saryčev or a Cyrillic-based list 

that served as Saryčev's source. This can be seen from the fact that the word 

онманнсы 'wise' in Saryčev's list appeared as a result of the miscopying of 

the word onmannei, while Rohbeck re-transliterated it as onmannsy. The 

German-based list (i) is cited in the dictionary as ME. Since none of the 

mentioned sources contains all the words found in the other source, the


present volume is the first publication of Billings and Merk's materials in 

full. 

Whether В and ME had a common source remains unclear. The words in 

these sources are written in the same order, but they are likely to result from 

parallel recordings of the same speaker by two different members of the 

expedition. This could account for the divergences in citing grammatical forms. 

For example, the entry 'to see' is represented as the 2 person Plural in В 

(umat) and as the Imperative and the 2 nd person Plural in ME (Juk and jumat)\ 

the entry 'thou' is translated as the Nominative in В (tat) and the Predicative in 

ME (tattak), and the entry 'to eat' is represented as the Action Nominal in В 

(landgal) and the Imperative in ME (langdak, lagk). Such divergences could 

have appeared if the informant repeated the word several times in different 

grammatical forms and each recorder wrote down a different form. 10 

2.1,6. Matjuškin (Čuvan and Omok) 

Further Old Yukaghir materials were recorded by sub-lieutenant Fëdor 

Matjuškin, a participant of Wrangel's expedition (1821-1824). The recording 

was made in 1821 on the river Malyj Anjuj (Wrangel 1841: 81). Matjuškin's 

materials represent two Cyrillic-based word lists, the so-called Čuvan list 

(about 210 words) and the Omok list (134 words), plus five Cuvan sentences. 

Compared to other Old Yukaghir materials, the quality of the transcription is 

very poor and both lists, especially the Omok, contain numerous mistakes. A 

large number of words cannot be identified, probably due to fundamental 

mishearings or misspellings. The original manuscript seems to be absent from 

the materials of Wrangel's expedition kept in the State Navy Archive in St 

Petersburg. The lists we have at our disposal were first published in the diary of 

the expedition (Wrangel 1841: 115-125) and reproduced in Starčevskij (1889: 

421^37, 461^64, 639). The latter version contains many copying errors, but 

served as the basis of some phonological conclusions in Angere (1956), see 

Tailleur (1962: 57). 

The Cuvan list reflects the language of the Markovo Čuvan-cy (see 2.1.4). 

The identification of the Omok materials is difficult because the term ото is 

present in all varieties of Yukaghir." Both in modern Kolyma and Tundra 

Yukaghir it generally means 'people, tribe', cf. also К om-ni: 'people'. It 

remains unclear to which of the Yukaghir tribes Matjuškin referred as Omok. 

What is certain is that the Omok materials exhibit phonetic parallels with 

Tundra Yukaghir not shared by other varieties of Yukaghir (see 4.2.3 and 

4.2.4). However, there are no reasons to believe that the Omoks were direct 

ancestors of all the modern Tundra Yukaghirs; rather they may constitute

Introduction 3 25 

one of their components (Nikolaeva, forthc.b). In fact, Tundra Yukaghir 

exhibits more Even loanwords than the language recorded by Matjuškin and 

differs from it in several other respects. 

Tailleur (1959a, 1962) was the first to analyze Matjuškin's materials. We 

owe him the identification of many Čuvan and Omok words, although in many 

cases his solutions differ from mine. In the present volume I cite the Čuvan and 

Omok materials in transliteration after Wrangel (1841), and indicate them as 

MC and MO, respectively. 

2.2. End of the 19th century and 20th century 

2.2.1. Kurilov 

The modern Tundra Yukaghir data denoted here as T are cited after the works 

of Gavril Kurilov, mostly his Yukaghir-Russian dictionary (Kurilov 2001) and 

its shorter version (Kurilov 1990). Lexical entries included in the dictionaries 

are taken from Kurilov's large collection of texts, some of which have been 

published in Latin-based transliteration in Maslova (2001) and in Cyrillic in 

Kurilov (2005). These data are transliterated as described in 1.4. I have tried to 

cover these sources as fully as possible, but did not include all productive 

derivational forms cited in Kurilov's dictionaries. Sometimes my English 

translations differ from his Russian ones. 

Tundra Yukaghir has (or until recently had) two local idioms, Qaŋaji: 

and Alaji:, which exhibit slight phonetic differences (Kurilov 1987: 5-8; 

Krejnovič 1958: 24-25). Kurilov mostly recorded the Alaji: variety 

originally typical of the so-called First Alazeja tribe on the lower Alazeja. 

More precisely, his materials reflect Tundra Yukaghir as spoken in the last 

third of the 20th century in the settlement Andrjuškino. Qaŋaji: Yukaghir was 

spoken by the clans who nomadized between the lower Kolyma and Alazeja 

and is primarily known from the works of Jochelson (2.2.4). 

2.2.2. Krejnovič 

Eruxim/Evgenij Krejnovič's materials are indicated in this dictionary as KK 

for Kolyma Yukaghir (Krejnovič 1982) and KT for Tundra Yukaghir 

(Krejnovič 1958, 1982). The Cyrillic transcription is transliterated on a 

regular basis. However I do not indicate some non-phonemic


pronunciational variants such as r, which, according to Krejnovič (1982: 12), 

represents the stop variant of the uvular fricative 5 (i.e. 7). 

Krejnovič made his recordings approximately between 1940 and 1980. 

They mainly reflect the Alaji: variety of Tundra Yukaghir. 

2.2.3. Spiridonov 

The materials of Nikolaj Spiridonov are denoted as SD and reproduced after 

Spiridonov (2003). This work is a publication of Spiridonov's manuscript 

Yukaghir-Russian and Even-Russian dictionaries edited by Aleksej Burykin. 

The original manuscripts have not been preserved. The dictionaries are known 

from the copies made by the ethnographer E. Orlova, which are currently kept 

in the Magadan Regional museum. 

Spiridonov himself was a native speaker of Kolyma Yukaghir. The 

Yukaghir part of the dictionary reflects the language of the Kolyma 

Yukaghirs of 1930-1931. According to the editor of the published version, 

the dictionary remained unfinished: there are considerably more words 

beginning with the letter a than those beginning with the last letters in the 

alphabet. The dictionary includes about 750 entries, and many of them are 

toponyms and hydronyms. The published version contains many 

misspellings, as the text was copied several times by people who did not 

have a good knowledge of the language, first of all Orlova herself. 

Spiridonov used a mixed orthography based both on the Cyrillic and 

Latin writing systems, as had been customary in some publications on 

Northern languages in the early 1930s before the unified writing system was 

adopted. The 2003 publication omits the diacritics that apparently indicated 

stress. In this volume the Cyrillic letters are transliterated. 

2.2.4. Jochelson 

Woldemar Jochelson's materials reflect the varieties of Yukaghir spoken at the 

end of the 19th century and the very beginning of the 20th century. He recorded 

Kolyma Yukaghir and the Qaŋaji: variety of Tundra Yukaghir. 

Jochelson's materials are represented by two types of data. First, I have used 

his published works (Jochelson 1898, 1900). They are marked as KJ and TJ for 

Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir, respectively. Jochelson's other published works 

(e.g. Jochelson 1905) are not used, as they hardly contain any words absent 

from the publications mentioned above. In rendering these Cyrillic data I have 

followed my usual transliteration practice with the following amendments:


Jochelson's ä is rendered as e, d, which optionally represents i, is rendered as i, 

ц is rendered as d\ and the sign indicating the optional palatalization on č is 

omitted. Stress is not shown. 

Second, I have used Jochelson's manuscript dictionaries, which remain 

largely unpublished. They are kept in the form of card files in the Archive of St 

Petersburg's Institute of Oriental Studies in the so-called Jochelson's Fund} 2 

The Kolyma Yukaghir dictionary is found in fund 23, part 1, № 17-22 under 

the title Yukaghir-Russian dictionary. Part of this dictionary was published in 

Jochelson (1926: 317-327), but the manuscript is much more substantial. In the 

present volume these materials are denoted as KD. The Tundra Yukaghir 

dictionary is found in fund 23, part 1, № 13-16 under the title Khangai-Russian 

dictionary. A few Qaŋaji: words are cited in Jochelson (1926: 317-327). In the 

present volume these materials are marked as TD. I also cite Yukaghir words 

from the text of Jochelson (1926) and have included them in KD and TD. 

Although my publication of the manuscript dictionaries is more complete 

than Jochelson (1926), I have not reproduced them in full. A separate edition of 

these would be an interesting project, though not strictly required for the 

purpose of this dictionary. In particular, I have omitted many idiomatic 

expressions and sentence examples, as well as Jochelson's comments on the 

origin and usage of some words. In the manuscripts verbs are cited in the 

Imperative and in the 3 rd person Singular forms, while I only cite verbal stems. 

In the Khangai dictionary Jochelson cites nouns in the emphatic form in -ŋ, but 

I cite them uninflected. The dictionaries are written down in Latin-based 

transcription. While rendering it I made the following additional changes: stress 

is not indicated, / stands for / and /' stands for l, ń stands for n',h for g. (both h 

and g. represent non-phonemic variants of у in the original), ŋ for n, d' or J, ž for 

d, and m for m\ In the original, m' indicates a non-phonemic palatalization 

before the diphthongoid e: [ie], 

2.2.5. Schiefiier 

Anton Schiefner was the first to undertake a linguistic study of Yukaghir, in the 

second half of the 19th century. In his three articles (Schiefner 1859, 1871a, 

1871b) he provided short grammatical notes and published word lists compiled 

from previous archival sources, as well as the new data he himself collected 

through correspondence with the local administration. On Schiefner's 

publications of earlier sources see 2.1.2,2.1.3, 2.1.4 and 2.1.5. 

Schiefner's materials come from the following sources. First, in 1859 he 

received two short Yukaghir texts from the governor of Jakutsk, Dr. Julius


Stubendorff, and one text from the teacher in a Jakutsk primary school, Fedor 

Rajskij. These texts were recorded from an Omolon Yukaghir who visited 

Jakutsk in 1858 and represent the same idiom. Schiefher published them twice, 

in Schiefner (1859) and, with the improved transcription and translation, in 

Schiefher (1871a). In this dictionary I cite these materials after the latter 

publication and denote them as RS. Second, in 1861 Schiefher received a list of 

2289 words, 50 sentences and one short text from Petr Suvorov, the Chukchi 

missionary in Srednekolymsk. Suvorov's materials are published in Schiefner 

(1871a). In this dictionary they are denoted as SU. RS and SU reflect the 

idioms spoken on the Omolon and in Srednekolymsk, respectively. They 

represent geographically and linguistically close varieties of Kolyma 

Yukaghir. 

Third, Schiefner (1871b) presents 111 sentences recorded by the General 

Governor of Eastern Siberia, Baron Gerhard von Maydell. These are indicated 

here as M. Maydell himself was involved in geographic and ethnographic work 

in North-Eastern Siberia in 1868-1870 (see Maydell 1894-1896, 1925). He 

recorded his Yukaghir materials in 1870 on the river Anadyr' in the settlement 

Markovo. The basin of Anadyr' and Markovo in particular was then inhabited 

by the Yukaghir Čuvan-су tribe, see 2.1.4. However, Maydell noted that most 

Čuvan-cy could not speak their language when he visited them. Some had 

begun to speak Russian, while others had been assimilated by the Kolyma 

Yukaghirs (Maydell 1894-1896; Jochelson 1905; Gurvič 1966: 142). Maydell 

found it difficult to find speakers of the language in Markovo. Only one elderly 

lady was able to provide him with translations of Russian sentences into 

Yukaghir, and the influence of Russian syntax is evident in these translations. 

These materials do not show significant linguistic differences from Kolyma 

Yukaghir and hardly represent the language of the Čuvan-су. 

Most of Schiefner's materials were re-published in Jochelson (1900: 227 

229, 231-237), however Jochelson made many changes and corrections, 

essentially adapting them to the language spoken at the end of the 19th century. 

I cite Schiefner's materials after his publications, with the following changes in 

transcription: ŋ instead of n, d'instead of j('), and γ instead of g.

3. Basics of Kolyma Yukaghir phonology 


In the dictionary I have used my own phonological transcription for modern 

Kolyma Yukaghir. Here I explain this transcription and provide a 

phonological description of the language, which serves as the basis for the 

Proto-Yukaghir reconstruction in Section 4. This description should not be 

viewed as comprehensive: it only concentrates on certain relevant topics. 

Note that it deviates from previous descriptions (Krejnovič 1982; Maslova 

2003) on a number of points. In some cases I have chosen to compare the 

Kolyma Yukaghir data with modern Tundra Yukaghir. In this Introduction I 

have rendered the Tundra Yukaghir in my phonological transcription, 

although in the text of the dictionary I have left all data other than the 

Kolyma Yukaghir as they appear in the existing sources. Where in this 

Introduction there is no indication of the source, the examples are taken 

from Kolyma Yukaghir. 

3.1. Phonemic inventory 

3.1.1. Vocalism 

Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir have identical vocalic systems as below. 

(1) front back 

unrounded rounded unrounded rounded 

high i i: u u: 

non-high e e: ö 1 о: а а: о о: 

Short non-high vowels are not specified for place of articulation when they 

occur after the first bimoraic foot, i.e. after the initial structures CVCV, 

CVC or CV:. As was first suggested in Nikolaeva (1986), in this position 

they are represented as a neutral vowel ə, which may partly harmonize to a 

full vowel (see 3.3.2). The vowel ə is not included in the phonemic 

inventory, because its distribution is fully predictable from the syllabic 

structure. Therefore it does not contrast with full vowels. However, I find it 

useful to indicate it in the transcription because, as shown below in 3.4.1 

and 3.4.2, ə has distinct phonological properties not shared by other vowels. 

The vowel ə is also present in a few monosyllabic functional words that 

normally form a single phonological phrase with the adjacent lexical word,


such as the pronouns mət 'I', tət 'thou', and possibly some forms of the 

auxiliary verb l'ə- 'to be'. 

For Tundra Yukaghir Kurilov usually writes diphthongs instead of long 

mid vowels, but not always consistently, cf. T xoolew- 'to kill' (Kurilov 

1990: 307) and xuole.w- id. (Kurilov 1990: 308). There are variations in 

Jochelson's and Krejnovič's materials, too, e.g. KJ xamluo— xamlo- 'how 

many, how much' and KK juo- ~ jo:- 'to see'. Krejnovič (1958: 9, 1982: 9- 

10) explicitly mentioned the diphthongs ie and mo, but did not discuss their 

phonological status. However, there are no minimal or quasi-minimal pairs 

that can distinguish diphthongs from the corresponding long mid vowels. 

Instead, the falling diphthongs are the non-phonological variants of long mid 

vowels, i.e. e: can be realized as ie, о: as uo, and ö as uö (or wo). 2 Diphthongs 

are generally preferred in the stressed position, especially in monosyllabic 

words, but this distribution is a tendency rather than a strict rule. There are 

only two words in Kolyma Yukaghir where the long e: never diphthongizes: 

me:me: 'bear' and emme: 'mummy'. The former is apparently an emphatic 

taboo word which appeared as a result of reduplication (see 4.3), while the 

latter is an affectionate nursery word. T rte.nuke: 'riddle' and eke: 'elder 

sister' do not seem to allow diphthongs either, but both are recent Even 

borrowings. In any case, these few words do not provide sufficient evidence 

for the phonological status of falling diphthongs. 

Maslova (2003) analyzes the glides j and w in the syllable-final position 

as consonants. In this Introduction a different solution is adopted: the glides 

j and w before a consonant or a pause are analyzed as vocalic components of 

rising diphthongs and are transcribed as j and u, respectively. There are no 

prevocalic rising diphthongs, but the glides are realized as the consonantal j 

or К b ~ T w, cf. moj-m 'holds (TR.3SG)' vs. moj-o:-j 'is held (RES-3SG)', 

köu-də- (optionally [köwdə-]) 'to drive out' ~ keb-ej- 'to leave', and T lau-m 

'eats (TR.3SG)' (optionally [lawm]) ~ law-i-tə- 'to feed'. 

The following arguments support this solution. First, it follows from the 

phonotactic properties of the language. According to Maslova (2003: 34), 

consonantal clusters are disallowed in the syllable-final position with the 

exception of ^'-initial clusters, e.g. qojl 'God' and qojl-gət (ABL). The 

diphthong analysis strengthens the generalization: if j is analyzed here as 

vocalic, such words do not present exceptions. Similarly, in Kolyma 

Yukaghir the Imperative morpheme -k attaches after a vowel-final stem, but 

is absent after a consonant, since a word cannot end in two consonants (see 

3.6), cf. mada:-k 'sit down (IMP)' but šöriləš 'write (IMP)'. But -k occurs 

after j, e.g. kej-k 'give (IMP)', apparently because the latter is vocalic. 

Second, the glide can be followed by the epenthetic /, which only occurs


between two vowels (3.6.1), cf. tadi:-l-a:- 'to start giving' (INCH) and 

uj-l-a:- 'to start working' (INCH). Third, as discussed in 3.4.1, in 

monosyllabic nouns the vowel is always long. This is because such words 

must be bimoraic, but the final consonant does not provide a mora. 

However, monosyllabic nouns ending in и or j do not contain long vowels, 

e.g.jou 'illness' and köj 'man'. This indicates that the final segment here is 

not a consonant but a moraic vowel. Finally, the consonant j does not occur 

at the end of a consonantal cluster (see 3.2). As noticed in Maslova (2003: 

34), the only exception is the cluster wj, e.g. šewjemet 'came in 

(INTR.2PL)' (in Maslova's transcription). With the analysis of w as vocalic, 

this case does not present an exception: j here functions as a syllable onset. I 

transcribe this word as šöujəmət. 

The rising diphthongs in the first foot can contain any vowel, e.g. köj 

'man', pajpə 'women', pujm 'blows (TR.3SG)', tolou 'wild reindeer', and 

leu 'eat (TR.1SG)'. After the first foot only two diphthongs involving 

non-high vowels seem to be allowed in non-compound words, ej and aj. 

Their distribution depends on the harmonic quality of the stem in the same 

way as the distribution of harmonizing long vowels a: and e: (see 3.3): ej 

occurs in front stems and aj occurs in back stems. For example, these 

diphthongs are present in certain verbal affixes such as the Perfective 

-ej-/aj-, -dej-/-daj-, -rej-/-raj-, -tej-/-taj-, and -šej-/-šaj-, e.g. ločil-daj- 'to 

make fire' vs. šel'gə-dej- 'to break', čoly-aj- 'to push' vs.jed-ej- 'to appear'. 

Note that although the only short non-high vowel allowed after the first foot 

is э, these affixes do not contain ə. As is shown in 3.3.2, ə optionally 

harmonizes in rounding to the vowels of the first foot, so if they contained ə 

we would expect the form *ločil-doj-, at least in some idiolects. However, 

such forms do not exist. This provides an additional argument for analyzing 

ej and aj as diphthongs, rather than the combination "short vowel + /'. 

3.1.2. Consonantism 

The consonantal systems of Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir differ slightly. 

The table below marks with the symbols T or К the phonemes that are 

particular to either language.


(2) labial coronal palatal velar uvular 

voiceless stops 

voiced stops 

voiceless fricatives 

voiced fricatives 

voiceless affricates 

voiced affricates 

nasals 

laterals 

trills 

P t 

b d 

Ts, Kš 

К ž 

m n 

r 

approximants T w J 

č 

d' 

ń 

к q 

g 

γ 

Krejnovič (1982) records the palatal stop t' instead of c, however in modern 

Kolyma Yukaghir it is pronounced as a palatal voiceless affricate and is so 

transcribed by most other sources. 

According to Maslova (2003), b is not a phoneme in Kolyma Yukaghir, 

which instead has the phonemic w. She takes b to be a variant of w, either a 

free variant in the intervocalic position or a positional variant after a 

sonorant. However, the alternations shown by b are similar to the 

alternations of other voiced stops. It is realized as b after a sonorant and as b 

or w (in some idiolects) intervocalically. In the coda position b undergoes 

assimilative processes typical of other voiced consonants (see 3.5.2). For 

this reason I have treated b as a voiced stop in this volume. So, unlike in 

Maslova's description, all voiceless stops have a voiced counterpart: p ~ b, t 

~d, к ~ g, č ~ d', š ~ ž, and q ~ у (in the latter case there is also a difference 

in the mode of articulation). 

As for w, I have argued in the previous subsection that in Kolyma 

Yukaghir it does not have a phonemic status. Rather it is an optional 

pronunciational variant of u, which occurs before a consonant as the second 

component of a diphthong. Before a vowel, w may optionally replace b in 

some idiolects. In contrast, in Tundra Yukaghir w is phonemic: it occurs 

word-initially and contrasts with b in the intervocalic and syllable-initial 

position, e.g. T qabaŋa: 'bald' vs. qawarqə 'pit', ilwi:- 'to graze' vs. tilba:- 

'to trample down'. The phonemes w and b in Tundra Yukaghir have a 

different origin, see 4.2. 

The distribution of k/q, on the one hand, and g/y, on the other, is not free 

but depends on the harmonic quality of the stem (see 3.3.4). But since the 

domain of synharmonism does not include inflectional suffixes, one can 

easily find minimal and quasiminimal pairs distinguished by velar vs. uvular 

ŋ


consonants, e.g. monoyə 'mountain sheep' vs. nono-gə 'thorn (LOC)'. This 

suggests that k, q, g, and γ are distinct phonemes. 

3.1.3. Some non-phonemic variations 

Most allophonic variations are described in Krejnovič (1982) and Maslova 

(2003); here I will only discuss the variations relevant for my transcription. 

Voiced stops tend to undergo fricativization in the intervocalic position. For 

example, Krejnovič and Maslova normally write ś as the allophonic variant 

of c. ś occurs intervocalically or word-finally (3a) in contrast to the с 

available word-initially or after some consonants (3b). But I write с in both 

cases, on phonological grounds. 

(3)a. eče: [eśie] father 

kebeč [kebeś] went(3SG) 

b. erčə [erčə] bad 

čobul [čobul] sea 

Another example is the inter-speaker variation b ~ w mentioned in the 

previous subsection, which is reflected in Maslova's transcription. Such 

variations are fully predictable and are not recorded in my dictionary. 

The previous sources have not mentioned that the vowels a and о 

undergo optional fronting after the palatal consonants j, č, l\ and и, 

especially if they are unstressed, e.g.janməgej- ~ jenməgej- 'to run into' and 

ńajdo:— ńejdo:- 'spare'. These variations are reflected in my data. The 

initial prevocalic j can be deleted, which leads to various changes, e.g.jomil 

~ imil 'neck', ju:-legul ~ i:-legul 'flour', jurgud'e:jə ~ irgud'e.jə 'star', 

jöulugə ~ i.lugə 'sorrow', and joŋžo:- ~ iŋžo:— uŋžo:- 'to sleep'. In other 

instances the initial j, I or ń assimilates to the second syllable, e.g .jel'o.d'ə ~ 

l'el'o.d'ə 'sun', ńumušej- ~ mumušej- 'to press', l'a:jə ~ja:jə 'spleen\jouluč- 

~ louluč- 'to ask', and ja:ži:- ~ ńa.ži:- (< *ńančə-) 'to scratch'. 

Other non-predictable optional variations that may be reflected in my 

transcription are rql' ~ šl' (e.g. mašl'ö: < marqlo: 'daughter'), ql ~ qš (e.g. 

ataqləštə ~ ataqšəštə 'second'), m ~ b (e.g. mi. bə ~ mi.mə 'basis, character, 

custom'), ö ~ и (e.g. lukil ~ lökil 'blunt arrow'), i ~ и (e.g. mimil ~ mumul 

'young antlers'), and i~ e (e.g. mi.d'i: ~ me.d'i: 'sledge').


3.2. Positional restrictions on consonants 

Since the syllabification constraints do not allow more than one consonant 

in the coda or onset position (see 3.6), Kolyma Yukaghir only exhibits 

two-consonantal clusters. A table of attested clusters is presented in 

Krejnovič (1982: 31), but it appears to miss some generalizations, namely, 

that consonants fall into several natural classes based on their combinatorial 

properties: voiceless obstruents (stops, affricates, and fricatives), voiced 

obstruents, the vibrant r, other sonorants, and j. It also fails to mention that 

the morpheme boundary plays a certain role in the well-formedness of 

clusters either. Table (1) represents possible combinations across the 

morpheme boundary. Table (2) shows the co-occurrence of consonants 

within a morpheme. The symbol # stands for the word boundary. 

Table 1. 

voiceless voiced sonorants j # 

obstruents obstruents 

voiceless obstruents + - + - + 

voiced obstruents - - - - - 

sonorants + + + - + 

j + + + - + 

# + - + + 

Table 2. 

voiceless voiced r other j 

obstruents obstruents sonorants 

voiceless obstruents + - - - - 

voiced obstruents - - - - - 

r + + - + - 

other sonorants - + + + - 

j + + + + - 

As follows from the tables, clusters ending in j are totally forbidden. The 

syllable-initial j assimilates to the previous consonant both across the 

morpheme boundary and inside a morpheme (3.5.4). Voiced obstruents only 

occur intervocalically, after a sonorant or a glide, and alternate with other 

consonants elsewhere (3.5.1 and 3.5.2). They are disallowed word-initially 

with the exception of a few words, but in Tundra Yukaghir word-initial 

voiceless consonants may undergo voicing (3.5.3).


Generally speaking, the combinatorial potential of a consonant within a 

morpheme is lower than across a morpheme boundary. Sonorants do not 

normally precede voiceless obstruents within a morpheme due to the 

historical process of voicening (see 4.2.5). However, there are no 

restrictions at the morpheme boundary, e.g. ludul-tə- 'to provide with iron 

(iron-TR)' and urun-tə- 'to provide with a bed (bed-TR)'. The consonant r 

typically co-occurs with tautomorphemic voiceless obstruents, but in some 

cases it may precede a voiced obstruent. 

There are additional restrictions on the individual consonants not 

reflected in the tables. The consonant ŋ does not occur word-initially and ń 

is not allowed word-finally, although it is possible in Tundra Yukaghir. In 

Kolyma Yukaghir ń is depalatalized if it appears at the end of a word, e.g. 

kejbən 'make thinner (IMP)' from kejbəń- 'to make thinner'. The clusters In 

and jl usually assimilate into ńń and jj, respectively. This creates geminates, 

which are otherwise rare. The clusters nl and nl' are generally disallowed, at 

least at the morpheme boundary. In such clusters n assimilates to / with 

further palatalization before the palatal /'. Examples are kil'-l'ə 'whose' < kin 

'who' + l'ə (Possessive) and mol'-ïəl 'said (EV.INTR.3SG)' < топ- 'to say' 

+ Ы (Evidential). But when a sonorant-final stem is followed by an /-initial 

affix, I usually falls out, e.g. nugenə < nugen-lə 'hand (ACC)' and qa.rak < 

qa:r-hk 'skin (PRED)'. The geminated č is found in the word oččə 

(evidently, from *otčə) 'vessel made of birch bark' and may optionally be 

created as a result of morphological derivation, e.g. terikəd-jə 'married 

(INTR.1SG)' > terikəd-čə > terikət-čə ( > terkəč-čə). 

3.3. Vowel harmony 

Vowel harmony operates in two domains, the first foot and the uninflected 

word, and the rules differ. The first foot is bimoraic, and so has the 

following structures: (C)VCV, (C)V: or (C)VC (on the foot structure see 

3.4.1 and 4.3). Obviously, the harmony is only observed in the (C)VCV 

type. Note that the distinction between two harmonic domains has not been 

mentioned in previous work. All previous studies (Jochelson 1905; 

Collinder 1940; Krejnovič 1982; Maslova 2003) describe one type of 

harmony and extrapolate it onto the word as a whole.


3.3.1. Harmony in the first foot 

Stems are either harmonically back or harmonically front. The distribution 

of vowels into harmonic classes according to frontness is shown in (4). 

(4) front e ö u i 

back а о (u) i 

If the first foot has two vowels, i.e. has the structure (C)VCV, these vowels 

must share the value for the frontness feature. The front and back vowels do 

not co-occur within the first foot. The value of the frontness feature of the 

stem determines the harmonic value of some long vowels in further syllables 

(3.3.3), as well as the synharmonism (3.3.4). 

As follows from (4), e and ö are front, and a and о are back. The vowel и 

is harmonically front but phonetically back (for a historical explanation of 

this fact see 4.1.3). This means that it is compatible with e and ö (e.g. К 

pure, T pure 'on, outside', К čugö 'road, trace'), but typically not with a 

and o. There are only a few words where и and a co-occur. Some are recent 

borrowings, e.g. T pura:qil' 'jaeger (Stercorarius)' ~ Ev. prakil 'kind of 

bird' and T qularqə 'seagull' < Ev. kular 'gull'. Similarly, К šule- 'to stand 

still' is a back stem. The vowel i occurs both with front and back vowels, as 

demonstrated in (5a) and (5b), respectively. 

(5)a. kiše- show К T iŋer apart 

b. ibor wart mido-, T mira- to roam 

čitata: ground squirrel К T imol saddle reindeer 

T čibaγa- to peep (of a mouse) 

Although the latter cases are less frequent, they are by no means uncommon. 

For a historical explanation of this see 4.1.3. 

The vowels of the first foot also share the roundness features, but the 

roundness harmony only operates on a subset of vowels, namely, on 

non-front non-high vowels. In other words, the back vowels о and a cannot 

co-occur within the first foot, so the structures *CaCo or *CoCa are 

generally forbidden. In (6a) I present examples of roots with non-front 

vowels, and in (6b) of roots with front vowels. 

(6) а. К T aŋa mouth b. ögö fish trap 

К T nono loop mere- to fly


A number of exceptions such as toγal 'scum' or T mojarqə 'softened (fish)' 

are insignificant. They may result from erroneous recording. 

Vowels in front stems do not necessarily agree in roundness, e.g. T köde 

'man', T köne 'friend'. Such stems normally have the structure CöCe (but 

not *CeCö), while the first consonant is the labial p or m, sometimes also к 

or š/s. This suggests that originally the stem was CeCe, but the first vowel 

was labialized under the influence of the word-initial consonant (see 4.1.2). 

In other words, the lack of rounding harmony is here secondary. 

3.3.2. Harmony of short vowels after the first foot 

After the first foot the harmony is mainly restricted to short non-high vowels. 

All high vowels, most of which are epenthetic (see 3.6), are harmony-neutral. 

As was mentioned in 3.1.1, the only short non-high vowel after the first foot is 

a. In roots and derivational suffixes this vowel can harmonize to the vowels 

of the first foot. Unlike in the first foot, this kind of harmony is optional. 

Some speakers always pronounce a, while in the pronunciation of other 

speakers this vowel shows partial harmony in frontness and roundness to the 

vowel(s) of the first foot in the following manner. 

(7) first foot harmony examples 

a a [šaqala] or [šaqalə] fox 

о о [monoγo] or [monoγə] moufflon 

e e [terike] or [terikə] wife 

As shown in Nikolaeva (1988a), harmony is more likely to occur in the 

stressed position, while the non-stressed a normally remains phonetically 

neutral. 

This kind of optional assimilation of a has been described as harmony in 

previous studies on Yukaghir and is the main reason for the transcriptional 

inconsistencies in the existing sources. The vowel a may be rendered as a, o, 

or e, even within the same word and when recorded by the same author. This 

is shown by the following examples. 

(8) a. a:čə 'domestic reindeer' 

KK a:t'e, at'e, a:c'a, ax'e; KJ a:če; KD a:če; SD аса, ase-, ace-; SU 

-ača; RS -ača; M áča, aače, aača; MO amd'e [rect. atče]; В aaitsha; 

ME ointscha; MK áatsche, aatschen-


b. toukə 'dog' 

KK touke, tewke-, towke-, touka; KJ toboko, toboke; SD tobuka; 

RS towéka; M towóka, tówoka, towóko-, towóka-, tóuka; MC 

tawala [rect. tawaka]; В tabaka; ME tavacke 

c. unemə 'ear' 

KK uneme-; KJ uneme; SD unume; SU unéma; RS unama; MC 

inama; ВО inémo-; KL unemo; В oonómma; ME unoma; MK 

unjáma 

d. šoromə 'man' 

KK šoromo; KJ šoromo, romo; KD coromo, coro, romo-; SD 

šoromo; TD -soromo ; SU čoróma; RS -šoroma; M soróma, 

sorómaga; KL šoroma, šoromo; В toromma, -toromma; ME 

torroma, -schoromok; MK tschrróma 

Such variations do not normally occur with short vowels within the first 

foot, which are rendered in the same way by all authors, cf. 

(9) a. aŋa 'mouth' 

KK aŋa; KJ aŋa; KD aŋa; SU ága; RS angá; MC aigga [rect. 

angga], anga; MO aigg [rect. angg]; BO anáńga; KL angaga; В 

angá; ME anga; MU anggá; MK ánga 

b. moγo 'hat' 

KJ moγo; SD mogo; В mogo; MU mongó, but ME mochga 

Inflectional morphemes are normally excluded from the harmony. By 

inflectional I mean case and number suffixes for nouns and tense/mood and 

agreement suffixes for verbs, as well as suffixes of non-finite verbs. In 

contrast, verbal aspectual and voice-like affixes do harmonize. In inflectional 

morphemes all non-high short vowels are pronounced as ə or (stressed) e 

(stressed a in Tundra Yukaghir). For example, moγo-gə 'hat (LOC)' may be 

pronounced as [moγoge] or [moγogə] and aŋa-lə 'mouth (INSTR)' may be 

pronounced as [aŋale] or [aŋalə].

3.3.3. Harmony of long vowels 


There are two types of long vowels, harmonizing and non-harmonizing. 

Affixes that contain the long о: do not harmonize, probably due to the fact 

that in most cases о: has appeared as a result of the contraction of a short 

vowel and a consonant (see 4.1.4). Some examples of non-harmonizing 

affixes with long о: are К -bo.-, T -bo.l- (Qualitative) and К T -(ŋ)o\- 

(Stative/Resultative). They are compatible with both front and back stems, 

cf. the Resultative forms kuded-o:- 'killed' and amd-o:- 'dead'. 3 In addition, 

there is a group of non-harmonizing affixes containing the long a: and e: 

such as К T -e:- (Causative), К T -de: (Diminutive), and T -na:- 

(Inchoative). 

Other affixes with long non-round vowels do harmonize. Harmonizing 

affixes are represented by two variants, one of which co-occurs with back 

stems and contains the vowel a:, and another that co-occurs with front stems 

and contains the vowel e:. Roundness harmony does not operate in this case. 

Some examples of harmonizing affixes with long vowels are К T -a:-/-e:- 

(Inchoative), К T -qa:-/-ke:- (Inchoative), К T -ča:l-če: (nominal derivational 

suffix), and К T -d'a.-l-d'e:- (Intransitive). This is demonstrated by the 

following Inchoative derivations (the consonant / is epenthetic, see 3.6.1). 

(10) a. anγi:- anγi:-l-a:- to scratch 

qoγi:- qoγi:-l-a:- to pierce 

im- im-a:- to sit down 

b. jug- jug-e:- to kiss 

ib- ib-e> to suck 

jö> jö:-l-e:- to see 

mere- mer-e:- to fly 

The same behavior is observed for affixes containing the diphthongs ej/aj 

(see 3.1.1), for example: 

(11) a. jataγə- jataγə-daj- to straighten 

joŋ-nə- joγo-daj- to open 

b. šelgə- šelgə-dej- to break 

ju:-ńə- ju:-dej- to smoke


If a harmonizing affix follows the long o:, it harmonizes to the first vowel of 

the word in bisyllabic words (12a). In trisyllabic words both front and back 

variants of the affixes are available (12b). 

(12) a. kižo:- kižo:-l-e:- light 

jero:- jero:-l-e:- shallow 

b. nigejo:- nigejo:-l-e:- nigejo:-l-a:- heavy 

čeginmo:- čeginmo:-l-e:- čeginmo:-l-a:- deep 

As discussed below in 3.4.1, the vowel a is lengthened in certain 

phonological environments, in which case it harmonizes to the vowels of the 

first foot. 

3.3.4. Synharmonism 

As was mentioned in 3.3.1, every stem in Yukaghir is either back or front. 

This distinction conditions the synharmonism, i.e. the distribution of velars 

and uvular consonants. Front stems may only contain к and g, while back 

stems are only compatible with q and y. The domain of synharmonism is the 

root augmented by derivational affixes, for example: 

(13) qolγut mammoth ńača-γə- to pierce (ITER) 

kigi:- to prick pöme-gə- to roll (ITER) 

Synharmonism is not observed in recent borrowings, e.g. kal'ip 'iron pincers 

for casting shot, clay mould for casting bullets' < Rus. kalibr and T quńe 

'two year old male reindeer' < Ev. кипа:- 'to gallop (of a reindeer)'. 

In inflectional morphemes consonants fail to harmonize. In this case 

Kolyma Yukaghir has generalized the front variants with g and k, and 

Tundra Yukaghir has generalized the back variants with q and y, see the 

following examples with the Locative affix К -gə ~ T -yə rendered in the 

phonetic transcription. 

(14) [ločil-ge] in the fire T [nime-γa] in the house 

[labut-ke] in the snag T [mət-qa] by me 

The generalization of one harmonic variant seems to be a rather recent 

process. Jochelson's materials (from the end of the 19th century) show that


at least in certain cases synharmonism operated in inflectional morphemes 

as well, e.g. KJ mada:-q 'sit down (IMP)' ~ mada:-k, KJ jo-γole 'head 

(ACC)' ~ jo:-gələ. Vowel harmony was also more widespread, especially in 

the now extinct Korkodon variety of Kolyma Yukaghir. 

3.4. Alternations of vowels 

Sections 3.4 and 3.5 address only those alternations that are relevant for the 

transcription and reconstruction suggested in this volume. 

3.4.1 Quantitative alternations 

There are two basic types of vowel lengthening in Kolyma Yukaghir. First, a 

full short vowel (i.e. not ə) can be lengthened for prosodic reasons. 

Monosyllabic nouns have the structure (C)V: or (C)V:C, while the 

structures *(C)VC or *CV are impossible. This distribution can be explained 

with the assumptions that (i) the minimal lexical word must correspond to a 

foot (McCarthy and Prince 1995); (ii) the foot in Yukaghir is bimoraic, and 

(iii) the word-final consonant does not project a mora. In other words, 

bimoraicity is satisfied by vowel length. In most monosyllabic words the 

vowel is genuinely long and does not alternate with short vowels, cf. o: 

'trousers' and o:-ńa:-l'əl 'apparently had trousers 

(trousers-PROPR-EV.INTR.3SG)'. Such vowels are reconstructed for 

Proto-Yukaghir as long. Other stems exhibit alternations with short vowels, 

e.g. e:r > je:r 'furkation' but ere-1'ə- 'to spread (legs)', and Te:-j 'is 

(INTR.3SG)' but l'd-t-i 'will be (FUT-INTR.3SG)'. The vowel here is 

underlyingly short, but lengthened when the word is monosyllabic to 

maintain bimoraicity. For such stems I reconstruct a short vowel. 

Second, before the bimoraic affixes CV: or CVC the vowel a lengthens 

into e: or a:, depending on the harmonic quality of the stem. As was shown 

above, rounding harmony does not operate in this case. Short vowels other 

than ə do not lengthen in this context. Some examples of bimoraic 

morphemes that cause this kind of lengthening are К T -de: (Diminutive), К 

T -Ы- (Evidential), К T -nun-( Habitual), -ji:-/-či:-/-dï:- (Iterative), T -či\- 

(Causative), -d'a:-/-d'e:- (Habitual), К -bo:-, T -6o.7-(Qualitative), and К 

-šaj-/-šej-, -daj-l-dej-, T -raj-l-rej-, -taj/-tej- (Perfective Transitive). (15a) 

illustrates the Diminutive, and (15b) the Evidential.


(15) a. a:čə ača:-de: reindeer 

po:rə pora:-de: spring 

önmə önme:-de: mind 

ejmə ejme:-de: price 

b. joγortə- joγorta:-l'əl to wound 

jaqtə- jaqtar-Гэ! to sing 

egetə- egete:-l'əl to put, to raise 

ejrə- ejre.-1'əl to walk 

This lengthening is caused by the need to parse the word into bimoraic feet 

(see Nikolaeva 1998 for details). The bimoraic affixes that take the final 

position in the word, e.g. the Ablative -gat, the 2 nd person Plural transitive 

-mət, the 3 rd person Plural transitive -ŋa:, the Predicative -lək, and the Dative 

-ŋin, do not cause lengthening. 

Vowel shortening occurs in (at least some) (C)V:Cə stems, e.g.: 

(16) ńa:čə edge ńačaγədaj- to hit 

ńa:čə face ńačadaj- to return (INTR) 

Alternations take place when there is a long vowel or a diphthong in 

subsequent syllables. So the vowel length depends on the phonological 

environment, namely, the presence of bimoraic syllables (except CVC) later in 

the word. This suggests that it may be related to stress. 

Stress is not addressed in detail here. In short, it is quantity-sensitive, 

although the rules of stress assignment differ slightly from those described 

in Maslova (2003: 58-59) after Nikolaeva (1988a). The stress falls on the 

rightmost syllable with a long vowel or a diphthong. Otherwise it falls on 

the right-most CVC syllable, and in the absence of the latter on the last 

syllable. 4 So, for example, in ńa:čə the stress falls on the first vowel and in 

ńačaγədaj- the stress falls on the diphthong aj. The stem shows the 

alternation ńača- (where the first vowel is unstressed) ~ ńa:čə (where the 

first vowel is stressed). The question is whether a short or a long vowel is 

underlying, and how to formulate the condition for the alternation. There are 

various solutions to this problem, but in this work I adopt the analysis under 

which the vowel length is primary. This is reflected in the transcription of 

such stems as (C)V:Cə throughout the dictionary. The underlying long 

vowel may be unstressed and shortened if there is a stress-attracting syllable 

further in the word. See 4.3 for more information on the structure of the 

stems and their historical origin.

3.4.2. Deletion 


Vowels are deleted in several environments. First, deletion is conditioned by 

the ban on vowel clusters (see 3.6). If a vowel-initial affix follows a 

vowel-final stem, this creates the potential context for a hiatus. The most 

frequent vowel-initial affixes are the following: К T -o:- (Resultative), К T 

-o:k (1 st person Plural Interrogative), К T -a:-/-e:- (Inchoative), К T -aj-/-ej- 

(Perfective), К -о:Г- (Desiderative), К T -/. - (Causative/Transitive), К Т- -i: 

(Noun), К Т -е: (Causative/Transitive), К Т -и: (Noun), and К Т -и - 

(Intransitive). То avoid a hiatus, the vowel ə is deleted before such affixes, 

as is shown by the following Resultative examples. 

(17) kudedə- kuded-o:- to kill 

jo:də- jo:d-o:- to play 

ilitə- ilit-o:- to curse 

Deletion does not apply to long vowels; instead an epenthetic consonant is 

inserted to avoid the violation of syllabification constraints (3.6.1). Full 

short vowels demonstrate mixed behavior: normally they are preceded by a 

consonant epenthesis, but in some cases they are deleted like ə. As argued in 

Nikolaeva (1998), the choice of a strategy (vowel deletion vs. consonant 

epenthesis) is determined by prosodic considerations. 

Second, the vowel ə is deleted in the sequence of two underlying light 

syllables CəCə. The deletion applies to every second Cə syllable with the 

exception of the last syllable, so that the following strings are possible (V 

here is not equal to a). 

(18) ə + С + Сэ + С ... + Cə# 

V/C + Cə + С + Cə ... + Cə# 

Some of the affixes that show the alternation Cə/C are К T -tə-/-t- (Future), 

К T -из-/-«- (Proprietive), К -šə-/-š-, T -sə-/-s- (Causative/Transitive), К 

-də-/-d-, Т -ГЭ-/-Г- (Causative/Transitive), К Т -bə/-b- (Noun), and К T 

-рз-/-р- (Plural). It is also observed in CəCə affixes such as К T -mələ/-mlə 

(3 rd person Singular Perfective Participle and Object Focus) and К T 

-təgə/-tkə (Augmentative). 

(19) a. ultə-t-mələ tied (FUT-PERF.PART.3SG) 

jeldə-t-mələ pulled out (FUT-PERF.PART.3SG)


b. aji:-tə-mlə shot (FUT-PERF.PART.3SG) 

lek-tə-mlə eaten (FUT-PERF.PART.3SG) 

The alternation a ~ 0 can in principle be described either as epenthesis 

or as the deletion of a. Here the second approach is chosen because, as 

argued in Nikolaeva (1998), there is a phonological contrast between the 

a-final and consonant-final words. Roots (C)V:C and (C)V:Cə clearly 

contrast in the bare form, e.g. a:rə 'baby's cloth' and qa:r 'skin'. In suffixes 

a phonological contrast exists, for example, between the word-final 

Perfective Participle suffix -mə and the 3 rd person Singular suffix of 

transitive verbs -m, cf. qartə-mə 'divided (PERF.PART)' vs. qartə-m 

'divided (TR.3SG)'. The epenthesis analysis fails to explain why epenthesis 

applies to some consonant-final forms, but not others. In other words, the 

conditions for epenthesis cannot be stated in phonological terms. So a is 

underlying and is included in the representation of affixes in Section 5 of 

this Introduction. 

Certain aspects of the Cə/C alternation were first described in Krejnovič 

(1978, 1982), although he did not consider strings containing several 

alternating affixes. Under his account, nominal and verbal stems fall into 

two classes depending on the quality of the final segment, so that Cə affixes 

are combined with one class, and С affixes with another. In Nikolaeva 

(1998) I argue against this analysis and show that the deletion of a is 

motivated prosodically, namely by the interaction of syllable and foot 

constraints. In brief, Kolyma Yukaghir exhibits a strong, though not exclusive, 

tendency for the underlying material to be parsed into bimoraic monosyllabic 

feet, i.e. the structures CVC or CV:. 5 This implies that unlike many other 

languages Yukaghir prefers close syllables to open syllables. The sequences 

СəCə are transformed into CəC because they better satisfy this requirement. 

Some affixes Cə(Cə) never show the alternations in question, i.e. they do 

not lose a when following a a-final stem. These are the affixes that always 

take a word-final position such as К T -/a (Accusative), К T -/a 

(Possessive), К -gə, T -yə- (Hortative), К -ga/a, Т -yənə (Definite 

Accusative), К -ńə (Comitative), К T -тэ (Temporal), К -gə, T -γə 

(Locative), e.g. ńa:də-mə 'in autumn (TEMP)' and T sespə-lə 'door (ACC)'. 

In addition, there are a number of non-final Cə suffixes that never show 

alternations, such as К T -də- (3 rd person Possessive), К T -d'ə- 

(Intransitive), К T -də- (Intransitive), К T -gə-í-уэ- (Iterative), К -žə- 

(Transitive), and К -bə- (Inchoative), e.g. pul'd'ə-gə- 'to be loose (ITER)' 

and ńanmə-də-gə, T ńanmə-də-γə 'in his/her shrubs (POS-LOC)'. The 

reason these affixes do not alternate is that they contain voiced obstruents


that go back to consonantal clusters. At some stage of the history of the 

language the structure of the suffix was *CCə and perhaps it still has to be 

represented as such at the synchronic level (see 3.5.1, 4.2.5 and the list of 

affixes in Section 5). When it follows a Cə syllable, the sequence *Cə-CCə 

is well-formed from the point of view of foot constraints, therefore deletion 

does not apply. 

3.4.3. Assimilation of mid vowels 

The mid vowels in the first syllable may assimilate fully or partially to the 

vowel of the second syllable. When the second syllable has the vowel a: or 

the diphthong aj, о in the first syllable may change into a. The following 

examples show either the Inchoative -a:- or the Perfective -aj-. 

čoγ- to cut čaγ-a:- to cross the river 

pol-də- to take out pal-a:- to escape 

modo- to sit mad-a:- to sit down 

orp-o:- to hang arp-aj- to raise 

qon- to go qan-a:- to set off 

poj-e:- to carry a burden paj-aj- to lift 

In a similar manner, о in some words becomes e when there is e: or i: in the 

second syllable, e.g. poń-o\- 'to stay, to remain' ~ peń-i:- 'to leave' and 

poj-e:- ~ pej(j)e:- 'to carry a burden'. The vowel ö alternates with о and e 

before o: and e:, respectively. In (21) -o:- is the Resultative affix, and -e:- is 

the Inchoative affix. 

(21) šög- to enter šoγo-:- to be inside 

ögö standing fish trap oγ-o:- to stand 

eg-e:- to stand up 

In some cases ö may be pronounced as и before a high vowel in the 

following syllable, cf. ugujə 'morning' derived from the same stem 'to 

stand'. 

These assimilative processes are not productive and must be specified 

lexically. Alternations are never observed in some stems with mid vowels 

such as, for example, lolγə- 'to boil' and ono- 'to steal', cf. their Inchoative 

forms loly-a:- and on-a:-, respectively.


3.4.4. Reduction of the stem-final vowel 

Some affixes of the structure Сэ do not show the Cə/C alternation described 

in 3.4.2, but trigger the deletion of the stem-final vowel in verbs instead. 

This process has not been addressed in previous descriptions of Yukaghir, 

but it is important for reconstructing the structure of the stem. The vowels a, 

e, о and sometimes a can undergo deletion at the end of the verbal stem. 

Examples (22a) are from Kolyma Yukaghir and (22b) from Tundra 

Yukaghir. 

a. pöme-gə- to turn pöm-nə- round 

čiče-gə- to lengthen čit-nə- long 

modo- to sit mot-tə- to seat 

čine- to cut down čin-žə- to cut down 

pöd'e-1 smell pöń-ńə- smelling 

b. loqo-γə- to protrude loq-nə- protruded 

sila- dry sil-nə- dry 

In some cases the stem-final vowel is deleted before consonant-initial 

affixes that have another structure, and each case has to be lexically 

specified. (23a) illustrates Kolyma Yukaghir and (23b) illustrates Tundra 

Yukaghir. 

(23) a. olo- to steal ol-nu- to steal 

kile- to wade kil'-d'i:-bo:- vagrant 

b. ile-tej- to push il-dič- to push 

laja-γərə back side laj-γudəŋ backward 

In the absence of a stem-final vowel the epenthetic и ~ i may be inserted 

before the suffix, see 3.6.3. 

In some stems the final vowel is deleted when there is no further 

derivational affix. When the stem is followed by an affix, the vowel is 

preserved, e.g. čoγ- 'to cut' but čoyo-jə 'knife', je:r < e:r 'fork' but ere-gə- 

'to spread'.

3.5. Alternations of consonants 

3.5.1. "Sonorant ~ obstruent" alternation 


The voiced obstruents d, b, g/y and К ž alternate with sonorants of the same 

place of articulation. Unlike in previous description of Yukaghir, all these 

alternations are analysed here as realizations of the same historically 

motivated process (see 4.2.5). Obstruents occur before a vowel, while 

sonorants occur before a consonant or a pause with the following 

distribution. 

(24) before V before С or # 

d n 

d' ń 

b m 

g/y ŋ 

К ž, T r n 

Examples of the "sonorant ~ obstruent" alternations are presented below; 

(25a) exemplifies Kolyma Yukaghir and (25b) Tundra Yukaghir. 

before V before С 

kud-u-1 mud kun-tə- to make dirty 

lud-u-1 iron lun-buge cauldron 

ed'-u-l life eń-d'ə living 

oγ-u-nbə- to get wet oŋ-d'ə wet 

ni:žə- to squeal, to squall nen-γižə- to growl, to snarl 

ted-u-1 wealth nen-də- to get rich 

jab-a:- to die jam-d'i:- to be ill 

mub-egə- to shorten mum-пэ- short 

nira-γə- to grin nin-γarə- to growl 

sab-aγə- to stretch sam-nə- flat 

od'e drop, dew on-ńe- dampish 

saγ-u-sə- to lose soŋ-dič- to lose (ITER) 

The consonants n and ń alternating with d and d' may undergo further 

assimilation if they occur before I or Г (see 3.2), e.g. mid'-u-m 'took 

(TR.3SG)' ~ min-tə-m 'will take (FUT-TR.3SG)' ~ mil'-M-u-m < 

*min-M-u-m 'took (EV-TR.3SG)'.


The question that arises in a synchronic description is which consonant is 

underlying, a sonorant or a voiced obstruent. As will be shown in 4.2.5, the 

alternating consonants originate as homorganic clusters, i.e. neither of them 

can be treated as a historical source of the other. In principle it should be 

possible to analyze the alternating consonants as clusters at a synchronic 

level as well. This is supported by the fact that some affixes Cə containing a 

voiced obstruent behave as if their underlying structure were CCə with 

respect to vowel deletion (see 3.4.2). However, there are also arguments 

against this analysis. In particular, the structures (C)VCV, where the second 

consonant goes back to a cluster, end in a full short vowel rather than ə, as is 

typical of (C)VCCə structures. In this they pattern together with bisyllabic 

stems without consonantal clusters (see 4.1.4). I therefore leave the question 

of the underlying representation of alternating sonorants and obstruents 

open. 

3.5.2. Assimilation of voiced consonants 

Apart from the frequent "sonorant ~ obstruent" alternation described in the 

previous subsection, Yukaghir exhibits the second type of alternation for 

voiced obstruents. In some stems and affixes voiced obstruents occur in their 

basic form before a vowel, but undergo various assimilative processes 

before a consonant or a pause. 6 These alternations differ from the "sonorant 

~ obstruent" alternation in two respects. First, the quality of the resulting 

consonant depends on the quality of the following segment, i.e. whether it is 

voiced, voiceless or a sonorant. Second, the resulting consonant is not 

necessarily homorganic with the voiced obstruent which occurs before a 

vowel. Assimilative alternations of voiced obstruents are shown in the 

following table, where the first line indicates what follows the alternating 

consonant. 

Table 3. 

vowel voiceless # voiced m ŋ 1 

obstruent obstruent 

d t t u ~ w n n 1 

g к u ~ w u ~ w ~ ŋ m ŋ u ~ w 

У q u ~ w u ~ w m ~ ŋ ŋ u ~ w 

b P u ~ w u ~ w u ~ w ŋ u ~ w

Some examples follow. 


(26) a. leg- 'to eat' 

leg-u-m (TR.3SG), lek-tə-m (FUT-TR.3SG), leu-jə (IMPF.PART), 

leŋ-ŋa: (TR.3PL), lem-mək (TR.2SG), leu-dəllə (SS.PERF), leu 

(TR.1SG) 

b. čoγ- 'to cut' 

čoγ-u-m (TR.3SG), čoq-tə-m (FUT-TR.3SG), čou-jə 

(IMPF.PART), čoŋ-ŋa: (TR.3PL), čom-mək (TR.2SG), čou-dəllə 

(SS.PERF), čou (TR.1SG) 

c. töb- 'to cover' 

töb-u-m (TR.3SG), töŋ-ŋa: (TR.3PL), töu-mək (TR.2SG), töu-l'əl- 

(EV), töu (TR.1SG), töp-či:- (ITER) 

d. kebe- 'to leave' 

kebe-j- (PERF), köu-də- (TR) 

e. terikəd- 'to marry' 

terikəd-i (INTR.3SG), terikət-čə (FUT.INTR.1SG), terikət (IMP), 

terikəl-l'əl- (EV) 

The consonants d'and ž do not show such alternations. 

Previous studies of Yukaghir (e.g. Maslova 2003: 39^12) describe some 

alternations discussed in this subsection and the previous subsection, but do 

not mention that they systematically fall into two types: the "sonorant ~ 

obstruent" alternation and the assimilation of voiced obstruents. The latter is 

typical of some stems and affixes, and the former of the others. As will be 

shown in Section 4.2, they have different origins: while voiced consonants 

alternating with sonorants go back to clusters, voiced consonants showing 

assimilation go back to single consonants. Consonants d' and z do not 

participate in the assimilative alternations because they cannot go back to a 

single consonant. In a synchronic description of Yukaghir these facts have to 

be lexically specified. In this dictionary stems exhibiting the "sonorant ~ 

obstruent" alternation are represented with a slash, e.g. jan-/jad- 'to send', 

whereas stems exhibiting assimilation are represented with a single 

consonant, e.g. köd- 'to gather, to tighten (a rope)'. The two processes in 

question prevent voiced obstruents from appearing in the syllable-final 

position (see 3.2). If a voiced obstruent occurs before another consonant, it


either assimilates partly or fully to it or alternates with a homorganic 

sonorant. 

3.5.3. Voicing and palatal assimilation 

Consonants in clusters usually agree in voicing and palatalization. The 

consonants n, ń, I, /'assimilate in palatalization to the following consonant. 

The non-palatalized n and / are palatalized before ń, l\ č or d\ although this 

process is optional and is not always reflected in the transcription adopted in 

the dictionary. Some examples were presented in Section 3.2. 

Depalatalization is observed for ń and /' , when they occur before a 

non-palatal consonant, e.g. an-tə- 'to answer' vs. ań-ńə- 'to talk' and T 

pun-na:- 'to kill (INCH)' vs. puń-i-m 'killed (TR.3SG)'. In Tundra 

Yukaghir this process also applies across word boundaries, e.g. T mat 

abuče.n (< abuče:-ń) dadi.ŋ 'I gave(it)to my grandmother', where -Л is the 

suffix of the Dative changed here into -n before the non-palatal consonant 

beginning the verbal form dadi. ŋ (< tadi. ŋ). 

Further, as described in Maslova (2003: 43), voiced obstruents (stops or 

affricates) show progressive devoicing after voiceless obstruents, cf. the 

following examples involving the 3 rd person Possessive suffix -gi and the 

Locative suffix -gə. 

(27) lukul arrow lukul-gi lukul-gə 

pulut old man pulut-ki pulut-kə 

qa:rbəs Russian boat qa:rbəs-ki qa.rbəs-кэ 

Regressive devoicing takes place when a voiced obstruent occurs before a č 

which has emerged as a result of the assimilation j > č (see 3.5.4), e.g. 

terikəd-jək 'married (INTR.2SG)' > terikəd-čək > terikət-čək ( > 

terikəč-čək). 

In Tundra Yukaghir stops and affricates are voiced after a sonorant 

across a word boundary, while the sonorant may be optionally deleted. As 

shown in Nikolaeva (forthc.), this process applies within a syntactic phrase, 

mostly NP, PP or a Focus Phrase. For example, T lačil barilə 'spark of the 

fire' < lačil 'fire' + parih 'spark', čaljadawur dite < čaljədawur tite 'like 

the mittens', and čaj-lə barul < čaj-ləŋ (PRED) parul 'we made tea'. 

Similarly, the Negative proclitic əl- triggers voicing in Tundra Yukaghir, 

e.g. əl-bund'ə < əl-pund'ə 'I didn't kill'.

3.5.4. Assimilation of sibilants and j 


The sibilants (K š, T s) alternate with r in the position after n and ŋ both in 

Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir and sometimes with d in Tundra Yukaghir, 

although these processes seem to apply selectively. They normally occur in 

compounds where the first component takes the Genitive affix -n. This nasal 

may fall out, e.g. ju:čə-ra: 'fire for smoking out mosquitoes' < ju:čə-n 

'smoke' + ša:l 'tree, stick' and T ja:-rawa 'birch bark' č (phonetically [s] in Kolyma Yukaghir), Cj > Cc, and Nj > Nd', where 

С is an obstruent and N is a sonorant. The consonant r demonstrates mixed 

behavior: in some forms it behaves like an obstruent, while in other forms it 

behaves like other sonorants. These assimilative processes are very common 

in, although not restricted to, the paradigm of intransitive verbs, as most 

intransitive agreement affixes begin with j. Examples (28) are for I s1 person 

Singular intransitive forms. 

modo- modo-jə to sit 

malaj- mala-čə to fall asleep 

pe:dət- pe:dət-čə to burn 

er- er-čə bad 

qon- qon-d'ə to go 

oŋ- oŋ-d'ə wet 

The process jj > č could have occurred through the intermediate stage jč, as 

is shown by the following variations found in Jochelson's materials: KJ 

malač ~ malaič < malaj-j 'fell asleep (INTR.3SG)'. Other frequent contexts 

for the assimilation of j are the suffix of the Subject Nominals -jo:n/-jo:d 

and the Iterative suffix -ji:, which may take the forms -či: or -d'i., e.g. 

tadi:-ji:- 'to give (ITER)' but jar-d'i:- 'to swim (ITER)' and šek-či:- 'to 

enter (ITER)'. After the negative clitic əl- the stem-initial j does not change

5 8 Introduction 

into d'. Instead the following alternations are observed: əl +j > IT ~ jj, e.g. 

əl-jö:j > əjjö:j ~ əl'l'ö.j 'did not see (3SG)' and T əl-jawaj > əl'l'awaj 'did not 

die (3SG)'. 

In the word-final position assimilation of j after a consonant does not 

apply. Instead the glide is realized vocalically as /. For example, this occurs 

in the 3 rd person Singular intransitive inflection, cf. modo-j 'sits 

(INTR.3SG)' but qon-i 'goes (INTR.3SG)' and ajləd-i 'washes 

(INTR.3SG)'. After u: the word-final j is realized as č [i], while the vowel 

changes into i, e.g. eru:- 'bad' but eri-č 'bad (INTR.3SG)' < eri:-j < eru:-j. 

Verbal stems ending in the Intransitive affix -u: are numerous and are 

represented with u: in the dictionary, although u: is absent in most 

inflectional forms. After i: the word-final j either falls out or changes into č, 

while the vowel is shortened, e.g. pöńi-č ~pöńi: . The glide caused the 

same assimilative processes as sonorants. They are also observed in the 

Qualitative suffixes -jo:- and -bo:-, which probably contain the same -o:-. In 

Tundra Yukaghir the affix -o:- is followed by the consonant /. This 

consonant is overtly present in the 3 rd person Plural but falls out before j > 

d', cf. T qudo.l- 'to lie' > qudo.-d's (INTR.1SG) and qudo:l-ŋi (INTR.3PL). 

In the 3 rd person Singular the string Ij changes into w, e.g. T qudo:-ń 

(INTR.3SG) < qudo:l-j. In Kolyma Yukaghir the final j does not undergo 

assimilation, cf. qodo:- 'to lie' and qodo:-j (INTR.3SG). In a similar 

manner, when the Qualitative affix -me:- is followed by j, the latter changes 

into d', e.g. titi-me:- 'such' > titi-me:-d'ə (INTR.1SG). 

3.6. Epenthesis 

The syllabification rules in Kolyma Yukaghir forbid vowel-initial syllables, 

except at the beginning of the word. This means that vocalic clusters are ruled 

out. 7 A possible hiatus is prevented either by vowel deletion (see 3.4.2) or by 

consonant epenthesis. Further, more than one consonant in the onset or coda


position are ruled out. This means that consonantal clusters are disallowed 

at the word edges, and no word-medial cluster can contain more than two 

consonants. 8 To prevent impossible clusters epenthetic vowels are inserted. 

3.6.1. Consonantal epenthesis 

In Kolyma Yukaghir the epenthetic consonant is /. It generally occurs before 

the same vowel-initial suffixes that cause vowel deletion, as described in 

3.4.2. Normally an epenthetic I is inserted after a stem ending in a long 

vowel, but in some cases it can also follow a short vowel not equal to a. See 

examples (29), which involve the Resultative -o:-. 

(29) a. mon- mon-o:- to say 

šög- šög-o:- to come in 

b. jaqa- jaqa-l-o:- to arrive 

ńi:d'i- ńi:d'i:-l-o:- to tell 

Maslova (2003: 56) notices that the epenthetic / is also inserted after j, e.g. 

ukej-l-o:- 'to exit (RES)'. As was argued in 3.1.1, this demonstrates that j in 

such cases counts as vocalic. 

In Tundra Yukaghir other epenthetic consonants may apply. For 

example, j functions epenthetically as in T ki-j-o:- 'two' vs. ki-n 'two 

(ATTR)' and T memda-j-o:l- 'to be prepared (RES)' vs. memdə- 'to 

prepare'. The consonants r and ŋ are inserted after the proclitics та- and ńi-, 

respectively, if the latter precede a vowel-initial stem. Examples can be 

found in the respective entries of the dictionary. In contrast, in Kolyma 

Yukaghir proclitics are not accompanied by epenthesis when they precede a 

vowel-initial stem. Instead, either the first vowel of the cluster is deleted or 

the cluster is preserved in violation of the constraint that prohibits vocalic 

clusters. 

3.6.2. Vocalic epenthesis in word edge clusters 

According to Maslova (2003), the only epenthetic vowel in Kolyma 

Yukaghir is u. Indeed, this is veiy frequently the case, but sometimes / also 

functions epenthetically, although this has to be lexically specified. For 

example, i occurs between the stem-final d and the nominal derivational


suffix -I in the word ad-i-l 'youth', cf. ad-ö: 'son' (lit. 'youth child'), as well 

as before the Dative К -n, T -ń in the pronominal forms mət-i-n ~ T mət-i-ń 

'to me (DAT)' and the like. In older Russian loanwords i was inserted at the 

beginning of the word to prevent initial clusters, e.g. istena: < Rus. stena 

'wall' and KK istakan < Rus. stakan 'glass'. The variations и ~ i are also 

possible, e.g. sar-u-m ~ sar-i-m 'covered (TR.3SG)'. 

The epenthetic vowel is systematically inserted after a consonant-final 

stem before a suffix of the structure -C which takes the final position in the 

word. These are, for example, the following suffixes: К T -m (3 rd person 

Transitive), К T -/ (nominal derivational suffix and Action Nominal), К T -/ 

(Pronominal Accusative), and К -t, T -r (Same-Subject Converb). Examples 

(30a) illustrate the Action Nominal, while examples (30b) show the 3 rd 

person Singular Transitive forms. 

(30) a. mid'-u-l (T med'-i-l) to take b. mid'-u-m to take 

kel-u-1 to come leg-u-m to eat 

mon-u-1 to say pad-u-m to cook 

Some word-final suffixes of the structure -C never trigger epenthesis for 

various reasons. The Imperative -k falls out after a consonant in Kolyma 

Yukaghir (but not in Tundra Yukaghir), the Genitive -n/-d replaces the 

stem-final consonant, the 3 rd person Intransitive -j turns into -i (see 3.5.4), 

and the 3 rd person Hortative -n always occurs after the Hortative morpheme 

-gə, so the need for epenthesis never arises. 

Kolyma Yukaghir also employs the epenthetic a, which occurs only 

beween the consonant-final stem and the Predicative morpheme -k, e.g. 

mət-ə-k 'I (PRED)' and pulut-э-к 'old man (PRED)'. 

3.6.3. Word-medial vocalic epenthesis 

Word-medial vocalic epenthesis is addressed neither in Krejnovič (1982) 

nor in Maslova (2003), but it is in fact very frequent. Epenthetic vowels that 

occur word-internally are и or /, and variations are possible, e.g. ižilbə ~ 

ižulbə 'tiredness'. Word-medial epenthesis serves to prevent potential 

three-consonantal clusters. For instance, an epenthetic vowel must precede 

the complex Inchoative affix -Ibə- (from I + bə) when it follows a 

consonant-final stem, e.g. er- 'bad' > er-u-lbə- 'to become bad' and ad- 

'strong' > ad-i-lbə- 'to become strong'.


In other cases epenthesis occurs in phonotactically ill-formed 

biconsonantal clusters. Consonant-initial affixes immediately follow a 

consonant-final stem if the resulting cluster is allowed by the phonotactic 

constraints, but are preceded by epenthesis otherwise. This concerns such 

affixes as К T -m(u)- (Inchoative), К -žu- (Iterative), К T -ji:- (Iterative), К 

T -tə-, -šə- (Causative/Transitive), and К Т -п(и)- (Imperfective), and some 

others. For instance, -n(u)- follows a i-final stem in šöriləš-n(u)- 'to write 

(IMPF)' and -tə- follows q in joq-tə- 'to bring (TR)' because the clusters šn 

and qt are well-formed; -ji:- follows an /--final stem in jar-d'i:- < jar-ji:- 'to 

swim (ITER)' because it assimilates to d' in this position; and so on. On the 

other hand, if the potential cluster is bad, epenthesis applies, e.g.: 

ad- strong ad-i-mu- to become stronger 

ej-rə- to walk eg-u-žu- to walk 

abud- to pull abud-u-ji:- to pull out 

jed- to be seen jed-u-ji:- to be seen 

leg- to eat leg-i-tə- to feed 

šoγ-e:- to lose one's way šoγ-u-šə- to lose 

ede:š - to call ed-u-nu- to call 

As described in 3.4.4, the stem-final vowel may fall out. In some words an 

epenthetic vowel can be inserted instead of the deleted vowel of the stem. 

This process is extremely frequent and may apply even if the potential 

cluster is well-formed. Examples (32a) and (32b) illustrate the vowel 

deletion and epenthesis insertion before various affixes in Kolyma and 

Tundra Yukaghir, respectively. 

jaqa- to come jaq-u-ji:- to come 

lige- old lig-u-mu- to become old 

jodo- to bind jod-u-tə- to twist 

moro- to dress mor-u-šə- to dress 

modo- to sit mod-i-bə seat 

amlə-daj- to swallow aml-u-jbə sunset 

porqə-jə curved riverbank porq-u-šaj- to bend 

jömgə- to spin jömg-i-jə whirlpool 

laja-mu- to stay laj-i-tə- to be late 

moja-γə- to become soft moj-i-nə- soft 

newrə- to frighten newr-u-lu:- frightening 

lalwə- to cover Ialw-i-jə extra blanket


Generally speaking, the conditions on word-internal epenthesis are not 

entirely clear in the sense that many instances of epenthesis seem to have 

become lexicalized. But most occurrences of short high vowels in non-first 

syllables appear to be epenthetic or at least have an epenthetic origin. For 

example, the Habitual morpheme -nun- is likely to go back to reduplication 

of the Imperfective affix -n(u)- with the epenthetic и between its two 

occurrences. The vowel has now become part of the Habitual affix. The 

same is true for the Supine affix -din (< dn < də-rí) and some other affixes. 

Such affixes are represented with a vowel in the list of morphemes in 

Section 5. On the other hand, although some affixes are frequently 

accompanied by epenthesis, this does not apply in all contexts. For example, 

the Inchoative -m- and the Imperfective -n- are normally followed by u, but 

the latter is absent before a long vowel and in some other cases. Such affixes 

are cited without а и in Section 5.

4. A reconstruction of Proto-Yukaghir phonology 


This section suggests a reconstruction of Proto-Yukaghir phonology. By 

Proto-Yukaghir I mean a common ancestor of all known modern and extinct 

varieties of Yukaghir. 

4.1. Vocalism 

4.1.1. Inventory and vowel harmony 

The following short vowels are reconstructed for Proto-Yukaghir. Note that *ü 

and *y are not present in modern Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir. 

(1) front vowels i e ö (ü) 

back vowels у а о u 

As in modem Yukaghir, non-high vowels were reduced and realised as ə in the 

position after the first foot. This vowel was not phonemic, as its distribution is 

fully predictable from its position. In some environments ə could undergo 

lengthening, while in other contexts it could be deleted. 

The vocalic system in (1) exhibits frontness harmony. The distribution of 

stems into harmonic classes remained practically unchanged. This is because, 

as I show below, the modern и goes back to *ii and therefore behaves as a front 

vowel, while *y has changed into i with back harmonic properties. So the only 

difference between (1) and the system described above for modern Kolyma 

Yukaghir is that in the latter there is no front correlate to u. It is also possible 

that Proto-Yukaghir had roundness harmony similar to that present in Kolyma 

Yukaghir (see 3.3.1). As all non-high short vowels were realised as ə after the 

first foot, roundness harmony was only limited to the initial structures (C)VCV. 

The correspondences of Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir vowels are presented 

below. I do not discuss here irregular correspondences that are only represented 

by one or two examples. They are usually mentioned in the text of the 

dictionary and alternative reconstructions are provided. 

4.1.2. Non-high vowels 

PY *a>KTa 

This trivial correspondence is illustrated by the following examples: К T aŋa 

'mouth', К aqčə ~ T waqčə 'angle', and К T qańil 'eagle'.


PY *o > К о, и, То, а 

Examples of the correspondence К о ~ Т о are К poŋdə ~ Т poyodə 'money', 

К toγal 'scum' ~ Т toyul 'used tea leaves', and К T ото 'people'. On the 

other hand, К о can correspond to T a, cf.: 

(2) К T 

omdu- amdu- to hurry 

čobul čawul sea 

ožu: warulu: root 

tolou talaw wild reindeer 

odul wadul Yukaghir 

jomil ńamil neck 

того- тага- to put on 

šouγə sawγə wooden bowl 

Not all varieties of Tundra Yukaghir exhibit a in these cases. Jochelson 

mostly records o, Krejnovič о or a, and Kurilov a, cf. TJ wodul ~ T wadul 

'Yukaghir', TD wodurči— T wadurči- 'to try, to stand firm', and TK 

wolod'e ~ T waluod'ə 'prize'. In some words the variation о ~ a is attested in 

Kurilov's materials. According to Kurilov (1987: 7), this reflects two local 

idioms of Tundra Yukaghir, Qaŋaji: and Alaji: (on them see 2.2.1). The 

vowel a is typical of the Alaji: variety, and the vowel о of the Qaŋaji: 

variety. Other Yukaghir idioms, including Old Yukaghir, show о in these 

cases. Even the Omok idiom, which phonologically stands the closest to 

Tundra Yukaghir (see 4.2.3 and 4.2.4), exhibits о in the place of T a, e.g. 

MO wogo ~ T waya 'face'. Observe also the following example: MU ólloga, 

MK oljogá ~ T al'yə (< *аГауэ) 'fish'. 

This suggests that T a goes back to o, as is also supported by the following 

Even words: T lalimə ~ Ev. nolima 'sledge' and T abuka in abuka-mayil 'fur 

coat without a traditional triangle gusset' ~ Ev. obuka 'man's clothes'. While 

the direction of borrowing is unclear in the former case, the latter word has 

Tungus correspondences (see TMS 2 4) and so is borrowed from Even into 

Yukaghir. This indicates that in some Tundra Yukaghir words the change *o > 

a took place. This change was fairly recent and typical of the Alaji: variety, 

but has now become the norm. 

There are also Even loanwords where the Even a corresponds to T a, e.g. 

T ama: < Ev. ama: 'father', T qabal'ə- 'to grow bald' < Ev. qabata 'bald'. 

This raises the question of the phonological environment of the change *o > 

a. There is no clear answer to this question. The examples in (2) suggest that 

the change occurred in the context of the labial consonants m, b or w, 

probably as a result of dissimilation. This seems to be true for most instances


of the correspondence К о ~ T a. However, there are exceptions. For 

example, in (3a) this correspondence does not occur in the context of labials, 

while in (3b) the presence of a labial does not trigger the change of о into a 

in Tundra Yukaghir. 

К T 

nodo bird nada wolf 

ločil fire lačil fire 

jonod'ə- to tidy up janud'i:- to collect one's belongings 

jotni:- to drive jatni:- to drive 

omo people omo people 

qobo down qobo on the surface 

I reconstruct PY *o in stems with the correspondence T a ~ К о. If we only 

have Tundra Yukaghir forms with a at our disposal but no Kolyma Yukaghir 

correspondences, it is impossible to tell whether *a or *o should be 

reconstructed. I reconstruct *a in such cases, but this is merely conventional. 

For example, for T čabuu 'tin (box)', which has no corresponding Kolyma 

word, the reconstruction is *čampu\, but in principle it could also be 

*čompu.. 

In some infrequent cases, the reverse correspondence is also observed, i.e. К 

a~T о. Again it mostly occurs in the context of the labials, e.g. 

(4) К T 

parčəγə- porčəγə- to chatter 

arpə- worpə- cautious 

almə wolmə shaman 

This indicates that either Kolyma Yukaghir showed the same dissimilation 

process *o > a as Tundra Yukaghir, albeit to a lesser extent and in different 

words, or that the vowel here should be reconstructed as *a, in which case T a 

must have changed into о when next to the labials. In the absence of clear 

evidence I have left this question open and have provided alternative 

reconstructions for this case. For example, the first stem in (4) is reconstructed 

as *parčə-/*porčə-, 

PY *ö>Kö, u;T о 

The reconstruction of the PY *ö is based on the trivial correspondence К ö ~ T 

Ö, cf. К T köd'e 'worm', К Tpömnə- 'round', К T örd'ə 'middle', and К Tpög- 

'to gallop'. In Old Yukaghir and Schiefner's materials ö was mostly rendered


as о or e, but this is likely to represent an auditory error. Jochelson, Krejnovič, 

Kurilov, and Maslova are not always consistent is rendering ö either. Jochelson 

systematically records ö only before n. 

The correspondence К и ~ T ö results from the change of К ö into и under 

the influence of the high vowel of the following syllable. This change is 

relatively recent, since Jochelson records ö, e or о in this case, cf.: 

К KJ T 

unmut önmu- önmur antler, horn 

unuŋ unuŋ, on- önu: river 

pulut polut pölur old man 

ud'il' od'il', ed'il' öd'il' nail, claw 

The change *ö> и motivates the morphonological alternations in some stems, 

cf. К öwjə 'real, true' ~ ubuj 'true, truth'. It is also observed for long vowels, 

e.g. К čö.l'ə 'ancient' ~ ču.ld'i: 'tale' ( < KJ čuoled'ï). 

PY > Кe, Ö, /'; Те, ö 

This phoneme is pronounced as e in modern Yukaghir, but in Old Yukaghir 

sources e is often rendered as a or o, which may indicate that its pronunciation 

was closer to the low ä, e.g. В amea, ME aime, MU omei, KL amei ~ К emej 

'mother'. Jochelson consistently writes ä in the place of the modern e. PY *e 

can be illustrated by the following correspondences: К T epe: 'grandmother', К 

T eń-/ed- 'live', and К ejrə- ~ T ewrə- 'to walk'. 

The vowel *e could labialize after the initial labial consonants p and m, 

e.g. К mödi:-, T möri:- 'to hear, to understand' (< PY *meδ-) ~ TU *mede- 

'to feel, to notice' and К pömnə-, T pomnə- 'round' (< PY *peme-) ~ TU 

*pem-/*pim- 'to wind, to be twisted'. Some words show the ö ~ e variations 

within one idiom or between idioms, e.g. К medin ~ mödin 'as soon as', К 

memžəjə ~ T mömdijə 'flame', and К pöril' 'toe' ~ T peril 'kick', pörində- 

'to kick'. The process of labialization could have taken place after the nonlabial 

consonants к and s/š as well, as shown by the following words: К 

šöbul ( > šubut) 'branch of the larch tree; bedding made of larch branches' ~ 

NT *seg-/*sew- 'to lay branches in a yurt' < TU *seg- 'to lay branches in a 

yurt' and К šere—šöre- ~ TU *sere:- 'to embroider'. See also the following 

correspondence and variations in the modern languages: К könmə ~ kenmə 

'friend', К šög- ~ T seg- 'to enter', and К šöjl ~ šejl 'small stone, pebble'. In 

such cases I provide alternative reconstructions with *e and *ö. In some 

words the quality of the first vowel in Proto-Yukaghir can be reconstructed 

from the quality of the vowel of the second syllable. For example, the 

change *ö > e has probably taken place in T körel 'devil', T mörelwo:-


'melted' and T köne. These words have e in the second syllable and are likely 

to have had it in the first syllable as well, if we assume roundness harmony. 

The respective Proto-Yukaghir reconstructions are *kere-, *merelwo:- and 

*kene. The labialization *e > ö explains the violations of the roundness 

harmony in front stems in modern Yukaghir addressed in 3.3.1. 

Kolyma Yukaghir exhibits the change *e > i before a high vowel, parallel to 

the change *ö > и observed above, e.g. К mi.d'i: ~ KJ med'i 'sledge' and К 

ńe.d'i. l, ńi.d'il ~ KK ńied'uol 'story'. 

4.1.3. High vowels 

PY *u> К и, i; T u, i- PY */>K /, m; T /, и 

Most Proto-Yukaghir high vowels are represented by the two trivial 

correspondences: PY *u > К T и (e.g. К T murgə 'thick forest', К T kukul 

'devil', К T nug- 'find') and PY *i > К T / (e.g. К igejə ~ T igijə 'rope', К T 

kind'ə 'moon', К T čilgə 'branch', К ib— T iw- 'to suck'). Other words 

demonstrate the opposite distribution in the sense that i in one language 

corresponds to и in another language. In (6a) I cite examples for the 

correspondence К / ~ T и and in (6b) for К и ~ T i. 

К T 

a. lige:- luge: - old 

mided'ə murid'ə needle 

ńigerə ńuŋurə side 

mimil mumul young antlers 

b. kuče: kiče: mosquito 

numö nime house 

Old-Yukaghir materials show either и or i in such cases, cf. MK núma, MU 

пита 'house', MK imoje ~ T umujə 'pike', and MK midéndscha, В 

midéndscha 'needle'. 

There are reasons to think that changes of the high vowels occurred under 

the influence of the neighbouring consonants. In particular, i could develop into 

и when adjacent to a labial. This is confirmed by the word 'house' related to 

TU *nimä. T nime preserved the original vowel i, while in Kolyma Yukaghir / 

changed into u, apparently under the assimilative influence of m. Also observe 

the potential relation between К čumuči: 'fishing rod' and NT *čiŋe- 'to fish 

with a fishing rod', where К и could have developed from i next to the labial m. 

The opposite process *u > i was likely to occur in the context of a palatal


consonant, cf. К ńugerə, ńigerə 'side' related to TU *ńuŋŋi: 'thigh', К nugen 

~ T niŋin, ńugen-, ńuŋun- 'arm' related to TU *ńuŋa 'muscles; elbow', and T 

ińir 'brook, source' related to TU *uńi/*üńi id. If the assimilation explanation 

is true, we can expect that the words 'young antlers' and 'needle' contained 

*i and should be reconstructed as *mimil and *miδenčə, respectively. The 

change */ > и occurred in Tundra Yukaghir. The same can be assumed for T 

umujə 'pike' with respect to OY *imojə (in modern Kolyma Yukaghir this 

word is absent). 

Assimilation to another vowel also played a role here. In the modern 

Yukaghir languages the alternation и ~ i may depend on the quality of the 

vowel of the second syllable, cf. T ńiŋe: 'stomach, mood, soul' but T ńuŋurukun 

'apron' (literally 'stomach thing'), and К pige 'box' but lun-buge 

'cauldron' from lud-ul 'iron' (< *lunt-) and pige 'box', where the following 

development is assumed: *lun + *pige > Imbige > lunbuge. However, several 

words such as К lige- ~ T luge- 'old' still remain unexplained and are provided 

with alternative reconstructions in the dictionary. 

PY *й > К T и 

The reconstruction of the vowel *ü is problematic, as it is not represented in 

any modern Yukaghir variety. This vowel is not used in the reconstructions 

provided in the dictionary and *u is written instead. Yet, there are two reasons 

to think that *ü could have been present in Proto-Yukaghir. First, *w can be 

reconstructed based on systemic considerations as a front counterpart to PY *u. 

Second, in both modern varieties of Yukaghir и behaves as a harmonically 

front vowel, although its phonetic quality is back (see 3.3.1). As was first 

suggested in Nikolaeva (1992), this mismatch can be explained if the source of 

К T и is the harmonically front *ü and the harmonic quality of the stem 

remained intact after the change *ii > u. 

In the modern languages и is harmonically back in only a few words, mostly 

from Tundra Yukaghir. Such words are normally fairly recent borrowings from 

Tungus. Examples follow. 

(7) T čulal 'ermine' < TU čolči 'pole-cat' 

T čuld'əyə- 'to twitter' < TU *čo:li:- 'to gossip, to babble' 

К T quńo: < Ev. kuńaw- 'to make noises (of a gull)' 

T quńe 'two-year old male reindeer' < Ev. кипа:- 'to gallop (of a 

reindeer or a horse)' 

T čubaγaj- 'to dive' < TM *čup-/*čop- 'to dive; deep place' 

T čurqə 'two-year old female reindeer' < TM *čur-/*čir- 'three-year 

old wild deer'


In such cases и has a source different from *ii, normally о or the harmonically 

back u. This explains its back quality in modern Yukaghir. 

As there are no or very few cases of the original back u, we might suspect 

that *u changed into another back vowel before the change *ii > и took place. 

This matter is still unresolved, but at least in some words the change и > о 

could have occurred. Observe the following words probably borrowed from 

Tungus. 

(8) Tpaγad'i: (with the further change into a in Tundra Yukaghir) < TU 

*puyu 'awl' 

К T moli modal particle < TU *mulri- 'doubt, not be able' 

Кpol- 'gum' < TU *pul- id. 

T ma. ro:- 'happy' (probably from *marə-o:-) < TU *murun 

'happiness, mind' 

К pol- 'to slip' < TU *belu-/*bul 'flat slippery ice surface' 

Such loanwords are older than most of those that demonstrate the 

correspondence TU/Ev. и ~ Yuk. u, e.g. К kuru.k < Ev. or Yak. kuru.k 

'always' and T muktijə 'knife with the tip cut off < Ev. mukti 'blunt'. 

However, T kokota: 'closed end of a sleeve in a child's overalls' < Ev. kukatan 

'gloves' may be quite recent. 

PY *y> К i,ja-, a; T /, e 

The PY *y is reconstructed based on the following evidence. First, as shown in 

3.3.1, both Kolyma and Tundra Yukaghir have words where i is harmonically 

back. I suggest that the corresponding stems in Proto-Yukaghir contained the 

back *y. Second, in some cases the back /' in Tundra Yukaghir corresponds to К 

a or ja- (in the word-initial position), e.g. К šašayaj- ~ T sisaγej- 'to become 

torn' and К šarqul 'paw' ~ T sisqə 'finger', cf. also KJ qid'ilbe- ~ К qad'ilbə- 

'laugh'. If the last word is not an erroneous recording of Jochelson, we are 

dealing here with PY *y which changed into a in Kolyma Yukaghir. Some 

Tundra Yukaghir words have a back e which can also go back to *y, e.g. T 

eγabə 'waist'. Also observe the following correspondences: К jaγil ~ T eγil, 

ayil 'edge' and К qaqšə-, kiqšə- 'to choke' ~ T qeqsə- 'to gurgle'. Finally, 

Tungus back stems with i are usually borrowed in Yukaghir as back, e.g. T 

tilba:- 'to trample down' < TU *tilpa- 'to smear, to knead, to squash' and T 

sirba:- 'to squeeze' < TU *sir- 'to press'.


4.1.4. Long vowels 

In the dictionary the long vowels are reconstructed in monosyllabic stems and 

in (C)V:Cə stems, although in both these types they were probably secondary 

and caused by prosodic reasons (see 3.4.1 and 4.3). Since quantitative 

alternations of vowels are basically identical in Tundra and Kolyma Yukaghir 

(see 3.4.1 and 3.4.2), they are reconstructed for Proto-Yukaghir. 

Most of the original *(C)VCCə stems where the medial cluster was 

simplified into a single consonant (4.2.5) do not contain a long vowel in 

modern Yukaghir. So they look just like (C)VCV stems in which the medial 

consonant does not go back to a cluster and the vowel of the first syllable is 

short. Examples of such stems follow. 

(9) PY К T 

*sompəl'ə- šobol'ə- sabal'ə- to lose 

*qompə qobo qobo bottom 

*nontə nodo nada bird; animal 

Toŋqə- joγodaj- joŋotəj- to open 

*noŋqə noγo noγo sand; ashes 

In a few stems where the second consonant goes back to a cluster the first 

syllable is long, i.e. they pattern together with (C)V:Cə stems, e.g. T lï.dəj- 

'to crumble' (< *li:ntə-), T qa:dələ 'armpit' ( < *qantələ), T ki:d'ə 'demon' ( 

< *kinč'ə), and К o:žə- 'to drink' ( < *ončə-). I do not have an explanation 

for why they behave differently from the stems listed in (9). Some 

*(C)VCCə stems show variations in length, e.g. T čid'e ~ či.d'ə 'bottom part 

of a woman's coat trimmed with dog fur and tassels'. 

Many long vowels in Kolyma Yukaghir have appeared as a result of 

contraction of a short (typically stressed) vowel and the following spirant or 

glide, namely *j, *w or *y. The contraction normally took place if the spirant or 

glide was syllable-final, as illustrated by the following examples. 

*aw > o: К aro:jə ~ KJ aravje lenok 

*aj > a: К čajšilə, ča:šilə ~ KJ čaišile bullfinch 

*ow > o: К jo:γə, jouγə ~ KJ joboγe back 

Kjo: ~KJjobo disease 

*uw > u: К ńu: ~ В newe, ME niiv, S niv name 

*uγ > u: К ju:lugul ~ S juglugul shoulder 

*ej > i: К ni:n-qa:r ~ S nejín (> nejn)-kar cloud 

*əj > i: К -ji:li ~ KJ -jeili INTR.1PL 

*əw > u: К arnu:ja: ~ MK arímnewája, S arinuaja wolverine


*öγ>ö: Kjö:l'ətl'ə- ~ В joglerim to love 

*iγ>i: Ki:də-~Sigda to catch 

Observe also the following correspondences: К i:čə ~ T öjčə 'point, edge' (< 

*öj-) and К je:d'ə ~ T jeŋd'ə 'excrement' {ŋ has contracted in K). In Tundra 

Yukaghir contraction is less frequent, but also takes place, e.g. T i:sə- 'suck' < 

iwsə-. The contraction is still a live process, as shown by the following free 

variations attested in modern Kolyma Yukaghir: 

(11) ujni:~u:ni: roasting spit 

pe:d'ə ~ pejd'ə shoulder-blade 

kerpi: ~ keфэjэ (


This system had no voiced obstruents. They developed in the modern 

languages either from fricatives or from consonantal clusters (4.2.3,4.2.5). 

Phonotactic restrictions were similar to those found in the modern languages 

(see 3.2): ŋ and r did not occur word-initially, while voiced fricatives only 

occurred either intervocalically or after a sonorant. The velar stop к and the 

uvular stop q were probably non-phonemic synharmonic variants. However I 

transcribe them with distinct symbols in the reconstructions throughout the 

dictionary (although not in the list of affixes provided in Section 5 of this 

Introduction). There are reasons to think that Proto-Yukaghir exhibited the 

same constraints on syllabification as the modern languages (3.6), i.e. threeconsonantal 

clusters and clusters at word edges were disallowed. In diphthongs 

ending in w or j, glides counted as vowels before the following consonant. 

Therefore they could precede a consonantal cluster, e.g. *ajγə/*ajŋkə, *čejd- 

/čejnt-, and *ewnt-. 

The reconstruction of most consonants is based on the trivial 

correspondences PY *p > К1 p, PY *t > К T PY *k/q > К T k/q, PY *m > К 

T m, PY *n > К T n, PY *ŋ > К T ŋ, PY */ > К Т /, PY *Г> К Т l\ and PY *r > 

К Т г. Examples can be easily found in the dictionary. Below only non-trivial 

correspondences are addressed. 

4.2.2. Sibilants and affricates 

The opposition of the palatal and non-palatal affricates *č and *č' is only 

reconstructed for the position after a sonorant (4.2.4). Even if it was originally 

present in other positions, reflexes do not differ in the modern languages: there 

is only one non-voiced affricate с (optionally ś in Kolyma Yukaghir, see 3.1.3). 

Jochelson sometimes records a palatal, but it rather corresponds to К ś, i.e. a 

positional variant of the non-palatal affricate. So there are no reasons to assume 

two affricates other than after a sonorant, although it is not excluded either that 

their reflexes have merged elsewhere. 

In Nikolaeva (1988a, 1988b) I reconstruct the palatalization opposition 

for the sibilants *s and ś. Under this analysis, the palatal *ś is the source of 

the regular correspondence К š ~ T s, e.g. К šög- ~ T seg- 'to enter' and К 

sure 'body' ~ T sure 'skin (of a hand)'. In Tundra Yukaghir *ś lost 

palatalization, while in Kolyma it became š, possibly through the 

intermediate stage of T or *в\ Note that languages spoken in the Yukaghir 

area, such as Yakut, Even, Evenki, and the old Russian dialect of Kolyma 

(Bogoraz 1901), do not have palatalization opposition for sibilants. The only 

sibilant normally has the interdental pronunciation. This could be also true for 

К š and T J. They are both recorded as с in Jochelson's manuscript dictionaries


(KD and TD), which suggests that the pronunciational difference between them 

at this stage was insignificant. 

I further argued that *s changed into I or 0, possibly through the stage of *6. 

This reconstruction is based on external comparison. In a number of words the 

Uralic or Altaic *s corresponds to / or 0 in Yukaghir. 

(13)a. U *seŋkV!*säŋkV 'upper arm; forearm' ~ T egi(:)l 'back of the head' 

FU *särV'root; vein' ~ К larq- 'root' 

FU *sewe-/*seγe- ~KT leg- 'to eat' 

U *sala ~ К olo- 'to steal' 

b. TU *saŋa(rj ~ К iŋer 'pit, hole' 

PA *síŋri ~ К iŋd'i: 'sinew' 

There are two instances where MC shows 5 in the place of j or I in the other 

Yukaghir varieties: MC sogote ~KT joγoti: 'arrow' and MC sogondonde ~ В 

logundintshina 'salt'. These words are likely be the result of an erroneous 

recording, as suggested in Tailleur (1962: 91, 93). 

So the following processes can be assumed for the history of Yukaghir. 

(14) a. *S>0>1/0 

b. *ś > (š/G') > К š, T s 

Similar changes are reconstructed for the Proto-Uralic sibilants in Ugric and 

Samoyed languages (e.g. Xelimskij 1982). However, they are hypothetical in 

Yukaghir, as (14) crucially depends on external correspondences. Therefore in 

this dictionary I only use one sibilant and write it as *s, assuming that it 

developed into К š and T s. In other words, in the convention used in this 

dictionary, *s corresponds to the presumed *s in (14), while for the words in 

(11) */ or 0 are reconstructed. This system may in principle reflect a more 

recent stage of Proto-Yukaghir. 

It is worth noticing that the Old Yukaghir sources hardly differentiate 

between affricates, on the one hand, and sibilants, on the other, cf. В tshall, ME 

tschal, MU tschal, MK tschéel ~ К ša:l, T sa:l 'tree' and В tshul, ME tschul, 

MU tschul, MK tschul ~ К T ču:l 'meat'. Therefore Collinder (1940: 168) and 

Jochelson (1898: 154) suggested that sibilants and affricates had the same 

source. Yet, their reflexes in the modern languages clearly differ. In addition, 

the comparison with Tungus shows that affricates and sibilants were originally 

distinct, cf.:


(15) a. TU *čab- 'noise, noisy' ~ К čabo:- 'loud' 

TU *čöle- 'to jump on one foot' ~ T čule- id. 

b. TU *saja 'interval (between fingers)' ~ К šaj-, T saj- 'across' 

TU *seri 'decking, covering' ~ К šeril, T siril 'bottom edge of the 

chamois that covers a yurt' 

I believe the reason why affricates and sibilants were often conflated in earlier 

sources lies in the difference between male and female pronunciations. 

According to Jochelson (1898: 153-154), in earlier Kolyma Yukaghir men 

pronounced both č and š as č, while in the female pronunciation affricates and 

sibilants were always distinguished. It is reasonable to assume that most Old 

Yukaghir sources reflect the male pronunciation. In fact, there is documentary 

evidence for that: Billings (1811: 25) refers to his consultant as an 'old man', 

and so does Matjuškin. For this reason most Old Yukaghir sources did not 

distinguish between š and c. The difference between the male and the female 

pronunciation was later lost and the female norm was generalized. 

4.2.3. Fricatives 

The reconstruction of the Proto-Yukaghir interdental *δ is based on the 

correspondence T -г ~ К -d-, -t. The word-final t in Kolyma Yukaghir probably 

appeared due to the devoicing of d in the word-final position, see 3.2 on the 

phonotactic restrictions. The PY *S only occurred intervocalically or wordfinally. 

(16) а. К jo.də-, В lioda, ME liota ~ T l'o. rə- 'to play' 

К mödi:-, MC mody, KL moriža, mozyi, В moedik, mo:e:dik, 

ME moktyk, moitik ~ T möri - 'to hear' 

Кpude, MU buden 'up', Вpudanmoi, MEpudangma, MCpadanmei 

'tall' ~Tpure 'up' 

К köde.l, В ME MK kodel ~ T köre.l 'wolf 

b. Кpulut ~ Tpölur 'old man' 

К unmut, ME onmut ~ T önmur 'horn, antler' 

Most Old Yukaghir sources record d/t in the place of PY *δ. The only Old 

Yukaghir source that renders *δ as r, as in Tundra Yukaghir, is MO, cf. the 

following words:


(17) К melut, B/ME mélud, MK mélut, MC malyt ~ MO melur ' breast' 

К abut, В awoot, ME auut, MK -awut ~ T awur 'nest, container', MO 

abor 'brain' 

К qodol'~ MO xoral' 'boat' 

This shows that different reflexes of *


(18) К T 

a:dəwa:rəonorwanar e:n we:n 

to pull 

tongue 

another 

The only Old Yukaghir idiom that preserves the word-initial *w- as in Tundra 

Yukaghir is MO, e.g. MO wogo ~ T waya 'face', MO wener ~ T wanar 

'tongue', and MO woldik 'to laugh' ~ MC ol'čin 'joy'. The reconstruction of 

the initial *w- is supported by external parallels such as К ožu: 'thin root used 

as a thread for fastening boats', T waruluu 'root' ~ U *wacV/*wančV 'root' 

and T wentə- 'to stretch out, to expand' ~ FU *wene- 'to stretch out, to 

expand'. When a Kolyma Yukaghir word begins with a vowel, except /', and 

there is no corresponding Tundra word, I provide alternative reconstructions, 

with and without the initial *w-. 

The word-medial was preserved in Tundra Yukaghir and changed into 

b in Kolyma Yukaghir, e.g. К abut ~ T awur 'next, container' and К ibi- ~ T 

iwi- 'to suck'. The word-medial w is normally written as w or и in Old 

Yukaghir, e.g. К abut ~ KL awun-, MK -awut, В awoot, ME auut 'nest, 

container' and К lebe: ~ BO I ewe-, KL lewe-, MK lewé, W levia-, В levye, ME 

leviya 'earth'. This shows that the change w > b in Kolyma Yukaghir is a fairly 

recent process. 

The word-medial *-w- is reflected as ń in both Kolyma and Tundra 

Yukaghir. However, in the other positions it can undergo various changes. For 

example, in some words the initial *ń- is reflected as j in Kolyma Yukaghir, cf. 

К jomil ~ T ńamil 'neck'. The same concerns the initial */- which is 

sometimes reflected as j in the modern languages, but the Old Yukaghir data 

clearly show that we are dealing with */'-. Observe the following words: MC 

Ijangjaja, В landzsha, ME landscha, MU Ijä'ngdscha, Ijä'ngdschand-, MK 

Ijáangdscha, lljángdscha ~ К jaŋžə, T jaŋdə,jaŋrə 'goose' and В liéril, ME 

lyril, MU lirír', MK líril, liríl- ~ К iril, T l'iril 'stomach, belly'. As was 

mentioned in 3.2, there is no final ń in Kolyma Yukaghir. In particular, it 

exhibits j instead of the T и in the 3 rd person intransitive agreement marker of 

some verbs, normally those whose stems ends in о: (T о: ~ a:). Most Old 

Yukaghir idioms demonstrate ń (or n as its transcriptional variant) in the place 

ofK/, e.g. 

(19) К ataqlo:-j ~ KL adaklon, MK andákloń, MU ándaklon 'two' 

К juko:-j ~ MK Ijukóń, BO júxčon 'small' 

К čomo:-j ~ KL čomo-ń, MK tschomáń, MU tschomon 'big' 

К ja:lo:-j ~ MU jálon, MC jalon 'three'


B/ME shows j in some words, like the modern Kolyma Yukaghir, e.g. В 

tchomoi 'big', and n (n) in other words, e.g. В inglon, ME inglong 'thick' (K 

iŋlo:-j), В antachlon, ME antaglon 'two', and В *ya:lon, ME jalon 'three'. As 

the idiom of B/ME can be considered a more or less direct ancestor of modern 

Kolyma Yukaghir (2.1.5) the change *-ń > j is likely to be a recent Kolyma 

Yukaghir innovation. 

4.2.5. Consonantal clusters 

Proto-Yukaghir exhibited word-internal consonantal clusters of the type 

"sonorant + voiceless obstruent", which have undergone various changes in the 

modern language. Potential clusters of this structure are shown in (20), 

although not necessarily all of them were present in practice. 

*mt *nt *ńt *ŋt *lt *l't 

*mp *np *ńp *ŋP *lp *l'p 

*mk/q *nk/q *ńk/q *ŋk/q *lk/q *lVq 

*mč *nč *ńč *ŋč *lč *l'č 

*mč' *nč' *ńč' *ŋč' *lč' *l'č' 

Such clusters are impossible in the modern languages inside a morpheme (see 

3.2), however the clusters "sonorant + voiced obstruent" are fairly frequent. I 

take this to indicate that in such clusters the obstruent was voiced. This stage is 

attested in Old Yukaghir, as shown below. 

(21) a. PY *-mč-> OY-тз- 

MC memže- ~ К memšə-, T mömdə- 'to burn' 

b. PY *mt-> OY-md- 

B omda-, ME omtu- ~ К omdu, T amdu- 'to hurry' 

c. PY *-np-> OY-nb- 

B tonbo-, ME tonbe- ~ К tönbə- 'strong' 

d. PY *-ŋč'- > OY -ŋd'- 

B indshi ~ К iŋd'i: 'sinew' 

e. PY *-ńp- > OY -ńb- 

B xánbo, MC qańba, BO qánbo ~ К qańbə 'palm'


f. PY *-lk- > OY -lg- 

B oolgala ~ К ulgulə 'urine' 

g. PY *-ŋč-> OY-ŋ3- 

B landzsha, ME langdscha, MU Ijangdscha, MC Ijangjaja ~ К jaŋžə, 

Tjaŋdəjaŋrə 'goose' 

h. PY *-ŋt- > OY -ŋd- 

MC landygik, В longdok, ME longtok ~ К loŋdə- 'to dance' 

i. PY *-lč- > OY *-1з- 

МС pol'woroie 'green', В *poldshitsha,podrie, poldshasha-, ME 

poltschitscha,podrie ~ Кpolžičə 'leaf 

Neither the Old-Yukaghir sources nor Jochelson systematically record the 

palatalization opposition for affricates. In other words, both *d' and what I 

reconstruct as *j (voiced non-palatal affricate) were often transcribed in the 

same way. Jochelson also used the same symbol for d' and what corresponds to 

К í, although older sources sometimes record d or t in the place of * j This 

shows that the phonetic difference between palatal and non-palatal affricates 

was minimal until recent times. Still, their reflexes are clearly opposed in 

modern languages: whereas the PY *č' after a sonorant is represented as d\ the 

PY *c (> OY j) has changed into К ž and T r ~ d. 

The situation is more complicated in clusters that begin with r. In most 

words in the modern languages the following obstruent is voiceless. Moreover, 

some loanwords show devoicing after r, e.g. К mo:rtə 'fish trap' < Rus. dial. 

morda and T lerpu: 'shaggy dog' < TU *ler(be)- 'shaggy'. However, there are 

a number of words with a voiced obstruent after r. 

(22) К T 

jurgu: slot 

moryulTun minnow 

nörgumə notch 

serbəd-amun 

purgə 

se:rdi:d-ile 

shoulder bone 

knot 

reindeer rejected from 

slaughter 

This shows that r has a dual status: sometimes it behaves like a sononant and 

sometimes like a voiceless stop. But since the clusters "r + voiceless obstruent" 

are more frequent, I reconstruct them for the Proto-Yukaghir stage, unless there 

is positive evidence against such a solution.


In the examples in (21) the consonants do not have a homorganic 

articulation. When they do, further changes were observed in the clusters with 

nasals. The clusters changed into a single consonant: a nasal before a consonant 

or a pause, or a voiced obstruent in the prevocalic position. The resulting 

alternations are described above in 3.5.1. This diachronic process of the 

simplification of clusters took place in Old Yukaghir. 1 It may have occurred at 

varying speeds in the different Old Yukaghir idioms, but in general was 

completed by the mid 19th century, i.e. at the end of the Old Yukaghir 

period. This is evident because all the later sources, beginning with 

Schiefner (1859), record single consonants in the place of the Old Yukaghir 

homorganic clusters. Examples of homorganic clusters with nasals follow. 

(23) a. PY *nt > OY nd > n (+C) ~ d (+V) 

В ME tandi- ~ К T tadi:- 'to give' 

MC lundylo, В -lundal, ME -london, -lundol, MK lundúl, -lundul ~ 

К ludul 'iron', lun-bugö, 'cauldron' (lit. 'iron box') 

b. PY *nč'/*ńč' > OY nd'/ńd' > ń (+C) ~ d' (+V) 

KL kiniča, kinind'a, В kininsha, ME kinindscha, MU kininsche, 

MK kinédsche ~ К T kind'ə 'month, moon' 

MC -konty, В -kondzsha, ME -kontscha ~ К T köd'e 'worm, larva' 

MU éndschit, MK éndschi, ME éndschi ~ К T ed'i 'alive', К eńńə- 

'alive, vivid' 

c. PY *nč > OY пз > n (+C) ~ К ž, T r (+V) 

MC andrele, andzhe, MU andschub ~ К ažu: 'word, language' 

В kundshu, ME kuntschu, MC kuntu-, kunžup ~ К kušu:, T kurul 

'sky' 

В onzshi, ME ondschy, MU onsche, MC inzha, MO onde ~ К o:ži: 

'water' 

В pandalitsh 'to scratch', ME pantalytsch 'to scratch' ~ К pažili:- 

T parali:- 'to tickle' 

d. PY *ŋk/*ŋq > OY ŋg/ŋγ > ŋ (+C) ~ g/γ (+V) 

В angitak, ME angietak ~ К T ayitə- 'to hide' 

В iongul, ME jonkool, MU jongjnogha, BO jungol, MO niongol' ~ К 

T joγul 'nose' 

В ongai, ME ongen, MK óngoi ~ К oŋ-, T oŋu- 'damp, wet', К 

oyunbə- 'to get wet'


e. PY *mp > OY mb > m (+C) ~ b (+V) 

MC iumbo, MU jämboon ~ T jaba- 'to di e'j'amd'i- 'ill', К jou < KJ 

jobo 'disease' 

MC jembend- ~ К joboγə > jouγə 'back' 

В ME nunbur ~ К nabur 'foam' 

Thus, there are two sources of voiced obstruents in modern languages: voiced 

fricatives and glides (4.2.3 and 4.2.4) and homorganic clusters. When the 

source of a voiced obstruent is unclear, I provide alternative reconstructions 

throughout the dictionary. 

A number of words demonstrate irregular clusters that violate the 

phonotactic constraints. This may indicate either that the word is a recent 

borrowing or that there used to be a morpheme boundary between the 

components of the cluster. This is observed, first, if a voiceless obstruent 

follows a sonorant, e.g. T samqəj 'tea pot', T ilkə 'cross-bar in a sledge', К T 

monqə 'hill', and К qantu: 'crop'. Second, some words exhibit homorganic 

clusters with nasals which should have changed into a single consonant, e.g. T 

qandəbd 'inside the lower part of for trousers', T timbəčəń- 'swollen from 

absorbed water', and T liŋgəčə 'scum'. In clusters "sonorant +


additional mora. Such stems could contain a short vowel and have the structure 

(C)VC- or (C)VCC-, e.g. *nol- and *marq-. Similarly, monosyllabic verbs 

could have a short vowel because they do not normally occur in a bare form, 

e.g. *mon-, *leγ-, *soŋq-, *tont-. 

4.3.2. Bisyllabic stems 

In both modern Yukaghir languages the native stems *(C)V:CV and *(C)VCə 

are ruled out, but the types (C)V:Cə and (C)VCV are frequent. They exhibit 

different stress patterns: in the stems CVCV the final syllable is stressed, 

whereas the stems (C)V:Cə bear the stress on the first syllable, as follows from 

the usual rules of stress assignment. As was discussed in 3.4.1, the structure 

(C)V:Cə may alternate with CVCV if it is followed by stress-attracting 

syllables. This situation is synchronically analyzed as alternations in vowel 

length, depending on the position of the stress. 

From a historical viewpoint, two analyses of this situation are possible. 

Under the first, Proto-Yukaghir had two types of stems, which contained short 

vowels in the first syllable but differed in the original position of the stress: 

CVCV' and CVCV. At some stage the first stressed vowel in the latter type 

was lengthened and the second unstressed vowel was reduced. Reduction does 

not take place if the stress is located further in the word. Under this analysis 

the difference between the two types originates in the independent lexical 

specification of short vowels as either stressed or unstressed. Under the 

second analysis, the situation is basically the same as in modern Yukaghir. That 

is, the distinction in vowel length existed in Proto-Yukaghir and determined the 

position of stress. 

Although there is no etymological evidence that helps us to choose between 

the two analyses, I adopt here the second solution, for the following reason. 

The type (C)V:Cə patterns together with another bisyllabic type CVCCə in two 

respects. In both cases the stress falls on the first syllable and both types have ə 

in the second syllable, while the full short vowel is impossible (i.e. 

*(C)VCCV). Examples of the CVCCə type are *jaqtə, *marqə/*morqə and 

*tönpə-. As was argued in 4.2.5, some consonantal clusters have undergone 

simplification. In particular, this applied to the stems (C)VCCə, which 

originally had a word-internal cluster. Such stems had the stress on the first 

syllable. If we assume that the position of stress determined the vowel length, 

we would expect the following development: (C)V'CCə > (C)V'Cə (after the 

simplification of the cluster) > CV:'Cə (due to the lengthening of the stressed 

vowel). However, as was shown in 4.1.4, in most cases the resulting stems 

belong to the (C)VCV' type. This rather implies the following development:


(C)V'CCə > (C)V'Cə > CVCV'. In other words, the stress did not cause 

lengthening of the first vowel. Instead, after the simplification of the cluster it 

shifted to the last syllable following the regular rules of stress assignment, 

which caused a change of the final vowel. Thus, no lexically specified stress 

distinctions are assumed for Proto-Yukaghir. The two types of stems differed in 

the length of vowels, as, for example, is reflected in the following 

reconstructions: *ńo:jə, *ča:qə and *o:rə- vs. *jara-, *puδe and *sölö. As in 

modern Yukaghir, the position of the stress was fully determined by the 

vowel length. 

Other types of bisyllabic stems are usually formed by means of adding an 

extra consonant or consonantal cluster to the three basic bisyllabic types 

(C)VCV, (C)V:Cə and (C)VCCə. In other words, they could have the structure 

(C)V:CəC(C)-, (C)VCVC(C)- or (C)VCCəC(C)-, e.g. *antəq-/*wantəq-, 

*il'imp- and *kimer. There are no non-derived bisyllabic stems 

*(C)V:C(C)V:, which would only contain high vowels, and no stems ending 

in a short high vowel. Long high vowels occur in the second syllable of 

bisyllabic stems in the structures (C)VC(C)V: and (C)V:C(C)V:, but are 

likely to be secondary. The long i: and u: in this position probably result from 

the contraction of a short vowel with the word-final glides *j and *w, 

respectively. For instance, К o:ži: 'water' may go back to a derivative of the 

verb 'to drink' *o:ža-j(ə), and so on. 

Another very distinct, although infrequent, type of bisyllabic stems is 

CV:CV: with identical non-high long vowels in both syllables. Such stems 

could have originated through reduplication of a monosyllabic stem CV.\ The 

reduplication is limited to a few expressive words (ideophons and nursery or 

taboo words). It is apparent in К pa.ba: 'elder sister', which is probably 

related to pa: 'woman' (with further voicing of the middle consonant), and К 

qa.qa: 'bear, grandfather' (with contraction), cf. T qajče: id. Other words 

that belong to this group are cited below. 

(24) К 

T 

me:me: bear 

ma:ma:- to eat (of a child) 

ča:ča: + elder brother, uncle pa:pa:- to urinate 

tu:tu: trumpet made of birch bark qa:qa: (child's) excrement 

Note that non-derived stems with a long vowel in a closed syllable are 

infrequent. Normally they are either recent borrowings or are morphologically 

complex. For instance, the type (C)V:CCə- may go back to a non-derived stem 

(C)V:C augmented by a derivational consonant-initial affix -Cə-, But the 

strings Vj and Vw can precede a consonant because they have the status of 

diphthongs (see 4.2.1).


The reconstruction of stem-final short vowels in verbal stems is a 

complicated matter. As was shown in 3.6.3, the stem-final vowel may fall 

out before some suffixes and is replaced by an epenthetic vowel. In this 

dictionary the final vowel of the stem (a, o, e, ö or ə, subject to the usual 

distribution) is reconstructed if it is attested in at least one derivative of the 

relevant stem. For example, I reconstruct *aŋa because it is the source of the 

К T aŋa 'mouth', among other words. On the other hand, if a stem-final 

vowel is not overtly present in any of the attested forms, the stem is 

reconstructed as consonant-final. This decision is based on mere convention, 

since even in the latter case there is a theoretical possibility that the stem 

could end in a vowel that was syncopated in all attested forms. I 

conventionally reconstruct a consonant-final stem if in all descendant forms 

it is followed by a vowel-initial affix that causes vowel deletion (see 3.4.2 

for the list of such affixes). For instance, the source of the T eri:- 'to answer 

a call', where the final -/. - is probably a Transitive/Causative verbal affix, is 

reconstructed as *er-. However, in principle this stem could look like *ere-, 

the final vowel having been lost before the vocalic affix. The stem *a:l- is 

represented by the following reflexes: T a:li:l, TD alii, 'order', T a:le:čə 

'person who gives orders', TK a.lieče 'order', and T a:le:-, TK alie-, a.lie-, 

a:li- 'to make an order'. It is reconstructed as *a:l- but it could look like 

*a:lə-, while the vowel ə may be lacking from attested forms because of the 

following vowel. 

4.3.3. Trisyllabic stems 

Trisyllabic stems are usually formed by adding a syllable Cə, CV: or Ci/uC to 

bisyllabic stems, e.g. *ńuyörəl*ńuŋkərə, *qantələ, and *solqərqa:. At least in 

some cases this third syllable may be an ancient suffix, but in other instances 

it could be part of the stem. In the (C)VCVCə stems the vowel of the second 

syllable often falls out, e.g. К munži:, T mundi: ~ В moonéndshi, KJ 

muned'idie, ME munentschy, MK munéndschi 'lower jaw'. For this word I 

reconstruct *munenči: with the syncope of the vowel e in the second 

syllable. Such syncope is especially typical of Kolyma Yukaghir and is 

evident if we compare modern Kolyma Yukaghir with older materials. 

(25) К kińd'ə ~ В kininsha, ME kinindscha 'moon; month' 

К ań(i)d'ə ~ В alnindsha, ME alnintscha 'princeling, head, chieftain' 

К irde: ~ KD iridie 'new-born reindeer calf 

К qajn, qartin ~ KJ qanin 'when'


К kuńd'əd- ~ KJ kuned'i- 'to become sticky' 

К -dejləl-deulə ~ KJ -degele (POS-ACC) 

Some words show alternations in the modern language, e.g. К erd'e:- ~ erid'e:- 

'to wish', К murud-u: ~ murd-u: 'fur stocking', and К iqil'o:— iql'o:- 

'squint'. Observe also that the consonant preceding the syncopated vowel 

may change into a glide and further contract with the vowel of the first 

syllable, as in the following variants: К majlə ~ T manalə 'hair', К ta. γilə ~ 

ta:jlə 'then, so', К šo.mə ~ šoumə ~ šoromə 'man', and К to.kə ~ toukə ( < 

tobob) 'dog'. 

The second frequent type of tri-syllabic stem has a high vowel in the 

second syllable, e.g. *ńamučə-, *urč'ilə, and *juγulwə-l*juŋkulwə-. The high 

vowel is likely to have an epenthetic origin and in some words may alternate 

with a non-high vowel (see 3.6.3).

5. List of affixes 


This section contains a list of the most frequent Kolyma and Tundra 

Yukaghir inflectional and derivational affixes in alphabetical order, together 

with their proposed Proto-Yukaghir reconstructions. The first column 

presents the affix, the second column gives the reconstruction, while the 

third column provides the meaning of the affix in an abbreviated form. I 

have tried to include as many affixes as possible, but obviously the list may 

have accidental gaps. Proclitics, such as the Affirmative mə-, the Reciprical 

ńə-, the Negative a/-, the Reflexive mat-, and the Irrealis ət- are not cited, as 

they are treated in the dictionary part of the volume. The same concerns the 

affixes which obviously go back to independent words, e.g. the Kolyma 

Yukaghir nominal affixes -ban and -dr.. 

The reconstructions are based on the correspondence between various 

Yukaghir idioms. In the representation of attested forms the slash sign shows 

morphonological alternations, whereas in the second column it indicates 

alternative reconstructions. Different meanings of the affix are listed after a 

comma. The symbol W represents a contracting consonant, typically *j, *γ or 

*w (see 4.1.4). In contrast with the main dictionary, the velar and uvular stops 

*k and *q are both represented as *k. Obvious epenthetic vowels are excluded 

from the representation of the affixes. 

К -a:/-e: *əW ADV.LAT 

К -aj/-ej-/-j- *(ə)j PERF 

K T -a:q *a:k ADV.LOC 

K-bə- *wə/*mpə INCH 

K T -bə/-b- *mpə N 

K-bo:-, T-bo:l- *mpəwl QUAL 

T -buń- *mpuń DES 

KT-Č- *č CAUS, TR 

K-č- *č ITER 

K T -ča:/-če: •čəW N 

T -či:- *či: CAUS 

K-či:- *či: DEL 

T -ča:n *či: DIM 

T -čəń- *čəń STAT 

K -də *δə/*ntə INDEF 

К -də, T -dəŋ *ntəŋ ADV.DIR 

К T -də- *ntə 3POS 

К -də, Т -rə *δə SS.ITER 

К -də-/-d-, Т -ГЭ-/-Г- *δə INTR, V


К T -da- *ntə CAUS, TR, V 

ii Т -de: *nte: DIM 

K-di: *δi:/*nti: TR 

К T -d'ə *ńčə FREQ 

К Т-d'ə- *ńðə INTR 

К-d'ə- *ńčə TR 

К-d'ə- *ńčə N 

К Т -d'a:-/-d'e:- *ńčəW HAB 

К -di:-, Т -ri:- *δi: TR 

К -daj-/-dej- *δəj/*ntəj CAUS.PERF, TR.PERF 

Т -dək/-rək/-dəŋ/-rəŋ *δək SS.IMPF 

K-dik *ntik PRON.PRED 

К Т -din *ntin DAT.POS, SUP 

Т -dič-/-rič- *δič CAUS.MULT 

К -(də)IIə *(ntə)Ilə SS.PERF 

К -dejlə *ntəγələ POS.ACC 

К -dejnə *ntəγənə DS 

К Т -е:- •e: CAUS, TR 

К Т -gə-/-γə- *ŋkə/*γə ITER 

К -gə-, Т -γə- *ŋkə/*γə HORT 

К Т -gə/-γə *ŋkə/*γə ITRJ 

К -gə, Т -γə *ŋk9 LOC, DS 

К Т -gə/-γə *ŋkə/*γə N, INTJ 

KT-gi *γi 3POS 

KT-gi:- *ŋki:/*γi: TR 

К -gət, Т -γət *ŋkət ABL 

К -gən, Т -γən *ŋkən PROL 

К -gələ/-jlə *γələ ACC 

К - gənə/-jnə *γənə LOC, DS 

Т -γənə *γənə LOC, DS, ACC 

К Т -gu(də)/-γu(də) *ŋku(ntə)/*γu(ntə) ADV.DIR 

К -gətə/-γətə *ŋkətə/*γətə ADV 

Т-γənək *ŋkənək/*γənək IMP.FUT 

KT-i:- *i: CAUS, TR 

KT-i: *i: N 

T -i:čə- *i:čə DIR 

KT-j TR.1PL 

KT-j INTR.3 

К -ja:-/-je:- *jəW INCH 

KT-jə/-j IMPF.PART 

KT-ji:- ITER


K-ji> DIR 

K-jo:- *jəw QUAL 

T-ji:l *ji:l COLL 

К T -jək *jək INTR.2SG 

К -jə, T -jəŋ *jəŋ INTR.1SG 

K-(j)o:n-/-0)o:d- *Ü)o:nt SN 

KT-j(ə)lï * jəl'i INTR.1PL 

К -j(ə)mət, T -j(ə)mut *jəmət/*jəmut INTR.2PL 

KT-k *k PRED 

KT-k *k INTER.2SG 

KT-k *k IMP 

KT-1 N, AN, OF.1PL, SF 

KT-1 *1 PRON.ACC К 

T-(l)a:/-(l)e: *(l)əW INCH 

K-lə *lə INSTR 

К T -l'ə- *Гэ INTR 

K T -la- *1э PROH 

It T-lə *lə ACC 

KT-l'ə *Гэ POS 

К T -l'ə- *1'э N 

K-Ie: *le: DIM 

K-l(u) *l(u) 1/2 

K-lbə *lpə INCH 

T-ləŋ *ləŋ PRED 

К T -lək *lək PRED, INSTR 

К T -lək *lək PROH 

KT-l'əl- *Гэ1 EV 

T -l'əlk *Гэ1к PRON.NOM 

T -lədə *ləδə/* ləntə INSTR 

KT-m *m TR.3SG 

KT-m *m INTER. 1SG 

К -m- *m BP 

KT-m- *m INCH 

KT-mə *mə PERF.PART 

KT-mə *mə N 

КТ-шэ *шэ TEMP 

К -шэ, T -məŋ *məŋ OF.1/2SG 

К -me:- *me: QUAL 

T -mo:l- *məwl DEL 

T-mk *mk TR.2PL 

К T -mək, T -mək *mək TR.2SG


К-mat *mət TR.2PL 

К T -mələ/-mlə *mələ/*mlə OF.3SG 

KT-n *n HORT.3SG 

К-n,T-ń *ń DAT 

К-n,T-ń *ń ADV 

К T -n/-d *nt GEN, ATTR 

т-ŋ 

EMPH 

KT-ŋ 

т-ŋ 

К T -na:- 

*ŋ 

*ŋ 

*na: 

PRON.ATTR 

TR.1SG 

INCH 

K T-n(ə) *п(э) ADV.LOC, ADV.LAT 

К T -nə- *nə INTR 

K -ńə, T -ńəŋ *ńəŋ COM 

К T -ńə-/-ń- *ńə PROPR 

KT-n- *n IMPF 

T -na:- *na: INCH 

K-ńo: *ńöw COM 

К T -ŋi- *ŋi PL 

K T -ŋu- *ŋu PL 

K T -ŋa: *ŋam TR.3PL 

T -ŋo:- *ŋəw RES 

K -ŋin, T -ŋiń *ŋiń DAT 

К -ńit, -ńut *ńit/*ńut SS.CONN 

К -ŋo:n *ŋəwn TRANS 

K-ŋo:t *ŋəwt TRANS 

К -ŋidə *ŋiδə/*ŋintə COND.CONV 

К T-ŋidə *ŋintə ADV.LAT 

К T -ŋilə •ŋilə OF.3PL 

T -ŋo:ri:-/-mo:ri:- *ŋəwri: TR 

K T -nun(n)- *nun(n) HAB 

K T -o:- *əw RES, V 

K -o:l'- *о:Г DES 

T -o:l- *əwl RES 

T -o:l- *əwl TRANS 

K T -o:k *o:k INTER. 1 PL 

T -pə- *рэ V 

K T -рэ-/-р- *pə PL 

K T -qa:-/-ke:- *kəW INCH 

K -qə/-kə *kə ADJ 

К T -ГЭ-/-Г- *гэ CAUS, TR, APPL 

T -ГЭ-/-Г- *гэ NONIT

К T -ri:- *ri: APPL 

К Т -raj-/-rej- *rəj PERF 

К Т -rkə-/-rqə- *rkə N 

Т -rəldə •reltə SS.PERF 

Т -rələk *rəbk/*δələk SS.PERF 

К -š- *s ORD 

К -šə-/-š-, Т -sə-/-s *sə CAUS, TR 

К -ši:- *si: CAUS 

К -šaj-/ šej- *səj PERF 

Т -sči:- *sči: CAUS 

Т - səsči:- *səsči: CAUS 

К -ščil'e- *sčil'ə CAUS 

KT-t *t ADV.ABL 

К -t, Т -г *δ SS.IMPF 

К -t, Т -г *δ N 

К Т -tə-/-t- *tə FUT 

К T-tə-/-t- *tə CAUS, TR 

T-ttə- *ttə CAUS, TR 

T-tnə *tnə ADV 

К Т -taj-/-tej- *təj PERF 

T-ti:l'ə- *ti:l'ə CAUS 

Т -ttərəj/-ttrəj- *ttərəj INT.CAUS 

К Т -təgə-/-tkə- *təγə/*təŋkə AUGM 

Т -təgi-/-tki *təγi/*təŋki AUGM 

KT-u: *u: N 

KT-u:- *u: INTR 

T -wə *wə INTR 

T -wrə *wrə N 

К -žə-/-ž u- *nčə ITER 

K-žə- *nčə TR 

K -ži:- *nči: CAUS, TR 

Introduction 3 83

Notes 

Section 1 

1. Deviations in transcription result either from subphonemic variations or 

from erroneous records, which is especially typical of Endo (1997,2001). 

Section 2 

1. Adelung compiled a few comparative tables containing Yukaghir materials. 

They can be found in OR GPB fund 7, № 137, pp. 21-22 and fund 7, № 

142. The former includes the data from BO, MU (from Pallas's papers) and 

KL, while the latter has the data from BO, MU, В and ME. On Pallas's work 

on comparative dictionaries see Fodor (1982) and references therein. 

2. On Lindenau's life and work see Titova (1978, 1983). His ethnographic 

works include the extensive paper Collectanea zur Historie von Yukagiren 

currently preserved in RGADA (fund 199, list 2, part 511-2, № 4, pp. 1-2 

rev.) and published in Russian in Lindenau (1983: 154-155). Other 

ethnographic materials of Mueller's expeditions are published in Helimski 

and Katz (2003). 

3. Here and hereafter in tribal names I separate the Russian endings with a 

hyphen. 

4. Pallas's lists also contain a few words whose source I failed to identify, e.g. 

мання 'dog'. They are unlikely to be Yukaghir. 

5. According to Veenker (1984: 573), Pallas used a different source from 

Schiefner, since he cited words that are absent from the latter. Yet, this is 

not necessarily so. Both Pallas and Schiefner may have selected words of 

their choice from a fuller list, such as the main copy or (i), both of which 

remained unknown to Veenker. 

6. Pages 13-16 and 17-20 contain an indication that Klitschka's letter was 

received on 20 November 1780, but this is clearly a mistake. 

7. The ethnonym Čuvan still exists. It refers to the settled Čuvan-cy who speak 

Russian and the reindeer breeding Čuvan-cy who mainly speak Koriak and 

Chukchi, see Gurvič (1982). 

8. In 1996 Prof. Michael Krauss sent me a copy of a handwritten list of words 

kept in the archive of the Alaska Native Language Center. It contains about 

90 words from Billings' list, in a random order, transliterated into Cyrillic. 

The copy was made by Fedor Koržavin in 1799 and also contains Chukchi, 

Koriak, Yakut, and Tungus words. Since this list is so incomplete I do not 

consider it here.

Notes 85 

9. This copy was published in Klaproth (1823) with some deviations, see 

Schiefner (1859: 243). 

10. Who actually conducted the interview remains unclear. Six people 

participated in the trip to the Yukaghirs: Billings himself, the doctor Karl 

Merk, Martin Sauer, the nurse Martin Rohbeck, the sketcher Luka Voronin, 

and a guide. Sauer states that the wordlists were recorded by him 

personally: Les Yukaghirs parlent trës bien le russe ce qui me facilita le 

moyen d'avoir un bon vocabulaire de leur langue (Sauer 1802: 110). 

Billings ascribes the translation to himself: I started writing a short 

dictionary of Yukaghir but... found that, except for two old men, all this tribe 

had forgotten or did not know at all the original Yukaghir customs and could 

hardly tell me a few words of their own language (Billings 1802: 25). 

According to Saryčev, who joined the expedition later and was not present 

during the recording, the lists were compiled by Rohbeck (Saryčev 1811: 93). 

He based this statement on a study of the expedition's diaries, in particular Dr 

Merk's diary which was sent to Pallas and later lost (Titova 1978: 8, 15). 

Adelung, contrary to Saryčev, claims that the list was translated by Merk 

(Adelung 1915:208). 

11. There exists a rich literature about the Omoks, left by numerous travelers. The 

geography of these accounts spreads from the Indigirka to the right tributaries 

of the Kolyma, the Bol'šoj and Malyj Anjuj. Practically all the authors cite the 

local legend which says that Omoks used to be a numerous and powerful 

people, one part of which died out while the other moved to the islands in the 

Northern Ocean. These Omoks were regarded either as ancestors of all the 

modern Yukaghirs (Kiber 1823; Gedenštrom 1830; Argentov 1986, 1897; 

D'jačkov 1893) or as a separate people (Wrangel 1841). 

12. On this fund see Gurvič (1963). 

Section 3 

1. In the language of the youngest speakers the vowel ö seems to have been 

replaced by e, under the influence of Russian. 

2. The diphthong-like pronunciation of long mid vowels is characteristic of 

other languages in the area where Yukaghir is spoken, such as Even and 

Evenki, as well as the Russian dialect of Kolyma (Bogoraz 1901). In 

contrast, in Yakut long mid vowels and diphthongs are phonological ly 

opposed. 

3. In the pronunciation of some speakers the vowel о: may be sometimes 

pronounced as front ö: in front stems. However, this is highly optional. 

4. However, some types of last syllables are extrametrical with respect to 

stress assignment. 

5. In Tundra Yukaghir this tendency also applies but does not seem to be as 

strong.

86 Notes 

6. Collinder (1940: 101) explained these alternations as consonant gradation of 

the Uralic type. However, unlike gradation which has to do with prosody, 

alternations of voiced obstruents in Yukaghir are assimilative by nature. 

7. In Kolyma Yukaghir the 1st person Plural intransitive agreement affix -ji:li 

is sometimes pronounced as -/. //, violating this constraint. 

8. Tundra Yukaghir allows word-final clusters in some contexts, e.g. T 

топ- 'say (IMP)' and meji:-mk 'took (TR.2SG)'. 

Section 4 

1. Collinder (1940: 85-102) was the first to notice that the Old Yukaghir clusters 

"nasal + obstruent" correspond to single consonants in modern Yukaghir, see 

also Nikolaeva (1987).

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1871a Beiträge zur Kenntnis der jukagirischen Sprache Bulletin de 

l'Académie Impériale des Sciences 3, 16: 373-399. 

1871b Über Baron Gerhard von Maydell's jukagirische Sprachproben. 

Mélanges Asiatiques 6, 5: 600-626. 

Simčenko, Jurij 

1976 Kul 'tura oxotnikov na olenja severnoj Evrazii [The culture of 

reindeer hunters in Northern Eurasia], Moscow: Nauka. 

Širina, Danara 

1983 Letopis' ëkspedicij Akademii Nauk na severo-vostok Azii v 

dorevoljucionnyj period [A chronicle of the expeditions of the 

Academy of Sciences to North-East Asia before the revolution], 

Novosibirsk: Nauka. 

Slepcov, Petr (ed.) 

1972 Jakutsko-russkij slovar' [Yakut-Russian dictionary.] Moskva: 

Sovetskaja Ekciklopedija. 

Spiridonov, Nikolaj 

2003 Jukagirsko-russkij slovar' i évensko-russkij slovar' [Jukaghir- 

Russian dictionary and Even-Russian dictionary]. Jakutsk: JaGU. 

Spiridonov, Vasilij 

1997 Russko-jukagirskij śkol'nyj slovar' [A Russian-Yukaghir school 

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Starostin, Sergei, Anna Dybo and Oleg Mudrak 

2003 Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (with [the] 

assistance of llya Gruntov and Vladimir Glumov). Vols. 1-3. 

Leiden: Brill.

References 93 

Stasrčevskij, A. 

1889 Provodnik i perevodčik po otdalennym okrainam Rossii [A 

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1966—1993 Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der 

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Tailleur, Olivier 

1959a Les uniques données sur l'omok, langue éteinte de la famille 

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1959b Plaidoyer pour le youkaghir, branche orientale de la famille 

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1960 Remarques sur le terme soi-disant "omok". Orbis 9: 110-113. 

1962 Le dialecte Tchouvane du Youkaghir. Ural-altaische 

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Titova, Z. 

1978 Eínografičeskie materialy Severo-vostočnoj geografičeskoj 

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Magadanskoe knižnoe izdatel'stvo. 

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94 References 

Wrangel, Ferdinand von 

1841 Putešestvie po severnym beregatn Sibiri i po Ledovitomu morju, 

soveršennoe v 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823 i 1824 godax ekspediciju, 

sostojavšeju pod načal'stvom flota lejtenanta Ferdinanda fon 

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Arctic Ocean made in 1820, 1821, 1822, 1823 and 1824 by the 

expedition directed by lieutenant Ferdinand von Wrangel], Vols. 

1-2. St Petersburg

Dictionary 

1. *a:- 

T aare- to stop (INTR); TK aare(j)-, TD arei- 

T aadu- to stop (INTR); TK aadu- 

T aatterej- to stop (TR); TK atrej-\ TD attarei-, atarei- 

2. *aččə/*waččə 

К aččəd-ön pr. (the river Rassoxa, a tributary of the Korkodon); KJ ačúon, 

ačúod-en; KD ačuod-en; SD acuon, ? aioden 

3. *a:čə/*wa:čə 

К a:čə domestic reindeer; KK a:t'e, at'e, a:c'a, a.c'e; KJ a:če; KD a:če; SD 

аса, ase-, асе-, ? etto-; SU -ača; RS -ača\ M áča, áčapul, aače, aača; МО 

amd'e [rect. atče]; В aaitsha; ME ointscha; MK áatsche, aatschen- 

K a.čən-legul lichen [lit. reindeer food] | ? В ishakalloo young reindeer | ? 

ME tschakalloa young reindeer 

4. *ači: 

T ači:d-oŋoj, ačid-oŋoj man's bag for carrying small things 

5. *aδ-/*ant-/*waδ-/*want- 

K ade:- to stand and bark at a hunted animal (of a dog) 

К ade: prey, catch 

6. *ad'a- 

K ad'arəči:- to walk with difficulty; KJ ad'arači- 

? T ad'e perineum 

TU *ad'a- 'to be exhausted walking, to be lazy' (TMS 1 16) 

7. *aδačə 

KD adeče marmot; В adatshia 

8. aëroplan 

T jerepe airplane 

Rus. aéroplan

96 Dictionary 

9. afanasij 

KK afanaśijdie pr. (a man); T apanaači 

Rus. afanasij 

10. *aγ-/*aŋk- 

T ayuod'e vertebrae near the neck 

11. *aγaPwə/*aŋqəPwə 

T aγal'we- to laugh; TK ayal'we- 

T ayal'wiiče mocker; ayal'weri- to mock (TR) | TK ayal'we laughing 

12. *aγa:ńə/*aŋqa:ńə 

T agaańe pr. (a woman) 

The synharmonism is irregular. The word is likely to be a borrowing. 

13. *aγarə/*aγaδə 

KK eyare- to breathe; T ayare-, TK eyare, ayare', TD ehara 

T ayare breathing; air; TK -eyare-, TD ieharai-, iehare- 

T ayaregi-uučii- to lose consciousness [lit. to move one's breathing]; 

ayaruod'il the breath which, according to tradition, people used to ask from 

wild geese when they fly away in autumn, in order to survive till the next 

spring; ayarijend'e exhalation when the air is freezing; ayare-uu- close to 

death [lit. to move breathing]; ayarend'e-rukun animal [lit. thing with 

breathing]; ayaregi-palaa- to get well [lit. his breathing goes up]; 

ayaregi-čayaa- to die [lit. his breathing crosses] 

Cf. PA *agá 'air; rain' > MG *agayar 'air, atmosphere' (EDAL 273-274) 

14. *aγatə/*aŋqətə/*waγatə/*waŋqətə 

KD ahata Even 

15. *aγčə-? 

SD agzakelge pr. (a river) 

16. *aγil-/*aŋqil-/*waγil-/*waŋqil- 

K ayilda:- undressed 

К ayilgun- undressed; ayilgəš- to undress (TR) 

The synharmonism is irregular. 

17. *aj- 1 

К aju:(ji:)-, anu:ji:- to offend, to humiliate, to abuse; KK a/77-; KJ ajuji-, 

a:juju-\ KD ayuyi-, T a/77-; TK a/7-; TD ayiyi-\ SU ajuini to deceive

Dictionary 97 

К ajluγi:-, ajilyi:- to sin; KD ayiluhi- to doubt; to have a presentiment (TR); 

TD ayilui-, ayilug. i-, ailuri- to doubt 

К aju:ja:- envious; jealous; aju.š- to offend; to abuse | KD ay Hi- suspicious | 

T ajiluyal'e- to feel shy, embarrassed; ajd'aγa INTJ (fear); ajd'ayii- frightened 

to say the name of smth; ajd'uu- blameworthy | TD ayiyo(l)- offended 

? Yak. ajy: 'sin' (JRS 35) or TU *aja-qta 'evil, wicked' (TMS 1 20) 

The consonant n- in К is of non-etymological origin. 

18. *aj- 2 

К aji:- to shoot; KK aji-; KJ aji-; KD ayi-, a:yi-; SD aji-; T aji-; TK aj(i)-; 

TJ aji-, TD ayi-\ SU aik, ainutei; RS aik; M ájinui, ájinu, ájinuma, aígi, 

ájirtužal, ájinud'al 

SD ajite-, ? alisa- to shoot; TK ajire- 

K aj- to throw; ajnu- to shoot many times | KD aideyo:- to shoot well | TD 

aitagec- to beat; aiden- to shoot | TK aje arbalest 

? Yak. aja 'arbalest; arrow' (TMS 1 20) // Krejnovič 1958: 251 

19. *aj ? 

К ajdə-bude:n-pömerə- to somersault; KD aide-bydien-ńuro- 

20. *aja- 1 

К aja:- to rejoice, to become happy; KK aja--, KJ aja:- to laugh; KD aya-, В 

iak, iai + glad; ME eijak, eijei + glad 

К aja.rə- to make happy (TR); KJ aja.re-; KD ayare- 

T ajenńaqte-, ajinńeqte- to do smth accurately, diligently or beautifully 

(TR); TK ajenńaqte- 

K aja. bo:- profligate (especially of a woman); KJ aja:bo-, KD aya.bo-, 

ayabo- 

K ajayə modal marker (optative); ajmič modal marker (it is nice that) | ? KJ 

ajya everything | KD ayel'ir wonderful | ? T ajilwej- to think out; to 

understand, to realize; to see; ajinńaqteri- diligent in doing smth; ajinńe 

right, correct, comely 

TU *aja-, *aju- 'good; beautiful' (TMS 1 18-20) 

21. *aja- 2 

К ajlə- to wash (TR); KK a.jle-; KJ aje la--, KD ayile-, ayela-; SU alejek; RS 

alejek 

К ajlən-/ajləd- to wash oneself (INTR); KK a. jlen-, ajled'-; KJ ajíled'- 

K aje:-, aj- to scrape; KK aje- to scratch oneself; KJ aje- 

K jajgət-, ajayət- to strip off, to take off (bark), to tear off; to skin (many 

times); KD ayahat-

98 Dictionary 

К jajyədaj- to strip off, to take off (bark), to tear off; to skin; KJ ajaγadai-; 

KD ayahaday-; T ajayarej-; TK ajayarej-; TD ayaharai-, ayahoroi- 

T ajitterej- to tear off; ajid'i- to go off, to open; ajičeń- half closed (of a 

door), unwrapped | TD ayahac- to skin | TK ajayej- to scatter (of clouds) 

The initial j- in К jajyədaj- seems to be of non-etymological origin (a result 

of the influence of the following consonant?). In some forms the vowel *-aof 

the second syllable has fallen out. 

22. ajda:n 

К ajda.n noise; disorder; KD aidan riot, rebellion 

Yak. or Ev. ajda.n 'noise' (TMS 121) 

23. *ajin/*wajin 

К ajan-todi:, ajin-todi: molar tooth; KD ayin-todi; В iin-tody hind-tooth; 

ME ein-toti hind-tooth 

24. *ajiŋ/*wajiŋ 

К ajiŋ dried elk skin used for making boots; KD ayiŋ, eyiŋ elk skin 

К ajiŋ-qoyi: trousers [lit. pecked from elk skin]; ajiŋ-mure boots made of elk 

skin 

25. *ajl' 

KD ail'egg; T -ajŋ, -ajl; KL ail, В -aul; ME -ail, MK -áil 

26. *ajlə-/*wajlə- 

K ajli:-, a:li:- to stop; to calm down, to quiet; to prevent smb from doing 

smth (TR); KJ ajli-, KD aile-, aili- 

K ajləd- to stop smb (TR); KJ ajled-; KD ailed-; SD ajled-; RS ailetk 

27. *ajun-/*wajun- 

K ajun- to stumble on 

28. *ajwə-/*wajwə- 

K ajbi: shadow; soul; KK ajbi:, ajbi; KJ aibi; KD aibi; SD ajbi, ej'bi; В ivi; 

ME a ivi 

К ajbid'i: lower world, realm of shadows; KJ aibid'i; KD aibid'i(d-arime); 

SD ajbisi, asbizi swamp; kingdom 

К ajbəš- to blink, to wink; KD aibec-, aiberc- 

K ajbi:- to close one's eyes | SD ajbode- to sleep | В aivinda West | ME 

eivinta West

29. aka: 

T akaa elder brother; TK akaa, aka; TJ aka + elder male cousin 

T akaadie the eldest (among brothers); pr. (a man) 

Ev. aka: 'elder brother' (TMS 1 23) // Krejnovič 1958: 248 


Dictionary 99 

30. aka:ry 

TD aka.ra-, akare- fool, stupid 

Yak. aka. ry or Ev. aka. ri 'fool, stupid' (TMS 1 25) 

The synharmonism is irregular. The word is likely to be a recent borrowing. 

31. aki 

KL any [rect. aky] like 

Rus. aki 

32. a:l 1 

TK a:I raft, float; TD a:l 

Yak. a: I (JRS 23-24) 

33. *a:l 2 

К a:l, a:n, a:- below, under (PP); KK a-; KJ a:-, a:l-, al-; KD a:-, a:l-, al-, 

a:n; T al-; TK al; TJ a:l; TD a:l-, al- 

K albo:- to lose (in a competition, a battle); KK albo-; KJ albo:-; KD 

a.lbo:-; SD albosa- 

K albə foot of a mountain; KJ a.lbe; KD a.lbe; SD alba-; T albe; TJ a.lbe-; 

TD -albe, -alba bottom; В -alba 

К alγu- below, down; SD aljude [rect. algude], alukon, aluke; T alyu-; TK 

alyu- 

K alyudo:- lowest; youngest; KD alhaduo- 

T aalwej pr. (a mountain); TJ alwai mountain; hill 

К albo.ži:- to win; KK albože-; KJ albod'i-; KD a.lbod'i-; T albed'iite-; TK 

albed'i- to lose (in a competition); TD albedi-, albi- 

K albəń- steep | KD alhede lower eyelid | T alun-gurčii- to go down; to get 

shorter; alunban- low; albewre-momdije lace closing the lower part of fur 

trousers; alγude-gurčii- to turn upside down (TR); alγuučii- to go down, to 

abate; alun-wej- to win; alγud'aa a little lower | TD albalel, albalen lower 

world; ? aluan then, later, after | TK alban lower; looser | В aldzshitsh 

victory I ? ME al-dang-muntschuen back of the head; altschidsch victory 

U *ala 'place beneath' (UEW 6) // FUV 3; Bouda 1940: 72; UJN 113-114; 

HUV 157; Angere 1956: 128; UEW 6; Nikolaeva 1988: 214; Rédei 1999: 

34; LR 152

100 Dictionary 

The stem *a:l has been reanalyzed as a:- + the suffix -/-, the latter being 

absent in some inflectional forms, cf. *ke:l. 

34. *a:l- 

T aaliil order; TD alii 

T aalieče person who gives orders; TK a. lieče order 

T aalie- to make an order; TK alie-, a.lie-, a.li- 

35. *al'- 

K aïa:- to thaw; KK ala-; KJ ala:-; KD al'a-; T al'aa-; TK al'a:-, al'a-; TD 

al'a- 

K al'o:- melted; KK al'o-; KD alio:-; SD allio-; TK al'uo- 

K al'a.š- to melt (TR); KK al'a.š-; TD aliac- 

K al'o.jə ice-hole; thawed patch; TK al'uoje; TD aluod'ile 

К al'ununnu- to thaw; ? elo:d'ilə thawed patch | T al'uorii- to keep melted; 

al'il resin used for chewing | TK al'uolel-d'awur southern sea; al'asu- to melt 

(TR) 

FU *sula 'to melt' (UEW 450^151) // Bouda 1940: 88; HUV 161; UJN 124; 

Tailleur 1959a: 420; UEW 451; Nikolaeva 1988: 219-220; LR 157 

36. *ala- 

KJ alaji pr. (a Yukaghir clan); KD aloyi Tungus; T alajii, alad'ii, alaad'ii; 

TK alaji; TJ alaji 

KJ alaji-šan-nume pr. (a settlement on the river Alazeja) [lit. Alaji: wooden 

house] I T alajiip-lačipe northern lights [lit. Alaji: lights]; alajiip-muoqatka 

pr. (a lake) [lit. Alaji: broad whitefish]; alajiip-nunkičan pr. (a lake) [lit. 

Alaji: cormorant]; ? alasej pr. (a river); ? aldajke pr. (the river Allaixa); ? 

aldajkepul pr. (a tribe that lived on the Allaikha) 

The element -ji: can be a non-productive Plural marker. 

37. *al'a:jə 

T al'aaje liver; TK aVaje; TD al'aiye 

T al'aajed-ömge diaphragm [lit. flesh side of the liver]; al'aajed-oŋrii copper 

disk on the upper forward part of a woman's breast cloth; al'aajend-uorpe 

human beings [lit. children with a liver (as distinct from devils who are 

believed to have no liver)] 

38. *alajə ? 

TD alayo mother

39. *alaji- 

T alajïïe- to make the ground free from plants 

40. *alal- ? 

MO -alelbu stupid 

Dictionary 101 

41. *alaqəjwə ? 

В alachaivo weasel 

? TU *ala- 'to caress' (EDAL 292-293), cf. Rus. laska 'weasel' lit. 'caress' 

42. *alčən/*walčən 

KJ alčen pr. (the river Balygyčan); SD alcen 

The cluster *-lč'- is atypical morpheme-internally. 

43. *a:lə 

К a:lə curved side of a larch tree that faces the sun, used for making pipes, 

bows and sledge runners; KD a:le; T aale 

? TK alur kind of young tree 

44. aleksandr 

TK aleksandra 

Rus. aleksandr 

45. alγas 

KK alγas by accident 

Yak. alyas 'mistake' (TMS 1 30) 

46. ali 

M ali or 

Rus. ali 

47. *aPl'ə- 

K alls- disappointed 

К al'l'əš- to disappoint 

48. *al'q- 

T al'yure- to cackle (of birds) 

49. *alqə- 

T alγan modal marker (let it be so, OK); TK alyan 

T alyad'aa too, too much; very; alyad'a because


50. *aluj 

TD alui spoon 

51. *al4və-/*wal4və-/*al'pə-/*wal'pə- 

K аГЬэ- to be spilled, to run out, to flow out; KK al'be-; KJ albe-; KD albe- 

K aïbəš- to pour out, to spill; KK al'beš-; KJ albe(r)š- to throw away; KD 

albe(r)c-\ SD albaš-; ME alvark 

К al'bo:- to flutter 

52. *alyk 

К alik strap of a harness; KJ alik\ M álik 

KJ alikte- to harness 

Rus. alyk 

53. *am- 

K amun bone; KK amun, amu-; KJ amun, emun; KD amun; SD amun- + 

claws; T amun; TK amuir, TD amun, amunnul; SU amún, amungala, -amun; 

RS amún; MC amun, -amuk; MO -mi, -omi; BO ámun; KL amungi; В amún, 

-ami; ME amun, -ame 

К amund'a: Amur ide (Leuciscus waleckii); KD amund'a; SD aminza 

К amundələ-čičkə tall (of a person) [lit. long in one's bones] | T amunča: 

skeleton of a fish; amungi-el-moruu to feel unwell [lit. his bones are not felt] 

54. *am-/*wam- 

KK amdet- to lay down; SU amdetum 

К amdə- to die; KK amde-; KJ amde-, omde-, emde-; KD amde-; SD amda-, 

amca-; SU amdei, amda; RS amdai, amdaja; M ámdańi, ámdai; KL amdań 

mortal; В amda death; ME amda 

К amdijə bedding; KD -amded'e muzzle; SD -amdyja smth put on 

К amdi:- to spread under, to lay under; to prepare (TR); KJ amdi-; SD amde- 

K amči:- to die (of many people) | KJ amdile- languish, pine 

55. *ama- 

T amalii- to surprise, to amaze 

? KD ama-du really, indeed (in questions) | T amakaa INTJ (surprise) 

56. ama: 

T amaa father; TK ama, amaa; TJ ama:, ama; TD ama:, ama; MU -ama 

T amaa-amaa great-grandfather [lit. father's father] 

Ev. ama: 'father' (TMS 1 34) // Krejnovič 1958: 248


57. amarka:n 

T amarkanel five-year old male reindeer; TK amarkeńel 

Ev. amarka.n 'four- or five-year old male reindeer' (TMS 1 36) // Krejnovič 

1958: 248 

The element -əl is a Yukaghir derivational suffix. 

58. ambar 

TD ambar barn; M ambár 

Rus. ambar 

59. amerikanec 

T amarikaan American 

Rus. amerikanec 

60. amiń 

TK amin Amen 

Rus. amiń 

61. *amipə-/*wamipə- ? 

SD amipe- to shout 

62. *amlə-/*amlə- 

K amli:- to swallow; KK amli-, KD amli:-; SD amle- to cut down 

К amlədaj-, emlədej- to swallow; to embrace; KK amladaj-; KJ amladaj-, 

amledej-; KD emledei-; SD amlajse- to disappear; T emlerej-; TK emlerej-; 

TD emlerei-, ? amdeleu- 

K amlaj- to sink; KK amle-, amluj- to dive; KJ amle-, amlaj-; KD amlai-; 

SD amla-; TD amle-, emle- 

K amlujbə sunset | KD amlibe digestive tract 

This stem is attested in two harmonic variants, the back variant amis- and 

the front variant emlə-, 

63. *amun-/*wamun- ? 

SD amunde here; soon after 

64.*an- 1 

К ańńə- to speak; KK ańúe-, anńe-; KJ ańńe-; KD anne-; SD -anju-, appa- 

[rect. anna-]; T anńanu-, anńa. na-; TK anńe-; TJ ańńe-; TD ańńie-, ańene-, 

ańne-, ańe-\ SU annečeily, annei; RS annek; M anneija, annejili; KL anely; 

В aniak, ME anniak 

К ažu. bə conversation; KJ ed'u. bo; KD -ad'ube; MU andschúb


К antə- to respond, to answer a call; KK ante-, KD ante-, anta-', SD anta-, T 

antej-, TK antej-; RS antatu, -antaimik to read; to say 

К ańńəri:- to talk into smth (TR); T anńeri- to blame; TK anńerž- 

K ažu: word; language; speech; KK ad'u\ KJ ad'ur, KD ad'ur, SD ežu; T 

aruu\ TK aru:; TJ aru:; TD aru; SU ažu; RS ažu-; MC andže tongue; BO 

andréle 

MU ángdsche to cry; MK ándschintjak 

T aruun-mörije interpreter [lit. hearer of the language]; TK aru.n-morije; 

TD arun-moreye-, arun-muriye 

KJ ad'u.d-eurešte match-maker [lit. word carrier]; T aruud-ewresče; TK 

aru.n-ewrest'e; TJ arud-eurače; TD arud-eurecte 

К antəd'a:- to conjure, to practice magic; T antad'i-, antid'aa-; TK antad'a-; 

TD antaja-, antad'a- 

K ažu:-mott3Ča:l saying, proverb | KJ ad'u.-nidul song [lit. saying words] | 

KD anted'abo-, anted'abo:- bleeding smb (i.e. a shaman); antad'aye shaman 

of evil spirits I SD ancu rumour, scandal | T antid'aaje wizard; aruun-molyal 

syllable [lit. joint of a word]; aruun-toyuod'e exaggeration in speech [lit. 

word's denseness]; antesl'e- to ask God; antetl'e- to bless | TD 

antad'ayeńoje-kode wizard 

U *äne 'voice, sound' (UEW 25) //Nikolaeva 1988: 215; LR 144, 152 

The correspondence К ž- ~ T r- reflects the PY *-nč-, where -c- is probably 

a derivational affix. 

65. *an- 2 

К a-da: there; KJ a-da, a-da:; SD a-da; T a-da:; TK a-da 

KJ a-da:t, aŋ-ta:t from there; TK a-da:t 

К a-dö:n that; KK a-duwen; SD a-dybyn 

К a-diŋ, a-duŋ that; KK a-diŋ, a-diŋide; KD a-daŋ; T a-duŋ, a-duŋunyat, 

a-da:teŋ 

KJ a:n here it is; SD an when; T an; TK an that 

К an-di: there 

U *u ~ *o 'that' (UEW 332) // Tailleur 1959a: 416; Nikolaeva 1988: 218- 

219 

Forms beginning with ad- go back to *an + /-initial demonstratives. The 

element -n- is probably a pronominal suffix, cf. *en-. 

66. *an- 3 

T anil present, gift; TK anil, TD ani-, anni- 

T an- to give a present 

Ev. ani- 'to give as a present' (TMS 1 43) 

i

67. *ań- 1 

К ańd'a:- to tease; KD anid'a:-; T and'aa- to scold; В anoik 

К ańd'a.γa: teaser; KJ anid'a.γa, anid'eγa; SD angzaja 

К ańid'əγə- to use foul language; ańd'a.rə- to tease | KJ anid'a sin | T 

ančuore- to censure, to blame; ańil evil 

? TU *(x)an(d)u- 'to accuse, to tease' (EDAL 181) 


68. *ań- 2 

К ańibən-mi.d'i: sledge for cargo; T ańibe covered sledge for transporting 

valuable or frail things; TK anibe, ańibe sledge with a back or a handle 

T ańibekaańej-lalime sledge with a small yurt on the back part; ańibed-ugil' 

antler put in front of a children's sledge having a protective and ritual 

function I ? TK aanbe end of a belt tied to a sledge 

69. *an-/*wan- 

K anil fish; KK ańil, anil, -ańi, -ani; KJ anil\ KD anil, SD ani-, anjil, anyl-; 

SU -any, anyl, RS -anyl, M anil, ánil, ánül; MC anyla; BO anýl'gat; KL 

anylga; В annil, ME annyll; MK ányl 

К an-ču: boiled fish [lit. fish meat]; KK an-t'u 

К anil-palči:, anin-palči: big flat spade-shaped spoon with a hole in the 

middle used for taking fish out of a pot [lit. fish taker]; KD anil-poluči; SD 

ary-paluci [rect. any-paluci] kind of fishing bird 

К an-iril fish intestines [lit. fish stomach] | KK anid-orpol' poles for drying 

fish [lit. fish hanger] | KD anin-kinid'e September [lit. fish month]; 

anin-canhar scale [lit. fish bark]; anin-tenmul gills [lit. fish throat] 

70. *ana 

T ana-moli, ana-mod'eŋ suddenly 

71. *ana- 

K ana-buska:, ana-muska: small boat hollowed out of a poplar trunk; KK 

ana-buska-; KJ ana-bučka:, anu-bučka:; KD ana-bučka; SD ana-burka 

[rect. anabuska] 

? S *əntəj 'boat' (SW 15-16) 

The atypical -s- in the second component suggests borrowing, cf. busks. 

72. *ana: 1 

T anaa mountain; TK ana, anaa, ona; TJ ana:; TD ana-, ana:, ona:; MK 

anún- 

TJ aŋad-a:lbe foot of a mountain; TD ona:d-albe 

T anaan-salil Siberian marmot (Marmota siberica) [lit. mountain mouse];


TD anan-calil 

T anakie pr. (a man); anaand'uoje foot of a mountain; anaad-ile kabarga 

(Moschus moschiferus) [lit. mountain reindeer] | TJ anan-marqil stone girl | 

TD anod-oiče top of the hill 

73. *ana:2 

KD ana: disease leading to apathy 

74. *aŋa 

К aŋa mouth; KK aŋa\ KJ aŋa, aŋ-, KD aŋa; T aŋa; TK aŋa; TJ aŋa; TD 

ańa-, SU ága; RS angá; MC aigga [rect. angga], anga + lips; MO aigg 

[rect. angg], angynd--, BO anáńga; KL angaga\ В angá; ME anga, MU 

anggá\ MK ánga 

К aŋil' opening; rivermouth; KK aŋil\ KJ aŋil, KD aŋil', -anŋil', -angil'; SD 

angyl, ? angldu-; TK aŋil'; TD aŋin\ SU -anil\ RS -agil, MC -agim [rect. 

-agil\ door; В -ángel, -angie [rect. iongund-angil]; ME -angel, -angyl 

К aŋan-pugelbe: beard, moustache [lit. mouth fur]; KJ aŋade-pugelbie, 

aŋa-pugolbie; KD aŋa(n)-pugelbie, aŋan-pudelie\ T aŋa-buguče\ TK 

aŋan-bugut'e; TD ańan-bugoče, ańan-pugoče\ В anghen-bugúlbv, ME 

angen-bugulbie 

К aŋan-qa:r palate [lit. mouth skin] | KD aŋil-ca, aŋil'-aŋin-ca hoop for a 

basket made of birch bark; aŋalŋgepul mouth; ? aŋaye arrow with an iron 

point I T aŋa-umusej- to murder [lit. to close the mouth]; aŋa-el'ïï voice [lit. 

passage of the mouth]; aŋa-wie- to eat [lit. to do smth with the mouth]; 

aŋlačil eloquent, having a sharp tongue; aŋńal-d'oyoje scissors [lit. knife 

with a mouth]; aŋun-daal cross pole in the front part of a sledge | TD 

anan-puroihe upper lip; aŋa-wutni- to yawn [lit. to open the mouth] 

U *aŋe 'opening, mouth', *aŋa- 'to open' (UEW 11-12) // Bouda 1940: 72; 

FUV 69; UJN 125; JU 84; HUV 157; Angere 1956: 129; Krejnovič 1958: 

235 (~ Selk.); Nikolaeva 1988: 215; Rédei 1999: 34; LR 144, 152 

75. *anadər/*anantər/*wanadər/*wanantər 

KJ anader pr. (the river Anadyr') 

This river name may be related to the root ana: 'mountain'. 

76. *ana:n 

К ana. n on purpose 

Yak. ana:- 'to determine' (JRS 41)


77. *a:nč-/*wa:nč- 

K a.žul traditional cupboard with three shelves; lower world, which was 

traditionally thought to have three layers; KD ad'ul\ SD amul [rect. ašuí] 

78. *anč'ə- 

T ančejl fuss, bustle, turmoil; alarm 

T ančejneŋ fussily 

The atypical cluster -nč- indicates that the consonants initially belonged to 

different morphemes, i.e. -c - was part of a suffix. 

79. *aŋč'ilə/*waŋč'ilə 

К aŋd'ilə falcon, hawk; KJ aŋd'ile; KD aŋd'ile; SD angzile\ ? SU aŋila 

goldfinch (Charduelis charduelis) 

80. *an-dajdu 

KD an-daidu-iččite pr. (a goddess) 

The word is probably Yak. 

81. *aŋδə- 

T aŋde-, aŋre- to betray, to give away 

The alternation -r d- points to the original *-δ-, 

82. andy 

К andə-buča: white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala); KD andu-mučie; 

SD anda-maca, andy-buca 

? К andə, and-unuŋ river bed 

Yak. andy, anny 'white-winged scoter (Menanitta fusca)' (TMS 1 43) 

The word looks like a compound ande + buča:, but the second component is 

otherwise unknown. 

83. *ańil 

T ańil even more, all the more, so much the more 

84. *anjə ? 

KD anja omul (Coregonus omul) 

85. *anjə- 

KD and'ad'al-l'odol competitive archery game 

86. anjuj 

KJ ańui pr. (the river Anjuj)


KJ -ańui pr. (the river Anjuj) 

Rus. anjuj 

87. *anlə- 

K ań(i)d'ə princeling, head, chieftain; KK anid'e', KJ alid'e, anid'e', KD anid'e, 

al'id'e + king (in cards); SD anildse, anidse; SU -anled'e; RS anled'a, anléd'a; 

MC aledža; В alnindsha\ ME alnintscha', W -al lenpoh, -allanpoh kingdom 

? KJ anle- to separate 

The cluster *-nl- has developed into -n- or -/-, depending on dialect. 

88. *aŋl'ə-/*waql'ə- 

KK aŋl'et gradually; KD aŋl'el'et 

К aŋli. čin full up to the brim; KJ aŋličin; KD aŋl'ičin, aŋl'icin 

89. *aŋlu:/*waŋlu: 

KJ aŋlu Russian [lit. angry]; KD aŋlw, SD anglu, angli 

KD aŋlu(d)-od'i vodka 

90. *anmə 

T anme for no reason; just; suddenly; TK an me, anma\ TJ anme 

T anmiń still, nevertheless; TK anmiń 

T аптеГе- idle, passive; anmoryi modal marker (uncertainty, doubts, fear); 

anmolγiń not at all; anmel'ereŋ without cause | TD anmeleye leisure 

91. *ańmə- 

T ańmil draught-reindeer; TK ańmil; TD ońmil 

T ańme- to straddle, to sit astride; TK ańma-, ańme-; TD ańma- 

T ańmes- to cause to straddle; TD ańmes-, ańmas- 

T ańmere- to harness (a reindeer); to ride in a sledge with a reindeer (TR); 

TK ańmere- 

T ańmirijaa skilled reindeer driver | TD anmerad'ed-ileń sledge reindeer 

This stem may be related to *ań-. 

92. anna 

KD anńe pr. (a woman) 

Rus. anna 

93. *aŋńərqa: 

T aŋńarqaa pr. (a mythical river flowing very far away)

94. *anŋijə 

T anŋije wave; TK anŋije; TD ańie- 

TK anŋijere- to be rough; to rise in waves (of the sea) 


95. *aŋnumə/*waŋnumə 

К aŋnumə at the beginning, at first; KK annume, aŋnume; KJ aŋnume\ KD 

aŋnume first; RS annuma, annúma; BO ajmo; В angnuma before; ME 

angnuma before 

К aŋnuməl'ə first; KK annumel'e; KL amnugonle 

96. *aŋq- 

K ayul person from whom a shaman takes strength without him being aware; 

KJ igel shaman's assistant 

К ayidu:- to hide (INTR); KJ ayidu:-; KD ahidu- 

K ayi: secretly, by stealth, on the sly; KK ayi; KJ ayi; KD ahi; SD agi; T ayi; 

TK ayi 

К ayitə- to hide, to conceal (TR); KJ aγite-; KD ahite-, ahita-, ahidi-; SD 

agile-', T ayite-; TK ayite-; TD ahite--, В angítak; ME angietak 

К ayimə friend; one of a pair; paired worker; adopted brother; KJ ayi me-, KD 

ahime; SD agima-; RS agima; MC agamo; ? MO aqwitu [rect. aqwimu]; В 

aghéma; ME agyma 

К ayid'i:- to steal up to, to sneak up to, to hide oneself; to whisper (TR); KD 

ahid'i-; T ayund'i-, oyind'i-, ayand'i-, oyund'i- to whisper; to gossip; to 

complain; TK ayari-; RS agidyk, agiduik 

К ayibunnu- to hide oneself; aŋido:tl'ə- to hide (INTR); ayiməžu- to befriend 

I KD ahid-uol illegitimate child [lit. secret child]; ahinbon- secret; ahikonuto 

walk surreptitiously | ? T oyud-, ayud- to quiet down; to kill; ayineŋ 

quietly and secretly; ayud'eri- to complain about (TR); aya-čuŋde, 

ayin-čuŋde secret thought; ayanńeri- to report; ayuoler- to guard | TD 

aharei- to hide; aharol- to hide oneself; ? arad'ira-ańńe- to whisper 

97. *anq»- 

K anyi:- to comb; to scratch, to scrape; KK aŋi-; KJ anyi-; KD anhi-; T 

anyi-; TK anyi-; TD anri-; SU aŋek 

К anyid'ə- to comb oneself; KK aŋiže-; TD anrid'e- 

K anydjə snow-storm; KD anhaye 

К anyijə comb; KJ -anyije, -onγaje; SU aŋija 

К anyəži: small scraper used for cleaning dry skin; KD angad'i; SD angaži-, 

T anyarii 

KD anhajen- stormy


98. *aŋqurpə/*waŋqurpə 

К ayurpə suffering, torment, torture; KD agurpe, SD agurpeš- 

K aγurpə- to suffer; KK agurpe-; KJ agurpe-, ogurpe-; KD agurpe-; SU 

agurpei; В ankorjy\ ME angkorbei 

К ayurpəš- to torture; KK ayurpeš-, oγurpeš- 

K ayurpəlgə INTJ (suffering) | KK aγurpeli- suffering 

99. *ant- 

K adil youth; fellow; boyfriend; KK ad-\ KJ adil, a.dil; KD adil; SD adil, 

adyl, T adil, TK adil, TJ adil, TD adil, adil'; SU adylloi; RS ady; MC apdyla 

[rect. andyla]; В andel-; ME antil- 

K ad-ö: son [lit. youth child]; KK ad-uo; KJ ad-uo; KD ad-uo, ad-u; SD 

adi-orpa-, ad-io-; T ad-uo; TK ad-uo; TJ ad-uo; RS ad-o; M ád-o; KL 

and-ogi; В ant-oó; ME anth-u; MK ánd-uo 

К adimuńe:- to grow younger | T adin-lugumuol bachelor, lonely man [lit. 

young old one]; adipen-muoqa pr. (a lake) [lit. boys' broad whitefish] 

TU *anda 'friend; boyfriend' (EDAL213)//Nikolaeva 1988: 178 

100. *aŋt- 

K aŋdil waist, stature; KD aŋdil'; T aŋdedil'il; TD ańdedilel 

К aŋdil-amdi: belt [lit. waist bedding] 

101. *aŋtə- 

TK aŋtel wasting disease 

102. *antə- 

T antes- to kill; to touch; TK anteste- 

? TD andahai- to fight 

The cluster -nt- is atypical morpheme-internally. 

103. *ańtə-/*wańtə- ? 

SD angdamule to become glued together 

104. *antəq-/*wantəq- 

K ataq- two; KK ataq-; KJ ataq-; KD atax-, SD ataq-\ SU adakun; RS 

adakún; M adakún, adakun-; KL adakun; MU andakiń, adakun; MK 

andakún 

К ataqlo:- two; KK ataql-, KJ ataql-, KD ataxl-, SD ataqbio- [rect. 

ataqlio-], ataqla-; SU adaxlov, RS adaklov, M adakloj-, KL adaklon, 

andaklon, adela-, В antachlon, attachon-, ME antaglon; MU ándaklon, 

andaklon, andakloń', MK andáklon

К ataqlid'ə twice; SD ataqliza 

In К -t- is irregular instead of the expected -d-. 

105. *aŋti:- 

T aŋdiïïe- to inform 

106. *anulTə 

T anull'e racer who has never lost in a contest 


107. *anurə-/*wanurə- 

K anurə- to love, to like; KJ anure-; KD anure-; SU anure, anuremik; RS 

anure k; KL anuram; В anoorak, anoorok; ME angurak 

108. *apaj-/*wapaj- ? 

SD apaj- to float 

109. *apanəla: 

T apanalaa old woman, wife; TK apanalaa; TJ apanala:; TD apanala: 

T apanalaa-jalyil pr. (a lake) [lit. old woman's lake] 

110. *apjə-/*wapjə- ? 

SD apjonmoq five 

SD apjambozi-kunel fifty 

111. *aptə- 

T apte- to collect, to gather; TK apte- 

T aptiiče gatherer 

112. *aq 

T aqun even, still; TK aqun, ayan subjunctive marker 

T aqte, atte only; TK aqte; TJ aqte; BO aqtém-, aqtem'- 

KK aq only; T aq always; too, too much, too many; TK aq + because 

К aq-murel'əjə-qa:qa:, aq-murel'əjə-pulut bear [lit. barefooted grandfather]; 

KK aq-murel'e-; KJ aq-mureleie-qaqa; KD ax-murel'e-; RS ak-murali 

T aq-čayuo- barefooted [lit. only footed]; TD ax-čaho- 

K aq-mure barefooted [lit. only boots]; aqa suddenly | KJ aqa really | T 

aq-juol bareheaded [lit. only head]; aq-čald'uol without gloves [lit. only 

hands]; aq-ńumud'ijuo- to have filed antlers except for the excrescences on 

the muzzle (of a reindeer) [lit. only cut with an axe]; aq-lawjeń-, aq-lawjuoweak 

(of tea) [lit. only water]; aq-ralduo- with bare hands, without gloves

13 8 Dictionary 

[lit. only hands]; aq-l'el INTJ (used when finding smth unusual); really? | TJ 

aq-ta:t only 

114. *ar- 

K arimə sole; KD arime; ? SD -arbuna\ T arime + paw; foot; TK arime-, TD 

arime 

К ariməl bottom; KK arimel, KJ arimel, KD arimel, SD arymal- + sole 

К arul bottom | SD aronmaljuget from the bottom, along the bottom 

? S *ermə~ 'North' (SW 22), cf. also Ev. dial, arima 'skin under reindeer's 

hooves' (TMS 1 : 50) // Tailleur 1959a: 417; Nikolaeva 1988: 215 

The Ev. word is likely to be a Yukaghir borrowing. 

115.*ara 

К ara(ń)ńə- light; easy, handy; frisky, dashing, adroit; KK aranńe-; KD 

arańńe-\ T arinńe-; TK aranńe-; TD ereńne- flexible; RS arannei; В 

*arránnei\ ME ararje 

К ara adroitness; arajrəŋo:- energetic, laborious | KK aranńemu- to become 

adroit I KD arad'e(i)- to try hard (TR) 

116. arai 

TK arej suddenly; TJ arai 

Ev. arai 'suddenly; apparently' (TMS 1 48) 

117. *arańəs/*aδańəs 

TD (koded-)arańac ancient hanging coffin 

118. *ararə/*aδadə/*araδə/*aδarə 

TJ arara- pr. (a man) 

119. *a:rə 

К a:rə square or triangular nappy made of leather from a reindeer or hare 

that is sewed to a child's trousers together with dried moss or fur; KD a:re, 

are fur flap; T aare 

Cf. Yak. dial. a:ra, Ev. dial. a:ra (DSJJ 38) 

The direction of borrowing is unclear. 

120. *a:ri:/*a:δi: 

T aarii gun, rifle; TK aarii, ari- + bow; TJ ari- bow; TD ari; RS -arie 

T aariin-joyul muzzle [lit. gun's nose]; aariin-keldečče, aariin-keldesče 

trigger of a gun [lit. gun's puller]; aariin-id'id'ii foresight; aariid'aa people

Dictionary 13 5 

with fire-arms; aariin-keldej- to unload a gun; aarii-band'e-čuŋde good 

honest character [lit. mind like a gun] 

121. arina 

T örine pr. (a woman) 

Rus. arina 

122. *arinəwuja:/*warinəwuja: 

К arnu.ja: wolverine (Gulo gulo); KK arnuja-, arnumuja; KJ arnuboja, 

arnabuja; KD arnumoya; SD arnabaja; SU arynuaja; RS arinooja; M 

arinówja, arinowápul', MK arímnewája 

123. *arke:γin/*arke:ŋkin 

T arkyagin pr. (a dog) 

The synharmonism is irregular. The name is likely to be a borrowing. 

124. *arq-/*a:rq- 

K a:rqa: near, at, beside (PP); KJ arqa:\ KD arxa; BO -árq 

К a. rqin to, towards; until (PP); KJ arqin\ KD arxin 

T arqul', arqul foothold, background; arqulńe-, arqul'te- to have a support; 

arqaan-lalime, arqaan-ańibe covered sledge immediately following the 

leader's [lit. close sledge]; arqaan-gode man sitting in the sledge 

immediately following the leader's [lit. close man]; arqaa-ile reindeer 

harnessed in a child's sledge [lit. close reindeer]; arqaa-ańibe covered 

sledge which immediately follows the leader's [lit. close sledge] | ? MC - 

arče hole 

An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable in K. 

125. *asapəlli: 

К ašapəlli:(ča:n) butterfly 

126. *aslə 

T asle half-sibling born immediately after the speaker 

T asl'ii- to have smb as the closest born sibling (TR) 

127. *assə-/*wassə- 

K aššə- to prick 

128. *at-/*wat- 

K atil(') end of smth long


KD atilne- to finish, to be over (INTR) 

К atil'qa.n pr. (a man); KJ atilaqa, SD atylsagon, atylyq-apa 

129. ataqi: 

К ataqi: spider; KD ataxi: 

Ev. ataqi (TMS 1 57) 

130. *atilə 

T atile rust; mould 

T atiled'ii- to make rust (TR) 

131. *atməlč'a:q 

T atmild'aak, atmild'aaq hardly, scarcely; TK atmeld'aq 

132. *attə-/*wattə- 

K attəč- to get stuck 

133. atyrla:- 

K atuludaj-, atilədaj- to sell; SD atmeadaj- [rect. atleadaj-] 

Yak. aty:la:- (JRS 52) 

134. *aw- 1 

T awre- to gather (of rain water on a skin) (INTR) 

135. *aw- 2 

К abut nest, hole, den, lair; case, container; KK abut, KJ abut; KD abut + 

sheath; SD abun-, -abyd, -abyl; T awur; TK awur; TJ awur; TD aur, awur, 

SU -awut; RS -aud; MO abor brain; KL awundaga; В awoot; ME auut; MK 

-awut 

К abutə- to fill with a liquid or dry substance; KJ abute-; KD abute- 

K abuda:- to lie down; KJ abuda:-; KD abuda:- 

K abuš- to put inside; abudu- to pull | KD abuda.cut, abuda.cut 

horizontally; abuda.č- to keep | T awun-saal cradle without leather covering 

[lit. cradle wood]; awurrńejd-uo baby [lit. child with a cradle] 

136. *aw- 3 

T awuol- fresh; TK -awo-\ TD awuo- 

T awuod'e freshness 

137. aw- 4 

T awńe- to make noise (of reindeer calf)


Cf. Ev. a:w-a:w 'INTJ (imitation of the noise made by a reindeer calf)' 

(TMS 1 8) 

138. *aw-/*amp-/*waw-/*wamp- 

K abud-, abudə- to pull, to pull out; to tighten (a belt); KD abud-\ SD 

abudaj- to stretch 

К abud'a fringe, tassel; confusion, mishmash, mess; KJ abud'e; KD abud'e 

139. *awa 

К abo:- elder; KJ abuo-; KD abuo- elder sister; SD abu- 

K abu.j elder; KJ abuj elder sister or elder female cousin; KD abui 

MC aua sister; BO áwo sister; MK awá elder sister 

К abuča: address to a grandmother; KK abud'a; KJ abuča: + shaman's 

female spirit; KD abučie, abud'a + girl; SD abuce- female spirit; T abučie 

grandmother; mother-in-law; TK abučie grandmother, mother-in-law; TJ 

abučie grandmother; grandfather's or grandmother's sister, father's elder 

sister or elder cousin; TD -abučie; MU awutscha sister 

KJ abud'a elder sister, elder female cousin 

U/FU *apV 'elder female relative' (UEW 15) 

140. *a:wj 

T aawe- to sleep; TK aawe-, aawa-; TJ aw a:- to fall asleep; TD aw a-, awe-, 

a:wa-, owa- 

T aawe dream; TK aawe; TJ awa- 

T aawii blanket; TK aawii; TD awi- 

T awjaa yesterday; TK aweja, awuja; TJ awija; TD awiya 

TJ awijaγandeŋ in the evening; TD awuahande- 

T awjaaγare evening; TK awejayar, TD awiya. hare 

T aawan-mayil holiday coat made of reindeer skin [lit. dream coat]; 

aawan-qodire cover for a blanket [lit. dream cover]; aawan-toyuod'e dream 

seen during deep sleep [lit. dream denseness]; aawebuńge(-joo) INTJ 

(sleepiness); aawaal, aawuol bed; ? aawand'e-mayil, aawend'e-mayil dark 

brown skin of a reindeer killed in August used for making clothes | TD 

awiyahorele, awiyagherele of the evening | TK awejane, aawejane, 

awejaane, aawejaane in the evening 

TU *a:m- 'to sleep' (EDAL 298) //Nikolaeva 1988: 180 

141. *awjə 

T nond-awje, naand-awje bow; TK nond-awje; TJ noŋd-o:je arrow 

T erimed-awje shovel for snow 

? NT *i:b- 'handle, shaft' (TMS 1 295)


142. *a:wə/*ampə 

К a:bə disk or hook on a ski stick made of birch bark tightened with a piece 

of leather; KD abe, a:be; TD aibeń 

143. *awrs-/*awδə- ? 

KK awra part of a reindeer hide that remains after the skin of the leg is 

removed; ? MO awrap hair 

144. badara:n 

KD badara.n swamp; TD badaran 

Yak. or Ev. badara.n 'swamp' (TMS 1 63) 

145. ba:d'y- 

T badiwaa- to make noise disturbing others' conversation 

Yak. baad'y- 'to disturb smb with silly things' (TMS 1 64) 

146. baγar 

К baγar perhaps, maybe 

Yak. or Ev. bayar 'maybe' (TMS 1 62) 

147. *bajyərəqan 

TK bajyaraqan pr. (a man) 

This name is likely to be borrowed from Ev. as it contains the Ev. suffix 

-qan and the initial b-. 

148. baraŋətta: 

К baraŋətta: peled (Coregonus peled) 

Yak. baraŋa.tta (ESRD 119) 

149. *basmak 

К basmak quite, entirely 

К basmak-kebej- to leave; to get out of hand 

The word is likely to be a recent borrowing. 

150. batta:- 

TK batta- to oppress 

Yak. batta:- 'to press' (JRS 67) // Krejnovič 1958: 250 

151. *beče- 

T bečeŋee- ill with rheumatism; lame; pečeŋee lame


T bečeŋee leg disease; ? bečekee- to swell; pečeŋej pr. (a man); pečie pr. (a 

man) 

Ev. bečeŋe 'old (of animals)' (TMS 1 127) 

T bečekee- may result from the reanalysis of the morphological structure. 

152. beda 

KD beda, bedo, bede trouble, misfortune 

Rus. beda 

153. *bejke: 

T bejkee pr. (a man); TK beke 

This name is likely to be borrowed from Ev. 

154. bel 

К bel' even; KD bel 

Yak. bel (JRS 98) 

155. belie 

TD belil sign, mark 

Yak. belie (JRS 98) 

156. bereznjak 

К beresnik juniper 

Rus. bereznjak 

157. bermjatin 

К berbekin pr. (a man in folklore) 

Rus. bermjatin 

158. betkov 

К betkov pr. (a man in folklore) 

Rus. betkov 

159. bieter 

К be:tar or 

Yak. bieter (Pekarskij 1917: 458) 

160. bile:n 

К bilen wrist; April (in counting months in the traditional way) 

Ev. bile.n 'wrist; April' (TMS 1 83)


161. biser 

SD bicer glass beads 

KJ bičerne- made of glass beads 

Rus. biser 

162. biš 

KJ bič emphatic marker 

Rus. biš 

163. blagoslovenie 

KJ playočlobeńa blessing; T luoslewienńe 

T lawisiinńe day of blessing 

Rus. blagoslovenie 

164. blagoslovljat' 

К lostubi:- to bless; TK lostubi:- 

T luoslewie(l'e)- to bless 

Rus. blagoslovljat' 

165. bljudo 

KD bulude, belut'e, belot'e plate, saucer 

Rus. bljudo 

166. *boba- 

T bibaya- to flutter, to palpitate 

T bibaii- to catch smth flying 

? Ev. bobaldat- 'to flutter' (TMS 1 86) 

167. bobin- 

T mobile-, bobil'e- to cockle, to shrink (of burnt skin) 

T mobiles- to sew carelessly 

Ev. bobin- (TMS 1 86) 

168. bobr 

KD buobre beaver 

Rus. bobr 

169. bočka 

KK buot'ka, buot'ke barrel 

Rus. bočka

170. bogatyr' 

К bayatyr champion, hero 

Rus. bogatyr' 

171. bogdyxan 

TK poktiqan pr. (a man) 

Rus. bogdyxan 

172. bog-s-toboj 

T buostewej God bless you; TK postowej 

Rus. bog s toboj 

173. bojkij 

KD boikoŋo- sharp; pert, smart 

Rus. bojkij 

174. *bojl'ə 

К bojl'ə cauldron 


175. *bo!ləqənə 

К bolləqənə completely 


176. brodit' 

KD brod'i- to disturb very much 

Rus. brodit' 

111. buča 

KD bučče swamp 

Rus. buča 

178. budto 

T butte as if 

Rus. budto 

179. bukatyn 

К bukatyn, bugutyn completely 

Yak. bukatyn (JRS 80-81) 

Dictionary 13 5


180. bumaga 

KD gumaga paper; TK bumaga 

Rus. bumaga 

181. burui 

TD burui punishment 

TD burune- guilty 

Yak. burui 'fault, guilt' (TMS 1114) 

182. *buskə 

К buskə thick (of a tree) 


183. butul 

T putuul(-ugurče) fur stockings worn over boots 

Rus. dial, butul (ESRD 148) 

184. biitiin 

К büčün all, every 

Yak. bütün (JRS 89-90) 

185. butylka 

T bytiilke bottle 

Rus. butylka 

186. carstvo 

KJ čarčbe kingdom, realm 

Rus. carstvo 

187. celqovyj 

KD čelkobei rouble; T solkuobaj 

Rus. celkovyj 

188. *ča:- 

K ča:- few in number; KJ ča:-, ča-\ KD ča-; SU čai\ M čájo 

К čajdo:- to be not enough, to lack; KJ čaiduo- needy; KD čaido:-, čaideomiserable 

К ča. mu- to decrease in number, to diminish; KJ ta. mu- 

K ča:žə- to diminish (TR); čaje:- to harm, to prevent smb from having much 

of smth (TR) I KK t'ajdon less, fewer; t'aluo little, few | KD čaidod'ed-uo 

prematurely born child [lit. child that didn't have enough]


189. *ča:(ča:) 

К ča.ča: elder brother; uncle; KK t'a.t'a, t'a.t'a:, t'aśa:, t'at'a:, t'at'a; KJ 

čača, čače; KD čača, tyečya + elder male cousin; SD caca; RS čača\ M 

čača\ KL čača\ В tshátsha; ME tschatscha; MU tschátscha 

The word ča.ča: may go back to the reduplicated stem *ča:, cf. pa:ba: and 

qa:qa:. 

190. *ča:ča: 

T čaačaa pr. (a reindeer-breeding Chukchi tribe) 

Cf. Chuk. sawsi 'reindeer breeder' (ESRD 672) 

191. *ča:δə-/*čantə- 

K čadilə path; KJ čadile; TD ča.dile 

К čadil'əš- to make a trail; ča:dəl trodden 

192. *čaγa:/*čaŋqa: 

T čaγaa pr. (a dog) 

193. *čaγal'-/*čaŋqəl'- 

KD el'-d'ahal'ne- negligent, untidy (of a housewife); TD el-d'ehalne- 

194. *ča:γər- 

K ča:yərńə- to flirt 

К čæyərńəri:- capricious, whimsical 

Cf. Ev. ča:qru- 'to be envious, to be capricious' (TMS 2 379) 


195. *caj 

KK t'aj tea; T čaaj\ TK t'aj- 

T čaaj-bard'e tea-pot [lit. tea cooking]; TK t'aj-bard'e 

T čaaj-lawče snack for tea [lit. tea food]; čaaj-parul tea leaves [lit. tea 

cooking]; čaajńik-sebul wooden stand for a kettle [lit. kettle tray] 

Rus. čaj 

196.*čajnik 

KK t'ajnik, t'ajńik tea-kettle; KD čainik, SD capik [rect. cajnik]; T čaajńik; 

TK t'ajnik 

Rus. čajnik 

197. *čaj- 

TK t'ajiï heritage


198. čajka 

SD cejka gull 

Rus. čajka 

199. *čajlə 

T čajle day; light; TK t'ajle; TJ čaile; TD čaile\ MK tschéila, tschéil- 

T čajler- to break (of the day, dawn); TD čailer-, čailere- 

T čajlerej- to break (of the day); to become cheerful, to become sober; TK 

t'ajlerej- 

T čajleme in the day time; MK tschéelomo today 

T čajleruu pr. (a man); čajlen-čičirkeγa during the day; čajles- to lighten; 

čajlerul-sukun dawn; čajlendeŋ lightly, merrily; čajlen-begieče North Star 

[lit. stealing the day]; čajlenii- to shine at (TR); čajled-uul passage of the 

day; čajle-d'uŋd'e calendar [lit. day counting]; čajleduol dawn; čajledaa 

when it is still light; čajlen-čičiegejnube-kind'e February [lit. month when 

the day gets longer]; čajlen-pulgejlek every day | TJ čailijite- to nod | TD 

čailed-ord'e the South; midday; čailen- transparent; early | TK t'ajlese- to 

shine; t'ajlite- to make signs with one's hands; t'ajlen-, t'ajleń- light | MK 

tschee light 

200. *čajli: 

T čajlii gesture 

T čajliińe- to rub antlers on a willow to remove the summer skin (of a 

reindeer); čajliite- to make signs; čajliitejuol tree on which a reindeer rubs 

its antlers 

201. *čajsilə 

К ča. šilə, čajšilə bullfinch; KJ čaišile; KD čaicile 

202. *ča:l'- 

T čaal'uo- dark brown (of a reindeer); TK t'al'o- 

T čaal'uŋaa pr. (a reindeer); čaal'umu- to become dark brown 

203. *cale- 

T tude-čalete- to hang oneself 

This stem is an exception to vowel harmony. 

204. *čamč'ə 

T čamče mist; fog; TK t'amt'e; TD čemče 

The cluster -mč- is atypical morpheme-internally.


205. *čamč'ə/*čamjə 

К čamd'ə oar; KK t'amd'e; KD čamd'e\ SD camsa; TK t'amd'e; RS čomž'a 

К čamd'əb-a:-, čamd'əh u:šə- to row [lit. to move the oar] 

206. *čampu: 

T čabuu tin (box) 

T čabuute- to decorate the hilt of a knife with tin 

208. *čaŋ- 

K čaŋnu- to sneeze; KJ čeŋnu-; TD čeunu-, SU čegnur, RS tsčangnui; BO 

čégny; KL čegnuj; В tshcmgnúi; ME tschangnui 

The alternation ča- ~ če- is typical in K. 

209.*čaŋ-? 

MU tschangd-schamá wolverine (Gulo gulo) 

210. *čaŋa-/*čoŋo- 

K čaŋ- to protect, to defend; KJ čaŋ-, KD čaŋ-\ T čoŋ-\ TD čoŋ- 

T čoŋole- to feel pity for (TR); TK t'oŋole-, t'oŋolo- 

KJ čeŋbe, čaŋgbo help; TK t'ambi-, t'ambe, -d'amba 

К čaŋužə- to protect, to defend; čaŋbə- to help | KJ čaŋie defender, protector 

I T čoŋorii- to feel pity (TR); čoŋoledi- to grieve over (TR); čoŋoled'ii- to 

feel sorry for (TR); čoŋnu- to feel sorry for (TR); čančuore- to protect, to 

care for (TR) 

This stem is an example of the rare correspondence К -a- ~ T -o-. 

211. *čanč'- 

K čad'il echo; KD -ča:d'il\ TD čajil 

T čad'uu sound; TK t'ad'ir, TD čad'iu, -čad'u: 

T čad'itej- to push under; čad'ii-, čid'ii- to disappear, to vanish 

212. *čanmə 1 

К čanma eldest; KK t'anme elder brother; KD čańma; T čanme elder 

brother; TJ čanmed'e-; MC sonmo brother; BO čóńmo brother; MK 

tschánma brother 

К čanmo:-, čonmo:- eldest; big; KJ čanmuol-; TD čanmo- 

T čanmud'eŋ eldest brother; čanmend'aa pr. (a man) 

213. *čanmə 2 

Kčanma. q on one's back; KK t'anmaq\ KJ čanmaq, čenmeq\ T čanmaaq\


TD čanmax- 

KJ čanme on one's back 

214. *čanmijə 

T čanmije shed for keeping food; TK t'anmie 

215.*čaŋq- 

K čaγiti:(-ńanmə) alder-tree; KJ čaγitï, SD cagati-nenme; T čaγatii; TK 

t'aγati ledum; SU čagaty-ńanma 

К čayitaj- to touch; KK t'aγitaj-; KD čaritei-, čagitei-; SD -cagite- 

K čayitə- to rub; to grease, to smear; KJ čaγite-; KD čarite-, čagite-; T 

čayite- to rub oneself; TK t'ayatite-; TD sarite-, čarite- to soil; to dirty; RS 

čagitak 

T čayad'e- to move, to stir; to work, to fulfil (TR); TK t'ayad'e- to move, to 

work; TD čahad'e(i)-, čarad'e-, čaxad'e- 

K čaŋdaj-, čaŋdə- to rub oneself against smth; to come to see, to visit, to 

drop in; KD čaŋdai- 

K čaγid'ə- to roll on the ground; KD čanid'e- [rect. cahid'e-]-, TD čahad'e- 

K čaγayədaj- to brush against, to knock against; čaγadaj- to moor on to (TR) 

I KD čanid'e- to rub | T čande- to meet; čoyurqe reddish; pr. (a lake); 

čoyurqe-ńanme red willow; čayad'aanube place of work; čayad'iiče worker; 

čayatiite- to paint with the broth of alder bark; čayatiid-anaa pr. (the 

mountain Malyj Anjuj) [lit. willow mountain] | TD čahaderei-, čahaders- to 

move; čahadi- to recoil (of a gun) 

216. *čaŋq-/*čoŋq- 

K čayil thigh, haunch; KK t'ayil-; KJ čayil\ SD cosil [rect. cogil]', T čoyul 

spinal cord; marrow; čayil' protruded bone on the rear legs of an animal; TK 

t'oyul + leg; TJ čoyul leg; foot; TD čorul 

К čayitagiï heel; KJ čayitigil\ SD casitigil [rect. cagitigil]; T čayatayiï; TK 

t'aγataqil; TD čahidaxil-, čahitahil-, čaradaxal- ankle; ME tschangindikil 

T čoyud-amun thigh bone [lit. marrow bone]; TK t'oyud-amun chin 

T čoyun-bara shin, shin-bone [lit. thigh basis]; čoγun-pekčid-uo leg muscles 

[lit. thigh muscles]; čoyun-saskarii reindeer skin from a foreleg; 

čoyunaačii-čumd-amun middle vertebrae; čayataqil'ya-pomoge- to turn on 

her heel (of a perky young woman); čoyud-iŋd'ii tendon, sinew; 

čayin-ńaawije white spot on the inner thigh of a reindeer's rear leg [lit. rear 

leg bone's whiteness]; čayin-ńaawijaa pr. (a reindeer) 

In T there are alternations -a o-.


217. *čant- 

K čandə up the river; KK t'ande\ KJ čande\ KD čande, ča:nde\ T čande(ŋ)\ 

TK t'andeŋ + uphill; TJ čande, čende\ TD čande\ RS čonda 

К čandəl'ə-, čandəl'o:- dashing, daring, bold, dextrous; KK t'andalt'e; KJ 

čandel-, čandal-; KD čandel'-; SU čandalič 

T čantaj- to despair; TK t'antej- to fail (INTR) 

TK t'antejre- to fail in doing smth (TR); TJ čanteire- 

K čadilaŋdət down the river | T čanči- to crave marrying smb (of a woman); 

to be unwilling to let smb go (TR); čandalqa- to become unbearable; 

čanduolu- to poke one's nose in, to pry; čandaluu- to be unable to do smth, 

to feel uneasy doing smth; čandaličneŋ with difficulty; čande- to go to meet 

smb (TR); čandii- to poke into smth narrow (TR); čanči- to do smth with 

difficulty (TR) I TJ čendei- to rush up | TD čandeń-yahare-, čandeń-yaharaito 

breathe | TK t'anterej- unable to (TR); ? t'anduo- to abuse 

218. *čaŋut 

T čaŋut badly, poorly, improperly 

219. *čape:n 

T čapien pr. (a man) 

220.*čaqan- 

TD čaxanire-xudolk INTJ (damn!) 

? TD čaxanil-wodul real Tungus 

221.*ča:qə 

T čaaqarej- to suffer from cold; TK t'a:qarej-\ TD čaxarei- 

KK t'a.qi:- to eat frozen fish by shaving off thin slices (TR); T čaaqii-; TK 

t'a.qi-, t'a.qi:- 

T čaaqar- to get frozen; TD čaxare-, čaxor-, čoxori- 

T čaaqańii- to freeze, to keep frozen (TR); TD čaxani- 

T čaaqas- to freeze (TR), to cause to freeze; TK t'a. qas- 

K ča.qə frozen fish which is cut thin when eaten; KK t'a:qa\ SD coga, caqa\ 

T čaaqa, čaaqe; TK t'a.qa, t'a.qe; В tshaka- 

K ča:qəd-en pr. (the river Jasačnaja); KJ čaqad-en; SD cagad-an, cagak-an 

[rect. cagad-an] 

KD čaxa-kinid'e November [lit. autumn month] | T čaaqijii frozen part of 

smth; čaaqije period of the year in spring when the snow-crust freezes in the 

night; late frosts | TD čaxeń- to freeze (INTR); čaxaye-, čohoye- snow-crust; 

čaxomd'e- frozen 

? FU *c'aka 'thin ice' (UEW 29)


222. *ča:qəδə/*ča:qəntə 

К ča:qədə inside out; back to front 

223. čaqti 

К čekčo:- skilful; KD čekčo-, T čakčań-\ TK t'akt'ań-; TD čekčie- 

K čekčil' skilled worker; KD čekčil; TD čekčel 

T t'ekt'ijie master; TK t'ekt'ije 

T čakčand'e craftsman; TK t'akt'ad'e 

К čekčil'-epe: ladybird [lit. crafty grandmother] | T čakčajneŋ adroitly | TK 

t'akt'al, t'ekt'el craft; t'ekt'emu- to become crafty; t'akt'er- to make skilfully 

Ev. čaqti 'energetic, adroit, quick' (TMS 2 379) // Krejnovič 1958: 249 

In К -a- > -e- under the influence of the preceding palatal consonant, cf. 

čamče ~ čemče. 

224. *čara-/*čaδa- 

T čaraluu- to choke 

? T čaludu- to choke 

225. *čarari:l/*čaδaδi:l/*čaδari:l/*čaraδi:l 

T čama-čarariil regards 

226. *čarčəqa:n 

К čarčəqa.n pr. (a man in folklore); KK t'a:rt'eqan\ TK t'a:rt'eqan 

The name may be related to the stem *čarqə-, 

227.*čarqə- 

T čarqal'uu smth curved, bent; TK t'arqal'u: curve (of a road or a river) 

TK t'arqaγaj- to stumble; TD čerxahai- 

T čarqaγarej- to twist (a joint) | TK t'arqalo- having a zigzag 

228.čaša 

KK t'aša, t'aše- mug; SD caska; T čaase bowl; cup; TK Vase 

Rus. čaša 

229. čaška 

T suske, -ruske cup, bowl; TK suske-, RS šuška 

T suska-raal hook for hanging a kettle over the fire [lit. cup stick]; TK 

suska-ra:l, suska-ral\ TD suska-ra.i 

T susked-ańibe covered sledge for transporting kitchen utensils [lit. cup 

sledge]; susked-enu pr. (a river); susked-albe saucer [lit. cup bottom] | TD 

susked-albe saucer [lit. cup bottom] | TK suske-burube glass [lit. cup top];

suske-pilije dish-cloth [lit. cup-wiper] 

Rus. čaška 

The vowel -u- in the first syllable is unclear. 


230. *ča:tika: 

T čaatikaa joint disease of old age; formation of liquid on a reindeer's joints 

T čaatikaa- to catch a leg disease 


231. *čaw-1 

T čawire-, čawure- to pretend to be poorer than one is 

232. *čaw- 2 

T čawur arrow; TK t'awur, TD čour 

T čawud-awur quiver [lit. arrow container]; TK t'awund-awur; TD 

čound-aur, čound-awur 

233. *čaw- 3 

T čawuserej- to frighten very much 

234. *čaw- 4 

К čabo:- loud; low, deep (of voice) 

К čabaj- to become quiet | T čabayas- to champ loudly, to spank loudly but 

not strongly; čabaya- to gurgle, to squelch, to hiss (of an ermine) 

TU *čab- 'noise; noisy' (EDAL 407) 

235. *čawa/*čowo 

К čöu snow on trees, hoar-frost; KK śew snow-drift; KJ teu\ T čawa 

snow-drift; TK t'awe, t'awa 

К čöud'e:- to get covered by snow-frost | ? SD šong-šille- late spring | T 

čawan-quduod'e snow-drift [lit. lying of snow-drifts] 

К čöu < *čaw < *čawa or К *čöw < *čow < čowo. The correspondence К - 

Ö-~T -a- is irregular. 

236.*če 

T če-če INTJ (a command to dogs) 

T čeuk INTJ (peremtory shout at dogs) 

237.*če: 

TD čie sinew


238.*čeče- 

K čečemu- to flash, to gleam 

239. *čeγen/*čeŋkən 

К čegen kite and other kinds of predatory birds 

240. *čeγinmə 

К čeginmo:- deep; KJ čeginmo-; KD čeginmo-; RS čeginmov, ? MO čikel'gas 

low; В tsháginmow, ME tschagiinmon 

К čeginmə depth; KJ čeginmo\ KD čeginme 

241. *čejeŋ 

К če:ŋ eagle; KJ čieŋ; SD sejien\ MC čeinga 

242. *čejl- 

K čejlu:- far; KK t'ejli-\ KJ čeilu-; KD čeil/-; SD cejli, ? cajlime-; T čejluu-, 

TK t'ejlu-, TD čeili-; 

К čejluke:- to get older; TK t'ejlukie- to move away 

KJ čeiluge far | ? SU čeiguga [rect. čeiluga] close 

К čejluke.j long ago 

This stem may be related to *čö:. In this case *čöj should be reconstructed 

for both stems. 

243. *čejnč'e: 

К čejd'e: on purpose; KK čejd'ie; KJ čeid'e, čeid'ije\ KD ceid'iye 

244. *čejnt- 

T čejdilič- to trill (of a bird or a man) 

245. *čel- 

K čel- cold; KK t'iej-; KJ čiej-; SU čeč; MC -čalyč'- В -zshetsh; ME 

-dshetsck, MK tschéetsch 

К če.d'ə winter, cold; KD čied'e, čied'el'e\ SD cieze\ SU t'ede; RS čed'a-\ M 

čéd'e, t'éde\ MC čenždamu\ В tshiendzsha, tsheyendzsha + frost; ME 

dschentscha, tschentscha 

К čelulbə- to cool; KK t'elulbe-; KD čelulbe-; SD celulbe-; MO tčilipei, 

-čalilbis 

К čelulədu:- to cool down (INTR); KK t'eluled- to get cold 

К čelguš- to cool (TR); KJ čelkieš- 

K čelke:- to get cold; čed'ə'd'i: cold, chill | В tshondscheni frozen 

К če. d'ə < *čeld'ə < *čel-jə.

246. *čeF- 

K čel'užu- to sob 


247. *čel- 

T čelwuo- to suffer 

? T čeliji- to force; čelwej- to gain bitter experience; čelwijuore- to avoid 

248. *čeme- 

K čemej- to come to the end; KK t'emej-; KJ čemei-, čečei-; KD čemei- 

K čemerej- to end, to terminate (TR); KK t'emerej-; KJ čemerei-; KD 

čemerei- 

KJ čameče- ready 

249. *če:mə 

T čieme blood; soup of boiled reindeer blood; TK t'ieme; TD čieme, čiema\ 

MC čema\ BO čemojle- 

TK t'ieme-jawul vein [lit. blood road]; TD čieme-yaul', čieme-yabul', 

čeme-yebul' artery 

T čiemed-uusii pr. (a man) [lit. moving blood] 

250. *čempər 

T čieber pr. (a man) 

251. *čen- 

T čenguru- to fly, to flit; TK t'enguru-; TJ čenguru- 

K čenžə- to rush after, to run fast; KJ ča.ndei-, čendei-, čendrei-, čande(i)-, 

čenre-, KD čendei-; T čende- to fly away; TK t'enrej-, TD čend'ei- 

T čengusej- to frighten away; to сапу away quickly | TK t'endej- to come 

flying 

252. *čenč'- 

K čed'ittə- to pull in; KJ čed'ite-; TJ čed'itei- to push in 

253.*čeńe- 

K čeńu:- interesting, merry, funny; KK t'eńi-, T čeńuu-, TK t'eńu-; SU 

čeniwoi; RS čenič 

К čeńčə gaiety; joke, amusement; KJ čenče; KD čenče\ T čenče 

KD čenilbeyec- to dress nicely (TR); T čenilbejet- 

K čeńi:- to scoff at, to mock (TR); KJ čengi-, čeni- + cheerful; KD čeni-\ SD 

cepi- [rect. ceni-]; T čeńi- + to be interested in, to sympathise (TR); TJ


čenie-; TD čeni- 

K čeńendej- to have a rest; čeńilbə- dressed nicely | KD čenilbeye fine dress 

254. *če:ne:- 

KK t'ienie- to ask 

255. *čeŋt- 

K čeŋdo:- tender, kind, beautiful 

К čeŋdu:- quiet; beautiful; calm 

256. čerëmuxa 

К čeremšə bird-cherry tree; KD čeremycr, SD ceremki 

Rus. čerëmuxa 

257.čerez 

KJ čereč across; SD ceres 

KD čereč-čilu unmercifully 

Rus. čerez 

258. *če:ri:/*če:δi: 

T čierii pr. (a man) 

259. čerken 

SD carkan trap for ermine 

Ev. čerken (TMS 2 385) 

260. *čerpəj-/*čerwəj- 

KJ čerbeigo pr. (a man) 

261. *českə- 

KJ češkene pr. (a woman); TJ česhkene pr. (a man) 

262. čest' 

T čies honour 

Rus. čest' 

263. četvert' 

T četwier quarter 

Rus. četvert'

264. *čew-/*čemp- 

K čebil' valley; tundra; KJ čebil- 

265. *čewes-/*čempəs- 

K čebestej- to finish 


266. *či: 1 

T čiid-oŋoj pocket; TK t'it'ed-oŋoj, t'id-oŋoj\ TJ čičed-oŋoi bag; TD 

čid'ed-oŋoi 

267. *či: 2 

К -d'i: people; SD -si; T čii; TK t'i:, -d'i:\ TJ c/V; TD čipe 

T čiin-solqo crowd [lit. gathering of people]; čiiče crowded place 

268. *čičeri 

К čičeri: eel; SD ciceži kind of fish 

269. či:daγa 

К čitata: ground squirrel; KK t'itata-; SD sitata 

Ev. či. daγa (TMS 2 390) 

270. *čiγir-/*čiŋkir- 

T čigirči- to limp; TD čigirči- 

T čigirčie- to fall ill with a hoof disease (of a reindeer) | TK t'igirt'ij-göde 

limping man 

271. *čikam- ? 

MO čikam- sorrow 

272. *čil'- 

KD čil'iode- to make oneself at home 

273. *čilkə 

К čilgə bough; KK t'ilge\ KJ čilge; KD čilga, čilgo', T čilge + willow 

branches used as bedding; TK t'iige; TD čilge, -d'ilga; BO čilgíl; KL 

čilgapak, В tshilga; ME tschilga 

T čilge-raal dried branch used as fuel [lit. branch stick] | TD čilgen-moxlo 

pine-cone [lit. small piece of the branch]; čilgen-punke needles of a conifer 

274. *či:ll'il'e: 

T čiiU'il'ie-monqe-d'umur pr. (a place)


275. *čime: 

MU tschimíe, schimíe, tschymíe lip; chin; cheek 

276. *či:mə 

К či:mə horsehair; KD -sime\ SD sime, siwe hair 

277. *čimpə- 

T ińir-čibed-önŋie pr. (a river) 

278. čin 

KD činne- to have a rank (of a person) 

Rus. čin 

279. *čiŋ- 

KJ čiŋend'ie pr. (a mountain); KD čiŋd'iand'e pr. (a tale) 

280. *činč'ə 1 

К činčə leg muscles; ME tshintscha 

К činčəde: back part of boots; calf of the leg; KD činčedie; SD cinced-o 

The cluster -nč- is irregular in the morpheme-internal position and might 

suggest that -c- belongs to an old suffix. 

281. *činč'ə 2 

KJ čid'e, čiid'e piece; T čid'e, čiid'e bottom part of a woman's coat trimmed 

with dog fur and tassels 

282. *čindi 

К čindi: lark; T čindilikeen snipe; pr. (a man); TK t'ind'el'ekaan 

T čindïluu pr. (a man); čindii, čend'ii pr. (a woman) 

Ev. čindimike 'little bird' (TMS 2 396) 

283. *čine- 

K čine- to cut, to chop wood; KK t'ine-; KJ čine-; KD čińe-; SU tinetei; RS 

čineik 

К čind'i:- to cut into pieces; KJ čind'i-, šind'i-, šined'ile- 

K činžə- to cut, to chop wood; KK t'ined'e-; KJ čined'e- 

K čini:- to put down, to incline (TR); KJ čine- 

K čine-ra: inclined pole in a yurt; snag [lit. inclined stick]; činbəya:l 

cross beam in a boat; činmə-ša:l inclined tree | KJ činne- inclined | ? SD 

cingeuse pr. (a mountain)


284. *čiŋičə- 

T čiŋičel, čiŋiče darkness; night; TK t'iŋit'ei, TJ tiŋičel-; TD tiŋičil- 

T čiŋičer- to be late; TK t'iŋit'er(ej)- to become dark 

T čiŋičičie- to start getting darker after the season of white nights | TJ 

tiŋičerle- to become dark | TK t'iŋit'esej- to make darker 

FU *čiŋV/*čüŋV'fog, mist' (UEW 59) //Nikolaeva 1988: 216 

285. *činipəndə ? 

MO činipandaleg mouse 

286. *čirčə- 

K čirčəgej- to jump; KJ čirčege-; BO títengéč 

К čirčəgədej- triggered (of a trap or gun); KJ čirčegedei-; TD čirčegerei- to 

shoot 

К čirčəgud'eŋə cock of a gun; SD circugusuje arbalest 

К čirčənd'i:ńulben flea; KD čirčend'inulboń 

К čirčəgə spray I SD circes- to shoot 

287. *čire- 

K čirej- to sink, to drown (INTR); KK t'irie-\ KJ čirei-, čiriej-, KD čirei-, T 

čirej-; TK t'irej-; TD čirei- 

K čire.š- to sink, to drown (TR); KK t'irieš-; KJ čirejše-\ T čires-; TK 

t'irese-, t'irise-; TD čiruse-; M čirúsam 

T čirebe plummet; TK t'irbe- 

K čiro:- to lie low in the water (of a boat); ? čird'i:- to slide | ? KD čigid'i 

drill I SD cormu- to extinguish (INTR) | T čirebe-qajl' stone tied to a willow 

circle as a plummet [ilt. plummet stone]; čirumu- to die; čireluu- to be 

painful, distressing | TD čirui- to drown oneself | ? TK t'irej- to take 

? TU *diri- (EDAL 1371) 

The comparison with Tungus may be valid if the initial consonant has 

undergone affricativization and devoicing. 

288. *čiremə-/*čiδemə- 

T čiremedie little bird; pr. (a man); TK t'iremedie\ TD čiremedie 

T čiremed-uo bird egg [lit. bird child] 

289. čisto 

К čistə, čirtə, čirčə-čumu(t), čir-čumu(t) all, entirely; KJ čičto 

К čičči:- to clean; to root out; ? čistəj- to finish (TR) | KD -čičtoŋo- clean 

Rus. čisto


290. *čite- 

K čitnə- long; KK t'itne-; KJ čitne-; KD čitne-\ T čitne-; TK t'itne--, TD 

čitne-; BO title [rect. titne]\ KL čitnaj\ В tshitnav, ME tschitne 

К čičkin along (PP); KD čičkin\ T čičirkiń\ TK t'it'irkiń, t'it'irkin\ TD 

čičerkiń 

К čičkə, čitkə long, tall; KK t'it'ke, t'itke\ KD čičke file; SD citke-, T čitke, 

-d'itke duration; TD -d'itke-; SU čička sea-horse; RS -titka 

К čičilə- to stretch (INTR); KK t'it'el'e- 

K čičiləš- to stretch (TR); KK t'it'el'eš- 

K čičegət- to lengthen many times (TR); KD čičeget- 

K čičegədej- to lengthen (TR); KK t'it'egedej-, TK t'it'egedej-, t'it'egerej- 

K čičegə- to lengthen (INTR); KK t'it'egej-\ KD čičegei--, TK t'it'egej- 

K čičel'əšo:- lengthened; KK t'it'el'bo- 

K čitni:- to make long (TR); T čitnii- 

KJ čičke-puilo pr. (a lake, a man) [lit. long channel]; SD ciska-pujle 

К čičend'i:- to stretch (INTR); KD čičend'i- 

K čitnədin-juko:- short [lit. small to long]; čičkəde: round whitefish 

(Prosopium cylindraceum); čičkədin-šajdəme:-, čičkədin-čitnə- narrow | KK 

t'it'i- to straighten | KD čitnedin along | SD sitkel-cugi penis [lit. long meat] | 

T čitnel-aawaal bed situated opposite the entrance to the yurt [lit. long bed]; 

čitneńge INTJ (how long!); čitnuorii- to catch reindeer by separating them 

from the herd and keeping them on stretched lassos (TR); čitniireŋ long, for 

a long time; čitnej-god'e snake; worm [lit. long worm]; čitnuoriiče method of 

catching reindeer (a group of reindeer is separated from the herd and kept on 

stretched lassos) | TK t'itner- to lengthen; t'itégerej-, t'it'eges- to stretch 

The word-internal -c- may have developed in some forms as a result of 

assimilation to the initial c-. 

291. *ciw 

К čiu crust on snow or ice; KJ čiu 

? TU *čiaga 'frozen snow' (EDAL 436) 

292. čiž 

К či:žələ hazel-hen; KK t'id'ile, t'i.žale; T čiid'ele 

Rus. čiž 

293. *čo 

К со INTJ (calling a reindeer) 

294. *čo: 1 

К čo: little pit


К čo:-ra:n-ša:l one of three or four support poles in a yurt with holes for 

other poles 

295. *čo: 2 

T čuo iron, metal; TK t'uo\ TJ čo\ TD čo:, čo-\ MO tče\ ? KL čon-\ MK 

tschón- 

TK t'uod-a:ri: gun [lit. iron gun]; TD čuod-ari, čo:d-ari + pulse; RS 

čod-arie 

T čuo-raske boiler [lit. iron bowl]; TK t'uo-raske\ TD čo-ruska, čo:x-suske, 

čo-ruske 

T čuon-mooje vice, pincers [lit. iron holder]; čuon-maγil chain-mail [lit. iron 

coat]; čuo-raske-lolyije spray from a boiler [lit. boiling from an iron bowl]; 

čuon-dawγa frying-pan [lit. iron bowl] | TD čuod-arid-aŋiï muzzle of a gun | 

? MK tschët-padánget lock 

296.*čo:3 

T čuočuo INTJ (approving a child's good behaviour); pr. (a man) 

T čuočuoyaa- to express approval by saying chuo-chuo (INTR) 

297. *čö: 

К čö: already; KJ čuo 

К čö. l'ə- old, ancient (of things); KK t'uoled-\ KJ čuole; KD čuol'e\ T čuol'e; 

TK t'uol'e; TD čuole\ M čólewon 

К čö. tə always; KJ ču. ote, čuote; KD čuoče 

К ču. l'd'i: tale; KK t'uld'i\ KJ čuoledï, TJ čuolid'i ancient people; TD čuolid'i 

in olden times; SU čoled'i\ RS čoleži; M čoled'i 

К ču:ïd'i:-pulut ogre [lit. tale old man]; SD cul'si-pulut, KJ čuoled'i-pulut 

? KJ čen long, for a long time | ? TD čauen far; 

KD čuoled-omni-cille-kinid'e April [lit. the ancient men spring month] | T 

čuol'wuol-, čuolwuol- decrepit; čuoíekie- to fall into decay; čuol'wej- to grow 

decrepit; ? čuol'iji- to be greedy | TD čuolid'i-parel' great-grandfather; 

čuolid'iha in olden days; čuoleoń long ago 

К ču. l'd'i: < čö. l'd'i: < *čö:l'əd'i:. 

298. *čo:γəj-/*čoŋqəj- 

T čuoyaj(m)e spring; TJ čoyoie-; TD čoreyema- 

T čuoyajl'e spring | TD čoreyen-čaile spring day 

299. *čoγ-/*čoŋq- 

K čoyutə- to infect; KD čodu. te-


The recording of this word is uncertain; in particular, the second syllable 

consonant is unclear. 

300.*čoγo- 

K čoy-, čom-, čoŋ-, čou-, čoq- to cut; KK t'oŋ-, t'oγ-, t'om-, t'ou-, t'ow-, t'oq-; 

KJ coy-; KD čoh-, čo-, ? SD jolal-\ T čaw-, čay- + to break one's word; TK 

t'oy-, t'aw-\ TJ čou-, čon-, čoy-\ TD čon-, čoh-, čou-\ RS čogum\ В tshok; 

ME tschok 

К čoyojə knife; KK t'oγojo-, t'oγoje\ KJ čoγóje, čoγója; KD čogoye, čohoye\ 

SD coguja\ T čoγoje; TK t'oyoje, t'oyaje, -d'oyoje\ TJ čoyoie; TD čohoye, 

čohoya, čoroye\ RS -čoja, čojod-; MC čokso; В tshagoia; ME tschaugoja\ 

MK tschogóje 

К čoyojəd-abut sheath; SD cogujad-abe- 

K čaya:- to cross a river; KK t'oγa-; KJ čaya:-, čoyo-; T čayaa- + to separate; 

to go away (of a dream, breath, strength) (INTR); TK t'aγa-, t'oya-; TJ 

čaya:-\ SU čagal\ M čayóiji, čoyoí 

К čaγa. š- to carry across a river; T čaγaas-; TD čarac-; SU čagaškik 

К čoγočə precipice, steep riverbank; KJ čooyočal, čoγoče, točo + wall; KD 

čohore, čogore; SU čokočal\ MK togótscha 

К čoyočə-pungi: white waterside owl; duck hawk (Falco peregrinus); 

čoγoča. l river bank; čoyod'əd-o: fur underwear [lit. cut trousers]; ? čaqčədajto 

cut I ? KD čohon-ču jerked meat [lit. cut meat] | T čawtej- to divide; 

čawte- to cross a river; čoyojed-egil butt of a knife [lit. back of a knife]; 

čayaalbuń- ill; čoyie- to set nets across a river; čawjii- to carry across a river; 

? čennu- to cross a river in a raft; ? čoγorii mincing cooked reindeer bones to 

obtain fat; ? čoyoriid-albe stone on which cooked bones are minced | TD 

čeuse- to cause to cut; čohoye-nieče blade of a knife [lit. knife's face] 

? TU *čika:- 'to cut, to chop off (EDAL 427) 

301. *čoγo-/*čoŋqə- 

T čoγod'uori-, čoγod'uore- to care only about oneself 

T čoγojne on one's own 

302. *čoγurčə/*čoŋqurčə 

T čoyurče last year's strands of fur appearing among newly grown ones on 

the skin of a reindeer 

303. *čoγuri:/*čoŋquri:/*čoγuδi:/*čoŋquδi: 

T čoγurii-albe large round stone on which a bone to be boiled is crushed


304. *čoγut-/*čoŋqut- 

T čoγutneŋ neatly 

T čoγutne-nigerej- to separate from the whole, to sever; čoγutne-kurčij- to 

become tied; čoγutne-nogerej- to separate from the whole 

305. *čo:jə 

T čuoje hill; TK t'uoje top of the hill 

T čuojedek obliquely 

306. čökčöŋe 

К čoqčəŋŋa: black-tailed godwit (Limosa limosa) 

Ev. or Yak. čökčöŋe ~ čökčöŋö (TMS 2 412) 

Note the back synharmonism in Yukaghir. In most other Tungus languages 

the corresponding stem is back, and so the Yukaghir word may go back to 

TU rather than Ev. or Yak. 

307. *čöko:ju 

T čokuoju absolutely 

308. "čökörən 

KJ čokoron pr. (a woman) 

KJ čokoron-ečie pr. (a man) 

309. *čolo- 

K čolo- to add, to join together; KK t'olo-; KJ čolo- to direct, to put; KD 

čolo-, T čala-, TK t'ala-; TD čela- 

T čala- added; TK t'ala-, TD čelai- 

K čold'i:- to join (TR); T čald'i- to add many times; TK t'and'i- 

K (jowγə-)čolor waist; ? čolno:- to cut off | KK t'olaj- to add | ? KJ 

čoldoi-el-numde not whole | TD čelači- to add a little | TK t'ald'ire- to add 

? FU *c'olme(-) 'knot; to tie together' (UEW 38-39) // Bouda 1940: 85; 

Nikolaeva 1988: 216; LR 146 

310. *čolo:lək 

К čolo. lək accidentally, without reason 

311. *čolqə 

К čolγə spike for breaking ice; KK t'olγo; KJ čulγo\ SD culga 

К čolyə- to move; to stir, to hollow out; KK t'ulγo-, t'olγo-, tolyo-, KJ čulγo-, 

KD čulho-, čuldo-, ? SD culsio-, TK t'ulya-, SU čalgor, M čúlget 

К čolγaj-, čulgej- to push; KJ čulrei-; TK t'ulyaj-


KJ čulγuolbon ice-hole | TK t'ulyadi: spike for breaking ice 

? FU *śalkV/*č'ctlkV 'staff, pole' (UEW 460-461) // HUV 158; UJN 123; 

KESK 89; UEW 461; Nikolaeva 1988: 216-217; Rédei 1999: 48-49 

Some forms demonstrate the back -u. 

312. *čolqərə 

К čolγərə hare; pr. (the Yukaghir Uškan clan); KK t'olyoro, t'olgoro-; KJ 

čolgoro; KD čolgoro; SD colgora, colgro-; В tsholgara; ME tscholgora 

К čolγərən-lebeidi: redcurrants [lit. hare berry]; SD colgora-lebejdi\ В 

tsholgoro-loviendi 

К čolγərə-mejnuge: hawk [lit. taking hares] | SD colgoro-paca [rect. 

colgoro-naca] pr. (a mountain) [lit. hare face] 

313. *čomo- 

K čomo:- big, large; KK t'omo-, -t'ume\ KJ čomo-\ KD čomo-\ SD сото-; T 

čamuo-, TK t'amo-; TJ čomuo-, čomo-\ TD čomo-\ RS čomo; M -čoma-, 

čomo-; МО tčemoul', čemo-, tčemo-, čimo- + high, tall; KL čomoń\ В 

tshomoi, tshomond-, tyemo-, tshemond-; ME tschemont-, MU -tschomó, 

-chomó', MK tschomáń 

К čommu- to become bigger; KK t'om(u)mu-\ KD čomomu-; TK t'amamu-; 

TD čomomu-; KL čomomuj 

К čommo.ši:- to make bigger; KK t'omod'e- 

T čamarii- to respect; TK t'amare-, t'amari:-, t'amuori.-; TD čomorei-, 

čomari- + to feed 

К čomo.n very; KK t'omon\ TK t'amane; TD čomone\ M čomón, čemoir, 

MO čimon-; ME tschoman; MU tschomón 

К čomo. lben, čomo-ču:l elk; KJ čomon-čul\ KD čomohirr, SD čomol-cul\ RS 

čomogína 

К čom-parna: raven [lit. big crow]; KK t'om-parne\ KD čom-parana, 

čomodi', SD com-parana 

К čam-ani: sheefísh (Stenodus leucichthys) [lit. big fish]; KK t'em-ańi, 

t'em-anr, KJ čom-a:ni\ KD čam-a:ni, cam-a:ni, čomod-anil; SD cam-anr, 

SU čom-ani\ RS čomod-anil 

T čamuodii spoon; TK t'amuodir, TD čomadi- 

K čomo-čoγojə sword, sabre; KD čomo-čogooye large hunting knife; SD 

como-cogoje-; TK t'ama-d'oyoje 

T čamad-ald'e tsar [lit. big chief); TK t'amad-ald'e\ TD čomod-ald'e 

KJ čom-očie father's elder brother or elder male cousin [lit. big father]; T 

čum-učie(kie); TK t'um-uot'ie, t'um-ut'iep + elder brother of the husband; TJ 

čom-o:čie\ RS čem-uče uncle 

К čomo. l will; KJ čomol', KD čomole, čomo. le; TD čomole-; W t'sjemolal


К če-mej mother's elder sister; KJ čem-mei + mother's elder female cousin; 

T čamijaa; TK t'amija\ TJ čemmija 

К čomo. γətə very, strongly; KK t'omohoto firmly; SD comogote 

К čomo:d'ə-jurgud'e:jə North Star [lit. big star]; čommučə teenager; 

čomunnu-, čommuno.rə- to give oneself airs; to humiliate (TR); 

čomo:l-pe:dičə thumb [lit. big finger] | KJ čomod'el princeling; čomol-epie 

great-grandmother [lit. big grandmother]; čomod'e-joube, čomod'e-jou, 

čomol-epie smallpox [lit. big illness or big grandmother] | ? KD čomo:rod'eto 

beat unmercifully; čomol-colbul water-rat [lit. big mouse]; tomod'e-yomil 

swan [lit. big neck]; čomol-mold'e cloudberry [lit. big berry] | SD comosel 

princeling I T čamad-od'e meat from a sinew of the spine; čama-maalek 

INTJ (look!); čamuolel-ńuod'ijetke pr. (a lake) [lit. big fringe]; 

čumd-amun-noyii large aorta [lit. thimble of a large bone]; čamuoqa pr. (a 

man); ? čamuoleri- to possess | TD -čomod-ald'e-emul' Russia [lit. island of 

the big chief]; čomolho, -d'emolho for; čomo-kode honourable 

? FU *čama 'straight, upright; intensifying word that expresses remoteness' 

(UEW 52) 

The kinship term čemmej probably goes back to čom- + emej 'mother', 

however the T čamijaa seems to be an affixal derivation from čamuo-, 

314. *čömö-/*sömö- 

K -šömör top; T čumur, -rumur, -d'umur back; hill; TK t'umur, TJ čumurforest; 

TD čumur, В -zshamor, ME -tschamor 

T čumd-amun vertebrae; čumun-molil pit on a hill; čum-nono range of hills; 

čumurčie hilly country; čumun-laqil gentle slope; čumun-jengur fringe in the 

middle of the back of a man's coat; čumun-oyul sheer side of a hill; čum-saa 

grove on a hillside; čum-saal leg of side tripod of the yurt; čumun-sawqa 

hollow; čumun-d'uoje slope of a hill [lit. top of a hill] | TD čumun-molil 

vertebra 

The word shows the irregular correspondence К š- ~ T Č-. 

315. *čompəčə 

T čompočeńii- to have a short cover (of a yurt) 

T čompočeńii- to cover a yurt so the cover does not touch the ground 

The word shows the irregular cluster -mp-. 

316. *čömu 

К čumu everything, all; KK t'umu\ KJ čumu\ KD čumu\ TD čumul\ SU 

čumu\ M čumú\ BO čomú-, KL čemu 

KJ čumutayi everybody; KD čumutohi 

К čumut every; KK t'umuf, KJ čumuf, KD čumut\ M čumúf, BO čomút


T čumutej- to destroy; čumuuji- to pretend to have nothing; čumduu- to die 

out 

TU *čuŋnu, cf. MG *čöm (EDAL 451) // Krejnovič 1958: 244 ( ~ Mong.); 

Nikolaeva 1988: 181 

The labial -ö- is reconstructed on the basis of the OY data. 

317. *čoŋ- 

K čoŋčə fat, lard; KJ čoŋčo; KD čoŋče upper level of fat under the skin; T 

čoŋd'ə\ TK t'oŋd'e; TD čoŋd'e; RS čončoon 

К čoŋu:- tasty, sweet; KK t'oŋu-; KJ čoŋu-\ KD toŋi-; RS čond'eni\ В 

tshangitsh', ME tschangitsch 

К čoŋubə- to get full of tasty food | KJ šoŋič taste | KD čoŋčo- tasty 

319. *čoŋč'ija:/*čoŋjija: 

T čoŋd'ijaa pr. (a lake) 

T čoŋdïjaa-öönŋie pr. (a river) 

320. *čö:nəč- 

K čö.nəč- to spend spring (somewhere); KJ čuonečie- 

K čo. nəčpə the place where people spend spring 

321. *čöŋkə- 

K čuŋnd-, čugenə- narrow, thin; KK t'uŋne-, t'uŋńe-; T čoyune- thin; TK 

t'oyune-, t'ugune- + sharp; TD ču.gune-, čorune-; RS čugnoi 

К čugo:- to move fast; KK t'ugo-; KJ čugo-\ KD čugeo-; SD cugio-, ? 

-engio- [rect. -cugio-]; TK t'uguo-; TD cuguyen- 

K čugunmə corner; T čugunme; TK t'ugunme; TD čugunme; ? RS čečičega 

К čugo. n quickly; KJ čugoń; TK t'uguoń; TD čugoń\ ? RS šeron 

KK t'ugod'a, t'ugod'it quicker; t'oγole-, t'oγolo- to narrow down (INTR); 

t'ugod'e- to sharpen; to run faster | KD čugonne- to menstruate | T 

čugurkumu- to become thin, to diminish; čugurke miser; smth narrow or 

pressed closely; čoŋnii-, čanńii- to cause to produce a high sound; čoγure- to 

jingle; čoyore- to chirp, to twitter, to speak in a high-pitched voice; čoyoyoto 

jingle; čugid'ibe path made by an animal; čugugej- to shrivel; čugunesituated 

too closely to each other (of reindeer's antlers), crooked; čuguraa 

reindeer with closely situated or straight antlers; čugid'i-, čugud'i- to flatten 

oneself against the earth; to become narrow; čugunejl'e smb who has smth 

located closely; čugučend'e-rukun stingy; čuguči- to have the habit of 

pressing one's elbows to one's sides | TD čugol-, sugo- to be in a hurry, to 

run I TK t'oyuïer- to become thin; t'uguore- to sharpen; to speed up reindeer 

The medial cluster is reconstructed because of the alternation -ŋ g-.

322. *čoŋolə- 1 

KJ čoŋolo- to sob; TJ čoŋole-; TD čoŋolo- to repent 

323. *čogolə- 2 

KJ čoŋolot again 


324.*čö:nt 

К čö:n/čö:d without; KK t'uon\ KJ čuon; SD -cion, ? -sugan\ TK suon; TD 

-čuon 

T čuode(de), suode except for; TK suodeden, suodedeŋ 

325. čopka 

T čuopke very deep place 

Rus. dial, čopka or Yak. čüöpkä (ESRD 667) 

326. *čo:qiń 

T čuoqind'aa black beetle; pr. (a man) 

T čuoqiń pr. (a dog) 

327. *coqo- 

K čoqol' birchbark vessel for gathering berries with the arch made of a 

willow root; KD čogol\ SD cosol [rect. coqoI]\ ? MO tgegal cauldron 

328. *čor- 1 

KJ čoruše- to return (TR) 

329. *čor- 2 

К čorqə glade, clearing; tundra; KJ čorqo; KD čorxo\ SD corgo; SU čorxa\ 

RS čorka\ В -dshórkonv, ME -schorkonv, MK tschórka 

К čorqə- firm, hard; KD čorxo- loud; T čuorquo- steeled; strong (of 

tobacco); sharp (of wind); fatty (of food); high and loud (of voice) 

К čorqə-d'i: pr. ( a tribe that lived to the North of the Kolyma Yukaghir, 

probably the Even or Chukchi) [lit. tundra people] | T čuorqumu- to harden | 

? TK t'uorej- to glow I TD čorxod'ed- firm, hard | ? В tshorkel knee | ? ME 

tschorkil knee 

U/FP *č'arV 'firm, hard, strong' (UEW 30) 

The comparison with Uralic may be valid if -qə- is a derivational suffix. This 

is confirmed by the fact that T cuorquo- contains a long vowel in a closed 

syllable. This is normally impossible morpheme-internally.


330. * con- 

IC čöro:- quiet; slow; KD čero-; RS čerul 

К čörumu- to calm down (of the wind); KD čerumu- to twinkle 

К čurun quietly; slowly; KK t'irun; KJ čerun; KD čeruń; KL čarun 

К čuru.d'ə quietly; slowly; KK t'irud'a 

К čurud'a: very slowly 

Cf. Evk. čeru. me 'quiet, calm' (TMS 2 422) 

331. *čo:r/*čo:δ 

T čuor whirlwind; pr. (a man); TD čuor 

332. *čo:rqə 

T čuorqa bean goose (Anser fabalis); TD čorxo- 

T čuorqijaa pr. (a lake) 

An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. 

333. *čorowə/*čorompə 

KJ čorobo plate, dish 

334. *čotiŋi 

KD čotiŋi pr. (a man) 

335. *čow- 

K čobul sea, ocean; KK t'obul] KJ čobul, KD čobul\ SD cobul\ T čawul\ TK 

t'awul, t'aw-; TJ čowu-; TD čowul\ MC čuwalo\ В tshobul; ME tschobul\ 

MK tschówul 

SD čobud-andybyca sea scoter 

336. *čowinə 

К čobinə spear; KK t'obine-; KJ čobine\ SD cobine; SU čowina; MC 

sawincr, ? MO čewogo arrow; В tshovincr, ME tschovinna 

337. *čowlə- ? 

MC čowlenčim to catch 

338. *čowrə- 

K čouro:- tight, narrow; firm; slow; KK t'owro-\ KJ čouro-; T čawruo-; TK 

t'awro-\ TD čauro-, čouro-; MC čauroižend- [rect. čauronžend-]; BO čórqon 

К čourəd- to tighten (TR); KK t'owrod'e-, t'owren- 

K čourumu- to get narrower; T čawrumu- to get tight; TK t'awromu- 

T čawrer- to narrow (TR); TK t'awrer-


T čawruu pr. (a man); čawralγa INTJ (fear); čawuričii- to be frightened, to 

worry very much; to become very narrow; čawrerd'ii- to narrow 

339. *čö:tə- 

T čuotej- to light up tobacco, to light a fire 

340. *čöwöč/*čömpəč 

К (mo.rtən-)čoboč circle around the entrance to a fish trap 

? К čöbestej- caught (of fish) 

341.*ču: 

К ču:l, -си/ meat; KK t'ul, -t'u\ KJ си/; KD си/, -си; SD си/; T сии/; TK t'u.i; 

TJ -с/и-; TD си/, -did- + body; SU см/; RS сии/; MC си/о; В tshul, ME 

tschul, -schul; MU tschul, MK tschul 

KK t'ud-it'e relations, relatives [lit. meat end]; T čuud-ewče, čuud-ejče\ TK 

t'ud-ewt'e 

KJ čud-u:ša:nube piece of reindeer skin on which meat and bones are cut; 

pr. (a woman in folklore) | T čuuče meaty part of reindeer flesh; 

čuureččed-ile fatted herd [lit. reindeer that got meat] 

342. *ču:- 

T čuučuu pr. (a woman) 

T čuučičeen pr. (a man); čuučikaa pr. (a man) 

343.čučun 

К čučun scraper on a long shaft used to brake a wet skin after removing the 

flesh; KD сиси«; SD cucun 

Ev. čučun or Yak. сисиn 'round scraper' (TMS 2 418) 

344. čudit' 

К ču. dis ghost 

К ču:dijo:n ghost; ču:d'i:(jo:)- queer 

Rus. čudit' 'queer' or Yak. dial, ču.čus 'evil spirit' (DSJJ 303-304) 

The Yukaghir ču.dis is a Yak. borrowing but was probably contaminated 

with the Rus. čudit' and related words. 

345. *čuγ-/*čuŋk- 

T čug- to hiss at a child to make it urinate (TR) 

346. *čuγirə-/*čuŋkirə-/*čuγiδə-/*čuŋkiδə- 

TK t'ugiresie- to beat


347.*čuγö 

К čugö track, path, way, road; KK t'uge, t'ugo; KJ čugo, čuge\ KD čuge, 

čugo; SD cudio- [rect. čwg/o-]; SU čuga\ RS čuga\ M čúga\ ME -tschuda 

[rect. -tschuga]-, MK tschúnga 

К čugödə- to walk; KD čugode- 

K čuge: on the way, on the road | ? KD čugonukei- to jump out | T 

čugedeyan near (on the way) 

TU *d'uku- 'road; corner' (EDAL 1542) // Krejnovič 1958: 249 (~ Ev.) 

The OY data provide contradictory evidence on word-internal consonantism, 

but *-y- is reconstructed based on comparison with TM. 

348. *čuγur- 

K čugurube: chipmunk; KD čugurubie; В yegororitshe [rect. čegororitshe] 

349. *ču:j- 

T čuuj- to save; to take care of, to protect 

350. čukčə 

К čukčə Chukchi; KJ čukče\ TK t'ukt'e-; TJ čukče-\ TD čukye 

Rus. čukča 

351. *čula- 

T čulal ermine; TK t'ulal + weasel; TD čullol 

TU *čolči 'pole-cat' (TMS 2 405) // Krejnovič 1958: 249 ( ~ Ev.); 


The stem has the back -м-. 

352. *čulč'ə-/*čuljə- 

T čuld'aya- to twitter, to chirp 

TU *čo:li:- 'to gossip, to babble' (EDAL 438) 

The stem has the back -м-. 

353. *čule- 

T čule- to leap on one foot 

TU *čöle- 'with one foot; to jump on one foot' (TMS 2 413) 

354. čum 

T čuum big sack 

Rus. dial, čum (ESRD 673)

355. *čumo:ji: 

T čumuoji maid 


356. *čumučə 

К čumuči:- to fish with a hook; KJ čumuči- 

K čumučd fishing-rod, fish-hook; KJ čumučï, KD čumuče\ T čumuśe; TK 

t'umut'e\ RS čomuča 

К čumučo:rə- to fish with a hook | T čumuče-uuse- to angle (fish) [lit. to 

move a fishing-rod] 

? NT *čiŋe- 'to fish with a rod' (TMS 2 397) // Nikolaeva 1988: 181 

357. *čuŋδinčə 

T čuŋdid'e runner of a sledge; TK t'uŋrid'e- 

T čuŋdid'en-qajruu curve of a runner; čuŋdid'e-qajsii wooden pattern from 

which the larch curve of a runner is made 

358. *čuŋe- 

K čuŋ(e)- to count; to read; KK t'uŋ-\ KJ tuŋe-\ T čuŋ-\ TK t'uŋ-\ TD čuŋ-\ 

SU čunega\ RS čunk\ В tshungum; ME tschungun [rect. tschungum] 

К čuŋžə thought; KK t'uŋre; KJ čuŋže\ KD čuŋde, -tuŋre; SD cungse\ T 

čuŋde\ TK t'uŋre, t'uŋde\ TJ čuŋd'e-; TD čuŋre-, čuŋde-, čuŋd'e-; SU -čumža; 

В tshundsha, -shundshi- + memory; ME -tschúntscha, -schangtschei- 

K čuŋžə- to think; KK t'uŋre-; KJ čuŋde-; T čuŋde-; TK t'uŋre-\ TJ čuŋd'u-; 

TD čuŋde-\ SU čumžaje', RS čuńžek 

KD čuŋden- numerous; TD t'uŋren- clever; intelligent 

К čuŋžə-ejrəš- to think [lit. to carry the thought]; TD čuŋd'en-eure- 

T čuŋded-amud'e kind [lit. goodness of the mind]; čuŋdijie wise man; 

čuŋde-kerie- to come into a bad mood [lit. mind falls]; čuŋde-gudiel dream 

[lit. becoming a thought]; čuŋde-quduol opinion [lit. lying of the mind]; 

čuŋdeqorii- to keep in mind; T čuŋdijie-qol- to pretend to be wise | TD 

čuŋd'ede-pugočed'e-paipe dissolute woman [lit. woman with hot thoughts]; 

čuŋdec- to cause to read; čuŋd'en-woŋči- to advise [lit. to open the mind] | 

TK t'uŋre-gudit'i- to think 

359. *čuŋk- 

K čuŋžə- to whistle; KJ čuŋre-; T čugire- + to ring in one's ears; to blow 

through; В tshundzshcr, ME tschuntschu 

К čeŋžəri:- to whistle at (TR) | T čugiresnube whistle; čugirerej- to snore 

with a whistle; čugires- to strike smth producing a whistle 

360. *čuŋnə- 

T čuŋnel'e- to fall down a little (of trousers)


361. *čuntə- 

KJ čunde- to send 

The morpheme-internal -nd- is atypical, so -d- < *-/- may belong to a suffix. 

362. *čupo- 

T čuporte- sharp; TK t'upone- + narrow 

T čupoγaj- to sharpen; TK t'upoyaj- 

T čupol'es- to sharpen; čupurqa point; lonely tree on the edge of a forest 

FU *č'uppa 'narrow, thin', *č'uppV 'point' (UEW 44) // Nikolaeva 1988: 

217 

The stem has the back -и-. 

363. *ču:rk- 

T čuurkuo- to go to a neighbouring house 


364.*čurqə 

T čurya two-year old female reindeer; TK t'urya 

T čuryan-purewre three-year old female reindeer [lit. above two-year old 

female reindeer]; TK t'urya-purewre 

? TU *čur-/*čir- 'three year old wild deer' (TMS 2 399) 

The stem has the back -м-. The element -qə may be a derivational suffix. 

365. *čus- 

TD sogiye-čusai- to spit 

The stem has the back -u-. 

366. *čuwa- 

T čubayaj- to dive 

T čubad'i- to dive many times 

TU *čup-/*čop- 'to dive; deep place' (EDAL 444) 

The stem has the back -u-. *-p- has an irregular reflex -b- instead of the 

expected -w-. 

367. čuwal 

К čiba. l', čiba. l traditional cone-shaped stove with a flue on the top; KK 

t'ibal'; KJ čiba.j; KD čibal; MO ciwii', -ciwel'house 

Rus. dial, čuval (ESRD 668-669) 

368. *čympə- 

T čibaya- to peep (of a mouse)


369. *čyq 

К čiqaγaj-, čičayə- to squeak; KK t'iqaya-; T čiqaγa- to squeak under the 

feet (of snow); TD čixaha-, čixara- 

K čaγižə-, čičažə- to squeak | T čiiqarkaa merry-go-round; čiiqarkaa- to 

revolve on a merry-go-round; čiiq INTJ (imitation of squeaking); čaqaγasto 

squeak; čirqaγa- to squeak (of an old sledge) 

TU *čiKi 'pivot' (EDAL 428) 

Free variation of medial -q- and -y- is typical of onomatopoetic words. К 

medial -c- must have appeared as a result of assimilation to the initial Č-. 

370.*čyrkə- 

K čirqəči: little knife; KJ čirqači; KD čirxači', SD cirgaci 

? Ev. hirkan 'knife', čirkaŋat- 'to use a knife' (TMS 2 327) // Nikolaeva 

1988: 180 

371. *čysčə- 

T čisčaγa- to drip with splashes and noise 

? KJ čičuoji- to sink; to drown (INTR) | T čisčegej- to flee, to slip away; 

čisčaγas- to spray 

Some forms have front harmony. 

372. *čywo-/*čympə- ? 

SD cibol purse 

373. daγany 

К tayanə, taγinə, dayam, dayany nevertheless, yet, still; KJ taγane; KD 

tahane; T taayaneŋ, taayanek 

К taya but, however 

Yak. dayany (JRS 109) 

374. daj-bog 

T dajbuok thank God 

Rus. daj bog 

375. *dajin- 

T daajinnene, dajnene modal marker (it is interesting) 

376. davaj 

К dawaj let us 

Rus. davaj


377. d'e 

К d'ə INTJ (well, so) 

Ev. d'e (TMS 1 279) 

378. *debegaj 

К debegej, tebegej, tabegej pr. (a man in folklore); KK debegej; KJ debegei; 

TK debegej- 

? Yak. debdeŋ 'boaster' (JRS 121) 

379. delbi 

К del'bə, del'bi strongly, very much 

Yak. or Ev. delbi 'very, more' (TMS 1 231-232) 

380. *d'eld'i 

T d'eld'iŋee pr. (a man) 

This name is likely to be a recent borrowing. 

381. *de:rpə- 

TD diarba- row 

382. die- 

K de:təγə however 

Yak. die- 'to say, to speak' (JRS 114) 

383. *d'iŋ 

T d'iŋ-d'iŋ-d'iŋ, d'iï-d'il' INTJ (imitating a snipe's singing) 

384. diŋne:q 

К dinnæq indeed, all the same 

Yak. d'iŋne.q 'real, authentic' (JRS 129) 

385. divo 

T d'iiwe miracle, wonder; TK d'ibe 

К d'i. bədej- surprised; TD diwon- odd 

KD dibe-tite extraordinary [lit. like a miracle]; dibŋo- wonderful 

Rus. divo 

386. dmitrievič 

KJ mitriebič pr. (a man) 

Rus. dmitrievič

387. dničše 

SD ngiše bottom of a boat 

Rus. dnišče 

388. dobrovol'no 

К douruboil'i in vain 

Rus. dobrovol'no 

389. do:qal 

К lo.γuma:, do.γul butterfly 

Ev. do.qal 'butterfly' (TMS 1 212) 

390. *d'oroqə 

T d'oroqo pr. (a lake) 


391. doska 

KD točka board; SD doska 

Rus. doska 

392. dosug 

KD dočug, dočug-ŋo- leisure 

KD dočugŋo- leisurely 

Rus. dosug 

393. do-togo 

KJ totobo so much 

Rus. do togo 

394. *dowura 

К dourə, dowurə pr. (a man in folklore) 


395. draznit' 

KD drazni-, dad'ni- to tease 

Rus. draznit' 

396. drob' 

KD drob (small) shot 

Rus. drob'


397. du: 

К du: if, whether; KK du:, tu\ KJ du\ KD -du 

Yak. du: (JRS 119) 

398. *dubegles 

К dubegləš pr. (a man in folklore) 


399. duga 

KD duga arch 

Rus. duga 

400. durak 

KD durax fool 

Rus. durak 

401. *e 

KK ejo, ejo: INTJ (oh!); KJ ei; KD e; T eu yes; TK ew; TD e: 

К ek INTJ (eh!); ekö INTJ (surprise) 

402. *e:-/*we:- 

K je.žu-, je.žə- to swim, to float, to drift; to melt; KK jed'u- to swing; KJ 

jed'u-, jed'o-, KD (y)ed'u- 

K je:šərej- to melt fat; to float down (TR); KJ ješerej-, KD yecerei-', M 

éšeréim 

К je:rə- to flow, to float; KJ jere-, ere-, jed'o-, jero-\ KD ere-, yere- + to 

drop; SD ere, jiere-\ SU erek; RS jord'ik; KL erej 

К je.rəš- to float down; to have intercourse with (TR); KD erec- to spawn; 

SU erešk', M erešk 

К erej- to start floating | KK jed'ube swing 

In the stressed position the initial e:- > ie:- > je:-. 

403.*eče: 

К eče: father; KK et'ie, eśie; KJ ečie, ačie\ KD ečie\ SD eco; RS eče, ečé\ M 

ete\ MC jete\ MO jezertr, В etčear, ME aittsche; MK otsché\ W otjé 

TK oqt'idie father's younger brother; TJ očidie + father's younger male 

cousin 

U *äč'ä 'father' (UEW 22) // UJN 113; Angere 1956: 127; UEW 22; 

Nikolaeva 1988: 217-218; Rédei 1999: 34; LR 146 

It is unclear why some forms demonstrate the initial o-.

404. *ečkə-/*wečkə- 

K ečkəri:- to attack 


405. *eδ- 

T erime snow; TK erime; TD erime; MC itamo; MK odýmeni, ? endyn- 

T erimed-awje wooden spade used for snow; TK erimed-awje 

T erinńe- warm; melted (of snow); erime-kičie white mosquito [lit. snow 

mosquito]; erime-lawje pool on the top of a hill in spring, water from 

melting snow [lit. snow water]; erildigil'ie during a thaw; erimen-čiremedie 

bullfinch [lit. snow bird]; erimen-buren-anńel- to tell lies [lit. to speak on the 

snow]; erime-gewrii instrument made of antlers used for shaking off the 

snow [lit. snow taker]; eril melting of snow | TD erimen-morxile snow-drift 

The consonant - *S- is reconstructed on the basis of the correspondence -r- ~ 

-d-/-t. 

406. *eδ-/*ent-/*weδ-/*went- 

K ede:š-, ede.č- to call; KJ edieš-; KD ediec-; RS edečk 

К ede.j- to answer a call; edunu- to call (for a long time) 

407. *e:δ-/*e:nt-/*je:δ-/*je:nt-/*we:δ-/*we:nt- 

K je.du:- to run into smth sharp 

408. *eγ- 

K ejrə- to walk, to go; KK ewre-, eyre-, KJ eure-, aure-; KD eure-; SD 

agre-; T ewre-', TK ewre-; TJ eure-; TD eure-, euru-; SU agreje, agrejek, 

agrečeili; M agyragnei; BO egíč; KL ejra 

К ege. rə- to tread on, to step on (TR); KJ egur-; KD egur- , egiare-; SD 

agur-; T eguore-; TJ egurie- 

K egužubə path; KJ egud'ubo; T egunbe trampled place, yard; rag 

К egužu- to walk, to go; KK egužu-; KJ egud'u-, egede-; KD egud'u-; ? SD 

eku; M egád'unoi 

К ejrəš- to lead, to carry; SD aurešle-; T ewres- to help to walk, to 

accompany; to help to live; TK ewres-; TD eurec-, eurac-; SU agrešna 

К egujbə rising, mooring; KK egujbe; T eguojibe stirrup 

T ewrej-rukun wolf [lit. walking thing]; TD eureye-rukun 

KK ewreri- to walk around | T egurie- to start walking; ? ewresnu- to beat 

one person (of several people) 

The root-final *-y- changes into -j- or -w- before a consonant-initial suffix. 

409. *eγ-/*eŋk- 

T egur withers


410. *e:γ-/*e:ŋk-/*je:γ-/*je:ŋk- 

T iegej- to recover 

411. *eγńe:-/*weγńe:- ? 

К egne.pun oblong iron pendant on the front of a woman's breast cloth; KD 

egniapun, egniepun 

The cluster -gn- is irregular. 

412.egor 

KJ jogora pr. (a man); T jeguor, TK jegor 

Rus. egor 

413. *eγuj-/*eŋkuj- 

K eguj- to lean on 

414. *eγumə-/*eŋkumə-/*weγumə-/*weŋkumə- 

K ejməńuməń- to get tired; KJ eγumuńemuń- 

415. *ej- 1 

К ej-tiŋ this; KK ej-tiŋ; KJ ei 

T -ejk and, also; at least; really; intensifying marker; TK ejk really, at all; 

perhaps; MO -oik 

К ejme: on the other side from, opposite to; across (PP); KJ eime, ejme-; KD 

eime-; T ime; TK ieme-; TJ jemel-, ime-; TD ymme 

К ejmi:- to say yes or no to smb (TR); KJ emej-, ejme-, ejmi- to object; KD 

eimi- 

K ejíək self; intensifying pronominal marker; KD eil'e, eil'a; T ejlek 

К ejmu-, ejmə- on the other side from, opposite to; KK ejmu-, ejmi-, KJ 

eimu-; KD eimu-; SD ej'migu-; T iemu(ŋ)-, ieŋu(m)-; SU eimugut 

К ejmundə half; KK ejmunde; KJ eimunde; KD eimunde 

? К ejge: not far from; ej(mi)-ta: there | KK ej-tuwen this; ej-tiŋide here | T 

ejk-l'ie really; ejk-uguneŋ(-l'ie) by the way; ejk-engenege INTJ (fear); 

ejk-ewri if; ejk-ejk both ... and, neither ... nor, either ... or; iimerej-, iimiči- to 

reply aloud "yes" or "no"; -ejlede contrastive marker | TD immeyil opposite 

In T ej- > e:- or /. -. Some forms have the suffix -mə ~ -m. 

417. *ej- 2 

К je.j- to get somewhere, to fall; to attack (INTR); KK jej-; KJ ej-; KD eyu-; 

TK eju- 

K ejtə- to take away, to take off (TR); KJ ejite- to drive in; T ejite- to catch 

with a net; TK ejite-; TJ ejite- to shoot, to bore through


К eju:- to get (into a trap or a net); to fall (of snow); KK eju-; T ejuu- + 

attack; TK eju-, ejuu- + to feel, to smell; TD eyu- to dash; to throw oneself 

T ejikie- to start falling; TK ejkie- to start raining; TD -eikie- 

TK eji- to rain 

The initial j- in К je:j- is secondary. 

418. *əj 

К öj-l'ə there is/are no; KK oj-l'e; KJ oj-l'e; KD oi-le-; SD -uj-le; T ew-fe; TK 

ew-l'e; TJ oi-le; TD oi-le; SU oí-lä; RS oi-llä\ M ói-li, oi-le; KL oi-l'a; В 

oi-ley; ME oi-lle 

T ewl'ikie-, ööwl'ikie- to end; to die; to disappear; TK ewl'ikie- 

T ewl'erii- to make absent; ewd'i.re- to guess that someone will not live long 

I TD oild'ei7 there is nothing; elewiel'u, eleuiel'u mortal, deadly; 

oilekeye-gode, oilikeye-kode grave; dead body 

419. *ej-/*wej- 

KD ei- to snort (of a reindeer) 

420. *ejc/*ejs 

К ejč INTJ (annoyance); T ejs 

421. *eje 

К eje wooden part of a bow; KK eje; KJ eje; KD eye; SD ej'e; SU eije; RS 

eije, -eje; M eíja, eijagat, eijapla; MC ejija; MO ogo [rect. ojo] bow; MK éje 

К ńə-maraj, je-maraj string of a bow; KD eye-maray; SD ejce-marej 

In К ńə-maraj the first component of the compound was contaminated with 

the reciprocal Лэ-. 

422. *e:jə/*je:jə/*we:jə 

KJ jeje elk; KD ie.ye bear; SD jiejie evil spirit in the form of a bear 

423. *ejγən/*ej ŋ kən/*wejγən/*wej ŋ kən 

К ejgən, egen INTJ (wait!); KJ eigen 

424. *ejkir- 

T ejkiri- to wade; to pass, to cross (TR) 

425. *ejl'ə- 

T el'uguon-l'ie INTJ (threatening); TD eilegoneili 

KD eilere- to be afraid of (TR); eil'ere(bo)- timid, shy | T el'uguon(-el'i) INTJ 

(wait!)


426. *ejmə 

К ejmə price, payment; KJ eime; KD eime; SU eimatut, eimegen, eimege; 

RS eimatk, eimege; M eima ot for that 

KK ejmeš- to pay; TK ejmesh- 

427. *ejmə-/*wejmə- 

K ejmə- to stare (INTR); KK ejme- 

K ejməri:- to stare at (TR); KK ejmeri- 

429. *ejnč'i:/*wejnč'i: 

KJ eid'i good spirit; KD eid'i shaman's spirit-protector; SD ejsi, ajzi- 

430. *ejn-/*jejn- ? 

MO (j)einim brother 

? S *inä 'elder brother' (SW 27) //Tailleur 1959b: 106 

If the comparison with S is correct, the Yukaghir word was unlikely to have 

the initial j-. 

431. *ekč-/*wekč- 

K ekčil boat made of three boards cut from a larch-tree; KK eksil', eksil, 

ekt'il; KJ ekčil; KD ekčil'; SD ek'cill; В aktshel; ME aktscha 

KJ ekčin-qondo pr. (a man) 

432. eken 

T ekya elder sister; TK ekya; TJ akye, ekye + elder female cousin 

TJ ekeo- to be smb's elder sister 

Ev. eken 'elder sister' (TMS 2 443) // Krejnovič 1958: 249 

As it is a recent Ev. borrowing, the word is phonologically exceptional in 

Yukaghir: the long -e: is not realized as the diphthong -ie, therefore it is 

transcribed as -ye, -ya by some authors. 

433. *el-1 

T eld'e INTJ (good!); TK eld'e + address to a wife; TJ el'd'e 

К eïïəlu: traditional refrain in lyrical songs; KJ elluo darling (of a woman) 

T eld'e-pelie INTJ (admiration); eld'e(n)-eńikaa INTJ (admiration) 

434. *el- 2 

T eluojerke barren female reindeer; TD eloyerke-, al'noyarke- 

? T eluojerke-ŋolal temporary deceptive improvement of the weather in the 

evening; elmelije barren ground on a hill; barren place without hollows or 

trees; elmelińe- smooth, even

435. *еГ- 

T el'il passage in the mountains 

Cf. Ev. ölen (TMS 2 30) 


436. *əl 

К əl-, ələ- negative marker; KK el, al; KJ el, ele; KD el, el; SD el, al-, ele-; 

T el-, el'i- + emphatic marker; TK el, ol, el'; TJ el; TD el'; RS ei-, ol-; M el; 

MC ol; MO alia; BO ele, jule, eli, illi; KL ale, el, ele; В el; ME el; MU oil; 

MK ol, oil, oli; W ol, olo 

К əl-l'e: no; KK el-l'e; KD e-le, el-le; SD el-le; MC illi 

T eleń no; TK el'en, el'e.n; TJ el'en; MC ilen 

К al-qamun some, several [lit. no how many]; KJ al-yobun; T al-qamla- not 

numerous; TK al'-qamlal, el'-qabun 

T el-moŋojojd'aa pr. (a Chukchi tribe) [lit. no peak on the hat]; TK 

el-moŋojojd'a 

KD ol-ud'ubo- deaf [lit. without words]; T el-aruud'a: dumb [lit. without 

words]; TK al'-aruud'a dumb; RS ei-ažukei dumb, mute 

T el-ńe-mon- quiet, silent; deaf [lit. no saying]; TK el'-mond'ej deaf; TD 

el-monnei, ? el-melei + calm weather 

К əl-mə-qodo-, əl-γodońə- empty [lit. not lying]; KD ol-hodone-, el'-xodone-, 

nion-xodeme 

К ə(j)-jedulbən evil spirit, devil [lit. not appearing]; KJ e-jedul; KD 

yedulben, e-yedulben, e-yedulbon, e-yel'ulen, el'-yedulbon; SD elledulban 

T el-göderiń, el-gödekid'ie hardly; TK el-goderiń cheerfully 

К əl-qa:r naked, bare; without clouds [lit. no skin]; KK a-raw, al-har; KJ 

al-yar; KD al-har; SD al-jar [rect. al-gar]; T a-raw 

К a-ro:ńə- bald, plain, bare; naked [lit. no skin]; KJ a-raune-; KD a-raule-, 

a-raine-; T a-rawńe- to have no plants (of tundra); TD a-raule-, a-raune- + 

cold 

К al-ńu:ńəl-pe:dičə middle finger [lit. finger without a name]; KD 

el-ninel-pediče ring finger; TD el-kiriyeńel-čald'e middle finger 

К əl-l'aqa lack, shortage [lit. not reaching]; KD el'-l'aqa 

К əj-ju:kə close, near [lit. not far]; SD u-juka; T e-juoke; TK e-juoke 

К əl-id'eme:- pale; gentle; KK il-id'emie-; KD el'-id'eme-, el'-id'e-, ar-id'eme- 

KD yedulben-kodod-aibi pipistrelle (small bat) [lit. where the soul of the 

devil lies]; el'e-xi:nmuy- brave [lit. not evading]; el'e-arpalulu safe 

К əl-ńa:čəń- blunt; TD al-niačeń- 

K a-ro:jə lenok (Salmo lenok) [lit. no skin]; KK a-rauje, a-rawje + glade; 

clearing, bald spot; KD a-rauye; SD a-rauja; T a-raawje bare place; SU 

arawje; RS arauija 

К əj-jö:də(j) very much [lit. not seen]; a-ra:n-paj mushroom (growing on


earth) [lit. naked woman]; əl-1'oqotə- to miss the target (TR) [lit. not to 

reach]; əl-puč without breathing | KK e-jukomie- close | KJ 

a-rauneje-mured-uo leather stockings [lit. bare stockings] | KD a-rau:-kudeto 

undress (INTR); el'e-yo:linu- healthy [lit. without illness]; el'-lukoŋo 

forbidden; el-qinmoyebo- witty [lit. not evading] | T a-rawčeń- cloudless; 

naked [lit. no skin]; a-rawre- to become clear (of sky); to become bald [lit. 

no skin]; e-juoken not long ago; el-γajuorii- not to be delayed; el-amuopregnant 

[lit. not good]; el-duu empty [lit. no content]; el-duunigirej- unload 

[lit. not loaded]; ol-laŋudeŋ in the wrong direction [lit. without direction]; 

a-rawjaa bald person [lit. no skin]; el-du:ńej-ayuad'e bones beneath the 

shoulder-blades; el-ančajneŋ calmly [lit. no teasing]; el-moŋo-jojd'aape 

Chukchi [lit. without a peak on the hat]; el-möč-gurčii- to lose one's wits, to 

become senseless [lit. to become without oneself]; a-raw-gučiise- to undress 

(TR); el-yajuori- not to cause to stay for a long time; el-met-band'e-rukun 

person having had an infection | TJ el-ičije a little; el-godidie a little bit | TD 

el-kurilioye-rukun, el-kuril'od'e-rukun devil [lit. unseen thing]; ew-meriyen 

unknown; el-ute-yenu- boring; el-niače-kurčice- to make dull; el-u:yi-loŋoje 

gode useless man; el-u:telne- hero [ lit. the one who doesn't get tired] | TK 

el'-nemeńej-göde poor person; el'-nimije orphan; el'-kirid'ie fourth finger | 

MO alla-tjuncazen not true 

U *e ~ *ä ~ *a 'negative particle' (UEW 68-70) // JU 60-6; UJN 114; HUV 

163^4; FUV 10; Tailleur 1959a: 416; Angere 1956: 102; Harms 1977: 311; 

UEW 68; Nikolaeva 1988: 218; Rédei 1999: 35; LR 144, 152 

The initial vowel ə- may be assimilated to the vowel -o- or -a- of the next 

syllable. In forms such as a-ro:jə, a-raw etc. the consonant -/- has fallen out: 

*əl-sawa(-) > al-sawa(-) > al-rawa(-) > araw, aro:-. 

438. *ele- 

K eled'o:- to disappear; KK eled'uo- to end, to finish (INTR); KJ eled'uo-; 

KD eled'uo- - , RS elyž'oi to lose; BO elénd'ul; MU -elendschöńt 

T elerej- to swallow; TK el'erej-, elerej-; TD elerei-, ellerei- 

T elej- to disappear, to go down (of the sun) 

439. *ele/*wele 

К el'e, ellə indeed 

KJ elien how 

440. *el'emtə- 

TJ el'emde- to try hard 

? TU *ele- 'enough' (EDAL 500), cf. Evk. eli. w- 'to try hard'

441. *eler- 

T elerd'i- to misfire (of a gun) 

KD elerne- not careful 


442. *el'i 

T el'i first; while; TK el'i; TJ el'i 

T el'ine first; TK el'ine, el'in; TJ el'in; TD elilnon 

TK el'id-ou first born child; TD elid-uo 

T el'i lie first I TK elill'egi for the first time 

FU *eSe 'front' (UEW 71-72) // Tailleur 1959a: 417; Nikolaeva 1988: 218 

443. *elinsə/*welinsə ? 

SD elinse pr. (a mountain) 

444. *elk- 

T elγuole- to feel healthy; MO algib- healthy 

? T elyuolem modal marker (isn't it so?) 

In T -k- > -q-, apparently under the harmonizing influence of the vowel -o:. 

445. *elŋə 

KJ elŋa pr. (a man); T elŋe pr. (a place); TJ elŋa 

446. *elt-/*ilt-/*jelt- ? 

MO (j)el'dil', ildil-, -ildel', -(j)eldel' man, person 

447. *eltəl-/*weltəl- 

K eldəlke:- to become tiring or boring; KK eldelkie- 

K eldəlgəjo: INTJ (tiredness); KK eldelgejo punishment 

К eldəlu:- tiring, boring 

448. *eluc- 

TK elut'ora- to pass by 

449. *em- 

K emu:- dark; KK emuu-; KJ emu-, MC emenij West; KL emič'; В emmitsh; 

ME emmitsch; MU emimet-; MK émitsch 

К embə- black; KK embe-; KJ emibe-; KD ebibe-, emibe-; SD ebbi-, emibe-, 

ebibe-; SU amybai; RS emiwal, embei; M emiiwei; MC emobis; MO 

emoboś-; KL aminpeja; В aimáivi; ME aimive; MU emibet; MK emiwei, 

-emiwi 

К emid'd blackness; birth-mark; KJ emid'e; SD emice clouds


К emidej- to grow dark; KK emide-; SD emide-; BO emédeč', emýdyn, 

emíden 

К am-mal- to spend a night; KJ am-mal-, a:m-mal-; KD am-mal-, emil-mal-; 

SD a-mal-, am-malasa-, am-mal--, M á-maltaja 

К emil night; KK emit, KJ emit, KD emil\ SD emill; MC emilo, -emirr, BO 

emin-; KL emilma; В emmel; ME emmil; MU emirtef, MK émil, emín- 

K embətkilbən black woodgrouse; SD eletkil-pongžiba 

К emul island; grove; KK emul, umul; KD emul'; T emul; TK emul; TD 

omul, emul'; M ämúl; MC -inmut; В ommul; ME aimul 

К emike:- to darken | KK emińi- to darken; embel'bo- black; emid'e- black | 

KD emin-pu:gu moon [lit. night sun]; emini- to stand in the light of smth 

(TR) I T em-saal piece of forest where willows grow between larches [lit. 

dark wood]; emurej- to surround; emund'ie pr. (a lake) 

? FP *simVrust' (UEW 758-759) // Tailleur 1959a: 420; Nikolaeva 1988: 

220 

The initial a- in am-mal- is the result of assimilation to the following vowel. 

450. *emč'3/*emjə 

К emd'ə younger sibling; KK emd'e; KJ emd'e + younger cousin; KD emd'e; 

SD em'se; T emd'e; TK emd'e; TJ emd'e- + younger cousin; MK emdsche , 

-émsche 

KJ emd'uodie father's younger sister or younger female cousin; TK emd'ed'e 

К emd'o:- younger; KD emd'eo- to be smb's younger sibling; SD amso-; TJ 

emd'uol- 

SD amzioj younger sister | TJ emd'egitigije younger sister 

Cf. Ev. dial, emd'e 'younger (sibling)' // TMS 2 450 

The stem may be related to *eme-. 

451. *eme- 

K emej mother; KK emej; KJ emei; KD emei; SD emej; RS emei, -óma; KL 

amej; MK oméi 

К emme: mummy; address used by a young husband to his older wife; KK 

emme; KJ eme; KD eme; T emmuo affectionate address to a girl or young 

woman; MC eme; МО emom; В amea; ME a/me; MU omé 

К emej-možu: step-mother [lit. destined as mother]; KD emei-mod'u 

К emej-jo: traditional refrain in lyrical songs 

U *emä 'mother, woman' (UEW 74) // JU 76; UJN 115-116; FUV 10; HUV 

164; Angere 1956: 128; UEW 74; Nikolaeva 1988: 217; Rédei 1999: 35; LR 

146, 152 

As the second component of the compounds, the stem eme- has undergone 

assimilation to -ото or -ume.

452. emiske 

К emečkə(ččl) suddenly, unexpectedly 

К emečkəńit suddenly 

Yak. emiske(čči) (JRS 540) 

453. *emləkə- 

TD emlekeń- to impregnate 

454. *empə/*wempə 

MC embend-amun shoulders 

455. *empəke: 

T ebekie dampness 

456. *emt- 

T sal'γari:-emt-ekuu gap-toothed 

457. emte:- 

K emtədej- to cure, to treat 

Yak. emte:- (JRS 540) // Krejnovič 1958: 250 


458. *en- 1 

К e-diŋ this; KK e-diŋ 

U *e 'this' (UEW 67-68) // Tailleur 1959a: 416; Nikolaeva 1988: 219; LR 

146 

ediŋ < *en- + tiŋ. The element -n is probably a pronominal suffix, cf. *an-. 

459. *en-2 

T eńid'i- to ask, to beg; TK eńid'ie-, enid'ie- to make a match, to propose (a 

marriage) 

К enič- to ask for, to persuade, to talk into; KJ eniči-; KD eniči-; T eńiči-; 

TD eniči- 

T eńid'uore- to ask for help (TR) | ? KL ennylyi to want 

460. *en-3 

T enuspan- to anguish 

T enuskuruluu- causing alarm or anguish; enuskurulge, enuspand'aγa INTJ 

(anguish) I ? TD enuncemeń- to take care of 

461. *eŋ- 

K eŋul abdomen of a fish; KD eŋul\ SD engil


KD eŋurde-oil'eye-čibal fireplace in the yurt [lit. stove without cartilage] 

К eŋur hard cartilage in the nostril, palate; KK eŋur palate; KJ eŋur, KD 

eŋur; T eŋur; В angar; ME angyr 

TU *(x)eŋge 'beak' (EDAL 510), cf. *e:ŋ 'chin, jaw' 

462. *e:n-/*je:n- 

T ien-bara, jien-bara stump; log; TJ jen-bara pole 

463. *enc'- 

K eń-/ed'- to live; KK eń-, ed'--, KJ en-, ed'-, ön-; KD ed'-fen-\ T ed'-/eń-\ TK 

end'--, TD end'e; ? RS endik, endibai careful, economical; MU éndschit, 

endschdsche- 

K ed'i alive; KK ed'i; TK ed'i; TD ed'- + useful; safe; MK éndschi; ME 

éndschi 

К ed'un-lepun-čugö artery [lit. life blood road]; KJ ed'un-lepun-čugo 

К eńd'ə(š)- to feed, to bring up; KK enre(š)-; KJ end'eš-, ende-; KD enmu-, 

eńmu-; TD end'i-, endi-, edic- + to resurrect, to rise from the dead; RS enžek 

К ed'il life; SU ed'ul 

К еМэ- alive, vivid; TK end'e 

К eńd'əd-abut inner fat; KD end'ed-abut 

К ed'itə- to animate, to rescue; to feed; T ed'ite- to rescue; to do smb a favour 

(TR); TK ed'ite--, TJ ed'ite--, TD ed'ite- 

K end'o.n animal, living creature; elk | KK enred'e ward | T ed'ilgi INTJ 

(irony) I TD ed'i- to use; ? aiča life; ed'ienu- full; satisfied | TK ed'ie- to eat 

one's fill 

464. *enč'ə 

T ed'ee-geeQ), ečeeke-ej INTJ (admiration for smth beautiful or well made) 

T ed'ege-d'e-ek INTJ (tenderness to a baby); ed'ed'e-aaj, ečeče-aaj INTJ 

(admiration for smb strong) 

465. *enč'ə/*jenč'ə 

К je:d'ə excrement; KJ jed'e, ed'e; KD (y)ed'e; T iend'e; TJ j end'e 

К je:d'əč- to defecate; KD ed'ed- 

K je:d'əš- to punish | T iend'enuoče toilet cleaner | TD yeńd'er- to defecate 

The consonant -n- in T is irregular. 

466. *enč'o:- 

K ed'o. Fə- to fear, to be afraid; KJ ed'uole-, ed'uoli-; KD ed'uol'-, T ed'uol--, 

TK ed'uo(l)--, TJ ed'uol'-, ed'uol--, TD ed'uol--, RS ed'oli 

T ed'uoldeŋ with fear | TD od'uode- to frighten


467. *eńe 

К eńńe: tender address to a baby or a woman; KK eńie mother; KD eńa:; T 

eńie mother; TK eńie; TJ eńie, eńe; TD enie-\ ? RS ene butterfly 

К eńńa: pr. (a woman) | T eńej address to a woman or girl from an elderly 

man; eńikaa address to a young woman; eńiekaar mum, mummy; eńekej pr. 

(a woman) 

FP *enä 'mother' (UEW 624-625) or TU *eńi- (TMS 2 456) // Krejnovič 

1958: 249 (~Ev.); LR 152 

468. e:ni 

T eenil one-year old female reindeer 

T ienid-uo reindeer calf born as big as a one-year old female reindeer 

Ev. e:ni 'one-year old female reindeer with a calf (TMS 2 457) 

The element -/ in Yukaghir is a derivational suffix. 

469. *enile: 

T enile: INTJ (well done!) 

470. *eŋk- 

T egiil, egil back of the head; TK eg/77; TD egied-amun 

T egiin-buguče mane [lit. fur from the back of the head]; TK egiin-bugut'e 

feathers on the back of the head 

T egiin-dukun fur collar which may be taken off [lit. thing for the back of the 

head]; TD egin-d'ukun 

T egiid-egil hole at the back of an animal's head; egii space on the East side 

of a river behind some hills; East; backwards 

U *seŋkV/*säŋkV 'upper arm; forearm' (UEW 439) 

The reconstruction of the cluster -*ŋк- rather than *-y- is based on the U 

correspondence. 

471. *enkə- 

T engeneŋ very; too; TK engene, engeneŋ; TJ engenege 

T engenege INTJ (doubt) 

472. *enmə-/*wenmə- 1 

KJ enmu- to happen 

473. *enmə-/*wenmə- 2 

KD enmocel'it attentive


474. *e:npə-/*je:npə- 

T ienbeluu- boring 

T ienbelge INTJ (boredom) 

The root is phonologically irregular because it contains a long vowel in a 

closed syllable. 

475. *ensi-/*wensi- 

K enšid-a:jə- to decorate with long reindeer hair 

476. *ent- 

T edu-, edie- to burn, to flare up; TK edu-, edie-; TD edie- 

T ende- to make fire; TK ende-; TJ ende- burnt; TD ende- 

T end'e-rawa skin wet through [lit. burnt skin] | TD endi- to set on fire 

477. *e:nte:/*i:nte: 

К je.de: elder brother's or elder male cousin's wife; KJ iedie, edie, jedie; 

KD edie; SD jodie; T iidie + wife of the father's younger brother; TK iidie; 

TJ idie 

The word demonstrates the unusual correspondence К e:— T /. -. К je:- < 

ie:- < e:-. 

478. *entə 

T ede-satanaa INTJ (Satan!) 

479. *entuγ-/*entuŋk- 

T eduguduk INTJ (an affectionate address to a child) 

480. *e:ŋum-/*je:ŋum- 

TK ieŋumde opposite side of the river 

481. *enunńijə 

T enunńije part of a skin which is too thin to use for making clothes 

T enunńe- thin 

482. *epe: 

К ере: grandmother, father's elder sister; KK epie; KJ epie + grandfather's 

or grandmother's sister; father's elder sister or elder female cousin; KD epie; 

SD epo; T epie; TK epie 

К epe. n-čekčiï ladybird [lit. grandmother's master] | KJ epe:-moje-kurčekie 

pr. ( a woman) | KD epie-mei great-grandmother | TK epiep husband's elder 

sister

483. *epe:/*wepe: 

MU epie clothing 

484. *epel'ə-/*wepel'ə- 

K epel'ə- to soil, to dirty oneself, to stain oneself; KD epel'e-, epel'ec- 

KD epereń- stained 


485. *er- 1 

К eru:- bad; KK eru-, uru-; KJ eru-; KD eri-; SD er-, eri-; SU aryč, erče, 

arte- - , RS erit', erče, erčed-; M erit', erúńi; MC erič', erče-, ryčind- [rect. 

erčind-]; В erritsh, artshe-, irrit-; ME erritsch, artsche-, eridt-; MU erteń- 

K ere:- to hate, to disdain; KK erie-; KJ erie-; KD erie-; SD его-; T erie- to 

disdain; TD erei-, erie- 

K erulbə- to get worse; KK erulbe-; TK erulwej-; TD arulwer-, erulwe-, 

erulbe-; M erúlwei, xrulwalnei [rect. erulwanei] + to lose weight 

К ere. h- to dislike; KJ eriele- to stop liking 

KJ erče-jou syphilis [lit. bad illness]; SD erce-jon 

К erčənəj pr. (a river); KJ erčenei pr. (a man) 

К erulət- to worsen (TR); KK eruled-; RS erilložel 

К erulbo:- untidy; humiliated, humble; ergi:- to feel disgust for (TR); 

erčə-me.bań- suspicious [lit. with bad character] | ? KD arčedaŋjele in an 

unfriendly way | T erge-d'ed'ed'e INTJ (admiration when smb is running 

unexpectedly fast); eruu(j), erej, ere-ere, ereu INTJ (pain); ergepelie 

condescension to a child; ? arajre- to give no chance to, to dislike (TR); erge 

INTJ (disdain, disgust, disappointment, discomfort) | TJ erei-, ereici- to 

dislike I TD ereńdil damnation; erul mud; soil | TK eren INTJ (misfortune, 

trouble) 

TU *er(e)- (EDAL 520) // Krejnovič 19958: 249 ( ~ Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988: 

178 

486. *er- 2 

T erii- to answer a call 

NT *e:ri- 'to call, to invite' (TMS 2 464) 

In Yukaghir -/:- is a transitive suffix. 

487. *e:r-/*je:r- 

T ieruuče hunter, fur trader; TK ierut'e; TJ jeruče-; TD yeruče-, yeiruče- 

T ieruu- to hunt; TK ieru-, ieruu-; TD yeiru- 

? T iere- to put out to graze; to guard; ieruun-čuŋde hunting secrets [lit. 

hunting thoughts]; ieruunube hunting place; ieriiče stockman


488. erbe:- 

K erbddej- to saw; KK erbedej- 

K erbi: saw 

Yak. erbe:- (JRS 543) 

489. e:rbe:t 

KJ erbetken pr. (a Yukaghir clan); TJ erbet goose 

? KJ erbend'eiko pr. (a female spirit) 

Ev. e.rbe.t 'goose' (TMS 2 462) 

490.*erδə 

T erda key 

491. *ere 

К je:r furcation, fork (in tree); SD jier-; T i:r, i:re; TK ir, ? MC -arče 

К je.rńə- forked; KK erńe-; KD yerne- 

K eregə- to spread wide (INTR); KD erege- 

K erel'ə- to spread like a fork, to spread legs (INTR); KK erele-; KD erel'e- 

K je:ritbə broad whitefish (Coregonus Nasus); KD erulbe, yerilbe; SD 

ierilbe 

К jerčə-ra: fork; KD (y)erčeira 

К jerčəba: grebe (Podiceps); SD jierciba 

К erel'ə wooden frame used for drying skins; KD erel'ie 

К ergə- to prick (of a splinter); jerčə, irči: wild onion; erel'eš- to put a skin 

on a wooden frame for drying; ergədej- to spread; erelu: large step | T 

iirńej-čawur arrow with a forked head [lit. forked arrow]; iirčie furcated 

willow branch used for hanging things on 

The word demonstrates the unusual correspondence К e:— T /. -. in К the 

initial stressed e:- changes into ie- and further je:-. In monosyllabic forms 

and forms derived from them the vowel e:- is long for prosodic reasons, so 

the length is secondary. 

492. *ere/*were 

К ere only; as soon as; indefinite pronominal marker 

493.eren- 

K erendej- to hope 

Yak. eren- (JRS 547) 

494. * e rij əč/*we riyəč 

KD eriyeč crooked knife for carving wood


495. *erinč'-/*werinč'- 

K erd'e:- to wish; KK erid'i-; KJ erid'ie-; KD erid'i-, arad'e- + to try; SD 

erisi-; RS erežei 

К erd'o:rə- to wish that smb does smth (TR); KK erid'uore-; KD erid'uore- 

496. *e:rkərə/*je:rkərə 

T jierkere invisible side of smth 

T ierker-ugurče fur boots [lit. boots with an invisible side]; 

ierkere-ugurčed-uul fur socks [lit. socks with an invisible side]; 

ierkere-maγil fur coat for severe frosts [lit. coat with an invisible side] 

The root is phonologically irregular because it contains a long vowel in a 

closed syllable. 

497. *erkull'u:/*werkull'u: 

К ergull'u: traditional refrain in lyrical songs 

498. *erpəjə 

К erpəjə Even; KK erpeje; KJ erpeje; KD erpeye; SD erpeje; T erpeje; TK 

erpeje; TD erpeye-; M erpeija; MC erpeija 

499. *erpəl7*jerpəP ? 

MO (j)erpol' four 

500. *erplə/*jerplə ? 

MC (j)erpla to throw 

501. *esmə-/*jesmə- ? 

MC -(j)esmeni(j)ej thunder 

The word is likely to be a borrowing. 

502. *esnəj 

К esnaj modal marker (uncertainty) 


503. *at 

К ət- modal marker (irrealis); KD ot; T at-; TK at-; TJ at; M -ot; W -ot 

TK am-omori- [rect. at-omori-] possible 

504. *ete ? 

TD etegi:-kunel-kiyi-buri twelfth (of a day)


505. *etem 

TK etem-göde winner of a sporting competition 

506.etergen 

К etergən ant; KD etergen 

Ev. etergen 'ant' (TMS 2 471) 

507. *etto:/*ettu: 

T ettuo, ettuow, etteu INTJ (surprise) 

T etue, etuu INTJ (pity) 

508. evdokija 

T jeudikieje pr. (a woman) 

Rus. evdokija 

509. *ew- 

K ebut virgin snow; KJ ebut; KD ebut 

? PE *apə- 'to become covered with snow' (CED 37) // LR 145 

*-w (rather than *-mp-) is reconstructed on the basis of comparison with PE. 

510. *eweŋe: 

T eweŋe: pr. (a man); TK eweŋee, eweŋee 

511. *ewnč'o: 

T ewd'uo aunt; father's cousin or half-sister; TK ewd'uo, ewd'uop father's 

younger sister; TJ eid'uo father's younger sister or younger female cousin 

512. *ewnt- 

T ewdi. re- to blow the snow away (of a snowstorm) 

T ewdije snowstorm 

513. *ewri 

T ewri if, or; TK ewri; TJ euri 

514. *ewrin- 

T ewrid'i- to have a presentiment that a young sibling will be born and that 

the mother will become more distant 

T ewrind'e first child

515. fedora 

KK fedoradie pr. (a woman) 

Rus .fedora 

516. feodosij 

T piduosin-čajle day of St. Feodosij 

Rus. feodosij 

517. filatixa 

KJ pila.tiq pr. (the river Filatixa) 

Rus. filatixa 

518. forma 

TK porme, puorme form 

Rus .forma 

519. *galijən ? 

SD galyjan pr. (a woman) 


520. gatka 

T kaatka hatchet 

Rus. dial, gatka (ESRD 164) 


521. gavrila 

T gaurile pr. (a man) 

Rus. gavrila 

522. gavsik 

T kawsik, kausik, gawsik collar muffler, scarf made of the fur of a young 

reindeer or of a reindeer killed in early autumn; TK kawcik 

Rus. dial, gavsik 

523. *gerke 

KK gerkeńi pr. (a man) 


524. *girna: 

К girna: edge 

? Ev. giren 'cutting, cutting out' (TMS 1 153)


525. glina 

К gli.nə clay; KD gline\ В glina 

Rus. glina 

526.*γo 

KK yo, ho INTJ (astonishment); KJ yoj-jo:; TK hujie 

KK he-he-he INTJ 

527. god 

К gö:d/gö:n year; KJ god] SD -god; M god, -gódga-, MC -god 

Rus. god 

528. godnyj 

KD et-godnoŋo- unsuitable, useless; TD el-čodnoŋo- [rect. el-yodnoŋo-] 

Rus. godnyj 

529. golicy 

К köličə, kölečə, göličə wooden ski; KK kolise-; KD kol'iče; SD kolise 

К köličəgi-əl-pömdu to have a bad voice [lit. his skis are not sliding] 

Rus. golicy 

530. gorbun 

KK gurbunńe- hump-backed; KD gorbuńńe- 

KK gurbunt'i- to bend | KD gorbunde- to stoop, to become bent 

Rus. gorbun 

531. gornostaj 

К gornəta: ermine; KJ goronoteč, gornota, gornata; KD gornata:; 

kornuta 

Rus. gornostaj 

532. gorod 

К go:r3t town; KJ go:ret\ KD go:red\ T guorat, TK gorot; TJ goret 

Rus. gorod 

533. gostit' 

KK kosśi-, kossi-, kot't'i-, kosti-, kost'i- to visit; KD goči- 

Rus. gostit' 

534. gotovit' 

KD gotobi- to prepare (TR)

KD gotoboŋo- to prepare (INTR) 

Rus. gotovit' 

535. grivna 

KJ gribne grivna (old Russian term for ten kopecks); KD gribe 

Rus. grivna 

536. gubernator 

KD gubernater governor 

Rus. gubernator 

537. guljat' 

KD gul'ai- to go for a walk, to stroll 

Rus. guljat' 

538. hirbe- 

KK hirbudaj- to squeeze out 

Ev. hirbe- 'to squeeze out' (TMS 2 93) 

539. *i 

К i: INTJ (approval); KJ /с; KD /с; T ii INTJ (it is nice!); TK i: 

540. i 

W je and 

Rus. i 

541. *iččiγirok/*iččiŋkirok 

К iččigiro. k snow-bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis) 

? Rus. snegirëk 

542. *ičir 

TD ičir-igeye belt on trousers 

543. *iδew-/*intəw- 

K idejnudə, idejnə sometimes; KJ ideunede\ KD ideunede 


544. iekečen/ieketen 

К jekeča. n, jedeča. n saucepan, pot; SD iaketin pole in a yurt on which the 

kettles and cauldrons are hung 

Ev. iekečen, ieketen (TMS 1 301)


545. *iγ- 

K i:də- to sew; KK iide-, ide-\ KJ igde-; KD igde-; SU igda, igdam, igdomikr, 

RS igda, igdek; M ígda, igdamabija, igdódja 

К ikči:- to sew (frequently); M íkči, ikčimawon, ikčil, íkčik, ikčińik 

К i:do:- sewn; KK ido- 

KJ igdil seamstress | TD ires- to cause to sew 

*iγ- > i:- before a voiced consonant, *iy- > ik- before a voiceless consonant. 

К -də- ~ T -гэ- is a derivational suffix. 

546. *iγe- 

K ige:- caught; KK ige-; KJ ige-; KD ige-; TJ ire- to tie down 

К igo:- caught; KD igo- to depend on 

К igejə rope, belt; KK igeje; KJ igeje; KD igeye, -igaye; SD igeje; T igiije; 

TK igije; TJ igeje; TD igeye--, RS ygeja; В *-igia; ME -ikeie; MK -igée 

К igide. nə belt worn under the clothes; KJ igediene; SD igedione 

К i:də- to catch; KK ide-; KJ igde-, ide- + to stop (TR); KD igde-; TK ire- to 

tie together; TJ i:re-, ire--, TD ire- 

K ikči:- to catch (frequently); T ikči- to tie; TK ikči- 

K igu- caught I T igijen-noyii loop made of reindeer skin [lit. rope bundle]; 

igijed-ewče knot in a rope [lit. rope end]; igie- to keep tied up 

In some forms *iγe- > iy- and then iy- > i:- before a voiced consonant, but iy- 

> ik- before a voiceless consonant. 

547. *iγirə-/*iŋkirə- 

T igiremul fur boots turned inside out during the spring thaws 

T igir-igije fur lace on a woman's trousers 

548. *iγit-/*iŋkit- 

K igittej- to cool (with snow or water); to open the door slightly (TR) 

549. *iγn- ? 

TD arugi-mer-ignu- stammer 

550. *ije- ? 

MC juitangy to stand up; ME ijak to stand 

? TD iyediegi for example | MC jatantaga morning 

551. *ijerə/*ujerə 

К i:re aspen tree; KD iyere, uyere; SD ujere 

К i:rə < *ijrə/*ujrə < *ijerə/*ujerə. The original PY root is most likely to


begin with u-, while /-initial variants may have developed as a result of 

assimilation to the following -j-. 

552. *ikin 

T ńiŋ-ikin equally from both sides 

Cf. Yak. ikki 'two' or TU *ikire 'twins' < MG (TMS 1 300) 

553. *ikiw- 

T ikiwuol'thickened blood dot on an animal's body 

554. *ikiwə- 

T ikiwii- to frighten; TK ikiwi--, TJ ikiwi--, TD ikiwi-, ikiwiyi- 

T ikiwej- frightened; TK ikiwej- 

T ikiweluu- awful; ikiwije- fright; ikiwelge INTJ (fear) | TD ikowal ghost | 

TK ikiwije ghost 

555. *ikl'ə- 

K ikl'o:- strong, firm; KK ikl'o-; KJ ikleo-, iqleo-; KD ixl'eo-; TK ikl'a-, TD 

ikle-\ RS ikloi; MC juklel\ В iklon; ME iklon 

К ikl'imu- to harden (INTR); KK ikl'emu-; TK ikl'amu- 

KK ikl'ol'bo- firm; KJ ikilbe- 

KK ikl'ed'e- to strengthen | KJ ilimunu- [rect. iklimunu-] to harden | TK iklu:, 

iklu hardness; ikl'er- to strengthen 

556. *il- 

K iltə- to spill, to scatter, to powder; to shake (TR); KK ilite-, KD ilite- to 

shake oneself up; RS lilitek 

KK ilide- to sprinkle; KD Hide- to become small 

К ilbə- to flow (of a talk, a song, a laugh); KD ilbə- 

K ilbunu- to flow; ilbutəč- to pour out; ilbədə- to shake (INTR) 

557. *ile 

T ile domestic reindeer; TK il'e, ile; TJ ile-\ TD ile-, il:e-; MO -ilelem 

T ile-raal forked piece of wood put on a reindeer's neck to prevent it from 

escaping [lit. reindeer stick]; ilen-nuŋnii fluffy insect considered to be the 

spirit of the reindeer [lit. reindeer reincarnation] | TD ileličie reindeer male; 

ilen-nouriče herdsman [lit. reindeer pasturer]; iled-ičibe milk; ilen-warpuriče 

herdsman [lit. watching the reindeer] | TK iled'e having reindeer; ilen-lebul 

Cf. PA *ëlV(-kV) 'deer' (EDAL 501)


558. *ile- 

K il'itə- to rest against, to take support, to lean against (TR); KD ilate-, ylate- 

K ilitej- to rest against, to lean against (INTR); T iletej- to push; TK iletej-, 

il'etej-, TD iletei- 

K il'do:- stuck, supported | T ilirii- to push 

559. ile 

К iïe when one is awake 

Yak. ile 'when one is awake' (JRS 148) 

560. *il'e- 

K iïitə- to scold, to abuse; KK il'ete-; KJ ilete-; KD il'l'ete-; T il'ite-\ TK 

il'ete-, TD ilite-; ? MO -al'tipzen 

К il'ids- to have an argument; KK il'ede-, ilede-; KD il'l'ede-; SD ilejed-; T 

Hire- to growl; TK ilere-, TD ïlero-, SU iledei, iledeje, iledeili. ; RS iledai; В 

illedangi; ME iledangi 

KJ iledeš- to scold 

? FU *alV- 'to say invocations, to practice magic' (UEW 7) // Rédei 1999: 

44 

The palatalization of -/'- is uncertain. 

561. *il'ejə 

К il'ejə wind; KK ilije - , KJ ileje; KD ileye, il'eye; SD ileje\ T ilije + air; TK 

ilije smell; TD -ileye; SU ilege\ RS ylyja\ M ileja, iléja\ В -ilaia, -elaia\ ME 

-ileia, -eleja\ MU ilée; MK ilée 

К ilejəń- windy; В *illeyénnee; ME illejenni; MK iléeni 

К il'ejədej- to start being windy; T ilejerej-, TK ilejerej- 

T ilije-al-γar lee side [lit. bare of wind] 

562. *ilič- 

K Hie- to hiccup; T iliči-, TD ileči-, ileiči- 

563. *il'imp- 

T il'ibuo- to smile 

564. *il'k- 

T il'gude- greedy, avid 

565. *ilkə 

KK ilga- wedge-shaped piece of leather sewn into the back of a woman's 

dress; T ilke transverse cross-bar (or several rows of straps) in the front part


of a sledge 

The T word has the cluster -Ik-, which is atypical morpheme-internally. 

566. *ilwə 

KD ilbe domestic reindeer; RS ilwcr, MC ilwyla, ilwylo; MU ilbe\ MK ilwe 

T ilwiiče pastor; TK ilwit'e 

T ilwii- to graze (TR); TK ilwii- 

KD ilbied'i Yakut 

Cf. Chuk. əbvəlu, əhve- '(wild) reindeer' (Mudrak 2000: 32) 

567. *i:lwə- 

T iilwej- to howl, to wail, to moan 

An atypical long vowel in a closed syllable. 

568. *im- 1 

T im-dald'a- five; TK im-dal'd'a-, im-daïd'i-, im-daïde-\ TD imdald'e- 

569. *im- 2 

TK imu- to clutch at, to cling to 

570. *i:m- 

T iimid'i-, iimid'ie- to dance; TK imid'ie-, iimid'e-; TD imid'ie-, imid'ieče- 

TK imid'iet'e dance 

571. *immo: 

T immuo-oj INTJ (who knows?); TJ imoi\ TD imui 

572. *i:mul- 

T iimuluu- boring, tiring 

T iimulge INTJ (discomfort); iimulgii- to find smth boring or tiring (TR) 

573. *in 

T in only; when; TK in 

574. *iń- 

T ińir source; brook 

T ińir-čibedenŋie pr. (a river) 

TU *uńi/*üńi (EDAL 620) 

In this stem *i- developed from *u-/*ii- because of the assimilative influence 

of the palatal consonant and/or the second vowel -/'-.


575. *iŋ- 

K iŋi:- afraid; KJ iŋi-, inne-; KD inni-; T iŋie-; TK iŋie-; TD inie-, iniye-, 

ed'noe- 

K iŋli:- to frighten; KJ iŋli-, iŋle-; KD iŋle-, iŋli-; RS ynličk 

К iŋliri:- to frighten; KJ iŋliere-; KD iŋliere- 

K iŋlu:- terrible, fearful; KJ ile-, KD iŋlu-; В inglitsh; ME ingtlisch 

К iŋličəbən bear; KD iŋličebon, iŋl'ičebon; RS ynlyčaon; M iŋl'ít'äwon, 

iŋlit'äwonpa 

К iŋlugə INTJ (fear); KJ iŋluge; KD iŋluge; SU inlugwon; RS ynlygaon 

К iŋlimu- to become scary | T iŋlud'ie- aggressive (of a reindeer) 

576. *inč'- 1 

T id'i- to kiss; TK id'i-; TJ id'i-, id'ijo-; TD id'i- 

577. *inc'- 2 

К id'e: straight, directly in; in front of (PP); KK i.d'ie; KJ id'ie-; KD id'ie-; T 

-id'ie; TK -id'iejan- 

K id'ejl measure; KD id'eye, id'ed'e; TD id'eil 

К id'ej- to measure; KD id'ei-; T id'ej- to try; TK id'ej-; TJ id'ei-; TD id'ei- 

K id'ejbə measuring rod | T id'id'ii foresight 

578. *inč'- 3 

К id'i: here; now; KK id'i-, KJ id'i; KD id'i- T id'ie (neŋ); TK id'ie-, SU id'e- M 

ide; MC ine, idet today; MO endego today; В indzhi; ME intschi 

T id'ire(neŋ) now; TK id'iere today; TD id'ire; MU indschida today 

KD id'il'e, id'itiŋ present day; id'ilgene up to now | T id'ireteŋ from now on; 

id'ieie modern | TK id'iene now 

579. *inč'e: 

К id'e: alone, on one's own; KK id'ie; KJ id'ie-, KD id'ie-, TK id'ie; TJ -ed'ie; 

TD -id'ie 

580. *iŋč'ə- 

K iŋd'i: sinew, thread; KK iŋd'ii; KJ ind'i; KD ind'i; SD ingzi, ingsi; T iŋd'ii; 

TK iŋd'ii; TD ind'i; SU indi, indinit; RS ind'ri 

К iŋd'irgi: woman's bag for sewing appliances made of animal or fish skin; 

SD indirki, indirgi- 

K iŋd'i:- to sew; KD ind'-; T iŋd'e-, iŋd'i-; TK iŋd'e-; TD ind'e- 

? SD ingicesu motley | T iŋd'ii-ramur thread in a seam [lit. thread back]; 

iŋd'ienube-ńuŋurd-oŋoj small bag for keeping sewing instruments [lit.

sewing side bag] 

Cf. PA *shjri 'sinew' (EDAL 1254) 

581. *inč'ə 

К id'e sap; KK id'e-, KJ id'e 

К id'eńə- raw, undercooked; KD iyene- 

582. *inč'iγ-/*inč'iŋk- 

T id'igojgi- morning; TK id'igojge, id'igojege-, id'igöjgir 

? MO endte yesterday, iendti tomorrow 


583. *inč'ilwəj 

KJ id'ilbei pr. (a man); T id'ilwej, ed'ilwej-, TK id'ilwej-, TJ id'ilwei 

T id'ilwej-jalγil pr. (a lake); id'ilwej-monye pr. (a hill); ? idilwe custom, habit 

584.ineŋ(e) 

T iniŋie sledge for transporting lumber and the poles of a yurt 

Kor. ineŋ(e) // LR 165 

585. *iŋer 

К iŋer apart, separately; KK iŋer; KJ iŋer, niŋer; KD niŋer-kude- split in 

two; T iŋer-banie- to keep separately; TK iŋer, В ingher-, ME inger- 

K iŋeri:- to keep separately; T iŋerii- to ignore 

К iŋerən apart, separately; KK iŋerurr, KJ iŋerun in another way; KD iŋerin- 

K iŋerinme:- another; not resembling, different; KK iŋerinmie--, KD 

iŋerrime-, iŋerinme-, iŋeridme- 

KD iŋerod'ebon in another place; iŋera- to take off, to separate; iŋero:strange, 

foreign | T iŋer-kurčii- to separate itself 

586. *iniγərə/*iniŋkərə 

TD inigera there 

587. *iŋl- 

T iŋlugid'ie ancient Yukaghir fur coat 

T iŋlud-igije, iŋlid-igije lace of a fur coat; TD inlud-igiyeń, ińlegud-igiyeń 

589. *inl'ə 

К il'l'o:- new; KJ ille-, inle--, KD il'l'e, inl'e-, idle-, ill'o-, il'lo- 

K il'l'ə new; KK ilTe; KJ ille, ile, inle, ide- KD ile, ille 

К i:lə other, another; KJ ille, ile, inle-, KD ile, ille-, M ila, ilapul\ MO illjug- 

K i:lətčə-l'əllə a little later; i:hmədə sometimes; ilTəžə- to renew | KD il'l'en-,


inïen-, id'ilen- to renew 

Jochelson's material suggests the internal cluster -nl'- which may have 

undergone assimilation to -/'/'-. К i:ls shows secondary lengthening after the 

change of the geminate into a single consonant: i:lə < *il'ə < *il'l'ə. 

590. *iŋl'ə- 

K iŋfo:- thick; fat; KK iŋl'o-, KJ iŋlio-, iŋliole-; KD iŋl'io:-; RS inloi; KL 

inlečent, В inglorr, ME inglong 

К iŋl'imu- to grow fat; KK iŋl'omu- 

591. *inmə 

T inme wolverine (Gulo gulo); TK inme; TD inme 

592. *inni- ? 

MO innypcy badly 

MO -innipc wicked, evil 

593. *innin 

TD magil-innin sleeves 

594. *ińo:ri 

T ińuori so that, even 

595. *inte: 

К ide: father's younger brother; KK idietek; KJ idietek + father's younger 

male cousin; KD idietek 

Cf. Ev. eńd'e 'father's brother elder than the speaker' (TMS 1 455) // LR 165 

The reconstruction of the word-internal *-nt- is justified by the Ev. word, 

which seems to be a Yukaghir borrowing. 

596. *intə- 

K ide(ŋi)k INTJ (it is impossible; don't); T idie-, ide- to forbid, to prohibit; 

to teach smth good 

T idegelkie- to become dangerous; idegelične terribly; idegelge INTJ (how 

terrible!); idegeluu- awful, terrible; ideńe- to possess high qualities (of a 

person) 

597. *intə- ? 

KK indeša earthworm 

The cluster -nd- is irregular morpheme-internally.


598. *intələ 

T indele, indule floor; TK indule covering of branches on the floor of a yurt 

T indeled-uol two or three logs covered by branches on the floor of the yurt 

[lit. floor frame]; TK indeled-uol fencing 

T indele-nuoče besom [lit. floor scraper] 

The morpheme-internal cluster -nd- is atypical. 

599. "intənč'ə 

MK indéndsche fox 

600. *intlə- ? 

M indlewon fresh 

601. *i:re: 

T iirie rock 

T iirie-anaa pr. (a mountain) [lit. rock mountain] 

602.irgat 

К je:rgət gadfly 

Ev. irgat 'gadfly' (TMS 1 325) 

Vowel length in Yukaghir may reflect the Ev. stress. The initial j- is 

secondary (е. - > je:-). 

603. *iriδe:/*irinte: 

К irde: new-born reindeer calf; KD iridie 

604. *irk- 

K irk- one; KK irk-; KJ irk-; KD irki-; SD irki-; SU irgin; M irke; MO urki; 

KL irkeń, irki, irekeń, -irken; В irken; ME irgoen; MU ir'kon, irkiń, -yrkiń-; 

MK írkoń, írkín, irkïn, -irkínlja 

К irkid'ə once; KK irkid'e 

К irke:- one; KK irkie-; KJ irkie-; SD irkie-; SU irkei; RS irkei; M irkei 

К irkinme:- same, similar; irkilTə(ŋo:n) together; irče.Fəllə together; 

irkəl'l'əni usually; often 

605. *irke:nč'a 

KD irkied'e arrow-head 

606. *irrenti ? 

В irrendi-gar coat


607. *ise 

T ise modal marker (it is possible, maybe); TK ise 

608. *iskəl'ə 

T iskel'uu deep place; TK iskel'u:, iskel'u 

T iskeluo- deep; TK iskel'o-, iskel'o:-; TD ičkel'o- 

T iskel'e either; iskel'e-jawul death road [lit. the other road]; iskel'e-čajle the 

other world [lit. the other light] 

609. *iskom 

К ičkom, iškom all the time; KK iskom; KJ ičkom gradually 


610. ispravnik 

KJ ičprabnik, ičpra.bnik district police officer 

Rus. ispravnik 

611. *i:t- 

K i:č late; long; KJ ič; KD ič; RS ič; KL it' 

T iitneŋ for a long time; TK itneŋ, iitneŋ; TJ itneŋ; TD it ken, ikken 

К i:č-l'əllə sometimes [lit. being late] | KD ičohod'e-cal hundred-year old 

tree [lit. late tree] | T iitne-iitne very long [lit. long long]; iitčie rather long 

К i:č < i:t-č < *i:t-j. 

612. i:te:nken 

KD itenken three-year old wild bull reindeer; T iiteenkeen; TK itenken; TD 

itkeń 

T iiteenel, itenel three-year old male reindeer | TK itenel three-year old male 

reindeer 

Ev. i. te.nken 'three-year old wild bull reindeer' (TMS 1 301) // Krejnovic 

1958: 248 

613. ivan 

KK ivandie pr. (a man); TK iwan 

Rus. ivan 

614. *iw- 1 

К ib- to suck; KJ ib-; T iwi- 

T iiwaa mother; TD iwa 

К ibiši: woman's breast; nipple; milk; KK ibišii; KJ ibiči, ibiče; KD ibiči, 

iiči; SD ibiši; KL iwičandaga, iwiši; В ivitshi, iwitshi + milk; ME ivitschu,


ividschi- + milk; MU ibitschi\ MK iwitschin-, iwitschi 

T iisii milk; woman's breast; TK i.t'i:; TD iči, ice, ici 

T iise- suck; TK i:se-, TD ici-, ice- 

KJ ibičeš- to breast-feed; KD ibičec- 

K ibišə- to nurse, to breast-feed; KK ibiše- to suck a breast; KJ ibis--, KD 

ibiče-, ibice--, T iwise--, TD ibice--, KL iwitčel'la 

T iwej- to suck; TD iwei- to smell 

К ibiši.-legul dairy products | SD ilišin-paca [rect. ibišin-naca] nipple [lit. 

breast's face] | T iisiin-puŋe broth for increasing the milk of a woman 

recently confined [lit. milk broth]; iisiin-puraya skin of milk [lit. milk top]; 

iisiin-toyuruol cream [lit. milk denseness] | TD niare-yce, niare-iči: nipple 

U *ime- 'to suck' (UEW 82-83) // Bouda 1940: 73; JU 77; UJN 116; FUV 

15-6; HUV 165; Angere 1956: 128; UEW 82-3; Nikolaeva 1988: 218; 

Rédei 1999: 35; LR 144, 153 

T iise- < *iw-sə-, however the vowel length in T iiwaa is unclear. 

615. *iw- 2 

T iwil' long poles in a yurt; TK iwil'e 

T iwin-tudieče reindeer used for transporting the sledge bearing yurt poles 

[lit. long poles carrier] 

616. *i:w- 

T ijuu-, iiwu- to moan 

The assimilation -w- > -i- is likely after /. -. 

617. *iwe- 

K ibil'ə- to cry, to weep; KJ ibele-; KD ibel'e-; SD ibile-; SU iwelei\ RS 

iwellei; KL iwelej; В ivéllek; ME jvaleck; MK iwélije 

К ibil'ige: kind of eagle-owl with ears; KD ibil'ičie-, SD ibiligie 

К ibid'i: beggar; KK ibid'i\ KD ibend'il 

KK ibid'ebo- beggar 

618. *iwe:r 

К ibe.r sticks surrounding a fireplace; sticks used to support a bed; KK 

ibier; KJ ibier; KD ibier; SD ibier, ibur, SU -iwer, В eviér, ME ivir 

SD ibodul sticks surrounding a fireplace 

619. *ja- 

K ja:- three; KK ja-\ KJ ja-\ KD ya-\ SD ja-\ T jaa-; TD ya-\ SU jan--, M 

ján-, jan; KL jń-\ MU jan--, MK jáan- 

K jalo:- three; KK jalo-, jal-; KD yalo-, SD jalo-, T jaluo-; TK jal-, jalo-,


jalo:-; TJ ja-; SU jaloi', RS jaloi', M jaloi; MC jalon', MO jalom; BO jálgon, 

jáglon, -jalgan; KL jalon, jlon, -jalo-, В *ya:lon\ ME jalon\ MU jálon', MK 

jáalon, jáloń 

К jalmid'ə three times; TJ jalmid'e-, TD yalmid'e- 

K jalməštə(gi) third; KK jalmeški; SD jalmašta', TK j almost'e(gi)\ TJ 

jalmershče, jalmeshtegv, M jálmašča, jálmaščada, jálmaščagv, KL jarmarki', 

MK jálmasch- 

KK jalmašton the third time | KJ ja:d-i:čeńej triangle [lit. with three ends] 

620. *ja: 

T jaa birch-tree; TK ja:-,ja-\ MU jaijál 

T jaattie light Chukchi sledge made of birch boards; jaa-lalime light sledge 

for men made of birch [lit. birch sledge];jaa-rawa birch bark [lit. birch skin] 

? U *juwe 'tree, pine-tree' // Tailleur 1959a: 419; Nikolaeva 1988: 223 

621. *jaδo: 

KJ iaduo, jeduo, edu husband; master; KD yaduo; M jáda\ MC jatagv, KL 

eda\ В ya:doo\ ME jadir, MU jadá\ MK jedá 

622. *jaγ-/*jaŋq- 

K jayiraj- to lean against (INTR); KK jayiraj-, jayire- to linger; T jayure- 

K jayid'ə crook, staff; KJ jaγid'e, jeyid'e, jarid'e\ KD yeridd'e; SD jagiza 

623. *jaγa/*jaŋqə 

SD jaglagol body, torso 

TD yahabon-molil lumbar vertebrae 

624. *jaj- ? 

MC jajre son; MO jazir-om, -izerel\ BO jaind-o, jajnd-o 

MO jazirowol' young 

625. jajco 

К jajčə egg; KD yaiče 

Rus .jajco 

626. jájcol 

MC jajdel' fox 

C\mk. jájcol, játjol (Mudrak 2000: 23)//Tailleur 1962: 85; LR 165

627. jakutsk 

TK jakutskej 

Rus. jakutsk 


628. *jalq- 

K jalyil lake; shaman's tambourine; KK jalyil, KJ jalyil, KD yalhi-; SD 

jalgi-, jalgyl, T jalyil; TK jalyil, TD yalhea: ; SU jalgyl, RS jalgyl, ? MC 

angleI; ? MO old'al\ Byalgul; ME yalgyl; MU jalgil; MK jálgal 

К jalyidə- to ring; KK jalyide-, jalyile-; KJ jalyide-; KD yal'hide-, yal'ride-; 

MC jalgyndej, ? -jagal'nej noise 

К jalyid-anil crucian carp (Carassius carassius) [lit. lake fish]; KD 

yalhid-anil 

К jalyin-pajdujə shaman's drumstick; KD yalhin-paidui 

К jalyinńəya: bag with a weight put into water to determine the direction of 

the current; large beetle; jalyińə- to shamanize | KJ jalyid-önme pr. (a lake) 

[lit. lake mind] | SD jolgid-onme pr. (a lake) | T jalyil-d'oyurqa narrow land 

between two lakes [lit. lake redness] 

629. *jalt- 

T jalduo- languid, inert, listless 

Tjalduod'eya INTJ (how narrow!) 

630. jam 

T d'aam post station 

Yak. d'a.m < Rus .jam II Krejnovič 1958: 250 

631. *jam- 

K jamul, ńamul upper reaches, source (of a river); KJ jomul; KD yamul'; M 

jamúl 

632. *jan- 

T janil arbalest; TK janil 

633. *jań- 

T jańil path 

634. *jana- 

K janabədaj- to teach a lesson to, to punish (TR); TD yonaharai- 

K janabaj- to be taught a lesson


635. *jaŋa ? 

MC janga axe 

636. *janaspə- 

T janaspejre-, ńaracperej- to forget; TK janaspejre- 

637. *janč-/*jonč- 

K ńa:ži:-, ńa:či:-, ja:ži:- to scratch, to comb; to wet, to sharpen; KK ja-, 

jaraj-, jaži-; T juoru-, juore-; TK juoru-; RS jažik 

К ńa.ži: whetstone; SD ngazi-paja 

К ńad'a.jə whetstone 

In К и- < *j~. The correspondence К -a- ~ T -o- is irregular. 

638. *jančə ? 

BO jáńžeje smoke 

? SD janža wood 

639. *jaŋlinč'ə 

К jaŋl'id'ə (fish-)soup; KJ jaŋlid'e 

640. *janma- 

K jenməgej- to push to the bank (of a boat), to run into; to stop talking when 

the voice fails; KJ jenmegei- to linger 

К janməγaj- to twitch, to jerk (being tied or caught in a trap); TK janmeyaj- 

K jenməgədej- to stick into (TR); KK janmeya-; KJ janmegedei- to miss (the 

target) 

KK janmed'i- to run into 

The stem exists in front and back variants. The front variant has developed 

under the influence of the initial j-, i.e.ja- > je-. 

641. *janpə- 

K ńanbə- to eat one's fill; T ienbej- pall 

T ienbeluu- pall 

The initial ń- in К has developed from j- by assimilation to the second 

syllable consonant. 

642. *ja:nq»- 

T jaanyad'il'e place walked over by people 

The word has a long vowel in a closed syllable.


643. *jant- 

K jad-/jan- to send, to let go; KK jan-,jad-\ KJ jan-, jad-\ M jádum 

К jadul, jadur present sent by smb; KD yadur 

T jaduorii- to keep a dog untied; jadaa- to get untied; jadie- to keep a dog 

untied 

644. *ja:nte: 

T jaadie mother's younger sister; TK jadie\ TJ jadie + mother's younger 

female cousin 


645. *jantə- 

T jadarqa beads; TK jadarqe-, jadarqa- 

T joŋ-jadir yellow-billed loon (Gavia adamsii) [lit. white nose] 

646. *jantə- ? 

TD yadońa-, d'odoŋa- afraid 

647. *jantuqən 

T jaduqan how much, how many 

648. *jaŋu:- 

T jaŋuud'uu- offensive 

T jaŋuud'eya INTJ (offense) 

649. *jaqa/*joqo 

К jaqal Yakut; KJ jaqal, jeqal-\ SD jaqa, jaqal, T joqol, TK joqol, TJ joqo-, 

SU jaxad-; RS jagad-; MC jaqala, saqala; ME jakel 

К jaqad-a:čə horse [lit. Yakut reindeer]; KK jaqada:c'a\ KJ jaqad-a:če\ KD 

yaxad-a:če; SD jaqad-aca; T joqod-i'le\ TK joqod-ile\ В *yakand-aitsha; 

ME jakend-atsche; MU jochónd-ílbe 

К jaqad-a.čən-pičči: white wagtail [lit. Yakut reindeer bird]; T 

joqod-ile-čiremedie 

T joqod-iled'aa people with horses or on horses; TK joqod-iled'aa 

К jaqad-a:čəd-ulegə straw [lit. horse grass] | T joqonmuol pr. (a lake); 

joqon-čaaj willow-herb; joqon-wel'ibe pr. (a hill) [lit. Yakut saddle]; 

joqon-miral measure of length (about 10 kilometres) [lit. Yakut march]; 

joqon-nime wooden house | TK joqon Yakutsk 

Ev. пока ~ joqo ~ ńoqa (TMS 1 339) 

This stems shows the unusual correspondence К -a- ~ T -o-.


650. *jaqlə- 

K jaqlæq further, farther; T jaqlaaq\ TK jaqlaq 

К jekle: behind (PP); KK jekl'ie', KJ jeklie, jeqlie, jeqlu-; KD yexl'iet, 

-yekl'iye; T jeklie farther, further; TK jekl'ie; TD -yeklie 

К jekləgə, jeklədəgə(n) through; KJ jeqledege; T jekledaya 

К jaqludə, jeklu(gu)də further, farther; jeklə-qon- abate (of a river) [lit. to go 

through]; jekla: further | KJ jeqlu-, jeqle- on the other side | TD -yeklin-, 

-yexlin- through 

The stem exists in front and back variants. The front variant has developed 

under the influence of the initial j-, i.e.ja- > je-. 

651. *jaqta 

К jaqtə song; KJ jaqte; T jaqte; TK jaqta 

К jaqtə- to sing (INTR); KK jaqte-, KJ jaqte-', T jaqte-', TK jaqta-, jaqte-, TJ 

-qaqta- [rect. -jaqta-]', SU jaktak; RS jakta, jaktan; MC jaktingy; ? MO 

junndak [rect. jukdak]; BO jáqtaj; KL jaktaj; В yagtak, ME jaktak 

T jaqtiijaa singer; TK jaqtije 

К jaqtəri:- to sing about (TR); KJ jaqteri-; KD iaxteri- 

? TU *ike:- (EDAL 580) 

652. *jar- 

T jaruyaj- to crack (INTR) 

653. *jara-1 

К jar a- to swim; T jara- to wade; TK jara-; В yarrai; ME jareij 

К jarqužə-, jarquš-, jerquš- to swing, to dangle (TR); KJ jerqud'e-, jarqud'e-; 

KD yerxud'e-, yarxud'e- to writhe, to cower; T jarqure- 

K jarqužəš- to stir, to dangle (TR); KJ jerqud'eš-, jarqud'eš-, ja. rqud'e- + to 

pull smb's hair 

К jard'i- to swim; KK jard'i- to bathe; KJ jard'i-; KDyard'i- 

K jarqəyə- to move (INTR); jarqəl'əš- to root out; jarqələdaj- to stub | KJ 

jarira- to push; jertei- to stream, to flow; ja. re- to strike against; jerqud'erajto 

shake | T jaruya- to swing, to shiver; jaran-gulube boots for wearing in 

humid weather 

Some forms show the variation ja- ~ je-. 

654. *jara-2 

T jarine- white, gray; TK jarine- 

T jaraqa smth white; TK jaraqa 

T jarayaj- to become white; jaričeń- white; jaraqad'aa light grey reindeer 

with white spots on its flanks; jaraqiń pr. (a man); jaraqad'aa light-grey


reindeer with white tips to the hair on its flanks; pr. (a reindeer); jarite- to 

make an ornament on smth (TR); ? jaraya twisted thread made of a sinew 

655. jarmarka 

KJ jarman, jalman pr. (the town Srednekolymsk); M jármańga 

Rus. jarmarka 

656. *jaro:nč'ə- 

T jaruod'ayii- satisfied with (TR) 

T jaruod'aya INTJ (satisfaction) 

657.*jarqə 

К jarqə ice; KK jerqa; KJ jerqa, jerqe\ KD yerxa\ SD jarqa-, T jarqa:, TK 

jarqa-, jarqe-; TJ jerqa; RS jarka; В *ya:rka, yarčand-; ME jerka, jarkaan- 

K jarqə- to freeze (INTR); KK jarqa-, jerqa--, KJ jerqa--, SD irpa- [rect. 

irqa-]; SU jarkoje\ RS jarkai 

К jarqurə- to freeze (TR); KJ jerqure-; KD yerxure--, SD jarqajiere--, TJ 

jarqurerei- 

K jarqəd'e: broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus); SD jarqadie 

К jarqən-tibo, jarqəïə-tibo hail; SD jarqan-tibo 

К jarqəd- frozen; RS jarkady 

К jarqada.n pr. (a woman); jarqəd-aŋd'ə blue eyes [lit. ice eye]; jarqajbən 

frozen; worthless | KJ jerqareŋo- icy | T jarqad-eiil window [lit. ice 

passage]; jarqa-jewlid'e new-born reindeer [lit. white calf] | TK jarqat'a icy 

place; jarqat'e hard snow 

658.jaščik 

KK jašik case, box; KJ jašik, KDyacik, T jaasik, TK jact'ik, TD jacik, yacik 

Rus. jaščik 

659. *jata- 

T jataq straight; TK jataq 

KD yatahay-, yetahai- to straighten (INTR); T jatayaj-; TK jatayaj- 

TK jatne- straight; good; TD yatne- 

K jatayət- to straighten (TR); KK jatayat-; KD yatahat- 

K jatayədaj-, itayədaj- to straighten (TR); KK jatayadaj-; KD yataxadai-, 

yetaxadai-; T jatayarej-; TK jataqarej- 

K jotni:-, ńotni:- to drive (a sledge, a reindeer); to steer (a boat) (TR); KJ 

jotni-, T jatnii- 

T jatarqaa straight part of smth; jatarqaledek frankly, honestly | TK 

jataqade straight; jatayas- to straighten (TR) | ? SU jotnyje mountain ridge


? S *jet- 'against, for' (SW 44) // Tailleur 1959a: 417 ( ~ Ngan.); Nikolaeva 

1988: 223-224; LR 146 

The vowel -o- in the first syllable of some forms is unclear. 

660. *jatnə ? 

В yatne November 

661. *jaw- 1 

T jaw- left; TK jaw- left 

SD jabi-lani South | TK jawlaγar left 

662. *jaw- 2 

T jawul road; TK jawul; TJ jowul-, jewol-, TD yeweul, -youl, -yowul, -yabul', 

-yebul', -yaul; MU jabúl 

T jawun-saaγara southern side of a road [lit. left side of a road]; jawdilil 

path, trail; jawun-camur path in the snow [lit. top of a road]; 

jawun-cicayarej- to make a path [lit. to lengthen the road]; jawul-panul 

direction of a road [lit. putting of a road]; jawul-panduu fork in a road [lit. 

putting of a road]; jawun-ńuŋure side of a road 

Cf. MG *jabu- 'to walk' (EDAL 1157) 

663. *jaw- 3 

T jawner everything; TK jawner, TJ jawner, ? TD -yarale- 

T jawnuo everything; TJ jawnu, jawno, jawnuo, jaunuo 

T jawnej all, every; TK jawnej 

T jawnettegiir, jawnetteguo, jawnetčiir, jawnetčuo all completely; ? jawrejto 

tidy up 

664. *jawa: ? 

В yavoa menstruation 

665. *jawrə- 

T jawrej- to escape; TD yawrei- 

666. *jawučil/*jampučil 

К jabučil pole for pushing off a boat 

667. *jawun- 

T jawud'i-, jaud'i- to get irritated, nervous; to be angry 

T jawud'i- < jawun-či-.


668. *jeγ-/*jeŋk- 

K joγo:-, jego:- blind in one eye, squint-eyed 

? T ńiŋie-jeguu: cough; tuberculosis [lit. soul's crookedness]; ? 

ńiŋie-jeguu-wie- to cough [lit. to do coughing] 

The back variant joyo:- is likely to have developed under the influence of the 

back vowel -o:- in the second syllable. 

669. *jel- 

K jeldə- to pull out, to pluck; KJ jelde- 

K jelbude: tree stripped of bark 

670. *jel'- 

K jel'e:- to get worn through | 

671. *je:l'ə- 

K je.l'ə- to boil up (INTR), to get cooked, to get dry from overcooking (of 

meat); to ripen; KK jel'e--, KJ jele-; KD yel'e-; SD jielo-; T iel'e- 

K je. Ы- to boil (TR); KK jel'eš-; KDyelec- 

K jel'o:d'ə sun; KJ je:lod'e, jelod'e\ SD jeloze\ MO junaldi, junondi-, В 

yelónsha, *yelondzshend-\ ME jelondscha, jelontschint- 

K jel'o:d'əd-amlujbə sunset; West [lit. place where the sun sinks]; KD 

ye.l'od'e-amluibe 

К jel'o.d'əd-ukšibə sunrise; East [lit. place where the sun goes out]; В 

*yelongéd-ukshimba\ ME jelontsched-ukschimpa 

SD jelosen-numeol mirage [lit. sun's house] | T jiel'uorii- to overcook 

(usually of meat) 

? U *jelä 'light; Sun; day' (UEW 96-97) // UJN 117; Tailleur 1959a: 418, 

FUV 17; UEW 97; Nikolaeva 1988: 224; Rédei 1999: 36; LR 144, 153 

The connection of 'sun' with this stem is possible if it originated as an 

active participle of an unattested passive verb *jel'o:- and literally means 

something like 'being boiled'. 

672. *jelek- 

K ilek- four; KK ilek-, ileq-; KJ jeleq-, jelok-, jeloq-; SD elek-; T jeluk-, 

jelek-, TK jeluk-, jelek-, jalak-; SU jelakun; M jelokún, jelakún\ KL jilakin, 

jilakurr, MK jelokún 

К ileklo:- four; KK ileqlo-\ SD eleklo-; T jalakla-; TK jalakla-\ SU jelakloi; 

M jeloklóšča, jeleklov, KL jeloklon, jelaklon, jeleklotr, В *ye:laklon\ ME 

jelaglon; MU jelaklórr, MK jolókloń, -jéloklortdscha- 

K ilekləštə fourth; KK ileqleškv, KJ jeleqlešte, jeloqleški; SD elekmašta; KL 

jelarlarki


? FU *ńeljä/*neljä 'four' (UEW 315-316) 

In К je- > i-. T -a- is irregular, as the stem is harmonically front. The 

comparison with Uralic may be valid if the Yukaghir word had an initial *ńwhich 

later developed into j-. 

673. *je:lkə- 

T jielge-, jielga- far, the furthest; TK jelge-; TJ jelge- opposite side 

TK jielgidaya after; TD -yelgidaha ago 

T jielgalel further; jielgi-waaweče non-local Russian [lit. Russian from far 

away]; jielgi-rukun year before last [lit. further thing]; jielgi-d'ajle day after 

tomorrow [lit. further day] | TK jelger(eŋ) further 


674. *jeŋ-/*jenk- 

K jeŋičə- multi-coloured; KJ jeŋiče-; T jengur, TK jengur 

T jengurčie mottled reindeer; TK jengurčie- 

K jeŋičəš- to paint in different colours 

The correspondence К -ŋ- ~ T -ng- is irregular. 

675. *jeńčə 

MC jendže Yukaghir from the river Omolon; BO néńže husband 

The initial ń- < j- by assimilation to the second syllable consonant. 

676. *jenc'i ? 

TD yed'i- stone 

677. *jeŋe 

KJ jeŋe pr. (an ancient tribe); spirits; KD yeŋa 

KJ jeŋečuope ghosts 

678. *jeŋkilə 

KJ jegile, jeyile fire; KDyegile; ? MO jagapg\ MU jéngilo; MK jengila 

MO data indicate that the word contained a single consonant in the middle, 

however other OY data rather point towards consonantal cluster -ŋk-, 

679. *jent- 

K jed-/jen- to appear, to show up, to emerge; to be seen, to be visible; KK 

jeduj-, KJ jed-/jen-; KD yed-/yen-; T jedej-; TK jedej - 

K jedul thunder; SD jiedul, -judul; M jédulnei; В iendu; ME yentu; MK 

jéndyl 

К jedun-ločil lightning; KD yedul-ločil


К jede: mark (on the snow, on the bend of a river); sign; KJ jedie, iyi [rect. 

id'i]\ KD yedie 

К jed'e.š- to make a mark on the snow; jedul-tibo thunderstorm [lit. thunder 

rain] I ? KJ jodu- to reach 

680. *jent»- 

T jedel'e- to walk as if dragging smth long behind (of a tall man) 

? KD yengedey- to throw away | T jedegerej- to make longer; jedegeriče 

long part of a hook; jenne- long 

681. *jer- 

K jero:- shallow; thin (of fur); KJ jeruo--, KD yero:-, yeruo-; T jeruo- thin 

(of a cloth); short-furred; SU jeroje-, RS jeroi 

KJ jeroje reindeer calf less than one-year old; SD jarioje 

К jero:d'ə shoal, ford; T jeruoje place where the snow is blown by the wind; 

place on a skin where the fur is thin 

К jero.mu- to become shallow | T jereguutege-öŋnie pr. (a river); 

jereguu plain; substance being mixed; jereguuce- to mix; jereguutege pr. (a 

place) 

682. *jeremə 

К jeremə log, chock; T jereme\ TJ jereme; ME jeremma 

К jereməš- to cut in chunks 

683. *jeremku: 

К jeremku: load onto a sledge 

684. *jeriF 

KJ jeril by, next to 

685. *jerpəjə 

T jerpeje sun; TK jerpeje\ TD yerpeye 

T jerpeječaa sunny day; jerpejeńi light; jerpejend'e-ruske crystal glass [lit. 

sunny bowl]; jerpejed-uul movement of the sun; jerpejed'uo-ekuol time 

when the sun appears (beginning of January) [lit. sun's hole]; jerpejen-d'uo 

disk of the sun 

686. *jew- 

T jewgej- to bump against; TK jewgej- 

T jewd'i- to bump (several times); TK jewd'i- 

T jewče tripod; TK jewt'e pole


T jewčed-uo horizontal pole of a tripod [lit. child of a tripod] | TK jewlegi- to 

kill 

687. *jewnte: 

T jeudee pr. (a woman) 

688. *jewulə/*jempulə 

KD yebulefl) reindeer or elk mane 

689. *jo: 

К jo: head; KK jo:; KJ jo:; KD yo, yor, SD jo; T juo; TK juo; TJ jo:-; SU jo, 

jon- ; RS jo; MC julo hair; KL iöga; В iok; ME jo; MK jóo 

К jo:-noγot pillow [lit. head pillow]; KK jo:-noyot-, jo-noyot-; KJ jo:-noyot, 

jö-noyot; KD yo-nohot, yo-norot; SD jo-nogoj, -jo-nogot 

К jo:n-kičil forehead [lit. head end]; KJ jo:n-kičil; KD yon-kičil; В 

*ión-guitshel; ME joan-kittschil 

KJ jon-kitil'-numet peak (of a cap, protecting from sun or snow) [lit. shadow 

of the forehead]; KD yon-kičil'-numet 

К jo:n-šomor top of the head; January; KJ io:n-šomor, ion-šomor; T 

juon-rumur + ceiling; TK juo-rumur forehead; В yónd-zshamor + forty; ME 

jont-tschamor + forty 

К jo:d-ejməš- to sigh [lit. to pay one's head] 

К jo:n-qodo brain [lit. head lying]; KJ jo:n-qode; KD yo:n-xode; ME 

jont-chonda; MK joon-kónda 

К jo:d-amun skull [lit. head bone]; KJ jo:d-amun 

T juod-ojče, juo-ewče, juod-ewče, juond-ewče spear; top of the head; TK 

jold-ojče-, juold-ewt'e; TJ juold-oiče, jo:ld-oiče 

К jo:de-i:čəńulbən master of the lower world [lit. the one with the sharp 

head]; jo:-bude:n-pömere- to somersault | KD yo-norote- to use as a pillow | 

T juo-buren-počesej- to spoil (a child); to pet [lit. to throw over the head]; 

juon-tuduruul brain [lit. inside of the head]; juon-kiwijii top of the head; 

juon-ńaawije beetle with white head [lit. whiteness of the head]; 

juond-ojčeńil-sal'il shrew-mouse (Sorex araneus) [lit. mouse with a pointed 

juo-loyore- to hesitate in what to say [lit. to wash one's head];juoyato 

make smb tipsy (of a drink) | TK jo:n-mojt'e chief, master, superior 

691. *jö: 

К jö: belt; KK juö-; KJ juo; ¥*Dyuo:; SD jio; SU jo; RS jo; ME júo 

U *jäje 'belt' (UEW 90) // Bouda 1940: 75; UJN 117; UEW 90; HUV 163; 

Nikolaeva 1988: 224-225; Rédei 1999: 36; LR 146 

The presumed phonetic development is as follows: *jäje > jäj > jö:.

692. *jo:- 

T jaan-d'ad'uu, juon-d'ad'uu echo; TD yan-čad'u 

693. *jö:- 1 

T juöre- to hit with an axe | TK juodu- to cut 


694. *jö:- 2 

К jö:- to see; KK juo-, jo:-, KJ juo-\ KD you-, T juo-, jöj-, TK juo-\ TJ 

juoči-, TD yuo-, SU jo, jotei, jódyn, jómik, joeik, júoa; RS joeik, BO jéjejle, 

-júne\ KL j'ojaj, jejuč, jujua, júoa; В umat; ME jumat, juk, MU jong, 

jondschcr, MK jóndaje 

К jö:jə devil, evil spirit; KJ jouje\ SD jouja-, T juoje spirit-assistant of a 

shaman; TD yuoye- 

T jou-lawje tear [lit. eye water]; TK juodin-lawje 

KJ juodi eye; T juodii + pr. (a man); TK juodii, juodi\ TJ joudi\ TD 

-yuodine; SU judy\ RS judy; KL jundy, MK júundy 

T juodiin-puguče eyelashes; eyebrows [lit. eye fur]; TK juodin-bugut'e 

eyebrows; SU judyn-puida-pugelwe 

T juodiid-awii spectacles [lit. eye's blanket]; TK juod'ed-aawii 

T jöjče- to check up; TK jewt'e- 

K jö.də- to see, to watch (INTR); KK juode-, KJ juode-\ TK juodej-\ TD 

-judei- 

K jöŋeč three-year old reindeer male (that walks around the group of older 

reindeer); jö.šnu- to introduce to smb | KK jound'i- to look a little | T 

juodiire- to start seeing (of a puppy); to be born; juud'e shadow; likeness; 

ghost, vision; juod'uol object kept in remembrance; juodiin-purewre 

eyebrows [lit. eye fur]; juodii-waqčelek from under the eyebrows [lit. with 

the edge of the eyes]; juodiin-kuduojil winking [lit. laying of the eye]; 

juodind'e picture, vision; juodaγa maybe, it seems; juodiid-ayal eyelid [lit. 

edge of the eye]; juodiin-ńaŋal'aruul bridge of the nose [lit. between the 

eyes]; juond'e mirage, haze; juoŋočilïkien pr. (a man); juönijie prophet; 

juönid'ie- to be a prophet | TD yodi-tiwohac- to blink | TK juodin-ńaaweje 

white of the eye; juodin-toroje pupil of the eye [lit. blackness of the eye]; 

juose- to show 

695. *jo:čə 

К jo. čə small round piece of smth 

К jo:čəd-amun ass [lit. round bone]; T juočed-amun; TK juot'ed-amun 

thigh-bone


696. *jo:γə- 

T joγaj- to finish, to stop (INTR); TK juoyaj- 

T juoyarej- to finish, to stop; to kill (TR); TK juoyarej- 

697. *joδo- 

K jodo- to tie, to bind; KK jodo-; KJ jodo-, jodej-, jodaj-; KD yodo-, yode-, 

yodai-, yode-, iodie- 

K jodul, jodu:, jodi: winding; KD yodur, RS jododei; В jadondayend-; ME 

jedondoint- 

K jodod'ubə squirrel; KK jodod'ube; KJ jodod'ube; SD jadociba; T jorčibe; 

TK jarčibe, farčibe; TD lerčibe, lerčie; SU jodod'iwo; RS jodož'iwa; MK 

jodóndschimba 

К jodutd- to wind, to twist; KD yodute- 

K jodojə-ilejə whirlwind [lit. turning wind]; KD yododoyed-iteye, 

yododeyed-eI'eye; ? RS ńedaja favourable wind 

К jottaj-, joddaj- to bond, to wrap, to tie up; KK jodutaj- to turn; KJ 

jodutaj-; KD yodutai- 

K jodol bundle, package | KD yodumoi- to turn (INTR) 

? FU *jorkV- 'to turn, to wind', *jorV- 'to roll' (UEW 102) // Nikolaeva 

1988: 225 

К jottaj- < jodtaj- < jodo-taj-, with the deletion of the short vowel in the 

second syllable. 

698. *joγo- 

K joyortə- to wound; KK joyoto-, joyote-; KJ joroto-, joγote-, joyoto- 

K joyor wound; KK jogor, joyor; KJ jogor, jouyo; MU jögór 

К joyoti: arrow with a head; KK joyotii, joyoti; KJ joyoti, joroti; SU joxoty, 

RS jogoti\ MC sogote; MU jehoti\ MK jogótty 

К joyöti.d-abut quiver [lit. arrow container]; KJ joyotid-abut; KD 

yohoti:d-abut 

К joyotə- to hit with an arrow 

699. *joγurč'ə/*joŋqurč'ə 

К joyurčə flock 

700. *joj- 

T jojl steep riverbank; front part of a fur cap; TJ joil; MK jóil mountain 

T jojn-bayadie steep low bank of a lake; jojlńe- to have a peak (of a fur hat); 

jojn-waya precipice of a small mountain usually located in the valley [lit. 

riverbank face]

701. *joj- ? 

SU joi wild; RS joi\ В iai alien 

В joja wonderful 

702. *jökkəjə 

К jökkəjti INTJ (threatening) 

К jökkəjə-mət INTJ (just wait!) 


703. *jollə 

К jollə dust of rotten wood; KK jollo; KD yollo rotten tree; T jolle moss; TK 

jolle moss; TD yollo 

К jollə-ra: old woman, old hag [lit. rotten tree]; KK jollora 

TD yollogode-, uollongode- idol 

704. *jolo- 

K jola: behind; after (PP); KK jola; KJ jola:\ TJ jola, loja [rect.Jola]; SU 

jolán 

К jolo:- last; KJ jo:lo-\ KD yoluo-, yolo- 

K joloγu- behind, on the back; KK joloγu-, jeloγu-, jela-; KJ joloγu-; KD 

yolohu-, TK joloγu-; SU jologuda\ RS jologuda 

К jolomu- to remain; KJ jolomu-; M jélomui 

К joloqə last; KD yoloxu 

К jolonl'əri:- to stay at the back of (TR); KJ jolonleri- 

KK -l'olože- to leave; KJ jolod'e- 

K joloqə-pe.dičə, joloqu-pe.dičə little finger [lit. last finger]; KJ joloqu, 

joloqo-pedičie; KD yolol-pediče 

К jolobə remainder | KK jelobadaj- to pass | TD youluolga instead 

? FU *jälke 'trace, spot' (UEW 91) // Tailleur 1959a: 418; Nikolaeva 1988: 

224 

The alternation jo- ~ je- is typical. 

705. *jömč'ə 

К jömči. ńə- oblong 

706. *jömkə- 

K jömgə- to spin, to turn round; KK jomge-; KJ jomgo-; KD yomgo-; SU 

jomgak, RS jomek around 

К (o:ži:-)jömgijə whirlpool; KK jomgije; KD yomgiye, yomčoye; T jömgije 

chamois fringe on the hem of a woman's clothes 

К jömgət- to surround; KD yomgot- to turn (TR) 

К jömgədej- to surround; KJ jomgodej-, jomgodaj-, jomgede-


К jömgid-i:čə small intestines [lit. turning end]; KJ jomgid-iče; KD 

yomgied-iče 

К jömgəri:- to turn round (TR); jömgəš- to turn round (TR) | T jömgijes- to 

sew a fringe on a coat 

707. *jompə 

К jou disease; KJ jobo, joube, jo, jou; KD you; SD -jon; TJ jobe; SU joiw; 

RS joju 

KJ jojbe disease; KD yoibe evil spirit that causes infectious diseases 

К jo:l'ə illness; T juol'e; TK juol'e, jol'e + wound; TD l'o:le(delil) 

К jo: lə- ill; KJ jo.le-; KD yol'a-, yo.l'e-; RS jollai; BO júl 

К joj- to ache; KK jojqa-, jeju-; KJ joj-, jou-; KD yoi-; SD -ja-; T jaw-, juoj-, 

jooj-; TK jo-, joj-, jaw-, jam-; TD yoi- ; SU joju, joč; RS -ijoi; KL jejulen; В 

yoatsh; ME joatsch 

T jaba- to die; TK jaba-, jabe-; TJ joba-, jobo-, io. be-, ja. be-; TD yobai-; 

MC jeboj death; BO jumboty; MU jömbón; MK jómboi 

К jo.d'ə open wound; T joud'e pain; illness; TK juod'e pain 

К jo:d'əd-ume abscess [lit. mother of illness]; KD yo:d'ed-omo, yo. d'ed-emei; 

TD yoče-rukun 

К jouγi:- to feel bad; KD -yoihiye-, -yoihiye- 

? К jo: poor thing (traditional refrain in lyrical songs expressing an 

affectionate attitude towards smb) | KD yod'eni scabs | T juoqaa- to get ill; 

juol'e sore; wound; scab; juol'ii slightly wounded; jaban-tolii special staff put 

in the coffin [lit. death staff]; jaban-sukun burial dress [lit. death thing]; 

jamd'i- 'to be ill' | TD I'oler- to wound oneself; l'o:ledelie wound j TK juol'iseriously 

ill person; jamd'i- ill 

? *U jama 'to be ill; to die' (UEW 89) // JU 77-78; UJN 117; HUV 157; 

FUV 17; Angere 1956: 127; Krejnovič 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); UEW 89; 

Nikolaeva 1988: 224; Rédei 1999: 36; LR 146 

*jompə > jomp > jow > jou > jo:. The initial /- in some forms may be due to 

the assimilative influence of the consonant in the second syllable. The 

comparison with U is valid if -pə is a derivational suffix. 

708. *jomtiIə 

К jomdilə notch on a tree; KD yomdile 

К jomdiləš- to notch, to notice; KD yomdiïec-, youl'iec- 

709. *joŋčə- 

K joŋžu:-, uŋžu:- to go to sleep, to get asleep; KK jenru:-, jenru-; KJ jendu-, 

jondu-, jendru-, jendu:-; KD yend'u-; ? SD inoku-; T janduu-, janruu-; TK 

janru-, jandu-, jaandu-; TD yendru-; RS jónd'ungi, jonduririma; В


iu:nzshul\ ME iunzshuk 

К joŋžo:-, uŋžo:- to sleep (INTR); to forget (TR); KK jenruo-, jenro-, 

jonra-, jonra:-, KJ jondo-, jendo-; KD yondo-; SD jonžo-; T jandoo-; TK 

janro-, TD yend'o-, yed'o-; SU jonžutei, jonžutai, jonžoludei, enželek, jonžič, 

lenžek, el-lenželek, RS jonžuk, M jondólukcf, KL junžon\ В iondzsha, 

yandsha + dream; ME jontschuk, jontschol + dream; MK jondschotaje, 

jondschóndscha 

К joŋžo.š- to put to sleep; KK jonroš- 

K joŋžo:d'i:- to dream about (TR); KJ jondole-, jondod'e-, jendod'i--, KD 

yonro.d'ike- 

K joŋžo:d'ə blanket; KK jonrod'o, jonrod'e\ KJ jondod'e, jend'od'e\ SD 

jonžose, jonžoze; RS jonž'ode; M jond'ode 

KD yonud'ubo- forgetful | В yondonerdsha dream | ME jondonertscha dream 

710. *joŋI- 

T joŋluu- worthy; TK joŋlu- 

T joŋlid'e worthiness 

711. *jöŋnə- 

T jöŋne- energetic; strong 

712. *joŋo 

К joŋo evil, anger; KK joŋo; KD yoŋo\ T joŋo, ńoŋo\ TK joŋo- 

KJ joŋońe- angry; evil; TK joŋeńe-, SU jogonei devil; RS joŋanei 

К joyonəri:- to get angry with (TR); KK joŋońeri-; KD yoŋońeri-, TK 

jonońeri- 

K joγomu- to get angry; KK joγomu-; KJ joγomu-, joγumu-, juγumu-; KD 

yohumu-, yogumu-; TJ joγumu-, juγumu- 

K jukund'ugə INTJ (what a nuisance!); KJ joyoyond'u 

К joyomuš- to make angry | T joŋii- to become angry; ńoŋore- to become 

angry; joŋonduul malicious creature 

The word exhibits the irregular alternation -ŋ— -γ- in the intervocalic 

position. The front variant jukund'ugə is also irregular. The initial ń- is from 

j-- 

713. *jono- 

K jonod'ə- to tidy up; T janud'i- to collect one's belongings for a journey 

(INTR) 

T januyarej- to collect; to pack; TK januyarej-; TD yonaharai- to tidy up 

К jono- to tidy (a house) | T januńe- to keep together, to be put together; 

januńii- to keep together; januńiičiir accurately; januyaa- to start putting


things together in preparation for a journey | TK januyajsu- to collect; 

januniil together (of objects); januyaj- to prepare for the road 

714. *joqq- 

K joyul nose; cape, promontory; KK jogul, joyul-\ KJ joyul, jorul, jeyu-; KD 

yogul, yohul, yorul; SD jogujl, jofud- [rect.jogud-]; T joyul; TJ joyul-, SU 

jogul, RS jogu\ ? MC (j)ewo; MO niongol\ BO júngol, KL iogul, jojunkul; В 

iongul; ME jinkol; MU jong, jongla, jongd-; MK jónckchol 

К joŋ-ža: beak, spout; KD yoŋ-da:, yon-d'a; SD jangža; T joyun-raal, 

joŋud-amun\ SU joŋ-žania-, RS jog-d'adei- 

K joyud-aŋil' nostril [lit. nose hole]; KD yohud-aŋil'; SD jogul-angyl; T 

joyud-ekuu; TK joyud-eku; SU jogúd-anil; RS jogud-alr, В iongund-angil, 

ME jonkungd-angyl - , ? MC (j)end-arče 

К joyuh-qoqšəš- to snore [lit. to strangle with a nose] | KJ joŋnol-nodo fox 

[lit. animal with a nose] | SD jangzangalban kettle | T joyun-pod'arqa 

reindeer with a motley nose; joyun-pod'arqaa pr. (a man); 

joyun-ul'uod'e-rukun deceiver [lit. with torn nostrils] 

The initial ń- in some forms is likely to have developed out of j- by 

assimilation to the second syllable consonant. 

715. *jonr- ? 

В *yonrul to mow 

716. *jonur- ? 

MK jonúrjqu hat 

717. *jöŋtə- 

T jöŋtege pr. (a place); TK joŋtege- ravine 

The cluster -ŋt- is unusual morpheme-internally. 

718. *jo:r 

К jo:r big fish-hook; KK jor, jo:r\ KD yor; T juor, TK jor 

719. *jo:rči: 

T jorčii, juorčii glue; TK jort'i 

T jorčiid-awur small vessel for boiling glue [lit. glue container] 

720. *joroŋqənč'ə 

К joryo:d'ə, joryod'd female reindeer, mare; KK iroyod'e\ KJ iroyod'e, 

juruyode\ KD irohod'e, yuruhod'e\ SD jurugioza, juruqioze-, В irongonzshi; 

ME irongkontsche


KD irohod'e-mold-igeye button hole, button loop [lit. chest belt of a mare] 

К jorγo.də < joryəd'ə < joroγəd'ə < *joroŋqəńč'ə. 

721.*joronta: 

T (juku-)jorondaa, (juku-)jorandaa ruddy turnstone (Arenaria interpres) 

The cluster -nd- is unusual morpheme-internally. 

722. *jo:s 

T josso frozen ground; TK josse- 

T jossuu- to freeze; TK jossu:- 

T juor-pure, juorqa tundra; TK juor-pure 

T jossome autumn; juos North; tundra; jossomel'e-kind'e September [lit. 

month of freezing]; jossor- to have smth frost-bitten; josle-ejkiri- to pass the 

forest tundra and reach the tundra 

The word demonstrates the alternation -s r-. 

723. *jo:ta- 

T juota- to let a rope go through the upper holes of the net 

724. *jo:wi:/*jo:mpi: 

К jo.bi: taiga, forest; KK jobi; KJ jobi + hill; place around the fire; KD 

jxobinbon- [rect.jobinbon-] 

К jo:bi:-ejrə- to go to the toilet [lit. to go to the forest] 

725. *jöwjə 

К jöujə fishing net; KK jowje, jouje, jo.uje; KJ jouje; SD joguja, jojhuja-, 

-jiouje; TD -youye-; SU -jówja, -jowjenit, -jowje; RS -jowja, -jowje 

KK jowjed-orpol' poles on which fishing nets are hung to dry [lit. net 

hanger]; KDyouyed-orpol, youyed-orpol' 

726. *jowlə 

К joulə evening; KJ juole; KD yuol'e, youl'e; SU jola; RS jola; ? MO tallo 

[rect. jullo]; KL juloma 

К joub-, jowlaj- to fall (of night); KJ juolej-; KD yuolei-; MO julei night; В 

-yuletsh; ME -juletsch 

К joulədaj- to fall (of night); MK jólady 

111. *jowlə- 

K joulo:- prominent, conspicuous; known; KD youlo- 

K jouluČ-, loullu- to ask (TR); KK jowl'eš-, jowlo-, jowle-; KJ jouloš-, 

joules-; KD youloc-; SD jouloz'; SU lówlečum; RS joudečka


К joulud'ul question; KK jowled'al\ KD youlod'al 

К jouləd'a:- to ask | KK jelo- to ask for | KJ lolo- to pray, to beseech 

In some forms j- > I- by assimilation. 

728. *jöwlə- 

K i:lu:- beautiful, good, dear; KK //'/-; KJ iled'u:-, ilelu:-; KD //'/-, io.uli-; T 

jewluu-, iiluu- 

T jew lid'e reindeer calf; TK jewlid'e 

К jöul'atl'ə- to love, to have pity for (TR); KJ jouletle-, joulešle-; KD 

youletl'e-; SU joglatle; M jóglatlänr, MC jugpynčenija; В yoglierim 

К i. lugəl'ə- to miss smb; KJ ilulgele-, ilugele--, KD ilugele--, T iilugul'e-; TD 

yligule- 

K i:lugəl'ə dear, darling; KJ ilugele; T iilugul'e; TK ilugul'e, ilugule; TJ 

ilegule greetings 

К jouləγi:-, louləγi:- to feel sorry for, to treat smb well, to feel affection for 

(TR); TK jewlegi-, jewligi-, jewlegie-; TJ jeulegi- 

K i.lugi:- to miss smb; KD ilugi-; T jewligi- + to love; to caress; TJ ilugi-; 

TD yeulegi- 

K jöulugə INTJ (poor thing! it's a pity!); jöulugə(-jo:), jö:lugə(-ta:nə), 

i:lugə(-jo:) INTJ (pity, sorrow); traditional refrain in lyrical songs; KD 

yougluga-yo:; T iiluge INTJ (sorrow); TK jewluge 

KJ joulere-, jouleure- to beg pardon; KD youl'eire- 

K i.ličəmət INTJ (live well! said when departing); (l)i:lu-(l)i:lu traditional 

refrain in lyrical songs | T iii id'e sorrow; juolwej- to feel sorry (TR); jewlič 

INTJ (pity); juolweluu- to arouse pity; juolwiijuore- to feel sorry for (TR); 

juolwej- to feel sorry | TK jewlul love 

The root is represented by the front and back stems. The initial /:- has 

developed because of the contraction of jöw- before a consonant after the 

vowel -Э- in the second syllable was deleted. 

729. *jöwluγe:l/*jöwluŋke:l 

К jöuluge. l shoulder; KJ joulegiel, joulegiel, SU juglugel 

730. *jowoγə 

К jouγə back; KK iboyo, joboγo; KJ joboγo; KD yebogo, yeboro; SD 

jabaga-, jabogo; SU jowoga; M jowogcr, В yewóghá; ME jevoha; MK 

jogóbba [rect. jobógga] 

К jouγəd-ań: cartridge pouch [lit. back gun]; KJ joyot-ar 

К jouγə-čolol waist [lit. joint of the back]


731. *juγ- 

K jugi:- to kiss; KJ jogi-; RS jogižek; BO jugijugim; KL jeginum to love 

К jugužu- to kiss each other; jugud'e-, ugud'e- to kiss (usually); juguńə- to 

kiss (INTR) 

TU *ńuka:n- 'to kiss' (TMS 1 644-645) 

The following change is assumed: *ń- > j-, cf. К ńumd'ə ~ jumd'ə. 

732. *juγinə- ? 

ВО júqínaj to cry 

733. *juγul-/*juŋkul- 

T jugul-laaya- right side; TK jugul-layar 

734. *juγulwə-/*juŋkulwə- 

T jugulweluu- excruciating, poignant; TJ iugulwel'i- 

T jugulwes- to torture; TJ jugulwosh- 

TK jugulwe torture 

735. *ju:kə 

К ju:kə far; KK juke, joke, -juoke\ KJ juke, juko-\ KD yu.ko; T jööke, juuke\ 

TK joke, juoke, -jokon; TJ joko-\ TD -yoka, -yoke-, RS jukcr, M ijúkcr, MC 

jukan 

T jökuu-, jekuu- to move off 

736. jukola 

К jukulə smoked dried fish; KK jukule; SD jukala 

Rus. jukola or E\.ju:kele (TMS 1 350) 

737. *ju:lə- 

T juulid'e cunning; TK julid'e-, I'uulid'e- 

T juula- offended by the small size of smth given 

The word seems to belong to harmonically back stems. The initial Г- is due 

to assimilation to the second consonant. 

738. *ju:nə- 

T juunade-, juunada- to escape (of a reindeer) 

739. *juŋk- 

K jugul tall tree; KJ jugul\ В yungul-, ME jungkul


740. *ju:nta:q 

T juundaaq(-nerile) pr. (a place) 

The word has an atypical phonological structure. 

741. * jute- 

It jutegəč- to prick out, to pierce; KK jutegedej- 

KK juted'-, jutege- to burst (INTR) 

742. *juw- ? 

ME jubion strong 

743.juxala 

К iyalkə dried fish cut in two together with its head (normally used for 

feeding dogs); KJ iyal, iyalke-; T ayile, eyale dried finely cut meat usually 

eaten with fat; TD ahile- 

Rus. dial. juxala, juxalka (ESRD 716-717) 

See also jukola. 

744. kabarga 

KJ qaburga kabarga (Moschus moschiferus); KD xaburga 

Rus. kabarga 

745. kabe:w 

T qabiew pr. (a man); MO kabeo willow ptarmigan 

T qabienu- to utter a cry (of a willow ptarmigan); qabeu-qabeu INTJ 

(imitation of the cry of a willow ptarmigan) 

Ev. kabe. w 'willow ptarmigan' (TMS 1 357) // Sauvageot 1963: 115 

746. kaby 

M kabú if 

Rus. kaby 

747. kabys' 

К qajbič thank God; KK qajbut'\ KD xabuč intensifying marker 

Rus. dial, kabyš 

748. kada:r 

К qadar rock; KK qadar 

Ev. kada.r 'rock' (TMS 1 360)

749. *kaγijə/*kaŋkijə 

T kagija obsolete kinship term 


750. *kakaw 

T kaakku, kakau pr. (a man) 


751. kalibr 

К kafíp iron pincers for casting shot, clay mould for casting bullets 

Rus. kalibr 

752. kapkan 

T kapkaan trap; TK kapkan 

Rus. kapkan 

753. *ka:ra: 

T kaaraa nomad yurt 


754. karandaš 

TK karandas pencil 

Rus. karandaš 

755. karas' 

KK karas crucian carp (Carassius carassius); KD karač; SD karaśdie 

Rus. karas 

756. karaulka 

KJ karaulka guard-house 

Rus. karaulka 


757. karbas 

К qa.rbəs Russian boat made of poplar boards; KK qarbas, qa.rbas, 

qa.rabas; KJ karbač; KD xarbeč 

Rus. karbas 

758. karman 

К qarman, karman pocket; KJ karman; KD karman 

Rus. karman


759. karta 

T kaarte playing cards; TK karte 

Rus. karta 

760. kaša 

KK qaše porridge; KJ qaše thick soup made of cooked blood; KD xace, 

-xaca 

Rus. kasa 

761. *kau 

TK kau-kau INTJ (imitating the sound made by a polar fox) 

762. kazak 

KJ kad'ak Cossack 

Rus. kazak 

763. kazancev 

T kaasanseu pr. (a man) 

Rus. kazancev 

764. každyj 

KJ kašnei each 

Rus. každyj 

765. k-čertu 

T čuortu INTJ (to hell with it!) 

Rus. к čërtu 

766. *ke 

T ke INTJ (approval of smb's misfortune); TJ ke 

767. *ke: 

К ke: friend (address to a man); KK k\e\ KJ kie\ KD kie\ SD kie\ TK kie\ RS 

ke 

TU *gia 'friend; other' (EDAL 223) // Nikolaeva 1988: 181; LR 165 

768. *ke:- 1 

К ke.dəgən through (a slot); KJ kedegen\ BO keńdýnde between; across; in 

the middle 

К ke:l slot 

? FU *kolV l s\ot, space in between' (UEW 174)


If the comparison with U is valid, the stem *ke:l has been reanalyzed as ke:- 

+ the suffix -/, but the latter is absent in some inflectional forms, cf. *a:l. 

769. *ke:- 2 

К ke. tə- to mix; KJ kiete- 

K ke:ńə- mixed; ? ke.ńe:- to straighten, to unbend (TR) 

770.*keδe- 

K köde. l wolf; KJ kodiel-, KD kodiel; SD kodiel; T köriel; TK köriel pack of 

wolves; TD koriel, korel; SU kodél, koželék devil; RS kodil, kožel devil; MC 

kondegi, kondel' + Russian; ? MO -kolge; В kodel, ME kodel; MU kodél, 

MK kodéel 

T körel devil; TK körel + ogre 

К köde.l-lebejdi: crowberry [lit. wolfs berry]; köde.n-ńanmə white-willow 

[lit. wolfs willow] I T körelii wood goblin; köried-awur pr. (a place) [lit. 

wolf nest] 

On *ke- > kö- see *kene. 

111. *keγe-/*keŋkə- 

T keged'iej, kegetegegiej INTJ (expresses various emotions from feeling 

neglect to feeling affectionate, depending on the intonation) 

772. *kej- 

K kej- to give; KK kej-, KJ Лег-; KD kai-, kei-\ T kii-; TK ki:-\ TJ ki:-\ TD 

ki-\ M keit, keitamik, MO kitań\ В keick\ ME keik\ W keyck 

К keči:- to bring; KK ket'i-\ KJ keči-; KD keči-\ T keči-; TK keči-, TJ keči-; 

TD keči:-, RS kečim, kečím 

TD kečice-, kečicti- to bring news; ? kei- to taste 

The long -/. - in T is the result of contraction. К T keči:- < *kej-ji:-. 

113. *ke:jə 

К ke.je: before, earlier; in front of (PP); KK kiejie, kiejije\ KJ kiejie, kiejije-; 

T keje\ TK kej-, keje-, kie-, kiejie-, TJ keje-, TD keye, kieyiye 

К ke.js before (PP); KK kej--, KJ kieje-, ke:je-\ KD ke:ye-\ RS keije 

К keji:- to outstrip; T kiejii-; TK kieji- 

K ke.jəgudə forwards; MK kéigunda 

К ke.-jo:- first; KD keiyo-; T kijaa-, kija-; TK keaja-, kiaja-, TD keial-, 

kijal-; В kayel-, ME koiel- 

K ke:jaš- to overtake, to pass; T kiejes--, SU keiguta in future 

К ke.jəl front; kejdej- to defeat | SD kyjalsyljuk foresight | T 

kijaalel-muoqatke pr. (a lake) [lit. first broad whitefish]; kiejaalel-semnel pr.


(a place) [lit. first place where many people died]; kiejed'iiče leader; leading 

reindeer or dog in a harness; kejgu- in front; kejewre front part of smth; 

kejell'e front; kejeteŋ beforehand, in advance; kejebe front part of smth; 

kiajaalel-ańibe covered sledge for transporting a woman's belongings which 

follows the sledge on which she is travelling [lit. first sledge]; kiajaalel-tuuje 

covered sledge for transporting valuable things; kiejed'ii- to do smth trying to 

overtake smb; kejen-daŋunγat more than before | TD kialel-čald'e- index 

finger; kień one by one | TK kejgur, keigudeŋ in the front 

К kejdej- < kejedej-. 

774. *kejlə- 

K ke.lo:- dry; KJ kejlo-\ KD kel'o:-, kel'e-, keile-; SD kejle- 

K kejləń- red; KK kejlen-\ KD keil'en-; RS kylynča; M keilaw, keilei; MC 

kyjlapyj [rect. kyjlanyj]-, BO kólene, kejlenejže- + green; KL kejlanii\ В 

kelenni, kai-elle-, kailei-, kaielle-; ME kelenni; MK kéeleni, kólani + yellow 

К ke:ləš- to dry, to redden; KK kiel'eš-; KJ kejleš-, kieleš-, kejele-; SU 

kelešna; RS kelešk 

К kej-lebejdi: cowberry [lit. red berry]; KD keile-lebeidi red bilberry; SD 

kej-lebejdi; RS kylynča-puže cranberry; В kailei-levienda- 

K kejlədej- to become red; KK kejledej-; KD keiledei- 

K kejhn-anil red fish; kejloži:- to redden | ? KJ kien-da dry wood; tree; 

kejelešte person drying smth | KD keiledec- to make red-hot | SD 

kejle-mejnubil pr. (a mountain) | ? T kejleń- numb from a tight bandage; ? 

kejlerej- to swell 

In some forms -ej- has contracted to -e:-. 

775. *kejwə- 

K kejbə- thin, high (of voice); KK kejbe-; KJ kejbe-; KL kejwej; В keivey, 

ME keivei 

К kejbə-iril small intestine [lit. thin stomach] | KK kejben-, kejbed'e- to make 

thin 

776. *ke:ka: 

T kiekaa pr. (a man) 


111. *kekentə 

T kekentej, kekentejourtej darling 

The morpheme-internal cluster -nt- is irregular.


778. *kel- 1 

К kel- to come; KK kel-, qel-; KJ kel-; SD kal-; T kel-; TK kel-, kol-, köl-; TJ 

kol'u-, kel'u-, ко:l'u-; TD кеГ-, kul'uinu-, kol-; SU kelkin, keltejek, kelteje, 

keltei, keček; RS kelk; M kelk, két'a, két'; W kaltei 

? KJ kelkuo- ancestor; SD kelkiong 

? KJ kiedei- to come | T kieče wind blowing smoke back into a yurt; 

kiečen-kuderii piece of chamois covering the smoke hole in a yurt [lit. 

coming cover] 

FU *kälä- 'to wade' (UEW 133-134) // Lewy 1928: 287; JU 78; UJN 117; 

FUV 20; HUV 162; UEW 134; Nikolaeva 1988: 227; Rédei 1999: 46 

This stem shows the following irregular sound change: T kieče [rect. ke. čə] 

< kel-jə, cf. ke:č < kel-j (the 3rd person Singular form of the verb kelin К 

and T). 

779. *kel- 2 

T kelderej- to shoot; TK kelderej-; TD kelderei- 

T kel'gudes- to tug, to jerk; to pull (TR); TK kelgudes- 

T kel'gud'ii- to tug (a reindeer by a rope); keldej- to burst; to explode | TK 

kelgutterej- to tug, to jerk; to pull 

780. *kel- 

T kel'il brother-in-law 

U *kälV 'sister-in-law' (UEW 135-136) // JU 78-79; HUV 162; FUV 23; 

UJN 118-9; Angere 1956: 127; UEW 136; Nikolaeva 1988: 226; Rédei 

1999: 37; Dolgopolskij 1998: 86; LR 146 

781. *kelinč'ə 

К kelid'ə worm; KJ kelid'e; KD kal'id'e, kel'id'e; В kalnindsha; ME 

kelnyntscha 

U *kVlV 'worm' (UEW 227) // HUV 161; Tailleur 1959a: 419; UJN 119; 

UEW 227; Nikolaeva 1988: 226; Rédei 1999: 39; LR 146 

782. *kell- 

K kellu:- boring; KJ kellu:- 

K kellugi:- bored; lazy; KJ kelugi- 

783. *kemuγo:r/*kemuŋko:r 

T kemuguor whim (of a reindeer); pr. (a reindeer) 

784. *kene 

К könmə friend, companion; KK kenme, kene-; KJ kenme; KD kenme; SD


/септе', T könme; TK копте; TJ копте, кепте; TD кепте-; М kónma\ МС 

kanmaly- 

К kenmi:- to have as a friend (TR); T -gönmii-, -könmii to keep smb 

company (TR); TD -gońmi- 

K köne, kene friend, companion; T kone-; TK kone; TJ kene; TD keno-, 

kona- 

KJ kenmegi-tolou bear [lit. another wild reindeer]; KD kenmegi-tolou 

К kenməgi the other; KJ kenmegi; KD kenmegi; T könmegi; TK könmegi-, 

konmegi-, könmele; M kenmögi; KL kenmegi 

К kinmigidej- to turn inside out (TR); KD kenmigidai-, kedmigidai- 

K kin(m)igidə to the other side | T könńii- to be a companion (TR) | TD 

kenmedahena sometimes 

This stem demonstrates the labialization of -e- after k- in some forms. 

785. *keniwə 

К kenbə fence; KD kenbe; RS końba; В choinba; ME koniba 

TU *kende- 'threshold; to hinder, to obstruct' (EDAL 663-664) 

The OY data indicate that the root might have been tri-syllabic. -wə is likely 

to be a nominal derivational suffix. 

786. *kenkə 

К kenkə-ra: amber 

The cluster -nk- is atypical and indicates that the word may be a recent 

borrowing. 

787. *kenpə- 

K kenbunə- broad, wide; KK kenbune-; KJ kenbune-; SD kenbune-; MC 

kambonyj; В kanbúnnai, kanbonnoi; ME kanbunnei, kanbu. nne 

К kenbəgədej-, kenməgədej- to straighten (TR); KK kenbegedej- 

KK kenbel'eš- to spread (TR); KJ kenbeleš- 

K kenbələ- to broaden, to widen (INTR); KK kenbel'e- 

K kenbuńi:- to broaden (TR) | KK kenbege- to unroll | KD kenbuko-ča:l, 

kenbuko-ca:l flat piece of wood, board 

? TU *xemŋe (EDAL 775) 

788. *kent- 

T kedie- obstinate (of a tied up reindeer that does not want to follow a 

sledge) 

789. *keŋtə- 

K keŋdə- to feel sorry for (TR); KD kaŋde- 

i

790. *kentəjə 

T kedeje greater part of smth 

791. *kentu:- 

T keduud'e mistress 


792. *ker- 

T kereïuu families left by reindeer breeders to live constantly in one place; ? 

TK kerge- family 

T kerel'uo- to spend summer 

793. *ker-/*kir- 

TK keries- to drop; to take off; TJ keriesh-, keriete- to throw down; TD 

keric- 

T kerie- to fall down; TK kerie--, TJ korije- to throw off; TD kiriye- 

T kerienube slope; kerieče- to go to have a photograph taken; keruod'e-jaŋde 

moulting goose [lit. fallen goose] | TJ keriete- to throw oneself; kereite- to 

rush I TD кого- to moult 

FU *kirke- 'to fall' (UEW 160) //Nikolaeva 1988: 226; Rédei 1999: 46 

The vowel *-/'- could have changed into -e- before -e\- of the second 

syllable. 

794. *kerč'-/*kerj- 

T kerd'i- to boast (INTR); to behave proudly; TK kerd'i--, TD kerd'i- 

T kerd'is- to praise, to commend; kerd'iije boaster 

795. kerč'i:- 

K kerčik stick; piece (for example, of fish) 

Yak. kerči:- 'to cut' (TMS 1 454) 

796. * kerč' il'ə/* kerj il'ə 

T kerd'ile things brought beforehand to a new settlement when roaming in 

two stages; TK kerd'ile- 

797. kerde 

К kerde, kerde: large iron scraper for skins, round in shape with two 

handles; KK kerde, kerdie\ KJ kerdie; KD kerde-, SD kerde-, T kerde; TK 

karde 

KD kerdete- to dress a skin | ? T kerde fish resembling the broad whitefish 

(Coregonus nasus) 

Ev. kerde 'skin scraper' (TMS 1 443)


798. *kerilə- 

K keriləš- to bite; to chew; KK kerileš- to dress (a skin); KJ kerileš- to brake 

leather; KD kerilec-, keriïec-, T keriles- to make crumbs of; to break into 

pieces; TK keriles- to take off, to break (TR) 

К kerilə flour made of fish bones cooked with fish fat; KD korïle\ T kerile 

general name for all small things and animals; TK kerile chip 

T kerile- crushed; TK kerile- to break (INTR) 

К keril'o:- soft, tender | ? TD keule- to crumble up; to break into pieces 

? TU *kire- 'to mince, to gnaw' (EDAL 679) 

The element -h may be a derivational suffix. 

800. *ke:rkə- 

T kierkič far off 

T kierke(re)γan rather far off 


801. *kerpə- 

K kerpə- to wave, to flap, to swing, to sweep; to remove snow; KJ kerpe- 

K kerpəžə- to dangle; SD kerpeži- 

K (numön-)kerpijə, (numön)-kerpi: broom 

802. *kete- 

T ketegej- to swell; TK ketagej- 

T ketel'e- to swell; ketel'uu tumour | TD keted'ul-yod'en dropsy 

803. ketem 

T ketemel barren reindeer heifer 

Ev. ketem 'barren (of a female reindeer)' (TMS 2 456) 

804. *ketni: 

T ketnii-lalime sledge for transporting home utensils 

T ketnii-mayil coat for home; ketniid-ugurče shoes for home 

805. *kew- 

K köudə- to miss the target; to beat; to stir; KK kowde-, koude--, KJ koude--, 

KD koude-\ RS koodak, В kogdak, ME kogtak 

К köpči:- to beat; to miss (TR); KK kepśi- 

K kejč- to miss the target (TR) 

In some forms *ke- > kö-, cf. *kene.


806. *kewe- 

K kebej- to go away, to leave; KK kewej-; KJ kebei-, kobei-\ KD kebei-, SD 

kebe-; T kewej-, TK kewej-, TJ kobe-, kowei-, kewei-, kebe-; TD kewei-, 

kebei-, kobai-, kowei-, kobei-; SU kaweik, kawéitin, kawéiteili, kawéič; RS 

kawéingi, kaweič; M kéweča, kewéč, keweíŋi, keweítajak, keweitajak 

К köudə- to carry away, to take away; KJ kaude-, koude-, kodu:-; ? TK 

kewre- to clean; TD kaure-, kauri-, keure-, kewre- to bring off, to let go, to 

go; to joggle, to shake up, to shake off 

KK köwdej- to carry away, to take away; KD kaudei-; T kewrej-; TK 

kew(e)rej-; TJ kaurei-, keure(i)-; 

? К kebe- to jump, to run (of an animal); to walk; keberi:- to leave (TR) | KK 

keweji- to go away 

FV *kawe- 'to go' (UEW 654-655) // Nikolaeva 1988: 226-227; LR 146 

The vowel -ö- in the first syllable may have developed as a result of 

rounding due to the assimilative influence of the following -w-. К T 

köwdə-/köwrə- < kewδə- < *kewe-δə-, where *-δə- is a transitivizing suffix. 

807. kewe: 

К kebe: lower jaw, lower part of the face 

Ev. kewe: (TMS 1 442-443) 

808. *kewnč'iko: 

T kewd'ikuo coat made of thick fur for wearing on a road in winter; pr. (a 

man) 

809. *ki- 

T ki- two; TK ki-, ki:-; TJ ki-, ki:-; TD ki-\ MO tkit [rect. kit], kit- 

T kij- two; TK kij-; TJ kij-; TD kiy-; MC kujen; BO kujún, kijun, kujén 

T kijuod'e twins; TD ki. od'en-, kiyeod'en- 

T kiile together; TK ki.le-; TD ki. len-, kileń 

T kiińuo two; together | TD kid'eń twice; kińyodi-kortek two (in cards) | TK 

kin-ńuoru woven threads 

The consonant -j- in kij- is likely to have an epenthetic origin. 

810. kibas 

К ki. bəs round plummet made of larch; KK ki. bes, ki. beś; KD kibeč\ SD 

kibaz 

Rus. dial, kibas (ESRGS 286) 

811. *kič- 

K kič- to teach, to talk into (TR); KJ kič-\ T kič- to forbid to do smth (TR);


TD kit-, kič-; RS kič 

К kičtə- to talk into (TR); KD kičite-; T kičite- 

K kiče:- to study, to learn (INTR); KD kičie-; TD kičiye-, kičie- 

812. *kiče:/ *kuče: 

К kuče: mosquito; KK kit'ie-, KJ kučie; KD kučie; T kičie; TK kit'ie, kit'ile; 

TD kičien-, SU kuče; RS kuče; В kutye-, -gutshi- 

KD kučien-kinid'e June [lit. mosquito month] | T kičie-maγil coat for the 

mosquito season [lit. mosquito coat]; kičie-wolme winged insect [lit. 

mosquito shaman]; kičien-kurelejnube beginning of the mosquito season 

(beginning of July) [lit. mosquito becoming] 

813. *kiγe-/*kiŋkə- 

K kigi:-, kige:-, kiŋi:- to gore, to prick, to stick; to stab; KK kigi-, kige-, 

kigie-, kigijfe)-; KJ kige-, kigi-] KD kigi-, kige-, kiŋi-; T kige-, TK kige--, TJ 

kige--, TD kige-, SU kigak; RS kigak, M kígam, kigadeilüi 

814. *kijin 

К kijin, kijen in no way 

815. kikser- 

K kiktə- to talk into (TR) 

Yak. kikser- (JRS 164) 

In Yukaghir -tə- is a suffix of transitive verbs. 

816. *kil- 1 

T kil'il(-laame) old hound 

817. *kil'- 2 

T kil'uo- calm (of the eyes) 

818. *kile- 1 

T kilej- to fly or to leap up high 

819. *kile- 2 

К kild'i. bo:- vagrant; KD kild'iyo--, RS kild'ik to wade 

К kile-, kil- to wade 

U *kulke- 'to move, to wade' (UEW 198) //Nikolaeva 1988: 227; LR 153 

820. *killə- 

K (ńa:čədə-)killəbə- to fall down and roll; to skim on the water (of a stone)

821. *kilpə/*kilwə 

К kilbə moss 


822. *kimč'ə-/*kimjə- 

K kimd'i:- to fight; KJ kimd'i-; KD kimd'i-; M kimdińi; MC kumčinygin war; 

В čimdzshingi; ME kimtschingi 

К kimd'əš- to tighten (TR); KK kimd'eš- to stand firm; KJ kimd'eš-; KD 

kimd'ec- 

K kimd'əš please | KD kimd'ipe troops 

823. *kimer 

К kimer film of a sinew; inner side of a hide; KK kimer; KD kimer 

? U *kama 'shell (UEW 121-122) //Nikolaeva 1988: 227-228 

824. *ki(m)n-/*ku(m)n- 

K kunil ten; KK kennel, KJ kunel; KD кипеГ; SD kunel, -kynel; T kunil\ TK 

kunil'; TD kunel; SU kunel, M kunalin, -kunnela; MO kimnel; KL kunol, 

kunel, kuńil, kunoljun, kunal, -kunollie; В kuniella, -kuniella; ME kunelon; 

MU kunél, kunel, kunil, MK kúnel, kúnél, -kunel 

К kunil'o:- ten; KK kunil-, SD kunelo-; T kunil'a-; TK kunal'a-, kunil'i-; SU 

gunalöi; RS kungalloi; M kuneloi, kunaileoi, kunailei; KL kunolen, kunoleil, 

kunaleil, -kunoljaidaqy-; MK kunéljok' 

К kun-erkil'd'o:- nine; KJ kun-irkiled'uo-; KD kun-erkiled'uo-, SD 

kunelkilezo-; В čuni-irkeell-enzshien; ME kune-irkinel-endschi; MU 

irkin-kunél-elendschö 'nt 

TK kun-gunil' twenty | MK kúnel-kúnelóndscha-kunéljok hundred 

? FV *küme(-ne) 'ten' (UEW 679) // Angere 1956: 73; Tailleur 1959b: 106; 


The reconstruction of the -i- is based on the MO data. 

825. *kimta:- 

K kimda. ńə- to deceive, to tell a lie (INTR); KK kimdańe-, KJ kimdeńńe-, ; 

KD kimdanńe-; W kimda annelan 

К kimda. ńəri:- to deceive (TR); KK kimdańeri-, KJ kimdeńege-, kimdeńegi-, 

KD kimdańeri-, SU kinduannerim - , RS kimdannerim 

826. *kin 

К kin who; KK kin, KJ kin\ KD kin\ T kin; TK kin; TJ kin-; TD kin-, kiń-; 

SU kinak; M kin, -kin; KL kinlele; В činet-ta; ME kinet-ta 

К kil'l'ə whose | T kinid'eŋ to nobody | TD kinolelk nobody; somebody 

U *ke/*ki 'who' (UEW 140-141) // JU 72; FUV 24, Angere 1956: 68; HUV


164, Tailleur 1959a: 416; UEW 140; Nikolaeva 1988: 228; LR 140, 143, 

154 

827. *kinč- 

K kižo:- light (of weight); KK kižuo-; KD kid'u-, kid'o-, kid'ue-, kid'uo-; ? RS 

kenoi fine; MC kindoj 

KD kid'ued'it, kid'uon easily; kid'uol ease 

828. *kinč'ə 

T kiid'e demon, evil spirit; soul; TK kid'e; TD kid'e 

829. *kinč'il- 

K kid'ilbo:- languid, sleepy 

830. *kininč'ə 

К kind's month; moon; KJ kinid'e; KD kinid'e; SD kinise, kińze; T kind'e; TK 

kind'e-; TJ kind'e; TD kind'e-; SU kened'e; RS kynež'a, kynéd'a; M kinéd'a; 

KL kiniča, kinind'a; В kininsha, -ginendsha; ME kinindscha; MU kinínsche; 

MK kinédsche 

TD kind'en-poterxo- full moon 

The medial vowel was syncopated. 

831. *kinle 

RS kinliž'a fox; MO kille 

In MO the consonant -n- is assimilated to the following -/-. 

832. kiŋna 

MO kingi ski 

Ev. kiŋna 'wooden ski' (TMS 1 396) // Tailleur 1959: 93 

833. *kinńərə 

T kinńero, kinńoro, kinńera, kinńora pr. (a place, a mountain) 

834. *kino 

T kiine cinema; TK kino 

Rus. kino 

835. *kiŋtə-/*keŋtə- 

T kiŋdigii- to feel disgust for (TR); TK kiŋdigi-, kiŋrigi- 

T kiŋduu- full of disgust; TK kiŋdu:- 

? К keŋdə- to grudge | T kiŋdid'e smth disgusting; drawback in smb's


character; kiŋdije dump 

If the К word belongs here, the root shows the irregular correspondence К 

-е- ~ T -/-. 

836. *kire ? 

MO kir'e knife 

? U *kurV 'knife' (UEW 218-219) or Ev. gir- 'to cut' (TMS 1 153) // FUV 

29; UJN 120; HUV 149; UEW 218-219; Tailleur 1959a: 106; Angere 1956: 

49; Nikolaeva 1988: 228; Rédei 1999: 39; LR 146 

837. *kirijə 

T kirije name; TK kirije-, TJ kirije-; TD kiriye-, kiriyan- 

T kirijes- to name; TK kirijes-; TD kiriyec- 

T kirijen-gönme namesake [lit. name man] 

838. *kise-/*kiče- 

K kiššə-, kiše- to show; KK kiše-, KJ kiše-, kičeše-; T kise-; TK kiise-, kise--, 

TD kice- 

? KK kigie-, kigiet'- to show | ? T kikči- to show and then hide (TR) | TK 

ki.st'i- to show many times 

Some forms demonstrate the following phonetic changes: *kičesə- > kičsə- > 

kišsə- > kiše-/kise-. 

839. *kit-/*kič- 

K kičil end; beginning; KK kit'il; KJ kičil, KD kičil; SD kicil, -kizil-; T kičil 

+ prohibition; TK kit'il, TD kičil, В gačyl, -guitshel + tail; ME -kittschil 

К kičitə- to finish (TR); TK kit'ite- 

T kitnii- to follow a track; TK kitni- to check the way 

К kitńə- to reach, to finish somewhere (INTR); KJ kitńe-, kitne- to jut out, to 

stick up; ? SD -kete-, T kitnu- 

T kitńuo, kinńek, gitńuo, gitńer, TK kitńo, kitńer, TD -kitńyo, -gitńer 

К kittə-əjl'əj endlessly [lit. without end] | KD kitin up to the end, till, up to | T 

kittičuu- to finish, to lose strength; kitlek up to, till; kičuo- to be at the end of 

smth; kiči- to forbid 

? FU *kača 'end, point' (FU 110) // JU 78; HUV 162; UJN 118; Angere 

1956: 129; Tailleur 1959a: 417; FUV 86; UEW 110; Nikolaeva 1988: 227; 

Rédei 1999: 45-46; LR 146 

The variation -t č- is irregular. 

840. *kitca: 

К kitča: two-year old reindeer female


841. *kitńə- 

T kitńe- to choke; to suffocate 

842. *kittə- 

K kittəd'e:- jealous (INTR); KJ kitedie-, T kittid'ie-; TD kited'ie- 

K kittəč- jealous (TR) 

843. * kiwe- 

T kiwere-, kiwure- to plane; TK kiwure- 

T kiwered'uol shavings; TK kiwured'ol 

TU *kuwa- 'to plane' (TMS 1 421) 

In Yukaghir -rə- is a suffix of transitive verbs. 

844. *ki:wə- 

T kiiwe- to move (of a fontanel) 

T kiiwej-rukun smth frail and thin [lit. thin thing]; kiwijii top of the head; 

kiiwije thin, frail part of smth; fontanel 

845. klešči 

KJ kileči pincers; KD kili.či; SD kileši 

Rus. klešči 

846. kljapcy 

KJ klepča:, klapča: trap for fur animals 

Rus. kljapcy 

847. ključ 

KD kluč lock 

Rus. ključ 

848. kniga 

К kinigi: part of the stomach of ruminants where the cud is digested; KD 

kinige; TK kińige book 

Yak. kniga < Rus. kniga 

849. knjaz' 

KJ kińeš prince 

Rus. knjaz' 

850. *köče-/*keče- 

T köčege- to leap, to jump, to gallop; TK köt'igej-, kot'egej-; TD kucahai-,


kočegei-, kucuhai- 

T köčid'ie- to rush about; TK köt'id'i-; TD kucady-, kočiyi- 

T köčegerej-, köčegoore- to attack (TR); köčid'ie pr. (a woman); ? köčid'ibe 

meeting place | TD kočid'ibo- fidgety | TK köt'egerej- to drive; to chase; 

köt'egeste gallop 

The vowel *-e- was probably labialized, cf. other similar forms. 

851. *köčejk/*kečejk 

TK kot'ejk modal marker (may, let) 

The vowel *-e- was probably labialized, cf. other similar forms. 

852. *köδ- 

K köd- to gather, to tighten (a rope) (TR); KK kod-, köd-, kot- to pull out; to 

tighten 

The consonant *-δ- is reconstructed based on the alternations in K, cf. köt 

(IMP). 

853. *köγel-/*köŋkəl-/*keγel- 

KJ kogelgie, kogelgi pr. (a man) 

854. *köγimə/*köŋkimə 

KJ koyime pr. (a Yukaghir clan from Upper Kolyma); T kuojme', TK kojme-, 

kuojme- Kolyma Yukaghir; TD kohime 

? KJ koŋgiina pr. (a river); koŋgiine-d'i, koŋgiini-d'i pr. (a Yukaghir clan that 

lived on the river Koŋgiina) 

T kuojme [rect. ko.jmə] < kojimə < koyimə. The reconstruction *köŋkimə is 

based on the old hydronyms konghini (Sauer 1802) and koŋgiina. 

855. *köj 

К köj fellow, boy; young man; KK koj; KJ koj; KD koi; SD kioj; T köj; TD 

kod'ed-uo-; RS koi, koid-; В -goin; ME -gon; MU ketegé boy; son 

К köjpə, köwpə young man; KJ kojpe; SD -kiojpe-; T köjpe, kejpe; TK kojp-, 

kojpe, kejp-; TJ koipe-; TD keipe; SU keipa 

К köjbunnu- to brag (of a man); KK kojbunubo-, kojbunnu-; TD 

koimunubo-, RS koimonnui 

К köjd'əde: teenage boy; KJ kojd'adie; KL kojenžende\ В koindzshenda 

unmarried 

К köjd'ed-ö: boy [lit. man child]; T kuod'i:d-uo, kod'ed-uo; TK kuod'ed-u, 

ko:d'ed-uo\ TJ kod'ed-uo', TD kod'ed-uo 

T köj-ńolol drake, male of a bird [lit. male duck]; TD koi-nolol 

T köjdie elder brother; TJ koidie + elder male cousin; TD koidie elder


T kuod'e-ile herd of male reindeer [lit. male reindeer]; köjii drake 

U *koje 'man' (UEW 167-168) // FUV 13; UJN 116; Bouda 1940: 76; 

Angere 1956: 127; JU 80-1; HUV 158-9; Krejnovič 1958: 236; Nikolaeva 

1988: 228; Rédei 1999: 38; LR 146, 154 

856. *köjk- 

K köjkil' stump; KJ kojkil; В *koikil; ME koikil 

857. *köjki 

T köjgi great part of smth 

The word is phonologically unusual and may have a complex morphological 

structure. 

858. *köjlə 

T köjle- to split; to become broken, to break into crumbs, to break into 

pieces; TK köjle-; TJ kojle-\ TD keule-, koile 

К köjlə rubbish; rags; T köjle piece; TK köjle 

К köjhš- to break; T köjles- to break (TR), to tear; TK köjles-; TJ kojlesh-; 

TD keule-, keulec- + to embroil 

T köjluu hole; TK köjlu:, köjlu- 

K köjl'e:nu- torn | TD keulunebo- brittle, fragile | TK köjlute- to make a hole 

859. *köjrinč'ə 

T köjride smoke; TK köjride; TD keurid'e- 

TK köjrid'ite- to make smoke; TD keured'ite- 

T köričeń- polluted | TD keurid'ito- fire for making smoke to protect oneself 

from mosquitoes | ? MK kóënt-dáandsche candle 

860. *kö:kə 

К kö. kə head (of a fish, of an animal); KK koke; KJ koke; KD koka 

К kö.kə-l'oŋke: young of an arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) [lit. big 

headed] | KJ koked-amun skull [lit. bone of the head] 

FU *kokka 'sharp protruded part, hook' (UEW 171-172); cf. Yak. dial. 

ko.ko 'fish head' (DSJJ 115) // Bouda 1940: 76; UEW 172; Nikolaeva 1988: 

228-229; Dolgopolskij 1998: 72; LR 146 

The Yak. word is likely to be a Yukaghir borrowing. 

861. *kökö- 

K kökönək, köknə hook used to hang the kettle on a tripod over the fire; SD 

gogono wooden hook for hanging clothes to dry

К kökö-ra: hook 

TU *goko, Yak. köxö 'hook' (TMS 1 158) // Nikolaeva 1988: 181 

862. kokora 

К köko.rəj curved down; tree stump submerged in the water 

Rus. dial, kokora (ESRZ 277-278) 

863. koi 

KD koi pole 

Rus. koi 

864. *köl- 

T kölmuo- lean; TK kölmo-, kölmuo- 

T köld'e lean; kölmu- to become lean 

865. *köl'- 

T köl'il snipe 

T kölil-juod-amun knot on a diy willow root [lit. snipe skull] 

866. kol'co 

KD kol'ečke, kol'čuo, kol'čue ring 

Rus. kol'co 

867. kö:ləke: 

SD kiolaka navel, umbilicus; T kuolekee 

Ev. kö. leke, kö. len (TMS 1 420), cf. Chuk. kil" (Mudrak 2000: 75) 

The Ev. word may be a Yukaghir borrowing. 


868. *kölkə- 

K kölge.l hill covered with forest; KJ kolgerteje + pr. (a man in folklore); 

KD kolgel 

? SD kogalga pr. (a mountain); KD kogolgiye 

869. koloda 

KK kolode door post; KD kolode 

Rus. koloda 

870. kolot' 

К köli:- to prick 

К kölej- to prick 

Rus. kolot'


871. kolotit' 

KD koloči- to nail 

Rus. kolotit' 

872. *kö:lp- 

KJ kuolbienu- to jump 


873. kolton 

К költən tubular fallen birch bark of which vessels for berries are made 

Rus. dial, koltun, kolton '(snuff-) box made of birch bark' (ESRD 241) 

874. kolyma 

T kulumaa pr. (a river) 

T kulumskaj pr. (a village) 

Rus. kolyma 

875. *kö:ma 

T kuomun-čaa brushwood made of willow; BO -qomo; KL -kumanča; MK 

-kutand-scha [rect. -kumand-scha] ash 

T kuomuk dry willow; kuomu- to get dry 

876. *köń- 

T köńuo- skillful; TK końo- 

877. *köŋ- 

K köŋe:- to chop; KK köŋie-, koŋie-; KJ koŋie-; KD koŋie-; T köŋie- to undo, 

to unrip; to cut; TK köŋie-; TJ kaŋie-; TD konie- to cut a skin or a fish 

К köŋu: split; crack; KK kuŋu: + scratch; KD koŋu: 

К köŋuji:- to chop; KK kuŋuji-, koŋuje-; ? SD goneko- broken 

К köŋd'i: anvil; KD koŋd'in-yabod 

К köŋd'ə- to forge; KJ koŋdie-; KD koŋd'e-; RS końdel 

KJ koŋda- to take off | SD qongolbon- vulva [lit. smth split] | TK köŋiere- to 

cut 

878. *könč'ə 

К köd'e worm, caterpillar, larva (on a reindeer); KD kod'e; T köd'e; TK köd'e- 

+ caterpillar; TD kod'e- + insect; MC -konty; В -kondzsha; ME -kontscha 

FU *kuńc'V 'worm (in animals)' (UEW 205) // Lewy 1928: 287; JU 160; 

UJN 120; HUV 160; Nikolaeva 1988: 229; LR 146


879. *könčə- 

K köže-, köže:- to scratch (of a bear), to scrape (chamois); to strike on the leg 

with hot ledum branches to cure rheumatism, to cure with hot water bottles; 

KJ kod'ej- to rub; KD kodei-\ T körie- 

K köže pr. (evil spirit); SD kiož-epie pr. (female evil spirit) 

К köžed-en pr. (the river Shamanixa, traditional territories of the Šalugin 

family); KJ kod'ed-an, kod'ed-en; SD kiožad-an 

К köže-lebe: uneven hilly place [lit. scratched land]; köže:- to become 

dismembered; köžed-arimə traditional triangle-shaped ski used on deep 

snow; köže-menməgo:-, qožo-menmego:- hilly [lit. where the man named 

köže jumped] | SD kiožad-an-angil pr. (a mountain) | ? В kondzsha hole | ? 

ME kontschu hole 

880. *könč'ə 

T kuod'es- to tie up; TK kuod'es- 

T kuod'e leather belt for tying things up 

881. *kö:nč'ikil' 

T kuod'ikil' two small nails on the rear of the front legs of a reindeer 


882. *köŋč'ilə 

К köŋd'ilə larva inside fish or meat; worm 

883. konfeta 

KK konpieta candy; T qampiet 

Rus. konfeta 

884. *köŋe:- 

KJ koŋiege having stood still 

885. końkovyj 

TK końkewej pr. (a river) 

Rus. końkovyj 

886. könö 

К könnərdej- to straighten (TR) 

Yak. könö 'straight' (JRS 178) 

887. *könöńči ? 

В konondshi stone used as black paint


888. *könpə 

К könbə halo; KD końben- haloed (of the sun or moon); RS kanbélun ring 

889. konstantin 

TK konstantin pr. (a man) 

Rus. konstantin 

890. *könt- 

K ködin enough; right; KK kodin; KD kodin, kodiń 

К ködinme:- sufficient, enough; correct, right; KK kodinmie-; KJ kodinme-; 

KD kodinme-, T ködińban-; SU kodynmei straight; RS kadynmei 

? T -ködi- modal marker (affective) | TD kodinbener in time | ? RS kedylei 

boring 

891. *köntə 

T köde person, human being; TK köde; TJ kode, -göde; TD kode, gode; MC 

-konda; BO końdo, -kondo; MU koónschi 

KJ kode me, with me; T kedel body; oneself; ash; TK kedel oneself 

T köden-mooje soul [lit. holder of the man]; TD koden-moiye host 

T ködenaa shadow; reflection; TK kodena:; TD kodana: 

T könpe people; TK könpe; TJ konpe-; TD konpe- 

T ködeńe- married (of a woman); TK könne-; TD -gońne- 

T könde- to get married (of a woman); könčekaan, köndie pr. (a man); könńe 

relatives; köndeγa on the same place; köded-ono idol dressed in clothes sewn 

from pieces of the skin of reindeer legs [lit. man's idol]; köden-mutil feeble 

person; köden-toroje smth human [lit. man's blackness, i.e. shadow]; köngi 

husband; könčiekaan throng of people; kedell'e own | TJ kodeŋolesh- to give 

birth I TD koded-amun grave; kode-punil-kode killer 

Cf. PA *gentV i male' (EDAL 541) 

892. *köntə- 

K qodo:- to lie; KK qodo-; KJ qodo:-, qodo-; KD xodo-, xodo:-; TK kuduoquduo-; 

TD xudol-, xodo-, xodol-, xodei- + lazy; SU kodol, kodój; M kodoi, 

xógojo; ? MO kizeja; В konda. k; ME kontok 

К kude:- to put down; KK kudie-; KD kudie-; T kudie-, kudi-, kude- + to 

keep somewhere; TK kude-, kudie- 

K qodotə- to put into, to charge; KK qodoto-, qodote-; KD xodoto-; TK 

kudie- 

K kudede :lə- to have a miscarriage; KD kudedul'e- 

K kuded'i: fighting man; KJ kudeči, kuded'i; M kúdad'i, kúdad'ip 

К kudedə- to kill; KK kudede-; KJ kudede-; KD kudede-; SD kudede; T


kudere-, kudere-, kudire-, qudere- to put (down); TK kudere-, kudire-, 

qudere- to lay down; TD kuderi-, kudere- to bury; to judge; SU kudededyn\ 

RS kudedek, -kudedei; M kúdada, kúdadam, kúdadat, kúdadak, kúdadaŋik, 

kúdadoi, kúdadaŋa 

К qodo handful; kudeči.jə murderer; kuddeš- to put under (TR); kuddu:- to 

have a miscarriage | KD kuded'e- to fight | T quduod'e-maγil fur shroud [lit. 

lying coat]; kudie- to lay down | TD kudeči- to put down many times | TK 

kuduoji- lying down; qodej- to bury; kodena: shadow 

S *konta 'to sleep' (SW 73) //Nikolaeva 1988: 229; Rédei 1999: 49; LR 146 

The stem exists in the front and back forms. They seem to have emerged 

under the influence of the front or back vowel in the second syllable. 

893. kopylo 

KD kopul' vertical pole joining the deck of a sledge to the runners 

Rus. kopylo 

894. *kör- 

K kurul covered barn on four poles; KK kurul, KJ kurul, KD kurul, korul, 

körul; SD kurul 

К kurutə- to bury; KJ kurute- 

T körigej- to become covered with a thick layer of mud 

895. koral' 

T karaal' enclosure for reindeer 

Rus. dial, koral' 

896. *köri: 

T körii pr. (a man) 

897. korjak 

К kerekə Koriak; KK kereke, KJ kereke 

KJ kereke-polut pr. (a man) [Koryak old man] 

Rus. korjak 

898. *körk- 

T körkige- to run in wave-like leaps (of a wolf); TK korkigienujo- 

899. korma 

KD xarama- stern 

KD xarama-laxuci, xarama-laxuči scull 

Rus. korma


900. *körölə 

TD korolan-pime flea 

901. koroi'ki 

К köröl'ki: beads; KK когоШ:, korolki\ KJ korolki; KD koroi'ki 

Rus. dial, koroi'ki 

902. korova 

К qorobə cow; KK qorobo; KJ korobo\ KD korobe; SD korobo-, gorobo\ T 

kerewe\ TK kerewe; TD koroua: 

К qorobələ-a- to milk [lit. to do the cow] 

Rus. korova 

903. *korowo:l 

T karawaal tale, myth; TK karawal, korawal; TJ korowai, TD korowol 


904. *körp- 

K kurpul lungs; KJ korpul; KD korpul, ME korpol 

905. *körtFe: 

KD kortl'ie, kotle- burbot (Lota Iota); T kösl'e; TK kösl'e\ TD kot'le; SU 

kortle\ В -gortley, -kotlendzsha; MU kórtle 

T kösl'edie pr. (a lake); kösl'eki pr. (a lake); kösl'ečaa lake rich in burbot | TD 

ko(r)tlen-titaband'e-oludula lizard [lit. frog looking like a burbot] 

The word-internal *-rt- has developed into -s-, cf. К marqlo: > mašl'ö:. 

906. koryto 

К köritə trough for feeding dogs hollowed out of a whole tree; hollow in a 

tree; KK korite pan, trough; KD koride; TD korite 

KD koriten- concave 

Rus. koryto 

907. kostyl' 

KJ kočtilne- on crutches; KD kočtil'ne-; SD koktilne- 

Rus. kostyl' 

908. *köt- 1 

SU kotum, kotuk to dig; RS kotuk 

SU kotuw pit; mine; RS kotu; ? В -kotunda


? К kutujo:d'a: pr. (a place in the upper basin of the Jasačnaja) | ? KJ kutuč 

pr. (a man) 

909. *köt- 2 

KK kötine- thick; T kotine-; TK kötine-; TD kotinei 

T kötigej- to become thick or fat; TK kötigej-, ketegej- + to swell; TD 

kotegei-, kotigei- to grow fat 

T kötirke smth thick or bulging; TK kötirke- 

T kötineńge INTJ (how thick!) 

910. *kötkə- 1 

T kötkej- to reach, to come (INTR); TK kötkej-; TJ kotkei-; TD kodkieče- 

T kötkerej- to bring; TK kötkekej- 

911. *kötkə- 2 

T kötkes- to encounter problems, to be at a loss (TR); TK kötkes- to try 

T kötkelge INTJ (how difficult!) 

912. kovš 

К köušə-ra: ladle, scoop; KK kowše; KJ kouše-re, kouše; KD kouce, 

kouce-ra\ SD koukša 

Rus. kovš 

913. krejnovič 

TK krejnowič pr. (a man) 

Rus. krejnovič 

914. krepost' 

К krepoč pr. (the town Verxnekolymsk); KJ krepoč; SD kiriepas 

Rus. krepost' 

915. krest 

К kries cross; KJ kreč; KD kireč; SD krus-; TK kiriesta; TD kirec 

KJ krečide- to cross oneself 

Rus. krest 

916. krivorot 

KJ kriborot pr. (a man in folklore) 

Rus. krivorot


917. krošit' 

KD kroci-, koroci- to crumble 

KD krocke crumb 

Rus. krošit' 

918. krugom 

KJ kurgom all round; KD kurgom 

Rus. krugom 

919. krupa 

T kurupaa hulled grain 

Rus. krupa 

920. krutoj 

KD kurutoŋo- steep 

Rus. krutoj 

921. *ku: ? 

MO ku snow 

U *kumV 'thin snow' (UEW 204) // HUV 160; UJN 116; UEW 204; 

Nikolaeva 1988: 247; Rédei 1999: 39 

The phonetic development may be as follows: *kumV> кит > kuw > ku:. 

922. kubulun- 

TD kobulni-, kobulnu- to pretend 

Yak. kubulun- 'to be capricious' (JRS 185) 

923. kuča 

KD kuče pile 

Rus. kuča 

924. *kuδe- 1 

К kudelarə- to gather; to be going to do smth (INTR); В kudalaraga 

beginning; ME kudelerka beginning 

К kude-, gude-, kudu-, gudu- to become, to begin; to turn into; KK kude-, KJ 

kude-; KD kude-; T kure- to do, to act; TJ kudie-, kurie-; В -ghodak, -kudi; 

ME -kutak; W koendejanck 

T kurči-, -gurči- to become, to happen; TK kurči-, -gurči-; TD kurči-, 

kuriči-, -gurči- 

T kurije-qajčie ancestor [lit. clan grandfather]; TD kuriye-xaičie 

great-grandfather

Dictionary 225 5 

KD kodei- to gather (TR); TK kudej- to get up 

К kudejə family, clan, ancestors; origin; KJ kudeje, SD kudeje, T kurije-, TK 

kurije-, TD kureye, kuriye 

К kudel'o:- neat; smart; kudel'ə- to be going to do smth, to prepare to do smth 

I KJ kudeči- to become | KD kudeiči- to become | T kurije-saal worshipped 

tree [lit. clan tree] | TJ kodeŋola- to change, to alternate 

925. *kuδelə-/*kuntelə- 

KK kudeleje- to chatter 

926. *kuδenč'ə 

К kuded'ə liver; KJ kuded'e, kuted'e; SD kudaze\ ME kudentscha, 

kudentsched- + intestines 

927. *kuγe 

SD kiokanga penis; T kuge; TD kugen; MU gugé, kaká 

T kugu-ruske testicle [lit. penis bowl]; TD kugu-ruske 

928. *kuγin- ? 

MO kugindiq to scream, to shout 

929. *kuk- 

K kukul devil; KK kukul, KJ kukui, KD kukul; SD kukul, T kukul; TK kukul 

ghost; TD kukul; RS kukulgin, kukul, kukud-; M kúkul, kukud-; MU kukúl\ 

MK kukúl, kukúndai- 

T kukupe devils; TD kukupe- 

K kukud-eje gun [lit. devil bow]; KJ kukud-eje; SD kukud-aja 

К kukuljərd'i:, kukujəd'i: pr. (a tribe of reindeer herders who live in the 

Tundra, probably Chukchi or Even); kukun-nodo cuckoo [lit. devil's bird]; 

kukun-lebejdi: sort of berries [lit. devil's berries] | T kukurej- to become evil 

like a devil; to become rabid; kukuńeńge INTJ (the devil!) 

930. kukatan 

T kokotaa closed end of a sleeve in a child's overall 

Ev. kukatan 'gloves' (TMS 1 405) 

The word may have been borrowed from the Ev. dialects that use -o- in 

place of -u-. 

931. ku:keki 

К kukki: Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus) 

Ev. ku. keki, kuke.ki 'jay, Siberian jay' (TMS 1 427)


932. kuku.T 

К кики: I' sleeping-bag; Т kukuul' 

Yak. dial, kuku. l (ESRD 314) 

933. kukuška 

KD kukucka cuckoo [lit. devil's bird] 

К kukuška-pujl measure of length (the distance between the thumb and the 

middle finger) [lit. one blowing of a cuckoo] 

Rus. kukuška 

934. kul' 

T kuul' bag, sack 

Rus. kul' 

935. *ku:I'a 

T kuul'e entrance hall in a Russian house 

TU *kuli, *kul-ti 'threshold; to fence' (EDAL 736) 

936. *ku:I'a:rmə 

T kuul'aarma pr. (a lake) 

937. kulebjaka 

К kul'ba.qə dish made of boiled fish with berries; KD kulubaxa 

Rus. kulebjaka 

938. *kulempə 

T kulube chamois boots for summer; TK kulebe 

Cf. Yak. kulluka, kulluča 'fur stockings', Evk. kulpe, kulpeki:, kulimej 'fur 

boots' (TMS 1 428) 

939. *kuiempəj 

T kulebej, kulubej black polar fox (Felis arcticus); TK kulebej 

940. *kul'ika: 

T kul'ikaa-amun spherical ends of the shin-bone 

941. *kultərki: 

К kuldərki: common woodcock (Scolopax rusticola)

942. kul'tura 

TK kultura- culture 

Rus. kul'tura 

943. *kumun 

T awjaat-kumun since yesterday 

T tadaat-kumun since that time 


944. *kunču: 

К kužu: sky; KK kužu, kužu:; KJ kudu:; KD kudu, kud'ur, SD kužu; T 

quruul; TD kurul, kuru, xorul', xorul; SU kužuw; MC kuntugi, kundugi + 

day; BO kúńžup sun; В kundshw, ME kuntschu; W koendsjoenga, koedzjuga 

К kužu:d-oŋil Universe [lit. split of the sky]; kužu.d-oŋora:, kužu.n-šöril'ə 

rainbow [lit. tongue of the sky]; kuzu.n-ped'ih northern lights [lit. sparks of 

the sky]; kužu:-tite-d'el'onəŋo:- blue [lit. green like the sky] | T quruud-iiwaa 

sky mother [lit. sky milk]; quruul-juod-ewče zenith [lit. sky's top of the 

head]; quruul-unmed'uo rainbow; quruun-qajčie sky grandfather | TD 

kurul-ločilčil lightning [lit. sky's fire] 

In T q- is irregular. 

945. *kune- 

K kuńd'ə glue; KJ kund'ed- 

K ktmd'əd- to become sticky; KJ kuned'i- 

K kuńd'ərej pr. (a man); KD kuńd'ero:-, kund'ebo- gluttony 

К kuńd'əš- to stick (TR); KK kuńdieš-, KJ kuńdieš- 

K kuńd'əń- sticky | ? SD kunzad-abut pr. (a mountain); container made of 

birch-tree bark used for keeping tea leaves and boiling water 

OU *ko:n- /*kana:- (Honti 1984: 151) // Bouda 1940: 76; Nikolaeva 1988: 

229; Rédei 1999: 46 

The middle vowel -e- is syncopated in most forms. 

946. *kunilil 

TD nie-gunilil friend 

947. *kunkə- 

T kungere- to tear; TK kungerie- + to pluck; TD kungare-, kungere- + to 

shave; to tousle the feathers 

T kungekuu bare patch on fur; kungekuu- to lose fur (of skin); kungej- to 

grow bare (of fur)


948. *kuŋkunč'e: 

К kuŋkud'e: gadfly 

949. *kunt- 

K kuńńə- dirty; KK kunńe-', RS kunnei 

К kuntə- to make dirty (TR); KK kunte-; KD kunte- 

K kudul mud; dirt; KK kudul, KD kudul, В kundun\ ME kundun\ MK 

kúndschut 

К kund'əγa: dirty person 

950. ku:ntuk 

К kuntuk sparse wood; pr. (a settlement) 

Ev. ku. ntuk 'clearing, tundra' (TMS 1 434) 

951. kuot- 

TK kuote- to win a competition 

Yak. kuot- 'to run away, to overtake' (JRS 190) // Krejnovič 1958: 250 

952. kupec 

KD kupeč merchant 

Rus. kupec 

953. *kur- 

KJ kur- to clutch 

U *kure- 'to tie together, to fasten together' (UEW 215-216) // Nikolaeva 

1988: 230; LR 142, 154 

954. *kura:tli: 

T kuraatlii hat worn by smb being buried 

Cf. Ev. dial, kurætli 'cap' (TMS 1 435) 


955. *kurč'ə- 

K kurčəŋ Siberian white crane (Grus leucogeranus); KK kurčen, kurčeŋ; KJ 

kurčeŋ, kurčekie', KD kurčeŋ 

К kurčəka: short coat with fur inside or made of chamois which in winter is 

worn under an overcoat; kurčəŋ-lebejdi: cranberry [lit. crane's berry]; ? 

kureqəti: Siberian white crane | KD kurced-abud'a snipe [lit. crane 

grandmother] 

? U *karke 'crane' (UEW 128) // Tailleur 1959a: 419; Nikolaeva 1988: 230

956. kur'ëz 

К kure.sńə- to amuse oneself 

Rus. kurjëz 

957. kure: 

К kure: fence 

T kuried-awur three main poles of a yurt [lit. fence container] 

Ev. kure: 'fence' (TMS 1 436) 

958. *kurelə- 

T kurelej- zealous 

T kurelejke- to choose as an object of derision 


959. *kuril' 

T kuril' ornament made of coloured pieces of wolfs or dog's skin, sewn up 

at the back of the coat and given to the shaman as a fee; TK kuril payment to 

a shaman for curing smb 

T kurilii- to recognize, to remember; to know; TK kurili-, kuruli-, kurili-, 

gureli-, giriili- + to see; TJ kurili:--, TD kurili- + to feel 

T kuriïič- to ask; TK kurïïiti-, kuriïit'i-, TD kurilit- 

T kurul'uo- to be seen; TK kureïuo-, kurul'uo- + to appear; TJ kurel'io- 

T kuril'te- to make a notch (TR) | TD kurilid'iel question | TK kurilow pr. (a 

man) 

960. kuru:k 

К kurulubuj, kirilbuj, kuru. k always, all the time, gradually 

К kuruk always, all the time 

Yak. or Ev. kuru. k 'always' (TMS 1 438) 

961. *kuse- 

TJ kusheγei- to overtake 

The word probably contains the back -и-. 

962. kustuk 

К kustuj axe made of ore 

SD kustuk arrow 

? Yak. kustuk 'arrow with a head made of metal or bone' (Pekarskij 1927: 

1260) 

963. *kute: 

К kute: summer yurt cover made of smoked skin or chamois; KJ kutie


964. *kuto:j 

T kutuoj miscarriage (of a female reindeer); TD -kutoi + (of a woman) 

965. *kuwe- 

BO kuwémoj to grow 

BO -kúwoj big 

966. *kuwe/*kumpə 

К kube, kuba rust; KK kube 

KD kubene- rusty 

967. kuxljanka 

KJ kuqlanke fur coat with fur inside; SD kuqlengka; T kukl'aanke short fur 

coat of the Chukchi type, with the fur on the outside; TK kukl'anka- 

Rus. dial, kuxljanka (ESRD 314) 

968. kuznec 

KD kud'neč blacksmith 

Rus. kuznec 

969. kymńy: 

К kimni: whip 

Yak. kymńy: (JRS 207) 

970. *kyntəna: 

T kidanaa pr. (a place) 

971. *kyqmərə- 

K kiqmərəš- to cure 

972. *kyrča:nə 

К kyrča:nə pr. (a man in folklore) 

973. ladan 

KJ ladan incense 

Rus. ladan 

974. ladit' 

К la. d'i:- to repair, to mend, to adjust; KD ladi- 

Rus. ladit'

975. ladoń 

KJ ladoń palm 

Rus. ladoń 

976. *l'aγ-/*I'aŋq- 

T l'ayurqa upper body 

977. *laγajək/*laŋqəjək 

KJ laγajek, layajeq pr. (a man in folklore) 

978. *laγal'ə-/*laŋqal'ə- 

T layal'es- to skin; TK layal'e-, TJ layal'esh-; TD I'ahalec- 

T layal'end'e skinning of a reindeer 

979. *laγalə-/*laŋqəl'- 

T layalayaluu- tedious; tiring, fatiguing 

T layalaya INTJ (how boring!) 


980. *l'aγaw/*I'aŋqəw 

К l'arau, l'aγau lowland; KK I'ayaw canyon, ravine; KD I'arau, I'ahan [rect. 

l'ahau\, TK I'ayaw 

981. *laja- 

T lajaa behind; after; TK laja, laj-; TJ -loja\ TD -loya 

T lajuo- last; TK laj-, lajou- 

T lajawre back part of smth; TK lajewre 

T lajite- late; TK lajite- 

T lajγudeŋ backwards; earlier; BO lojúgońdo\ KL lóaginda\ MK lojógunda 

T lajebe offspring, descendant; the last one; TK lajebe, lajebo remainder, 

rest 

T lajen, lajane later, lately; TK lajene, lajen 

T lajare- to leave; TK lajere-; TD layire- 

T lajuolel-muoqatke pr. (a lake) [lit. last white broad-fish]; lajieya 

penultimate nomadic camp; lajamu- to stay, to remain; lajaa-risqa small 

finger [lit. last finger]; lajaad-od'e muscles of the buttock [lit. back drop]; 

lajares- to leave; lajd-uo, lajbed-uo youngest child in a family; laja thigh, 

haunch, hind legs (of an animal); rear of smth; lajad-ugurče hind legs [lit. 

back legs]; lajuolel-semnel pr. (a lake) [lit. last place where many people 

died]; lajmukuol-nime small yurt where a dead body is kept before burial; 

lajayare rear; lajyar behind; lajyaren-daal butt-stock [lit. back tree] | TD


loje-čald'a little finger [lit. last hand]; layen- to leave | TK lajγudeŋ 

backwards; lajewre- to leave | BO lojúlańgat left 

982. lajat' 

T lajse- to bark; TK lajse-, TD I'aice- 

T lajse bark, barking | TD laicari- to bark at (TR) 

Rus. lajat' 

983. *l'a:jə 

К ja:jə, Ta:jə, ńa.jə spleen; T l'ukú-ïaaje\ ME laie 

? U *δ'äδ'wä 'spleen' (Lapp) // Nikolaeva 1988: 223 

984. *lajn- 

T lajnu- to fight; TK lajnu-; TD lainulaine- 

T lajniiče war; TK lajnit'e\ TD lainid'e- 

T lajniičečii soldiers 

985. *l'al'u: 

T I'aTuu pr. (a woman) 

986. *lalwə- 

T lalwii- to press; TK lalwi- 

T lalwije extra blanket; food reserve left in the tundra for the future; TK 

lalwije, lalwie; TD lalwiye 

TK lalwerej- to cover; to press; TD lalburei- lalborei- to pinch; to roll over; 

to throw down 

T lalwes- to cover; lalwii-raal platform on four poles used for storage [lit. 

pressing tree] | TD lalwiral wooden barn | TK lalwej-, lalwuo- covered with 

snow 

987. *la:mə 

T laame dog; TK laame, laama\ TJ la:ma, la:me\ TD lamo, lame, lami 

988. *lamp- 

ME lambul spear 

989. lampa 

TK lampe lamp 

Rus. lampa

990. *lampəl- ? 

MC lambol'aq after 


991. *lampunmə 

T labunme willow-ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus); TK labunme; TD labunme 

T labunmečaa place abounding in willow-ptarmigan; labunme-sugud'eńcoward 

[lit. with the willow-ptarmigan heart]; labunmed-enu pr. (a river) [lit. 

willow-ptarmigan river] 

992. *lamtə- 

MC laudap low; MU namdátschit 

U *lamte- 'low; deep' (UEW 235-236) // Tailleur 1959a: 417, 1962: 97; 

Nikolaeva 1988: 230-231; LR 146 

The alternation of the initial /- ~ n- also occurs in leme ~ neme, lalimə ~ 

nolimə. 

993. lamut 

К la:məd'i: pr. (a tribe that used to live in the upper basin of the river 

Korkodon in the mountains of Argaatas, probably the Even); T laametkaan 

pr. (a Tungus tribe) 

T laamed'aa man riding a dog team; laame-riska dog's claws [lit. dog's 

finger]; laamen-jalγil pr. (a lake) [lit. dog's lake]; laamen-burie red bilberry 

[lit. dog's berry] | TD laimadie puppy 

Rus. lamut or Ev. la.mutkan (ESRD 350-351) 

994. *la:n- 

T laanńe- to run at a trot 

995. "lanč'- 

K lad'i:- to smoke (TR); KK lad'i-; SD lasi- 

KK lande- to become smoked; KD lande- 

K lad'il smoke used for drying smth; KD lad'il 

К lad'itə- to smoke (TR); KK lad'ite-; KD l'ad'ite-, lad'ite- 

K lańńə- smoke-dried | SD lasil-emelie smoked cover of a yurt 

996. *l'aŋčə 

К jaŋžə goose; KJ jaŋže\ KD yaŋže\ SD jangza; T jaŋde, jaŋre; TK jaŋre, 

jaŋra, jaŋde\ TD yańd'ert-, yuŋd'e-, -yańd'e\ SU jaŋža\ RS janž'e\ M jagže', 

MC ljangjaja\ В landzsha - , ME landscha\ MU Ijä'rtgdscha, Ijä'rtgdschand-; 

MK Ijáangdscha, lljángdscha 

T jaŋred-ayare sunny warm autumn days after which it becomes colder [lit.


goose breath]; jaŋren-kičie big mosquitoes [lit. goose mosquito]; jaŋre-d'ii 

pr. (people of the Yukaghir Goose clan) [lit. goose people] 

997. *lanč'in- 

T lad'id'aa slowly; TK lad'id'acr, ? В anindzsha [rect. lantindzsha] gentle; ? 

ME anindscha [rect. lantindscha] gentle 

T lad'inban- slow, calm; ladïn-gurčii- to become calm; lad'ineŋ calmly; 

slowly 

FU Väfflc'V*weak, slack' (UEW 240-241)// Nikolaeva 1988: 233 

998. *laŋqə- 

K laŋi towards, to (PP); KJ laŋi\ SD -langi; TK laŋ- 

K laŋdə(t) on the side of (PP); KK laŋde-, KJ laŋde-; KD laŋide, l'aŋide; SD 

-lengdet, -lengdat, TK laŋude, luŋude 

К la.yət from the side of (PP); SD -lagan-, T laayar side; TK layar, layk- 

T layayas- to disperse, to separate, to diverge; to lie about; TK layayas- 

T layane- rare, scattered; spread; TK layane- 

T laŋle, laŋul side; half; laŋyačeń- disarranged (of hair); laŋal'es- to ruffle; 

laŋyaa pr. (a woman); laŋyaatege pr. (a dog); layačeń- scattered, spread; 

layayaj- to disperse, to diverge, to separate; laŋud'aa, laŋudeŋ like smth, 

about smth | TK layad- to disperse; layayarej- to separate; to spread 

? TU *la-kV, *la-ŋ 'near' (EDAL 859) 

The comparison with Tungus may be valid if -(ŋ)q- in Yukaghir is an old 

suffix. 

999. *Iant- 

T ladil wrist; TK ladil forearm; TD ladil 

T ladin-čuo bracelet protecting the hand from the bow-string [lit. wrist iron]; 

TD ladin-d'o: 

1000. *Iantəqun 

T ladaqun how much; as far as, so far as 

1001. laptaŋa 

К laptəŋa: northern shoveler (Anas clypeata) 

Yak. dial, laptaŋa (DSJJ 149) 

1002. *laq- 1 

К laqil tail; bottom (of the body); KJ laqil, leil-- KD l'axil'; SD laqil; T laqil-, 

TK laqil, TD laxil, RS likil tail; BO leqél, KL lyqil, В lačyl; MU Ijáchýl; 

MK lýkhal


К laq-uši: stern steer of a boat; KD -lax-uci, -lax-uči: 

К laqid-i:čə buttokc 

es; fish tail [lit. end of the bottom]; laqin-čičke: dragon-fly [lit. long tailed] | 

T laqin-ńuod'ijaa Siberian jay (Perisoreus infaustus) [lit. tail fringe]; 

laqid-eku: anus [lit. bottom hole]; laqind'uoje soft part of the buttock 

1003. *laq- 2 

T laqul' lungs; TK laqul 

T laqund-uo small lung [lit. lungs' child] 

1004. *l'aqa-1 

К jaqa- to reach, to come, to arrive (INTR); KK jaqa-; KJ jaqa-, jea-, laqa-, 

lea-, leqa-, je-\ KD ïaxa-\ RS läxai, läxaini\ MC jaqangi; MO Ijaren [rect. 

Ijaqen] to walk 

К jaquji:- to get somewhere; KK jaquji-; KD I'equyi- 

K jaq hortative marker (come on, let us); KK jaq\ KJ jeq, jak\ KD yax 

К joqtə- to bring; KK joqto-, KJ loqto-, loqte-, KD l'oxto-, yoxto- 

K jaquja:rə- approaching; ? jaqaj also, too, as well 

? FU *läkte- 'to leave, to go out' (UEW 239-240) 

The origin of the vowel -o- in the first syllable of some forms is unclear. 

1005. *l'aqa- 2 

К l'aqan slot in a beam used to split it while making a boat; KD I'axan 

? T iban-laqal part of a slope opposite the rocky part [lit. rock slot] 

? FV *lakśe- 'to hew, to break' (UEW 683) 

In К the final -n may be a suffix. 

1006. *l'ara- 

T jaraw-, I'araw- slow; fatiguing, lasting intolerably long 

T I'aralwuol- sickly, puny; l'arajγa, jakajya INTJ (tiredness, boredom); 

jarayii- to find smth very tiring; I'arajyii- to think that something is long; to 

feel impatient (TR); l'arajγiireŋ impatiently; larune- elastic, springy; I'aruyato 

tremble (of bones when smb is lifting smth heavy); to be elastic; to be 

noisy; Taruyas- to bend elastically 

1007. *larq- 

K larqul root; KK larqul, KJ larqul, SD -lanqul [rect. -larqul]; TD larxul 

tribe, clan; В larkul, ME larkul\ MK -tarchúl [rect. -larchúl] 

? FU *särV 'root; vein' (UEW 437) // Bouda 1940: 87-88; UEW 437; 

Nikolaeva 1988: 220; Rédei 1999: 47


1008. *la:runtə- 

TD la.rude-nienu- to ask 

1009. *las- 

T lasuya- to rush about, to do smth in a hurry (INTR) 

1010. *lasa- 

T lasawe-, lasune- thick (of fur); TK lasawe- 

T lasučeń- to bulge; to heap up; lasune- thick (of fur); hairy; lasurqa bush; 

lasuu pr. (a man) | BO lášawo, lašáwa hair 

1011. laska 

KD lačkoŋoŋo- good-natured 

Rus. laska 

1012. *la:tnəj 

К la:tnəj pr. (a mountain; a woman in folklore) 


1013. *latur 

T latur white-winged scoter (Menalitta fusca); TK latur 

1014. *law- 1 

T law- to drink; to smoke; TK law--, TJ lau(če)-, laule-; TD lau-, laul-, lou- 

T lawje water; TK lawje; TD lauye 

T lawjeme late autumn; TK lawjeme\ TD lauye, lauyema 

T lawnijaa alcoholic; lawječaa place abounding in water; lawjemdie, 

lawjemkie, lawjumdie small lake; lawjebuńge INTJ (thirst); lawje-rukun 

drunkard [lit. water thing]; lawjed-ekuu ice-hole [lit. water hole]; 

lawjen-ruske scoop [lit. water bowl]; lawjen-čuoraske bucket [lit. water 

caldron]; lawjen-menči(i)če water carrier; lawjeduube, lawjedube hill on the 

plain where polar foxes cub | TD lauite-, lawute- to give to drink; 

lukun-louye source; me-laudieńen- to have lunch | TK lawjus- to pour water 

(TR) 

1015. *law- 2 

К labut floating log or snag; KD labuf, T lawur, TK lawur heaps of tree 

trunks on the bank of the river 

К labun-ža:, lamun-ša: floating log; KJ labun-šar, KD labun-da; RS laun-ša 

root 

К labun-ža:d-ö: bastard [lit. floating log child]; KD labun-dad-uo

T lawurnaačiil pr. (a river) 

? FU *lVppV'floating log' (UEW 257) //Nikolaeva 1988: 230 


1016. *le- 

K lellu- downstream; KJ lelu-, lelle-, SU lellyke\ RS lyled- 

K lede down the river; in the North; KK lede\ KJ ledude\ KD lede 

К leddə downstream; to the North; KD ledule; В ledinda North; ME letynda 

North 

К ledenme:- low; KK ledemie-; KD ledeme-\ RS ledemer, В *ledemnee:\ 

ME ledemmi; MK ledémei 

К lellə-d'i: people who live downstream [lit. downstream people]; leddəd 

northern; ledeme:d'ə low place; lellugə- North | KD lellugut from beneath 

FU */F'under' (UEW 258) //JU 106; UJN 120; FUV 31; HUV 164; Angere 

1956: 129; Tailleur 1959a: 417; UEW 258; Nikolaeva 1988:231 

1017. *l'eδeməčil/*l'entəməčil 

KJ ledemečil pr. (a man) 

1018. *l'ə- 

K l'ə- to be, to exist; KK le-- KJ le--, KD le-\ SD /е-; T l'e-; TK le--, TJ le--, 

TD le-, la-, SU lei, léjek, lei, lény, lekin\ RS léngi, lei] M lei, leje-, leŋi, 

leílúi, ledeídagana + to approach; MC -let, la--, BO lej, letemo-, KL leni, 

Ijanunj, leda, ley, В lay, liak, -lae + life; ME lei, -lai, te:k [rect. le:k], -lae + 

life; W le, leti, legatei, led 

К 14:- to have; KK lienu-\ KJ //. -; KD /'/-; T /'//-; TK Л-; TD li:- 

TK line- independent, self-contained, well off; TD line-, li. ne- 

T lebul place where smth or smb is; TK I'ebul 

К l'əgə(k), l'ə- parenthetic word; T lege, le-, l'eŋ\ TK lege, le- 

K l'ək INTJ (let us, come on); KK %'; KJ le, lei + what 

К l'ədə without, independently of (PP) | T I'uolya, luoluolya instead of; I'eril 

place where smth or smb is; lie indeed 

U He- 'to be, to live' (UEW 243-244) // Paasonen 1907: 21; Lewy 1928: 

287; JU 81, HUV 164; Angere 127, 162, FUV 32, UEW 243; Nikolaeva 

1988: 232; Rédei 1999: 47; LR 142, 154 

1019. *leγ- 

K leg- to eat; KK lek-, leg-, lew-, ley--, KJ leg--, KD leg--, SD leg--, T lew--, TK 

leg-, lew-, log--, TJ leu-/leg-\ TD leg-/leu-\ M laktämla, lagúl, В lagul; ME 

lagk, lagul, MK léi 

К leŋdə- to eat (INTR); KK leŋde-\ KJ leŋde-\ KD leŋde-\ SD lengde-, 

lengdio--, TK lewde-; TJ leude-; TD lende-, leude-, SU landewudéje', RS


landak, ? loidek, landinubaken- + to bite; MC landyk, KL lagdaj; В langdal; 

ME langdak, -langdega; MU léngdetsche, léngebúndsche; MK Ijandýba- 

K leŋdijə big old-style wooden spoon; KD leŋdi, leŋdiye; T lewdii fork; TK 

lewdi: 

К legul food; SD legul; TK legul food; TJ legul, RS -lagu, lagul; MC -lyq\ 

MK -jágul; W -liagel 

К legitə- to feed; KK legite--, KJ legite--, KD legite-; T lögite-; TK lögite-; TJ 

legite-, logite-, TD legite-; RS lagitek, M lagiita\ В lagetak; ME lagitak 

К leŋdəjo:j glutton (a person); legej- to eat up; ? leŋžubə European wigeon 

(Anas penelope) | KJ legud-u:ša:nube piece of reindeer skin on which meat 

and bones are cut [lit. place where food is moved]; pr. (a man in folklore) | T 

lewdienube eating place; restaurant; legud-amud'e tasty food [lit. food 

goodness]; legul-mend'e hook for taking meat out of a pan [lit. food taker]; 

lögikid'ieje poison; lögiesinńeu March 

FU *sewe-/*seγe- 'to eat' (UEW 440) // Bouda 1940: 88; UEW 440; 

Nikolaeva 1988: 220; LR 157 

1020. *le:γə-/*leŋkə- 

T lieya- to rush 

The vowel harmony and synharmonism are irregular. 

1021. *leγur-/*leŋkur- 

T ličien-legurńel sound made by male reindeer 

1022. *Iej- 

K lejdi:- to know; KJ lejdi-\ KD l'eidi-, T lejrii--, TK lewdii-, lejri- + to 

remember; SU leidy, RS leidy; M leiduxi 

К lejtej- to recall, to learn; KK lejte-, l'ejte-\ KJ lejde-, lejte-, KD leitei-, 

leitei--, T lejtej-, TK lejtej--, TD leitei--, SU laitamik 

К lejtəč- to remember, to recall; KK lejtet'-, lejteš-, T lejtejse- 

K lejtək INTJ (it serves you right!); lejtəd'ə- to remember, to recall; lejtəd'e. l 

riddle I ? T lejkičuu- to take a nap | TD leiterei- to remind of; to make 

understand 

? U Hewδä- 'to find' (UEW 247) // Paasonen 1907: 21; JU 105; Nikolaeva 

1988: 231 

1023. lejka 

К lejkə, ńejkə lamp which uses fat; candle; T l'ejke\ TK lejke- 

T l'ejke-saγanebul candlestick [lit. place where a candle sits] 

Rus. lejka

1024. lekarstvo 

KD lekarče medicine, remedy 

Rus. lekarstvo 

1025. *l'eP- 

T l'e luge- to dangle, to hang loosely 

1026. *lelčə- 

K lelžə- to growl (of a bear) 

1027. *l'elpə- 

K l'elpə- to send 

The cluster -Ip- does not normally occur morpheme-internally. 


1028. *leme 

К leme, neme what; KK leme, neme-, lemdik; KJ leme, lemlik, lemdik, KD 

lemedie, lemdedik, T leme, neme; TK nime, ńime, neme\ TJ neme\ TD lemen, 

neme, name, nemeńolel', SU lomogol, lemen', RS lomogól, lomdók; M 

lómdak, ? MC lompyj- [rect. lomyj-] work; ВО lóm'lo', KL lomdak, В 

liómlentak, lemle-', ME lomlendak, -laemle 

KK nomoqo why; KJ nomoŋol, nomoqo, lomoqo + something; KD nomoqo 

К numun/numud with what, how; KK numun\ KD numun/numud, В lumun; 

ME lumun, numun 

T lemkumun why so ... ?; nemediń INTJ (uncertainty about the possibility of 

doing smth); nemie till what time; nemen what kind of; lem but why; modal 

marker (possibility) 

Some forms show back synharmonism. The vowel -u- in the first syllable is 

probably the result of assimilation to the second syllable -и-. For the 

alternation /- ~ n- cf. *lamtə-, 

1029. *leml'ə 

T lemle owner, master, host; boss; TK I'eml'e, lemle', TD lemle, lemńe 

T leml'e- to be suitable, decent; to feel well; to be brave | TK leml'emu- to 

recover after a disease 

1030. *lempice: 

T lebičie INTJ (how fast!) 

1031. *lemtəčə- 

T lemtečeń- to have one's front tooth fall out (INTR)


1032. *lene- ? 

BO lenej to jump 

1033. leningrad 

TK leningrat, leńingrat 

Rus. leningrad 

1034. *lenm- 

K lenmun(n)ə- shaggy; KK lanmune-, KD lanmune-; T lenmune-, lanmuneto 

droop, to snow in flakes (of the snow); to be dangling 

К lenmuge:, leŋmuge: pr. ( the mountain Argaa-Taas) | T lenmurke rags; 

lenmuge-, lanmuya- to flutter in the wind; to walk waving one's arms about; 

lanmul'es- to hang smth so that it sags; le(l)bučeń- hairy, shaggy 

TU Hendu-, *landu- 'to swing; to be shaggy' (TMS 1 491, 517) 

1035. lenta 

KK I'ente band; KD leńte 

Rus. lenta 

1036. *lentə 

T lede INTJ (horror) 

1037. *lepe- 1 

К lepni:- to smear with mud or clay 

К lepnə- smeared with mud or clay; lepegədej- to smear with mud or clay 

? TU *lipa- 'to smear, to poach in mud' (EDAL 861) 

1038. *lepe- 2 

T lepegej- to break off, to chip off (INTR); TK lepegej- 

T lepeguu smth chipped off; TK lepeguu 

T lepetterej- to tear off abruptly; lepeges- to chip off 

FU *rVppV-/*reppV- 'to burst, to split (INTR)' (UEW 427) // Nikolaeva 

1898: 247; LR 146 

There is no initial r- in Yukaghir. 

1039. lepëška 

T lepieska flat cake 

Rus. lepëška 

1040. *lep(k)- 

K lep(p)ul blood; KK lepul, leppul; KJ lepul; KD lepul; SD lokpul; TD


lepul\ MO nepao [rect. lepao]; В lio.pkul; ME lobkul, labkul 

К lepudə- to start bleeding; KK lepute-, lepude- to stain with blood 

К lepud-abut part of an elk's stomach, used for making a bag to keep blood 

to be used as food [lit. blood container]; KJ lepud-abut ventricle 

К lepun-čugö vein, blood vessel [lit. blood road]; KK lepun-t'uge\ KJ 

lepun-čugo-, KD l'epuń-čugo\ ME labgin-tschuda [rect. labgin-tschuga] 

KD lepkud-iče blood relative [lit. end of blood] 

? FV *leppä 'alder' (UEW 689) // Nikolaeva 1988: 231 

The semantic development can be reconstructed as follows: 'alder (red 

willow)' > 'red' > 'blood'. Some Yukaghir forms point towards the 

reconstruction *lepk-, where -k- could be an affix. 

1041. *lept- 

KD leptule-lodol' ball game 

1042. *ler- 

KJ lerul girl; TD lerul' 

1043. *le:r- 

T lieraj- to burn; to touch 

The word is an exception to vowel harmony, as it takes the suffix -ajinstead 

of the expected -ej-. 

1044. *lerpə-/*lerbə- 

KK I'erpele- to hang down (of the lower lip); KD lerpele- 

KK ïerpuńi- to lower one's lip | T lerpuu shaggy dog; pr. (a woman); 

lerputketke shaggy dog; lerpučeń- hairy; lerpukie hairy male dog; lerpunehairy 

TU *ler(be)- 'swinging; shaggy' (TMS 1 500, 518) 

1045. *lese- 

T leserke (torn) rags 

FU *leśe-/*liśe- 'to strip (of leaves), to bare' (UEW 246-247) 

1046. letat' 

BO lytéč' to fly 

Rus. letat' 

1047. *lewe: 

К lebe: land, earth; KK lebie; KJ labie; KD lebie, I'ebie; SD lebie-; SU 

-lywje, lewje; BO leweńgat; KL lewega; В levye, liebe + floor; ME leviya,


lebi + floor; MK lewé; W levianh 

К lebe:d-u: fish-roe [lit. earth child]; KJ lebied-uo; KD l'ebied-u; MU 

lebénd-ul; MK lewénd-ul 

T lewejn-burebe nature; homeland [lit. cover of the earth]; TD 

lewein-burube universe 

К lebe.n-pugiï wood goblin, master of the earth; KD lebien-pogil; SD 

lebien-pogil 

К lebe.də- to move encampment; KD lebiede- 

K lebejdi: berry; KJ labeidi; SD lebejdi; В leviéndi, -loviendi, -levienda-; 

ME leveentie 

К lebe:n-ke:hštə wood lark [lit. drying the earth]; lebe.n-šörilə flower [lit. 

earth ornament] | KD lebiye-legul edible roots [lit. food of the earth] | T 

lewejn-burebe-eńie mother nature; lewejn-duul, lewejn-tuul bowels of the 

earth 

TU *lebe:(n) 'swamp, marsh' (EDAL 872) 

1048. *lewej- 

T lewejl summer; TK lewej-; TJ leweile warm; hot; TD lewei- 

T lewejl-molnube place where one spends summer 

? FV *lämpV 'warm' (UEW 685-686) // Tailleur 1959a: 418; Nikolaeva 

1988:232 

1049. *lewke: 

T lačin-parile-lewkie kind of owl 

T sal'il-lewkie hen-harrier 

1050. li(bo) 

KJ ilibu, lubu or; T il'ibe or; SU li if 

Rus. li(bo) 

1051. *lič- 

T ličie six-year old reindeer bull; TK lit'ie, lit'ije domestic male reindeer; TD 

ličie 

T ličuorke reindeer female; TK lit'uorke; TD ličorko, ličorke 

T ličien-sal'yarrejuol castrated male reindeer [lit. bull's breaking] 

1052. *liγe-/*luγe- 

K lige- old; KK ligel-; KJ lige-; KD lige-\ T luge-; TK luge-; TJ I'ugo-; TD 

luge-, lugu-; RS lyge; В ligai age; ME ligai age 

К ligumu-, ligemu- to grow old; T lugumu-; TK lugumu-; TD I'ugumu- 

T lugul'uu aged; lugumun-poyod'e pension money [lit. oldness money]

1053. *liγíw-/*Iiŋkiw- 

T ligiwuo- full (of food) 


1054. *liγiwə-/*Hŋkiwə- 

T ligiwe- to tell one's fortune (usually with a breast bone of a 

willow-ptarmigan) (INTR) 

1055. *limpə- 

T libene- tender, soft 

T liberke branching towards the end of the antlers of a reindeer; libegej-, 

libel'e- to become fluffy, downy (of fur); libečeń- fluffy, downy 

1056. *limpilinč'i: 

T Iibilid'i-nime furuncle 

1057. *Iiŋkə- 

T liŋgeče scum 

T liŋgeles- to cover with scum; liŋgerkee smth covered with mud or scum 

The cluster -ŋg- is atypical morpheme-internally. 

1058. *Iintə- 

T liidej- to crumble, to fall to pieces; TK lidej- to go apart; TJ li.de- 

? KJ lidiennui to get filled 

1059. *li:pə 

К li:pə spade made of poplar for shoveling up snow while putting up traps; 

KD lipe 

FV *lippV 'spade or board used as a spade' (UEW 690-691) // Nikolaeva 

1988: 232 

1060. *lir- 

T liručeń- to have long fur (INTR) 

T lirukie smth with long fur 

1061. *l'ir- 1 

К iril stomach, belly; KK iril; KJ iril; KD iril; SD iril; T liril; SU liril; RS 

jiri; В liéril, ME lyril; MU lirír'; MK liril, liril- 

K irińə- pregnant; KK irińe-; T l'irińe-; TK lirińe-; TD Urine-; SU lirilnyn; 

RS jirinei, irin-; MC jurinyj, juriny fat; BO lerénej; KL lirinej 

KD irid-igeye saddle-girth, belly-band; SD irid-igej; T lirid-igije 

T l'ir-kitikií back; buttock [lit. end of the stomach]; TK I'ir-kitikil'


К irigən-erčo:n glutton [lit. bad in his stomach]; irilgi-əl-kičińi glutton (of a 

person) [lit. his stomach has no end] 

1062. *I'ir- 2 

T I'irie- to rely on (TR) 

T Tird'e delegating one's responsibilities to smb 

1063. *I'ir-/*l'er- 

K irkd- to tremble, to shake; KK irkej--, KJ irke-, KD irke-, irko-; T l'irke-, TJ 

lirke- to practice shamanism; TD irke-, lirke- 

KJ irkeje shaman; T jerkeje, Ierkeje shaman's tambourine; TJ lirkeje 

shaman's tambourine; TD lirkeye, lirkeye- shaman's tambourine 

T jerkeje-pajdii, jerkeje-bajdii shaman's beetle [lit. tambourine's beater]; TD 

lirkeye-paidu- 

K irkušej- to frighten; KJ irkušaj-\ KD irkucei- 

K irkud'ə- to shudder; KK irkuji-; KD irkud'e-; T l'irkejed'- to practise 

shamanism; TK lerkejed'i-\ TJ lirkejezi-; RS yrkiéov, В lirkúndzshï, ME 

tirkuntschei [rect. lirkuntshei] 

К irkej- to get frightened; irkiéəš- to frighten | KK irkijibo- nervous; irkujto 

startle I T l'erkejend'e shamanizing; l'erkejeń- to shamanize; Teruge- to 

shake slightly (INTR); I'erud'i- to shake slightly many times | TJ lirkejesh- to 

practice shamanism | TK I irkej shivering, fever 

The word shows the unusual correspondence К -/'- ~ T -e-. In К the initial /'was 

lost, probably through the intermediate stage j-. Given some T forms, 

-kə could be a derivational affix. 

1064. *l'ire- 

T ïirere- to blow; TK 1'irekej-; TD lirere- 

T I'irekije draught | TD lireres- to cause to blow 

1065. lišnij 

KD licnoŋo- more, extra 

Rus. lišnij 

1066. *l'ite- 

K itegədej- to pierce; T liteges- to strike, to beat; to forge; TK liteges- + to 

shave; TD liteges-, litegas- 

T liteged'ije forger; TK liteged'ie 

T I'itegend'ed-albe anvil; TD litegeńd'ed-alba 

T liteged'i- to forge; TK liteged'i- 

T litene- strained, keen (of a look); l'itegeń- to forge; litegend'e hammer for


forging; liteguo- beaten; (čumun-)ïiterke, literke bare flat place on the top of 

a hill; litegej- to become strained, keen (of a look) | TK liteged'iekie hammer 

for forging 

In К the initial /'- was lost, probably through the intermediate stage j-. 

1067. *li:tə- 

T liite- to divide, to separate; TK litrej- 

T liitterej- to separate some reindeer from the herd 

1068. *I'itek- 

T litekne lightly, without causing any disturbance (of one's walking) 

T litekne- to move easily (of smb's legs while walking) 

1069. *liwe- 

T liwuo- calm; TD liwuo- late 

T liwekeluu- tedious; liwekelge INTJ (boredom, sleepiness); liwumu- to get 

accustomed to (TR); liwuojneŋ calmly; liwure- to comfort smb (TR); liwe- to 

entertain, to amuse; liwed'ii, liwid'ii amusement; liwire- to miss 

1070. *loč- 

K ločil fire; KK lot'il; KJ ločil; KD ločïï, ločia\ SD locil; T lačil; TK lačil; 

TJ lačil, TD lačil, ločil; SU lačid-, ločil, ločila; RS ločil; M ločil, KL lačel\ 

В lotshel, lotshen-, ME lottschell 

T lačided-uol stove [lit. fire frame]; TK lat'ided-uol; TD lačided-ol, 

ločidod-ol' fireplace in the yurt 

T lačid-end'ii splinter [lit. fire burner]; TD ločid-enbe 

К ločid'i: steel for kindling fire; KK lotidi:; KJ ločidï, T lačid'ir, TK lačid'v, 

TD lačidi', RS ločiedy, В lotshenda 

К ločid-u:ri:, ločid-u:ši:, ločin-u:ši: steel for kindling fire; double intestine 

of a bird [lit. moving firewood]; ločil-u:ji:-, ločil-a:- to cut wood [lit. to do 

firewood]; ločidəj- to flash; ločin-qal'l'u: wooden chips [lit. fire driftwood] | 

KJ ločil-pedije fire-place [lit. fire burner] | SD locil-ci lightning | T 

lačid'ii-kudičii white down from a willow (used for starting a fire) [lit. laying 

of a steel]; lačid'ii-qajl' flint [lit. steel's stone]; lačin-januyasče wooden 

poker [lit. firewood collector]; lačid-endii splinter [lit. wire lighter]; 

lačid-amun brushwood [lit. firewood bone]; lačid-önid'e, lačid-anid'e ash 

[lit. fire sand]; lačin-parile-lewkie kind of owl; lačin-meruu ritual name of 

fire; lačin-bare fire-brand [lit. fire basis]; lačinčaa place with much wood; 

lačin-memderiče shavings, chips [lit. what makes fire flame]; lačin-legul two 

logs used to keep the fire in the fireplace [lit. fire food]; lačin-sisayasče, 

lačin-sisaγasiiče wood-cutter | TJ lačin-sisaγasnube place where one cuts


wood I TD lačin-ki.d'e fire spirit; ločid-enbe fire-place | TK lat'in-legul log 

burning on a fire [lit. fire food] 

1071. *l'o:δə- 

K jo.də- to play; KK jo.do-, joda-; KJ lodo-, lodio-; KD lodo-, l'ado-, lodo-; 

SD lodo; T l'uora-, juora-; TK l'uore-, l'uora-, jora-, juore-; TJ lore-, joro-; 

TD loro-, lore-; SU lodaje; RS loodek, loodán; В lioda; ME liota 

К jo. dəri:- to play with (TR); KD I'odori- to win in a game 

К jo:dəjə toy; KD l'odiye; T juorii; TK I'uori, juorii 

T luoriiče, juoriiče competitions, games; TK I'uorit'e 

KD lodibe going out; I'odod'a- to have fun, to have a good time; lodod'al 

common games | T juorpej-, I'uorpej- to joke, to play a trick on (TR); ? 

joočii- to amuse; to entertain (a child); juora game | TD I'ore-gonme beloved; 

l'očirind'en marriage; wedding; ? l'oči- to carry | TK I'uorej person playing a 

game 

1072. *l'oδo 

К l'oda.q face downwards; KK ludaq; KJ loda.q; KD loda.x, lodo.x; T 

liraaq 

KJ lode down 

T -/'- is unclear 

1073. lodočnyj 

KJ lotočnoj pr. (a place on the Kolyma); SD lotocaj 

Rus. lodočnyj 

1074. *löγ- 

MC logu, -logo reindeer; MK légouf[rect. légouk] elk 

T lögikind'e wedding; reindeer killed after the death of a man; TK logikind'e 

food 

T lögur call of reindeer male 

TU *lökü- 'elk; deer' (TMS 1 509) 

1075. *l'oγ-/*l'oŋq- 

K I'oyi:- to castrate; KD lohi- 

1076. *loγo- 

MC sogond-onde salt; В logodu.shinu; ME logotunkeinu; MK 

logódy-chonól 

TU *saKV(EDAL 1204)


1077. *loγo- 

T loγore- to wash (TR); TK loyoke-; TD lohore- 

T loyod'e- to wash (INTR); TK loγod'e; TD lohod'e- 

T loyorii rags for washing up; blood of a reindeer used to wash hands after a 

funeral; loyod'aanube washstand 

OU *lδγ- 'to wash' (Honti 1984: 159) 

232; Rédei 1999: 47 

The PY *-γ- is reconstrcucted based on the Uralic correspondence. 

1078. *Ioγompo:r/*loŋkəmpo:r 

T loyobuor roots of wind-fallen wood 

1079. *I'öko:rə- 

T l'okuorej-ńawńiklie black polar fox with high quality fur 

1080. *Iöl- 

T löl- to bring up, to give an upbringing, to educate; TK löl- 

T löld'-eńie stepmother [lit. upbringing mother]; TD I'old'ed-enie- 

T löld'e, löld'emaa stepfather; lölde- to lull to sleep | TD lalmel-uo-, 

lalmen-kod'edouk adopted child, foster-child 

1081. *lolimə 

T lalime sledge; TK lalime; TD lalima, lalime] MU nalimme\ MK nalýma 

T lalimed'aa people with sledges; lalimekaan little sledge; lalimen-juo front 

part of a sledge [lit. sledge's head]; lalimen-ńoyod-ayiï skin of a one-year old 

reindeer calf used as a rug on the seat of a sledge [lit. sledge bed]; 

lalimen-tolii long stick made of dried willow between the front part and the 

legs of a sledge [lit. sledge stick]; lalimed-ugurče legs of a sledge 

Cf. Ev. nolima 'sledge' (TMS 1 604) // Krejnovič 1958: 249; LR 165 

The direction of borrowing is unclear, but in any case the Ev. data 

demonstrate that the Yukaghir word used to have -o- in the first syllable. For 

the alternation /- ~ n- in Yukaghir see leme ~ neme and *lamtə~. 

1082. *l'ol'oqə 

SD lologodie pr. (a stream); T I'ol'oqodie pr. (a woman) 

1083. *lolqə- 

K lolyə- to boil (INTR); KK lolyo-; KJ lolgo-; KD lolgo-, lolha-\ SD lolga-\ 

T lolya-\ TK lolya-' TD lolho-, lolhe- 

K lolyəš- to boil (TR); KK lolyoš-\ KJ lolgoš-\ KD lolhoc-; SD lolgaš; T 

lolyas-; TK lolyas-; TD lolhec-


KK lolyadaj- to boil (TR) | T lolyije spray from boiling water; person who 

speaks quickly; lolyasiiče person who constantly boils smth 

1084. *l'omč'ə/*lomjə 

К ïomd'ə moisture, humidity; KK lomde\ KD I'omd'e 

К l'omd'ə- to shed hair, feathers; KD I'omd'e- 

K lomd'u:- humid, damp | KK lomd'ed-, lomd'eš- to shed hair or feathers 

1085. *lömp-/*lump- 

K lubul top of a boot; KK lubul' gusset in a boot; KD noil'-l'uhul\ ME lombul 

shin, shank 

? U *lampa 'snow-shoe' (UEW 234) 

1086. *l'öŋ- 1 

К l'öŋńə- large, big; KD l'oŋne- 

K ïöŋkə large fish; KK jonke large, big 

К l'öŋńumu-, l'öŋke.mu- to grow larger 

1087. *l'öŋ- 2 

К joŋčə, lomčə, ńumčə bell; KK joŋśe, joŋt'e-; KJ joŋče, loŋče; KD l'oŋče, 

yomče; T joŋče, jöŋče\ TD -yońče-; RS jonča 

KK joŋńe- ringing; T jöŋne- 

T jöŋerke smth ringing; joŋčen-čoyoyol tinkling of a handbell; jöŋtege pr. (a 

place); jöŋńii- to make smth ring; jöŋńiiče smth ringing 

Cf. Ost. (Obdorsk) loŋxali 'bell' (DEWOS 845-846) 

1088. lončak 

KD loncak three-year old elk 

Rus. dial, lončak (ESRZ 342) 

1089. *l'onč'u:/*l'onču: 

KJ lod'u: youngest wife; KD I'od'u 

1090. *Ionlə ? 

SU lonla lungs 

1091. Toŋnə- 

K joŋno:- worn out; KJ loŋne- bored, perforated; TK joŋne-, joŋńe- 

1092. *l'oqqə- 

K joŋno:- open; KK joŋne-, T joŋne-; TJ loŋo-\ TD l'ońno-; SU jogonei


К joŋni:- to keep open; KD -loŋni-; T joŋnii- 

K joγaj- to open (INTR); KK joyoj- 

T joŋotej- to open (TR); TK joŋotej-, TD l'ońotai- 

K joγodaj- to open (TR); KK joyodaj-, joyodej-\ KJ loγoγodaj-, loyoŋodaj-, 

loyodaj--, KD I'ogodai- 

TD l'ońdei-, lońdečinu- to open (TR) | MK -Ijongaljáschnoje opener 

1093. *loŋqə ? 

MU longgá bow 

1094. *lont- 

K londə- to separate, to let off, to take away (TR); KK londo-; KJ londo-, 

londe-, londa--, SU londana to skin 

К lonči:- to take down; loda:- to separate, to leave (INTR) 

The elements -da- and -či:- are suffixes: *lont-də- > lon-də-, *lont-ji- > 

lort-či:-. 

1095. *loŋtə- 

K loŋdə- to dance; SU londače, londanik, longdok, RS londak, MC landygik, 

MO lojundak, В longdok, ME longtok 

1096. *lopčə 

К lopčə pr. (a man in folklore); KJ lončuo [rect. lopčuo] 

1097. *lo:qə 

T luoqa hook made of bone; hooked instrument for digging out birch trees 

from the snow; poker 

T luoqačend'ekukun smth hooked; shaman's attribute; luoqaa man having a 

nose with a low bridge; pr. (a man) | TK luoqat'end'e hump-backed 

1098. *lo:qə- 

T ńi-luoqas- to quarrel 

? TK ńi-layarleri- to attack 

1099. *Ioqo- 

T loqoyo- to walk in a light springy gait; to rise (of the sun); TK loqoyoj- to 

rise (of the sun); to get better (of smb's life) 

T loqnii, loqnije float; TK laqnije 

T loqnii- to burst out; to protrude from inside; loqne- protruded, violent; 

loquo- violent; harsh

250 8 Dictionary 

1100. *1ог- 

K lorqa:j- unable to do smth (TR); KJ lorqai-\ SD lorqaj- to grow decrepit; 

T lorqo- to think smth too difficult 

К ïorči:- to suffer 

1101. *lör- 

T lorine- beautiful (of fur) 

T loričeń-, lukučeń- luxuriant (of willows); to have long fur (of a hat); 

lurukee smth with long fur; person wearing a hat with long fur 

1102. *losijə 

К lošijə, lošija: pr. (a man in folklore); KJ lošija: 

1103. loskut 

KD ločkut rag 

Rus. loskut 

1104. *löt- 

T lötine- dirty 

T lötii pr. (a woman); lötil'uu dirty creature; lötil'es- to soil, to dirty; lötige- to 

become dirty 

1105. lovit', lovuška 

RS lowitaik to try 

M lowúška trap 

Rus. lovit' 'to catch', lovuška 'trap' 

1106. lovkij 

К lopkoŋo:- suitable 

Rus. lovkij 

1107. *löw- 

K löudu:- to fall down; KK lomdu-; KJ loudu-; KD loudi-, lomdi-, loudi-; 

RS logdui\ M lowdúgi 

К löudə- to drop; to take off; KK lowde-, lowdij-; KD loude-; ? MO -loudok 

К lömdijə, jömdijə precipice | KK lopśi- to drop 

The alternation -w m- is irregular. 

1108. *lowiδa-/*lompiδa-/*lowintə-/*lompintə- 

KJ lobideč- to look

1109. *lowo-/*lompə- 

KD lobal seine(-net); SU lawol\ RS laol 

KD loba.či- to catch fish with a seine-net 

The vowel harmony is irregular. 

1110. *l'öwunč'ə-/*l'öpmunč'ə- 

K l'öbud'əń-, jöbud'əń- smoked 

1111. ložka 

К loškə-ra: spoon; KK loška, loške\ KD locke 

KD lod'kad-abut sack [lit. container for spoons] 

Rus. ložka 

Dictionary 251 5 

1112. *l'u:- 

K ju:l smoke; KK Jul, ju-\ KJ ju:l, lu:l\ KD M, yul; SD jul; RS jun-\ KL /ум/; 

MU ljul, MK Ijúl + sand 

KD yudei-, yu.dei- to smoke (TR) 

К ju. ńi:- to smoke (TR); KK juńi-, KD yu. ni-, yuni- 

K ju:-legul, i.-legul flour [lit. smoke food]; RS jun-lagu; MC jel-lyq\ MK 

Ijúnd-jágul bread; W lün-liagel 

К ju:čə breath; KJ lu:če; KD l'uče, čučen-; SU luča\ RS luča\ В leutsčénni, 

lewsha + stream; ME lutsche, lutscha + spirit; MU lútsche 

К ju:čədej- to sigh; KK judej-, KD l'učedei- 

K ju:čə-ra: fire for smoking out mosquitoes; KK juśe-ra-; KD l'uče-ra 

К ju:čəh-qond'i:-,julə-qond'i:- to faint [lit. to drag one's breath] 

U *lewle 'breath; soul' (UEW 247-248) // Paasonen 1907: 21; Lewy 1928: 

287; Bouda 1940: 86; JU 81; HUV 164; UJN 121; Tailleur 1959a: 418; 

UEW 248; Rédei 1999: 47 

The phonetic development is likely to be as follows: *lewle > lew- > lu:- > 

l'u:-. The first consonant was palatalized before a long vowel. 

1113.lu:ča: 

К lu.či: Russian; KK lut'v, KJ luči\ KD l'učid-; SD euš'i [rect. luši], jici-\ SU 

lučín, lučípa, luči; RS luči\ M lučin 

К lu:či:d-o:ži: vodka [lit. Russian water]; MK lotschénd-ondschi 

К lu:či:n-borod'ina: blackcurrants [lit. Russian currants]; KD luči-morod'ina 

red currants 

К lu:či:(n)-numö pr. (the town Verxnekolymsk) [lit. Russian house]; KJ 

luči-numo, luči-nume


KJ lučid-legul dried crust [lit. Russian food]; luči-jou syphilis [lit. Russian 

illness] 

Yak. or Ev. luča, lu. ča (TMS 1513) 

1115. *lučina 

KD lučine kindling; SD lucine 

Rus. lučina 

1116. *luγur-/*luŋkur- 

T lugurubul tray for meat made of the skin under a reindeer's hooves; TD 

lugumul 

1117. *luk- 

T lukul ground, earth; land; TK lukul; TD lukul 

TK lukud-od'e dew [lit. water of the earth]; TD lukud-od'e 

T lukul-burebe place; land [lit. top of the earth]; TJ luku(n)-burube-\ TD 

lukun-burube 

T lukun-sisiγuu, lukun-sisayuu cleft, fissure [lit. earth split]; lukud-amud'e 

flat land [lit. goodness of the earth]; lukud-albe lower land [lit. bottom of the 

earth] I TD lukun-louye source [lit. earth water]; lukun-burube-ki.d'e goddess 

of the earth [lit. spirit of the surface of the earth] | TK lukuldol tomb 

1118. *l'uk- 

K juku- small, little; KK juku -; T juku-, juku, I'uku-; TK luku-, I'uku-, TJ 

juku-; TD luku-; SU juku, lyki-; RS juke-, lyki-; В lukun, luki-, lukund-; ME 

lukull-, lukunt-, lukunt-\ MK Ijuki- 

K juko:- small, little; KK juko-; KJ jukuo-, lukuo-, juko-; KD l'ukuo-, yuko-; 

SD jukio-; T jukuo-; TK l'ukuo-, I'uko-; TJ lukuo- - , TD l'uko-, luko-, lukuo-, 

SU jugún-, lykoi, lyko-; RS lukaondi, lukoi; M l'ukó; MC jekčeń little; MO 

ceqej- [rect.jeqej-], tiqo- [rect. juqo-]; BO júqčoń, júqčo, júqčon; KL ljukon, 

ljukon; В lukool-; ME luckon; MU likó, likótschit; MK Ijukóń, ljukon, 

Ijukoń, Ijukónd- 

K jukumu- to grow small; KK jukumu-; TD l'ukumu- 

K jukuńe.jə, jukunume:, jukunme.jə (small) mouse; KJ juguneje\ SD 

jukuoneje 

К juku-parna: crow; KD yuku-parana 

К juku-kuče: midge [lit. small mosquito]; KK juku-kut'ie 

К juku-noda: small bird; KK juku-noda\ KJ juku-nodar, KD I'uku-noda, 

yuku-nodar, SD jako-nata 

К juku-šubed'ə pulse [lit. small heart]; KJ juku-čubod'e; T juku-rugud'e 

К jukud-aŋd'ə pupil of the eye [lit. small eye]; KD lukod-aŋd'a:,


yukod-aγŋd'ar, TK jukud-aŋd'aa temple (part of the head); В Iooka-angsha; 

ME lukant-angscha 

SU lyki-pože ermine [lit. small white one]; M lyki-pod'e; В looki-pondsha 

К juko.žə- to make smaller; TK Vukure-; TD Fukure-; MO jekonči- 

K juku-joŋža: barnacle goose (Branta) [lit. with small nose]; juko:d'o:n(de:) 

a little bit; jukud-onora: rainbow [lit. small tongue]; juko.l-kukuška-pujl 

measure of length (the distance between the first and the second finger) [lit. 

small blowing of a cuckoo] | KD yuko.čil-mald'e, yuku-mald'e Arctic 

bramble [lit. small cloudberry]; yuku-kučiye-kinid'e August [lit. 

small-mosquito month]; yuku-xartlid'e-kinid'e February [lit. little butterfly 

month] I SD jukjuol-šošquja small louse | T I'uku-ond'a pr. (a man) [lit. small 

male]; juku-jalγaa(die) small lake; jukul'e smaller one; l'uku-moń-oŋoj belly, 

stomach [lit. small stomach bag]; l'ukuočiil-sajre falcon [lit. small eagle]; 

jukud-ujeńej-rukun small birds [lit. small thing with wings]; juku-juodii, 

I'uku-juodii red ball in the inner corner of the eye [lit. small eye]; jokondaa 

swamp snipe; l'uku-ńolol Baikal teal (Anas formosa) [lit. small duck]; 

juuk-amaa child traditionally considered to be the reincarnation of its father 

[lit. small father]; jukuolel-susked-enu pr. (a river) [lit. little bowl river]; 

jukuo pr. (a man) 

1119. *luki 

К lukil, lökil blunt arrow without a head used as a child's toy; KJ lokil, lokkil 

bow; SD loxkil, SU lokil 

Ev. luki 'toy arrow' (TMS 1 507) 

1120. *lul- 

K lulči:- to howl; KJ lulu-] KD l'ul'č-] В lootshi] ME lultschu 

1121. *lunč'- 

KJ lud'udie thin layer of ice 

1122. *lunt- 

K ludul iron; KK ludul] KJ ludul] KD ludul] SD ludul] RS -/мл; MC lundylo] 

В -lundal] ME -london, -lundol] MK lundúl, -lundul 

К lun-bugö, nun-mugö iron cauldron [lit. iron box]; KK lun-buge] KJ 

lun-buge, ludun-buge] KD ludun-buge, lun-buga] SD lunbuge] TK 

lun-buge-] SU ludun-piga 

К ludun-qonžə piece of iron [lit. iron broken piece] 

1123. *l'u:rə- 

K ju.ro:- wry, crooked, slanting; KK juro-, ju.ro-] KD yu(o)ro-, l'uoro-] T


juuruo-; TK juro-, ju.ro- + limp; SU juror, RS juror, В yonrul 

К juričiš- to bend (TR); KK ju. rit'i. š-; TK juurit'ij- 

K juríču:- to bend (INTR), to become crooked; KK ju.rit'i-, ju.rit'i:-; KD 

yurič-, l'urič-, T juuričii-, TK ju.rit'i- 

K ju:ri:- to bend, to make smth crooked | T (moŋon-)juuruupe pr. (a Chukchi 

tribe) [lit. hat crookedness]; juurud'uol swing; juudek askance; juuruorii- to 

keep askew | TK ju. ru: crookedness 

Vowel shortening in some forms is unclear. The initial /- is reconstructed on 

the basis of the KD data. 

1124. *l'urk- 

K jurgu: slot, hole; KK irgu, irugu\ KJ jurguš-, iruguš-\ KD iruguc-\ SD 

-jurgu\ RS jirgu 

К jurgud'e:jd, jurgud'e.jjə star; awl; KK irugud'eje; KJ irgud'eje; KD 

irgud'eye\ SD jurgyzieje, jarquduje; SU lirogor, RS jirjugudeija; M 

jirumudr, MC jerpikinčeja; BO liringindeje; KL lirugudej-, В lerungundshia; 

ME lerungutschar, MK liréngindschejé 

К jurguš- to bore, to drill; KK irguš-, juruguš-, KJ urugu-, KD ywrugu, SD 

jurugugu,jurugu- 

K jurgu:gi-öjl'ə to be unable to understand a language [lit. he has no hole] | 

KK irgud-, jurugud- to become holed | ? RS jirumudi cracked 

The intervocalic -j- may optionally be geminated as in jurgud'e.jjə, cf. 

РФ--- 

1125. *luto:rə- 

T lutuore- to kill; to wound 

1126. *l'uw- 

K immu- to get drunk; KD imumu- to fool; T iimu-, iimu-; TK imu-; SU 

iwójema] В eventsh stupid; ME jvuentsch stupid; MU imóbujeir, MK 

iwómuje, Ijugóweja + full (of food) 

К immo:- drunk(en); T iimie-; TD ińe- 

K jubo:- to make a fool; wild, stupid; KK -I'ubuo-; KD yu:bo-\ SD juba- 

K ibolbani:-, ibolmuŋi:-, ibolban- to make fun of, to laugh at, to fool (TR); 

KD ibolmuni:-, ibolban- 

T iimus- to fool; TD imus-, imiese- to make drunk 

К jubugə- to become full (with food), to stuff oneself; KK jubogo-, juboge-, 

lubugo-; KJ luboge-, luboγo-; KD l'ubugo-, luboge-\ SD juboge-\ SU 

luwéger, RS loogoi 

KD yubo.d'e- to spoil | T iimies- to make drunk; iimuluu- tiring, boring; 

iimulgii- to disapprove | TD i. mni mad; drunk | TK imuj-göde drunk person


Cf. Evk. iwul 'wild; strange; fool' (TMS 1 295) 

The stem has undergone various phonological changes: */W- > К jub-, 

*l'uw- > juw- > ji:- > i:- > i-, *l'uw- > jum- > i:m- > im- (before -m- of the 

following suffix). The Evk. word may be a Yukaghir borrowing. 

1127. *luwe-/*lumpə- 

K lubedə- to cough; KD i'ubode-; RS luoda 

1128. *luwenč'ə- 

K lubed'əń- (light) blue; KD lubod'en-; SU luwod'eni\ RS liožani; В 

lubandzshianni; ME lubantschianni 

1129. *Iympə- 

T libatterej- to grasp abruptly (TR); TK libatterej- 

T libaγa- to shake, to shiver; to tremble (INTR); libayii- to set; libarya smth 

shaking 

TU *lembe- 'to swing, to flutter' (TMS 1 516) or FU *rVmpV- 'to swing' 

(UEW 241) // Nikolaeva 1988: 247; LR 155 ( ~ FU) 

There is no initial r- in Yukaghir. 

1130. *Iymqə 

T limqa peled (Salmo peled); TD leqma- [rect. lemqa-] 

T limqadie pr. (a woman) 

1131. *Py:nəγə/*Py:nəŋqə 

KJ li. noya jealous 

1132. *lyŋkə ? 

MC luiga [rect. lunga] rain; MO lango, -langeo, laigo- [rect. lango-] + 

water; BO lýńgej water 

MC -liguj to drink / MO langol'-langol'to drink water 

1133. *lyŋnə- 

T liŋna- smart, smartly dressed 

T liŋnalya INTJ (how smart!); liŋtaa pr. (a man); linyayaj- to become smart; 

liŋγarkaa smth smart 

1134. ma 

KK ma, ma?INTJ (here it is); TD ma 

Ev. ma (TMS 1 519)


1135. *ma:- 

T maamaa- to eat (usually of a child) 

The root ma.ma:- is likely to appear as a result of reduplication typical of 

nursery words. 

1136. mačexa 

KD mačixe stepmother 

Rus. mačexa 

1137. *maγ- 

K maγil coat; KK maγil, KJ maγil; SD magil, T mayil, TK mayil-\ TJ mayil, 

TD mahil, mahin-\ SU magyl, RS magyl, KL mihin-; В mangil, ME magil, 

MK máhil 

SD magil-nugan sleeve [lit. arm of a coat]; TD mahin-nińin 

К mayińəri:- to hang on all around (of children); to cling to (TR) | T 

mayin-burebe upper coat with fur outside [lit. top of the coat]; maγin-čiid'e 

bottom hem of a coat [lit. coat hem] 

? TU *muKa 'fur clothes' (EDAL 920-921) 

В mangil indicates that the word contained the medial consonantal cluster, 

however other OY data rather point towards a single consonant. 

1138. *maγ-/*maŋq- 

T mayul dandruff 

1139. magazin 

T magad'iin shop 

Rus. magazin 

1140. majn 

KJ main pr. (a man) 

Rus. majn 

1141. *malč'a/*maljə 

К mald'ə cloudberry; KD mal'd'e\ SD -malzo\ RS malž'e 

FU *molV/*moδ'V 'berry' (UEW 279) // Tailleur 1959a: 419; Nikolaeva 

1988: 233; Rédei 1999: 48 

1142. *maI-/*mol- 

K maluji- to doze; KK maluj-\ KJ maluj-, KD maluyi- 

K mal- to spend (a night, a day); KJ mal- to sleep; T mol-\ TK mol-\ TD 

ma/-, mal-, RS -malul, В mallui


К malaj- to fall asleep; KK malaj-, KJ malaj--, KD malai-; SU malaik, 

malaič 

К molo:- to do smth quietly and evenly (of speaking, moving) (INTR); molil 

silence, calm; back water of a river where there is no current | TD malol 

camp I TK mold'i- to spend several nights 

This stem shows the irregular alternation -a o-. 

1145. *ma:lə 

T malaa(k) modal marker (here it is; let us; however); TK mala:k, ma:lek, 

mala, mela\ TJ ma.lek, malek, mola: 

T maalek modal marker (agreement) | TK ma.luu- close 

1146. *ma:lə- 1 

T maaluu- amazing; TK ma.luu- 

T maalijuori- to surprise; TK ma.lejlo.ri-; TD maleyori- 

T malii- to amaze; maalej- amazed; maaličneŋ strange, funny; maalaγa INTJ 

(surprise); maalaa- to peer with curiosity 

1147. *ma:lə- 2 

T maala- both sides; opposite; TK ma:l-\ TJ malaγu-, maloγu- 

T maalajla- six; TK ma.leji-, ma. lajla-, ma:leje-\ TJ malajle-; TD malaile- 

T maalajlakla- eight; TK ma.lalak.la-, ma.lajlakla; TJ malailek-; TD 

malailaxla-, malailek- 

T maalayur both sides of smth | TK ma. laγur on both sides 

К ma. ləγul'əlgə around 

Cf. PE *malruy 'two' (CED 187) // LR 145 

1148. *mamŋə- 

T mamŋańd'ed-oŋoj bag for a sledge 

1149. mamontova 

К mamuta: pr. (the river Mamontova) 

Rus. mamontova 

1150. *man- 

K man-šöjïbul rat; KD man-col'bul' 

1151. *mań- ? 

TD mańo-, mano- to freeze


1152. *ma:n- 

T maanńe- to protect jealously without letting smb go near smb else 

An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable suggests that -ńə- is a 

derivational suffix. 

1153. *manilə/*monilə 

К majlə hair; KJ manaile, monaile, mońile; KD manal'ie, manail'e; SD 

majaïn, majylcr, T monil'e + brain; TK monil'e, TJ monile-, TD monile-; SU 

manéle, manele\ KL manaíapul, manal'a\ В manalláe\ ME monnole\ MU 

monóli + head; MK manálya 

T monil'ed-anyii comb [lit. hair comb]; TD moniled-anhi- 

T monil'e-d'uo hair jewelry [lit. hair metal]; moniïen-ńuoruu braid, tress [lit. 

woven hair] | TD monilenu.l hair 

К majlə < mańlə < mańilə < manilə. The stem shows the unusual 

correspondence К -a- ~ T -o-. 

1154. *maqarun ? 

TK maqarun-l'ellek some time later 

1155. *ma:r- 1 

T maaruo- lucky; happy; TK ma:ro(:)-\ TD maro-, того:-, ma.ro- 

T maarii- to wish well; to be fond of one's favourite work; maaruojneŋ 

lucky I TD marol, marol' happiness; protecting spirit 

TU *muru(n) 'luck; mind' (TMS 1 558)//Nikolaeva 1988: 180 

1156. *ma:r- 2 

T maarčii- to turn out (TR) 

1157. *mara- 

T maraya INTJ (used when smth desired is not available) 

T maranme idly, simply; maranme-l'ie very simply 

1158. markov 

KJ markob pr. (a man) 

Rus. markov 

1159. *marmjan 

TK marmjan pr. (a man) 

The three-consonantal cluster is irregular.


1160. *marq- 1 

К marqil' girl; KK marqil', marqi-; KJ marqil; KD marxil; SD marqil; T 

marqil'; TK marqil; TJ marqil, marqel; TD marxol, marxel, marxe-; RS 

markil, markilge; KL marqildieh, В marcel; ME markell 

KD marxidie little girl; TD marxeldie teenage girl 

К marql'-ö:, mašl'-ö: daughter [lit. girl child]; KJ marql-uo; T ma(r)ql-uo + 

niece; TK marql-uo; TD marxl-uo; KL martl'-ugi; В *marčl-o:o; ME 

markl-u; MK martlj-ú 

KD marxid-eime bride-price [lit. girl price] | T marqilcaakaan beautiful girl; 

marqiń-lugumuluol old maid [lit. girl's oldness] | TD marchlibod'e-godek 

ladykiller [lit. womanizing man]; marxenile- dowry 

1161. *marq- 2 

TD marxi- to move 

1162. *ma:rqə- 

T maarquo- one; TK mo:rqo(:)-, marka-, marqa-, ma. rqa-, ma:rq(u)o-; TJ 

marqo-; TD morxo-, morxe-, marxo- 

TK ma.rqad'eŋ once; TD marxad'eń 

T maarqabur- only, sole, unique 

An atypical long vowel in a closed syllable may have emerged as the result 

of contraction, possibly from *mə +*irk- 'one'. 

1163. *marqə/*morqə 

К marqə thicket of small birch trees; KD marxa; T morqe; TD morxo-; SU 

márxa 

T morqačaa flat place rich in birch trees 

Yak. ma:r, Evk. mar 'marshes grown with birch bushes' (TMS 1 531) 

In Yukaghir -qə may be a derivational suffix. The stem shows the unusual 

correspondence К -a- ~ T -o-. 

1164. martyška 

К mattuška, mottuška: Sabine's gull (Larus sabini); SD mattuškai 

Rus. dial, martyška 

1165. maruxa 

KJ maruqe pr. (a woman) 

Rus. maruxa


1166. mašina 

TK masina car 

Rus. mašina 

1167. *maskan- ? 

SD maškangi grass or rags used to clean a gun 

1168. maslo 

KK masla, masle butter; KD maslä, moslä 

Rus. maslo 

1169. *mat- ? 

В matuo-andalley October 

1170. matnja 

KD matńa, batńa beam in the ceiling 

Rus. matnja 

1171. ma:wut 

К ma. but lasso (traditionally made of four or five thin strips of leather); KK 

mawut\ T maače', TK ma. t'e-, TD mačen 

T maačekaan pr. (a man) 

Ev. ma.wut 'lasso' (TMS 1 520) // Krejnovič 1958: 249; Nikolaeva 1988: 

181; LR 165 

T ma:čə is probably from *ma:w-jə, although in this case -d'- would be 

expected instead of -Č-. 

1172. maxat' 

KD makai- to dip 

Rus. maxat' 

1173. mazat' 

KD mazai- to smear 

Rus. mazat' 

1174. *me:- 

K me:- to wait (TR); KK mie-, KJ mie-\ KD mie-\ T maa-, ma-\ TK maa-\ TJ 

ma- 

K me. də- to wait (INTR); KK miada-\ KJ miede--, KD mieda-, miede- 

TD ma. nu- to wait 

The correspondence К -e:- ~ T -a:- is irregular. However in К the final -ə- in 

j


me.də- may lengthen into -a:- before some suffixes, as is typical of back 

stems, e.g. me:da:-nu- (Imperfective). This may indicate the original stem 

*mia-, but the diphthong -ia- is otherwise unknown in Yukaghir. 

1175. *mə 

К mə here it is, here you are; affirmative marker; SD mi-\ T me(r)- focus 

marker; TJ me(r)-, mo-; ME ma- 

K mə-mət-kudeíəš- to get ready to do smth | T mer-id'ire recently, just; soon | 

TD mar-arure- to speak (of a child); me-niańdoń more; mer-uŋo- careless | ? 

TK mer-anme, mar-anme similarly, alike 

Cf. TU *ma 'here it is' (TMS 1519) 

1176. raed' 

К me. j copper; KD mei 

Rus. med' 

1177. *meδ- 

K modi:-, medi:- to hear, to listen, to understand; KK medi-; KJ medi-, 

modi-, mödi-, KD medi-, modi-, SD mozi; T möri-; TK mori-, möri-; TJ 

mori-; TD mori-; MC mody; KL moriža, mozyi; В moedik, mo.e.dik; ME 

moktyk, moitik 

T mörej- to touch; to smell; TD morei- 

T mörd'e news, rumours; TK mörd'e; TD merd'e + hearing 

К mödu:- heard; KK medu-; T möru-; TK möru:-, möru-; TJ теги:-, medu:-; 

TD теги-; В -moditsh, -moodel; ME -modhytsch, mutul- 

K mödej-, medej- to get heard; KJ modej-; TD morei- 

KJ morid'e- to listen; TD merid'e-, merd'ec-, morice- to inform 

К mödinu- to smell; KJ modinu-, meduni- to feel; to touch; KD modinu-; RS 

modynuk 

К mödej- to try (TR); to taste; KJ modej- 

K möžžej-, mežžej- to wake up; KJ merid'ei- 

K möčče:- heard | T mörd'iiče news, advertisement; mörńiiče smb who 

makes noises; mör- to learn; to feel; mörne- loud, resonant | TJ moreinu- to 

hear I TD mered'eń-, mered'ec- to visit; meruńo- careless | TK mörd'i- to 

inform 

TU *mede- 'to feel, to notice' (TMS 1 563-564) //Nikolaeva 1988: 178 

In К the second consonant of the root is assimilated to the first consonant of 

the derivational suffix. In most forms *me- > mo-. 

1178. *me:δ ? 

MK máëd stone


1179. *meδiá 

К medin, mödin as soon as; KK medirr, KJ medirr, KD medirr, T miriń\ TK 

miriń', TD miriń 

In T -e- > -i- by assimilation to the following -/'-. In some forms ~e- was 

rounded under the influence of m-. 

1180. medlit' 

KD mel'id'i- to linger 

Rus. medlit' 

1181. *meγečə/*meŋkəčə 

T megeče man good for nothing 

1182. mej 

TK mej INTJ (greeting to a Chukchi) 

Chuk. mej INTJ 

1183. *mej- 

TJ mei- to take; SU meinygde, meinile, meinilek, meinugcr, MC mejnik, 

menitam, mejtemin, mejtemih, В meyik 

К mejnu- to take; KJ mejnu- + to ask in marriage 

К mejnubə handle | TK mejnujegel lasso 

1184. *mejδuwə/*mejδumpə/*mejntuwə/*mejntumpə 

К mejdubə thorn, splinter 

К mejdubəń- thorny, prickly; wavy 

1185. *mejl- 

K mejlugi:- not to hope; T mejlugii- to protect 

T mejluu- dangerous; TD meili- 

K mejlugə INTJ (sorrow); KJ meiluge passion 

TD meilugule- dangerous | TK mejlugul'el care 

1186. *mejl'inc'a 

К mejl'id'ə one-year old reindeer or elk; KJ meilid'a, mailide 

? Evk. melele, me:lan 'elk calf; small tundra reindeer' (TMS 1 534) 

1187. *me:kə 

К me:kə near; KK mieke\ KJ mete; SD m'eko\ SU meka far; MC meka, ? 

magan + soon 

К me. kl'e: till, up to; nearer (PP); KK mekl'ie; KJ meklie, marklie\ T miklie\

TK mikl'ie 

К me.kəme:- near; KD miekome-, miekonbo-; SU mekamei 

К me.klo: near; me. kənbən recent) KJ mekulbele recent 

This stem may be related to *mə. 


1188. *mel- 

K melut breast; KK melut-; KJ meluf, KD melut; SD mielut; SU melút; RS 

melút; MC malyt; MO melur; В mélud; ME melluth; MK mélut 

К melut-pod'erqə round metal decoration women used to wear on the chest 

[lit. breast day]; SD mielan-pozorqo 

SD mielut-lomka breast bone 

FU *mälke/*mälye 'beast' (UEW 267) // Bouda 1940: 80; JU 82; UJN 121; 

HUV 162; UEW 267; Nikolaeva 1988: 234; Dolgopolskij 1998: 29; LR 142 

1189. meleku 

T meldekuu person with holes in his teeth 

T meldečeń- with missing teeth 

Ev. meleku 'without teeth' (TMS 1 567) 

The origin of the consonant -d- in Yukaghir is unclear. 

1190. *memčə- 

K memžəjə, mömžəjə flame; T mömdije; TD memreye; BO mémžeje; KL 

ipimzaj-lo [rect. mumžajlo] 

К memžə- to flame, to blaze; KJ memde-, тетке-; KD memd'e-; SD memze-, 

nenre-; T mömde- 

T mömderiče shavings for kindling fire 

In *me- > mö-, cf. *meδ-. 

1191. *memč'ə- 

KD memčań- speckled, pitted 

The cluster -mč'- is atypical morpheme-internally. 

1192. *memδə- 

T memde-, memre- to give; to prepare; to cook (TR) 

1193. *me:(me:) 

К me.me: bear; KK me:me:, тете, memer, KJ тете 

К me:me:ča:n bear; KJ memečen; KD memečen\ SD mimecen\ T meemečeen 

pr. (a woman) 

К me:me:n-punbur kind of long silky grass [lit. bear's bed]


Cf. Ev. dial, me.meče, me.mečen (TMS 1 568), Yak. dial, möömö (DSJJ 

163) 

The word me: me: may be a result of the reduplication of the root *me:. The 

Ev. and Yak. words are Yukaghir borrowings. 

1194. *mempə- 

K me.bi:-, mi.bi:-, bi.bi:- modal marker (obligation); T mebii- to stretch 

(TR) 

T mebej- to go somewhere | ? TJ mabuji- to get prepared | ? TK mebiej- to 

show smth for a moment 

In К -e:- > -i:- under the influence of -/:- in the second syllable. 

1195. *men- 

K möńd'ə, meńd'ə news; KD mend'e\ TK mende; SU mónd'e 

T mönd'e- to be awake; to hear (to not be deaf); TK mond'eQ)-; TJ 

mend'eshei-; TD mond'ei-, mend'ei- 

T mönčeban-, menčeban- to be endowed with the gift of foresight, to be a 

hypnotizer I TK mond'ie- to hear 

In some forms *me- > mö-, cf. *meδ-. 

1196. *menč'- 

TJ med'uo- to enter upon; TD med'oul- 

? TD med'ulol parents 

1197. *menč'-/*minč'- 

K mid'-/miń- to take; KK min-/mid'-; KJ miń-/mid'-; KD min-; T meń-/med'-; 

TK meń-/med'-; TJ meń-/med'-/men-; TD men-, meń-; SU mińk; RS meńk, ? 

melk + to seize; M meń, méd'am, méńŋa, méńma; MC bingi; В mendzshit; 

ME mingtschit 

T mennid'e- to propose to smb, to seek smb in marriage (TR); TK menid'ie-, 

mennid'ie-; TJ menid'ei-; TD meńid'ie- 

T menče- to fetch; TK ment'e- 

K mid'ej- to grasp | T mennube handle; place from which smth is taken | TJ 

menčershti- to cause to carry | ? TD med'uolejol-lukul homeland | TK 

meńidannunu- to trade; ? med'uo- to be born 

This root shows the irregular correspondence К -i- ~ T -e-. 

1198. *menčə- 

K me. žə- to sharpen; KD mere-; T miara-; TK miera- 

T miariińej- prickly; TD me.rinne-; RS mežinei-

К me:ži: sharpening file; SD mieži\ T miarii; TK mieri- 

K merd'ə- to sharpen | T miariiče- to go to sharpen 


1199. *me:nč'i: 

К mi.d'i: sledge; KK mid'i:, mi.di:, med'i, midi\ KJ med'i, mied'i; KD m'ed'i; 

SD mieci-, miezi; SU méd'i; M mež'in, med'in; MC menuže [rect. mendže]; В 

mengi [rect. mendi] 

К mi:d'i:-ńa:čə front strap of a sledge [lit. face of the sledge]; SD 

miezi-pacca [rect. miezi-nacca] 

К mi:di:gi-əl-pömdu- to have a bad singing voice [lit. his sledge is not 

sliding] 

In this word -e:- > -/. - before -i: of the following syllable. 

1200. *meneme: 

T menemie till what time; TK meneme- 

1201. *me:ńγəń- 

KD mieńhańme- better 

KD meńhad'a enough 

The synharmonism is irregular and so is the long vowel in a closed syllable. 

1202. *meńi:ke:n 

T meńiikeen pr. (a man) 

1203. menja 

MO menja I 

Rus. menja 

1204. menjat' 

KD m'eńai- to exchange 

Rus. menjat' 

1205. *menjə 

К mend'ə measure of length (about two meters), fathom; KK mend'e\ KD 

mend'e\ TD mende- 

1206. *meńkə 

T meńke, meńketel' growth, excrescence 

1207. *menkunčə- 

K mengužəń- rough


1208. *menmə- 

K menməndi:- to jump; KK menmed'-; KJ menmend'- 

K menməgə- to jump; to stamp; KK menmege-; KJ menmege-; KD 

menmegei-; KL menmengaj; В moe:nmoe:nga; ME menmaka 

К menməgədej- to frighten away | KJ mond'i- to jump 

U *mene- 'to go' (UEW 272) // Bouda 1940: 81; UEW 272; Nikolaeva 

1988: 234; Rédei 1999: 40 

In some forms *me- > mö-, cf. *meδ-. The element -mə- may be a 


1209. *mere- 

K mere- to fly; KK mere- to flit, to flutter; KJ mere-, KD mere-; RS morojei; 

M moréšam; MC more-; KL moroii 

KK meruj- to flit, to flutter 

It is unclear why the OY data consistently demonstrate -o- instead of the 

modern -e-. 

1210. *me:rə- 

K me.ra- to drive off, to keep off; KD m'ere-, mere- 

1211. *merel- 

T mörelwuo- melted 

T mörulwej- to become warmer (of the weather); murelwe- to thaw (of 

frozen fish, meat) (INTR) 

In this stem me- > mö- > mu-, cf. *meδ-. 

1212. *merenč'ə- 

TD mered'eń- to visit 

1213. merka 

KD mierka, merke measure; cartridge; TD merke charge 

Rus. merka 

1214. *merkumə- 

K merguməń- rough, horny 

1215. *meru: 

T (qajčie-)lačin-meruu ritualistic name for fire

1216. mešat' 

К mešaj- to disturb; KD m'ecai- 

Rus. mešat' 

1217. meškat' 

KD m'eckai- to linger 

Rus. meškat' 


1218. mesti 

К mečči:- to sweep; KD meči- 

KD mečiec- to smear the bride's joints with reindeer blood for ritualistic 

reasons (TR) 

Rus. mesti 

1219. mesto 

К me:stə place; KK mieste\ KJ mečte; KD m'ästä; SD meste 

Rus. mesto 

1220. *met- 

K metči:-, metti:- to inform; KK met-, KJ met--, KD meč-, met--, T met--, TJ 

met--, TD met- 

1221. *mət 

К mət I; reflexive marker; KK met; KJ met, KD met-, SD met, met--, T met, 

TK met; TJ met, TD met, SU mot, motle, motyn, mótyl; RS mot, motle, 

motyn, motúl, met--, M mot, mótlegat, motín, motka, mo-', MC mota\ BO 

mót-, mot, В matak, ME mattak; MU mot, MK mot, mút, mut 

К mət-kudel'əń- ready [lit. to collect oneself]; KD met-kudel'en- coquettish 

К mət-l'orqə- lean, skinny [lit. to be unable to do smth by oneself]; KK 

met-lorqaj--, KJ mot-lorqo-\ RS met-larkoi dry 

К mət-mejnu- to repent, to confess [lit. to give oneself]; KJ met-mejnu- to 

choke; KD meč-meinu- 

KD met-moi- to linger [lit. to hold oneself]; metul-bun- to kill oneself | SD 

met-ta-, met-te- to go down (of the Moon) | T möt-el-möt-gurčij- to get mad 

[lit. to become without oneself]; ? tet-lalwerej- [rect. met-lalwerej-] to cover 

oneself with (TR) 

U *mV 'I' (UEW 294) // JU 70; FUV 34-35; UEW 264; HUV 165; Angere 

1956: 67; Krejnovič 1958: 236 (~ Nen.); Tailleur 1959a: 416; Nikolaeva 

1988:234-235


1223. *mi:δə/*mintə 

К mi.də according to; on, along (PP) 

1224. *miδenč'ə 

К mided'ə, midid'ə needle; KK mided'e; KD mided'e; SD midezi; T murid'e; 

TK murid'e\ TD murd'e-, murid'e-; RS midež'a; В midinzsha; MK 

-midéndscha 

TD mured'en-titelel-ńord'el, mureyeŋ-titelel-ńord'e thin white moss which 

reindeer like [lit. moss looking like a needle] 

? TU *muida/*mida (TMS 1 543) 

In T *-/- is likely to have undergone rounding under the assimilative 

influence of the labial m-. 

1225. *miγe-/*meγe- 

K migi(də)- here; KK migi-; KJ migi; KD miŋi-; T migi-; TK migideŋ; TD 

migi-; RS mygito; M megida 

KD -mehiye-, -megiye- a component of compound numerals; MC -megej; 

BO -megii 

T migideŋ-kurčii-, mige-gurčii- to start recovering (from a disease) [lit. to 

become closer]; migeban- close (to people); naive; mige here | TD -nugi, 

-mugi near 

This root may be related to *mə and *me:kə. 

1226. mikola 

T mikuol'in Saint Nicholas's day; TK nikolaj 

T mikuol'in-kind'e May [lit. Saint Nicholas's month] 

Rus. mikola 

1227. *mi:Iə 

К mila: right; KK mila-; KJ mila- 

K mi:-la:yət right side; M mi-lańidat; BO mi-langat; KL mi-laginle; В 

miu-laanugan; ME mila 

К mi:-laŋdo:- right 

The forms that have mi:- before the postposition la:yət/laŋ- have emerged as 

a result of the haplological deletion of the syllable -lə. 

1228. *mi:lkə- 

T miilgele- near, close; TJ milgale-, milgatel- front 

T milge-, miilgere this side; milgend'ie a little nearer; miilgeke this side; 

miilger without reaching smth 

The long vowel in the closed syllable is irregular.

1229. milúte- 

KD melate hare; SU meléta, -meléte; MK meléta 

Chuk. milúte- (Mudrak 2000: 95) 


1230. *mim- 

K mimil, mumul immature antlers of a reindeer; T mumul\ TK титиГ 

It is possible that -i- > -u- because of the influence of the labial consonants. 

1231. *minčə/*minč'ə 

KJ mid'enit bloody; RS mižo; BO -ménže, -mińže; KL miža 

1232. *minč'ək 

T mid'ek modal marker (maybe, possibly); TK mid'ek 

T mid'itege you see, you know 

1233. *minč'ərpə- 

T mid'erpe-, ńid'erpe- new; TK mid'erpe-, ńid'erpe- + fresh; TJ mid'erpei-; 

TD mid'irpe 

T ńid'erpejdenu pr. (a river); ńid'erpejneŋ anew 

1234. *mino 

К mino raft, float; KK mino; KJ mino; SD mino 

1235. *mire 

T mire modal marker (be careful) 

1236. *mirijə 

T mirije wife; TK mirije; TJ mirije, mirijol; TD miriye- 

TD miriyec-, miriyer- to let marry, to get married 

TU *mire(n)- 'to get married (of a woman)' (TMS 1 538-53) // Krejnovič 

1958: 249 (~ Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988: 180 

If KJ modije belongs here, the stem could have the internal *-δ-, however, 

the comparison with TU rather points toward *-r-. 

1237. miška 

KJ miška bear 

Rus. miška 

1238. *mit 

К mit we; KK mit; KJ mit; KD mit; T mit; TK mit; TJ mit; SU mi tie, mitka; 

RS mi tie; M mit; MO mir; BO mit, mitqa; KL mit, mot, mitga; В mitek; ME


miitat, MK mítak; W mitsjé, miltjé, mytlepoel, myt, mitin, mitin, mytel, mitel 

U *mV 'we' (UEW 294-295) // JU 70; Krejnovič 1959:236 (~ Nen.); FUV 

34-35; UEW 294; Nikolaeva 1988: 235 

1239. *miwe ? 

MU miwe knife 

TU *mi:- 'to cut' (TMS 1 535) 

1240. *mi:wə/*mimpə/*me:wə/*mempə 

К mi.bə, me:bə custom, basis; similarity; root; KJ mibe, mibie, miibe, miebe; 

KD mi. be, miebe, miaba + lower end 

1241. *mo: 

T muo INTJ (used when hearing a suspicious noise) 

T muodii- to be surprised at (TR); muode INTJ (surprise); muomuo, muomuu 

pr. (a man); ? muotege pr. (a lake); ? muodie pr. (a lake) 

1242. *moč- 

K močil bird stomach; T močil 

T močiikaa stomach; belly 

1243. *močoqət- 

K močoqətčən pr. (a man's double) 

1245. *moγ-/*moŋq- 1 

К moγe:- to keep in the mouth; KD mohie- 

1246. *moγ-/*moŋq- 2 

T moyuT down; dandruff; TK moyuï 

К moyilnə-, moyul'ńə- hairy (of a dog); T moyulne- to have the remains of 

the earlier coat as well as the new autumn coat (of an animal) 

К moyul'ča:, moyiïča: hairy dog | T moyuńde- to get down or dandruff; 

1247. *mö:γə-/*möŋkə- 

T muoge- adult; old 

1248. *moγo 

К moyo hat; KJ moyo; SD mogo; T moŋo, moŋe; TK moŋo; TJ moŋo-; TD 

mońo-, mor'o-\ В mogo; ME mochga; MU mongó 

T moŋojd'ii married woman; TK moŋojd'i-, moŋöojd'i:-


T moŋo-jojl peak of a hat; front part of a hat framing the face; TK moŋo-joje 

KD mohodo- to marry (INTR); T moŋode-; TK moŋore-; TD mońore-; RS 

mogóndany 

KD mohoto- to marry (TR); T moŋote-; TK moŋote-; TD mońote- 

T moŋod-aŋiï trimming of a fur hat; face, image; willow shrubs on the river 

bank [lit. cap's opening]; moŋon-ńilel earflaps of a fur hat [lit. cap's cheek] 

The MU form points toward the medial consonantal cluster, while other OY 

data rather suggest a single word-internal consonant. 

1249. *moj- 1 

К moj- to keep, to hold; KJ moi--, KD moi-, mo:i-\ T mooj-\ TD moi- + to 

possess; SU moik\ RS mo it, M moima; В maïk; ME maïk 

К mojbə handle, notch; narrow part of a stick where it can be held; KJ 

moibe; KD moibe, moie\ T mujbe nail; TK mujbe-, TD muibo- 

KJ moje master, boss; T moojče\ TK mooje, mojče-, TD moiče- 

KJ modie- to keep; KD modie- 

TK mojnube handle; TD moinubo eye of a needle 

KJ moje(d'i) wife; KD modiye, moyed'v, RS moeži; MU mojendschi 

К mo:jə-šajdə-ra: cross beam in the front part of a boat [lit. holding cross 

stick] I KJ moi bitch | T mojie- to touch; to stroke; moojdije obstacle; 

moojend'ed-ile reindeer having a magic spirit [lit. reindeer with a master]; 

moojend'e-rukun creature having a magic spirit [lit. thing with a master] 

1250. *moj- 2 

К mo(j)je:- to mix, to blend, to knead; KD moiye-, T mojie- + to wipe off, to 

wipe out; to grease, to smear; TK moje-, moj-, moji-, mojie-, TD moiye- to 

confuse, to muddle, to tangle 

TK mojse- to cause to hold 

К moje. d'ə- to splash; to fuss; to be upset (of the stomach); KJ mojed'e- 

? P *maj- 'to smear, to rub' (KESK 59) // Nikolaeva 1988: 245 

1251. *moja- 

T mojine- soft, flabby; TK mojne- 

T mojarqa softened (of fish); mojaya- to walk with an elastic gait moving 

the shoulders and body; to work without resting; mojayaj- to become soft, 

flabby I TK mojayakej- to soften (TR) 


1252. *mojo- 

TD moyoboi dead body of an animal


1253. *mol- 1 

К molil body, trunk; KD moli?; T molil groin 

К mold-igejə lace on a dress [lit. body rope]; KD mold-igeye 

К molil-molγə in one's bosom [lit. in the middle of the body] 

FU *mVlV/*mVljV/*mVlkV 1 breast' (UEW 289-290) //Nikolaeva 1988: 246 


T molde- to rot; to be spoilt (INTR); TK molde-; TD moldo-, molde- 

T molyite- to let rot; to spoil (TR); TK molyite-; TD molhite- 

T molyul pus; moldend'e rotten skin from which a chamois ornament is made 

I TD moldoc- to let rot 


К moli modal marker (by no means); KK wo//; KJ moli\ T moli it seems 

that; for a short time; W moliak 

T molimek in vain; TK molimek modal marker (it is a pity) 

К molin only, alone; KJ molin a little; M molün 

К molind'a: a little, nearly, almost; T molid'aa; TK milid'a 

К molds only; KK moldo 

К molind'a: % molund'a. t, mond'a. t almost; KK molind'at 

KJ molime a little | T mol subjunctive marker; mol-l'ie INTJ (inducement); 

mol-mol INTJ (inducement); molijuo INTJ (j°y); molikaa-jii INTJ (j°y); 

molilede INTJ (joy); molitege INTJ (joy) 

? TU *mul(-di)- 'to be unable' (EDAL 933) //Nikolaeva 1988: 181 

1256. *molč'ə-/*moljə- 

K mold'əγə-, mond'əyə- to mumble; to chat 

К mold'əyəš- to champ with (TR) 

1257. *moll'ə 

К то11'э gadfly; KJ molle, mole small wild reindeer; KD molle-, T moll'e\ TK 

molle', TD molle 

1258. *mollə- 

K mollə- to moan 

1259. *mol'Pa-/*mol'o- 

K mol'l'ə-, mol'o- to row quickly 

1260. *mollinč'ər- 

T mollid'er- to choke; to suffocate

1261. *molonč'ə 

К molod'ə gloves, mittens; KJ molod'e\ SD moloze\ SU malade 

1262. molot 

KJ molot, molotok, KD molot 

Rus. molot 


1263. *mo!qə 

К molγil joint; KK melha-, malhi-, molhi-, mal-\ KJ molγil; SD miel'gul\ T 

mol'γal + knee; TK molyil, TD molril, BO -molgon-, KL -molgil, -molgií-, 

-malgi-; В -molgul; ME -molgol, MK -mälgal, -malgo- 

K malyi-ja.lo:- six [lit. joint three]; KK melha- melhal-, melhalo-; KJ 

malyi-jal-, SD malga-jalo-, malgaja-, M malgy-jaloi; KL milgi-jlon, 

malgi-'iloda-, В malghi-alon\ ME malgy-jalon\ MU malg-jálon\ MK 

málgo-jáloń 

К malγ-ilek-, maly-alek- eight [lit. joint four]; KK moly-ileq-, maly-ileq-, 

maly-ilek-; KJ malγi-jelo-; KD malhi-yelox-, malhi-yelax-, malhi-yelex-, 

malhi-laxlo:-\ SD malga-jeleklo-; M malgy-jelakloi\ KL malgii-jeleklon-, В 

malghi-alačlon; ME malge-alaglon\ MU malg-andaklon; MK 

málgo-jélokloń 

T molyad-amun knee [lit. joint bone]; TK mol'yid-amun\ TD molhad-amun + 

generation 

К molyə middle; in the middle (PP); KK molyo\ KJ molyo 

К molγə- to be in the middle; KD mol'go-, mol'ho-, molho- 

K molyən-nugeči:- to trick; to rob [lit. to leave in the middle]; molγən-l'oŋnə 

hollow [lit. openness of the middle]; molγ-i:ča joint [lit. end of the joint] | 

KD mol'hoyo entrails, interior | T mol'yurure fatty cords on reindeer joints; 

moïyale-suose- to stop walking because of a disease [lit. to miss a joint] 

1264. *momiIən 

KJ momilan pr. (a man) 

1265. *mo:mina 

К mo. mina: large intestine; KD mominar, T muominej 

T momneń part of a reindeer intestine 

Ev. mo.mina 'reindeer intestine filled with lard' (TMS 1 544) 


1266. *momo ? 

MC momolo milk; BO momólo, momólgat


BO momótal to suck at a breast 

Cf. Esk. mamaq 'baby; doll; breast, milk' (CED 188) 

1267. *mon- 

K топ- to say; KK топ--, KJ топ-; KD топ-; T топ-; TK топ-, тип-; TJ 

топ-; TD mon-, moń-; SU топу, топка; RS mónaik; M móni 

К monoyod- interrogative verb; KK monoyod-; KJ monoyod-; T monayak 

interrogative marker; TK manayak-, menayak-; TJ menayar-; TD menahar- 

K mond'onno:- to hope (INTR); moninbo.l legend, story, anecdote | T 

monuldaŋ-dite as if, speaking conventionally 

U *monV-/*mVnV- 'to say' (UEW 290-291) // Lewy 1928: 287; Bouda 

1940: 81; Angere 1956: 127; JU 82-3; HUV 159; UJN 121; FUV 33; 

Krejnovič 1958: 136 (~ Nen.); Tailleur 1963: 111; UEW 290; Nikolaeva 

1988: 235-236; Rédei 1999: 40; LR 146 

1268. *moń- 

KD moniol content of a reindeer stomach (undigested lichens); T mońil(') 

stomach; TK mońil; TJ monil; TD monil, monil; MC mańalo 

T (l'uku-)moń-oŋoj stomach [lit. small stomach pocket]; TK moni-ŋgoj 

reindeer stomach 

T mońińe- pregnant; TK mońińe-; TD mónine- 

K mońid-abut bird stomach; T monid-awur [lit. stomač container] stomach; 

TK mon(')id-awur stomach; ? W monidetjeleh 

T mońid-awur-jengile, mońid-awur-nengile fringe around a fish's stomach 

[lit. stomach fringe]; mońind-uu children of the same mother [lit. stomach 

child] 

NS *myn- 'stomach' // JU 83; UJN 126; Krejnovič 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); 


1269. *monč- 

K moži:- prospective marker; T moraw-; SU móčče 

К mošu: intended for; KK mod'u; KJ mod'u:; T mar aw; TK -merčew-, 

meraw; TD -morou, -morou; SU može; RS moža 

1270. *monč'inti: 

T mod'idii ski with elk fur; TK mod'idi:; TD mod'edi- 

T mod'idii-saal white poplar [lit. ski tree]; TD mod'idiral 

1271. *monm- 

K mumul fist; kidney; KD momul; T muńmul, mońmul + pr. (a place); TK

mońmul; TD mumul; RS momud-; ME memmul 

In К *-ńm- > mm > т. 

1272. *monma- 

T monne- short; TD monne- 

T monmiyaj-, monmaγaj- to grow short; TK monmiyaj- 

T monner- to shorten (INTR); TK monner- 

T monmirqa smth short; monneńge INTJ (how short!) 

In some forms -nm- > -nn- by assimilation. 

1273. *mońŋə- ? 

RS mońgańa wave; В moinčaiya; ME moingkoje 

1274. *moŋo ? 

BO mońgo stone 


1275. *monoγə 

К monoyə moufflon (Ovis ammon); KK monoyo, monoho-; KJ monoyo, 

monoko; KD monoho; SD monogo; T monoyo; TK monoyo; TJ monoyo; TD 

monoho-; SU monógo; RS monóga, monógox; В monoghá; ME monnocha; 

MU manága 

К monoyə-lebe: small black moss (used for caulking) [lit. moufflon earth]; 

SD monogo-lebie; T monoyo-lukul 

К monoyəd-ajbi: pr. (a star); wooden spectacles to protect the eyes from 

light reflecting on snow [lit. moufflon shadow]; KD monohod-aibi spider; 

SD monogol-ajbi pr. (the constellation of the Small Bear); В mannagad-aibi 

spider; ME mannagat-eibi spider 

KD monoriyei- to hunt for moufflon | SD monogo-pie pr. (a mountain) 

1276. *monoγə/*monoŋkə 

К топоуэ modal marker (as if); BO mánagat 

1277. *moŋoji: 

T moŋojii female of a bird 

1278. *mońor 

К mońor pool, whirlpool; KD monior, mońor 

1279. *möŋör 

T möŋer, -meŋer thunder; noise; TK möŋer; TD moner, mońor; RS mučer; В 

mungzsha; ME mungtscha


T möŋer-lačil lightning; TD mońor-lačin 

К mugerpə- to buzz, to drone; KD mugerpe- to make a loud noise; TD 

mońornie-, mońorńe- to knock; RS mugurnei- 

T möŋen-tiwe thunderstorm [lit. thunder rain] | ? TD mońonderei- to ring; 

mońor-ločin-yaileči thunderstorm; mońor-čour thunder arrow | TK möŋörńeto 

thunder 

This root has irregular reflexes of the consonant *-ŋ-, probably because of its 

onomatopoetic character. 

1280. *monqə 

К monqə hill; T monqa\ TK monqa 

T monqetke pr. (a man); TK moŋkatke large hill 

T monqe-d'umur hill that stands on its own; monqad-ewče peak or crest of a 

hill [lit. hill's end]; monqeč little ball made of fur; monqo-moŋo spherical 

high hat; monqomoŋod'aa one-year old reindeer with antlers 

The cluster -ŋq- is atypical morpheme-internally. 

1281. moŋqo 

TK moŋqe sweep-net 

Yak. moŋqo 'seine net' (ESRD 454) // Krejnovič 1958: 250; LR 165 

1282. *monte- 

K modo- to sit; KK modo-; KJ modo--, KD modo-] SD modo-\ SU modoje, 

modak, modok, RS modai; MC l'udo(j)ejlo [rect. modo(j)ejlo\, BO monda; 

KL modoi, modoni 

К modo- to sit; to live (somewhere); KK modo-; KJ modo-, KD modo- 

KK mada.nube living place; KD moda. nube; SU modandiba- 

K mada:- to sit down; KK mada--, KD mada- to defecate 

К modoto- to seat; KD modoto- 

K mode:- to keep seated (TR); KK modie- 

K modibə seat; living place; KK modibe-, KJ modibe-, KD modibe; MK 

mondýba- sitting place 

К mottə- to seat; moditńə- to put down | KD modibec- to move into (TR) 

1283. *mo:qə 

T muoqa broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus); TK muoqa, muoqe 

T muoqatke pr. (a place); muoqadie pr. (a place) 

TU *mo:k- 'kind of white fish' (EDAL 950)

1284. *moqi: 

T moqii pr. (a dog) 

T moqiičaa pr. (a woman) 


1285. *moqlə 

T moqle, moqlaa small piece, small portion (for example, of meat); TK 

moqle 

T moqlekej- to protrude; moqles- to make spherical 

1286. morda 

К mo.rtə round wicker fish trap used with a dam; KK morte; KJ morte, 

morto\ KD mo.rte, morče\ SD morte 

Rus. dial, morda 

1287. *morγull'un 

К morγulTurt minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) 

1288. *moro- 

K того- to put on, to pull on; KK того--, KJ того-, more--, KD того--, RS 

morok; В moream to carry; ME moril to carry 

К morotə- to wed; KJ moroto-, maraite- 

K moššə- to thrust (behind the belt), to drive into a slot; KK moruš-, KJ 

moruše- 

K тага:- to climb into; T maraa- to get dressed; TK тага--, TD mara- 

T maraas- to dress (TR); TK mara(:)s-\ TD marac- 

K morodə- wedded; KJ morodo-, moyode- 

K morči:- to put on (many times); mara.j string of a bow; morota.jə pr. (a 

lake) 

In К moššə- < moršə- < moro-šə- and тага:- < mora:- by assimilation. 

1289. *moroδə/*morontə 

KJ morodo with what 

1290. *morončə- 

K mor(u)žə-, možžə- to travel in a boat upstream; KJ morod'o-, moro.de-, 

morod'e-; SD moroze 

? SD morci- to climb up a tree 

1291. *morqilə 

T morqile undulating landscape with many hills and hollows; TD -morxile


1292. mošonka 

KJ mošon tobacco-pouch, little bag; scrotum; KD moco:nke\ T mosenke\ TD 

moconka 

Rus. mošonka 

1293. *mot- 

K motil unbending joint 

T motil'esh- to cut a joint while processing meat 

1294. *moti- 

T motineŋ already, as early as, as late as 

1295. *motu:kə 

T motuuke, motuukaa cunning person 

T motuu pr. (a woman) 


1297. *muČin 

К mučin diverse, various; all; KJ mučiń, mučin\ KD mučin-; SU móčče; KL 

močit 

? Yak. bütün or Ev. butun 'whole' (TMS 1116) 

1298. mučit' 

KK mut'i- to suffer 

Rus. mučit' 

1299. *muδe-/*muntə- 

K mudej- to pass by (INTR); KJ mudei-; KD mudei-\ M mudedeigana 

К mudedej- to leave behind, to pass by, to go further (TR); KJ mudedei-; KD 

mudedei- 

1300. *muδunč'-/*muntunč'- 

K mudud'ubə portage; KJ mudud'ube 

SD mudusuba-piejli pr. (a mountain) 

1301. mudryj 

К mu:dərńə- wise 

Rus. mudryj 

1302. *muγ- 

T mugil row of long hills on the eastern side of the tundra which stretches


from South to North; TK mugil'; MC maka stone 

T mugid-egiil eastern side of the hills [lit. back of the row of long hills] 

? FU *mäke 'mountain, hill' (UEW 266) // Tailleur 1962: 97 (~ Selk.); UEW 

266; Nikolaeva 1988: 236; LR 142, 154 

1303. *muγe-/*muŋkə- 

K muge- to undress (INTR); T muge-; TD muge-, mugo- 

T mugete- to undress (TR); TD mugate- 

K muged'ə- to undress (INTR) 

? Ost. mäxət-, mδxət- 'to unharness, to unfasten' (DEWOS 907-908) 

1304. *muγi/*muŋki 

T mugi yard 

1305. *muγö 

К aŋan-mugö lips; KJ aŋde-muge; KD aŋan-muge; В anghén-móogcr, ME 

angin-muka; MK angýn-mugé 

К jukun-mugö small finger; SU jugun-muga finger 

К nugen-mugö thump; KJ nugon-mugo; KD nugun-muge; TK ńuŋun-gume 

[rect. -muge]; В nungén-moogá; ME nungyn-muga; MK tolondschén-mugá 

arm 

1306. *mujerə- 

TD muyere- to reproach 

1307. *mujiγə-/*mujiŋkə- 

T mujiges- to bite off 

1308. *mujlə- 

T mujler- to try to do smth (INTR); to have difficulties in doing smth 

1309. mukti 

T muktije knife with the tip cut off 

T muktil'e- cut off 

Ev. mukti 'blunt, short' (TMS 1 553) 

1310. *mull'ə 

К тиП'э saliva; ? SD myl'a resin; В moilla 

К mulTə-aji:-, mul'l'ə-pejži:- to spit [lit. to throw saliva]; mul'ïələ-qaqtaj- to 

expectorate [lit. to choke on saliva]


1311. *iïiumčə- 

K mumžə- to buzz, to hum, to drone; KJ -mumde-, KD mumde--, T mumde- + 

to mutter, to mumble; RS mumžei 

К mumžilə grey eagle-owl (Bubo bubo); SD munsile owl 

К mumžəjə propeller, weathercock 

In T -d- instead of the expected -r-. 

1312. *mump- 

T mubuol reason; event, story; matter, way; TJ mobo.l; TD -mu.bol, mobo.l, 

mobo.l' manner; appearance; ? SU mudól [rect. muból] belief 

1313. *mumpa- 

KK mumne- having a cut off end; short, incomplete; T mumne--, TK mumne-, 

monne- 

T mumnii- to create smth with a sharp end (TR); mučibeń- [rect. mubičeń-] 

cut off; mubel'e-, mubege- to become shorter without a sharp end; mubegiito 

cut off the ends | TD mumneyed-ileyei reindeer with cut antlers 

? TU *muŋu-, *muŋbu- 'blunt; rounded' (EDAL 944) 

1314. *muń- 

KJ muńo- soft, untempered (of iron); T muńuo-; TK muńo- weak; ? TD 

muńo- clever 

1315. *munč'- 

K muńčide: young of a grayling (Thumallus); KJ muničidie 

The cluster -nč- is irregular morpheme-internally. 

1316. *munč'9- 

T mud'ege- to stalk with a springy gait; to be unsteady (of a table) 

1317. *munč'əŋ 

К mud'eŋ otter; KJ mud'aŋ, mud'eŋ; KD mud'eŋ; SD myza; TD wid'eń, SU 

mud'en; RS mud'eŋ, múdań; M mud'áŋ, mud'áŋpa 

1318. munda 

К munda: small lake minnow (Salmo perunurus) 

Rus. dial, munda (ESRD 394-395) 

1319. *munenči: 

К munži: lower jaw; KJ muned'idie + pr. ( a man); T mundii + inlay between 

the foot and the sole of a boot; В moonéndshi cheek; ME munentschy; MK


munéndschi 

К munži:d-amun lower jaw; T mundiid-amun; TD mundid-amun 

T mundin-čayad'es- to eat; to cause to work [lit. to cause to move one's jaw] 

) TD mundil-wie-, mundile-wie- to chew [lit. to do one's jaw] 

S *mun/*mon 'lip; voice' (SW 95) 

In T -d- instead of the expected -r-. The vowel of the second syllable is 

syncopated. 

1320. *munt- 

K mundej- to fetch, to pick up; KK mundej-; KJ mumdei-, mumdai- 

K mumd- < mund-. The cluster -nd- does not normally occur 

morpheme-internally. This suggests that -d- (< *t) belongs to a suffix. 

1321. *munte- 

K mudetədej- to drag further without stopping; KJ mudetedei- 

K muddəjl last (of a period of time); muddəjlbəngə last year | KJ mudetedeito 

carry; to drag away 

? U *mentä- 'to make a mistake, to miss' (UEW 272-273) // Nikolaeva 

1988: 235; Rédei 1999: 48 

1322. *mur- 

T muril' main pole of the central tripod of the yurt which stands on the right 

at the entrance 

? T mur- to cut off; muregej- to burst, to split, to break; murigii- to cut off in 

one movement 

1323. *mure 

К mure shoes, boots; KK mure; KJ mure; SD mur a, -mure; TK anure- [rect. 

mure-] to put on shoes; RS mura, mured-; В murrah; ME murra, murrah; 

MU muré; MK múre 

К mur(u)d-u: fur stocking; KK murud-u; KJ mured-uo; SD murad-io, 

mura-du 

К muren-qond'ə rope made of willow or skin to pull a boat against the 

current [lit. shoes rope]; KJ muren-qond'e boots; KD muren-xond'e 

TU *muru(n) 'footware' (TMS 1 560) // Krejnovič 1958: 249 ( ~ Ev.); 

Nikolaeva 1988: 181; LR 165 

1324. *mure- 

KJ muregie- to diverge


1325. *murγə 

К murgə thicket, taiga; KJ murge; KD -murge; T murge, TK murge; TD 

-murge; SU murga 

TU or NT *burga 'thicket' (TMS 1111) 

1326. muren 

SD moron horse 

Ev. muren, muran, muron (TMS 1 558) 

1327. *mut- 

T mutil modal marker (neglect) 

T mutii- to make a realistic imitation of smth (TR); mutidaya pretending; 

hardly 

1328. *mut ? 

MC mut tree; BO múdgat 

? TU •mo:, MG *mo-du (EDAL 956) // Sauvageot 1969: 356 

1329. mutnyj 

KD mutnoŋo- turbid 

Rus. mutnyj 

1330. mutovka 

К motobi:- to shake up (butter); KD motobi- 

KD motobka churn 

Rus. mutovka 

1331. *mutti: 

T muttiid-oŋoj woman's bag carried by reindeer 

1332. muzej 

TK musej- museum 

Rus. muzej 

1333. *myδo- 

K mido- to roam, to nomadise, to wander; KK mido-', KJ mido-, nudo- [rect. 

mido-]; KD mido-, mida-; SD mido-, T mira-\ TK mira-, mira:-\ TJ mire-, 

TD mire- 

K midol(ə) ten kilometer march (a day's wandering); SD midol; T miral; TD 

mirol 

К midočə nomadic train, caravan; KJ midočo, midoče; SD midoce; T mirije;


TK mirije--, TD miriye 

KK miduji- to roam; mida.nube place of roaming | T mirajaa good walker | 

TK mirate- to ride a reindeer slowly 

1334. *mygam/*myŋqəm ? 

SD migam part of a bow 

1335. *mym- 

K mima:- to start doing smth; to take; KK mi-; KJ mimai- to understand 

1336. myšelovka 

К mošulupka: kind of owl which hunts for mice 

Rus. myšelovka 

1337. *ńa:-/*ńaj- 

K ńe:l daughter-in-law, sister-in-law (wife of a younger brother or son); KJ 

nial + wife of the younger sibling's son; SD mel [rect. net]; T ńaajl + 

son-in-law; TK ńajpe- parents-in-law; TJ nial + one of the parents-in-law, 

daughter's husband, younger sister's husband, wife's elder brother, husband 

of the younger sibling's daughter, husband's elder brother, wife of the 

younger sibling's son 

T ńaajn-gönme brother's wives in relation to each other [lit. daughter-in-law 

friend]; ? ńaal'uol- to become lovers 

FU *naje 'woman; to many' (UEW 297-298) // Nikolaeva 1988: 238 

In К -a:- > -e:- after a palatalized consonant. Palatalization of ń- is probably 

secondary. 

1338. naboj 

KD niboi middle part of a boat 

Rus. naboj 

1339. na-čas 

KJ ničaq for the time 

Rus. na čas 

1340. *ńa:čə 

К ńa. čə face; KK ńaśe, ńa. t'e + bow of a boat; KJ ńače; KD ńa. če; SD 

ngaca, ngacca-, -раса [rect. -паса]; T ńaače; TK ńa.t'e; TD niače-; SU 

náčateily, ńažua, ńalywil; RS ńača; MC ńača, ńačagi, ńažemd- + head; ВО 

ńát'apo; KL njačaga; В neatsha, -natsha; ME natsha, -niatscha; MU 

njétsche chin


К ńa.čin against, opposite; KJ ńačin; KD ńa.čin; T ńaatin, ńaačiń; TK 

ńa.t'iń, ńa.t'in; TJ ńačiń; TD niačin- 

K ńæžubə kerchief; linen; KJ ńa.d'ube; SU ńad'ua; RS nažiw 

К ńa:t-lebe: willow ptarmigan [lit. face earth] (Lagopus lagopus); KK 

ńat-1'ebie; KJ ńat-lebie; SD net-Iebie\ SU ńat-liwie 

К ńačə-pelujə towel [lit. face wiping]; T ńaače-pilieje 

К ńa.čəbul veil put on the face of a dead person; KJ ńa:čebul\ SD 

ngaca-šabul 

К ńa.čə-polka:, ńa.čə-palkə goby fish, burbot (Lota lota) [lit. bulged face]; 

SD ngaś-palka 

KK ńaspien-di: pr. (a Yukaghir clan that lived on the river Popovka); KJ 

ńatben-d'i 

К ńa. čəš- to return (TR); KK ńat'et'-, ńa.t'et'-; KD ńačec- 

K ńa:čələ-uži:- to pray, to bow [lit. to move face]; KK ńa.t'a-; KD паса:-, 

ńače-ud'i- + to complain; T ńaače-wie(rij-, ńaačid'e-uuse-\ TK ńa:t'e-wie-; 

TD ńača-wiye-, ńača-wie- + to bow; RS ńaču-ujaik to greet [lit. to move 

one's face] 

KK ńaśe-juonuje mirror; T ńaače-juonii; TK ńa. t'e-juoni:; TD niače-yuoni 

К ńa:č-pe:n pr. (the river Popovka; traditional territories of the Dolganov 

family); KJ ńat-ben\ SD ngaś-pien, nget-ben 

К ńačadaj- to return (INTR); KK ńat'ed'ej-, ńa:t'ed'ej-, KJ ńačedei-; KD 

ńa. čedai-; В natshi- 

K ńa:čə-jad'e:jə tern (Sterna); ńa:čədə, ńa. čidə opposite | KJ nečila- to part; 

ńačeń- to come back; ńačen-abut mask [lit. face container] | KD niačadaye 

trick (in card play); ńeče-xaremidd'ie four-year old elk with a dark spot on its 

face I SD ngažingat-ingzi Russian thread | T ńaačed-a-rawje image, 

appearance [lit. bare place on the face]; ńaače-kige- to cross oneself [lit. to 

prick one's face]; ńaačedie pr. (a man); ńaačed-ono face, image [lit. face 

shadow]; ńaačen-lalwije scrap of chamois used in earlier times to cover the 

face of a dead man [lit. face blanket]; ńaače-sabarqaa man with a flat face 

[lit. face flatness]; ńaače-notijaa handsome man [lit. face's beauty] | TD 

niačegi-toroyeńn- pitted, pocked [lit. with darkness on the face]; 

niačin-mon- to contradict [lit. to say against]; n.ačede-nawaye-godek pale 

[lit. man with the white face]; ńačinyoro-, ńačinŋe- to meet | RS ńaztunnoi 

steep; nyatshinma spectacles | ME natschi-rondolitsch wrinkles 

In some К forms the vowel of the second syllable is deleted and the 

consonant has undergone assimilation to the following consonant of the 


1341. *ńa:čə- 

K ńa. čə point, blade; KD ńače; TD niače-; SU ńačešk, ńáčešut; RS ńačešk,


MO nez'a dart, javelin 

К ńa.čəš- to whet; KK ńa. t'eš-; TK ńa. t'es-; TD niačec- 

K ńa.čəń- sharp; stingy; KK ńa.t'eń-; KJ ńačeńuo-; TK ńa.t'en-, TD 

niačen-; SU Лačeni; RS ńačani\ В natshennee; ME natschen; BO ńáčanej 

К ńačaγədaj-, ńičayddaj- to thrust, to stick; KK ńit'aγadaj-; KJ ńičaqadai-, 

KD ničaxadai-, ničahadai-; T ńitegerej-, ńičayarej-, TJ nitegerei-, TD 

ničoharei- 

K ńačayət- to thrust, to stick (many times); KK ńit'aγat- 

K ńačayaj-, ńičaγaj-, ičayaj- to pierce, to stick into (INTR); KJ ńičayai-\ KD 

ničehai-; T ńičaγaj-, ńičaγej- 

K ičayd- to fall front first, to fall through | T ńičayuolube pr. (a lake) 

In some formes the unstressful *-a- > -i- under the influence of ń-, 

1342. načinat' 

KD čačinai- to begin 

Rus. načinat' 

1343. *ńa:δ-/*ńa:nt- 

K Лa. dudə enough; that is all, nothing is left; KK ńadude; KJ ńadude\ M 

ńädada 

К ńa. du- to be enough 

1344. *ńa:δə 

К ńa.də autumn; KJ ńade; SD ngada\ M ńáda, ńäda; В neada, nada, 

neada-; ME nada, ńádama 

1345. nadejat'sja 

KD nad'eyere- to hope 

Rus. nadejat'sja 

1346. nado 

К nado is needed; KD nade, node', SD -nada-, T naade; TK na. deŋ 

T nada-rawa tribute the Yukaghirs had to pay the Russians [lit. must skin]; 

TK nada-rawe; TD nada-rau 

К nadoŋo:- must, ought to; to need; KK nadoŋo-, SD -nadangio-, TK 

na. duol-; TD nadoŋol- 

T naadijaa- to need; naade-wie- to urinate [lit. to do the must] 

Rus. nado


1347. nadobno 

KJ nadobne needed; KD ńadolne medicine, remedy 

Rus. dial, nadobno 

1348. *ńaj-/*ńan- 

K ńajdo:- spare, lacking; KD ńaiduol- superfluous; T ńanduo- more, 

surplus; TK ńanduo- 

K ńajdišu:- to remain lacking; ? ńajbu: resembling, like | KK ńajdon 

superfluously I T ńandičii- left over; ńanduorii- to prefer; ńandii- to 

overpower | TK ńandojneŋ unnecessary 

The correspondence -j n- is irregular. 

1349. *ńajmə- ? 

MC ńaimagen elk 

1350. *ńajntə- 

K ńajdəl'u:- nice, comfortable, cosy; KJ ńaidel-; KD ńaidelï-; В naintallitsh 

agreeable; ME neintalitsch agreeable 

KD ńaido- best 

1351. naha: 

К naya: very, too 

Ev. naha: (TMS 1 587) 

1352. *nakoval'nja 

KD nakuol'ńe, nakuolna anvil 

Rus. nakoval'nja 

1353. *ńal'- 

T ńal'uol- worn away (of fur) 

T ńal'aj- to rub away 

1354. ńalaγaj 

К nalayəj midge 

Yak. dial, ńalayaj, ńa. laγaj (DSJJ 177) 

1355. ńa:lgača:n 

T ńal'γačaan kind of goose; TK ńalyat'an 

? MO naleda goose; duck 

Ev. ńa. lgača.n 'barnacle goose (Branta)' (TMS 1 629)


As the word does not seem to have any Tungus parallels, the direction of 

borrowing is unclear, however -ča:n is a typical Ev. suffix. 

1356. *nalič'ə ? 

В nalitsha stream; ME nallytscha 

1357. *ńall'ə 

T ńall'e sin; TD ńale- 

1358. *nallə ? 

MO nallom-čalilbis autumn 

? MO napgolm winter 

1359. *ńamnə- 

T ńamne- widely placed (of reindeer antlers) 

1360. *ńampə- 

T ńabaγaj- to swing open 

T ńabal'es- to open; ńabačeń- ajar; ńabarakie INTJ (how widely open!) 

1361. *nampur 

К nabur dirty water which remains after cleaning a fish; KJ nabur- foam; В 

nunbur thaw; ME nunbur [rect. numbur] 

1362. *ńamqə- 

K ńamγə- to champ; KK ńamya-; T ńamye- 

1363. *ńamučə- 

T ńamučeń- red; TK ńamut'eń-, ńamurčeń-; TJ ńamočeń-; TD niemočen- 

TK ńamučer- to redden (INTR); TD niemocerei- red 

T ńamučeńil-poyode gold [lit. red money]; TD niemočenil-porodo- 

T ńamučaa reindeer of reddish colour; ńamučič- to blush from time to time; 

ńammučend'e-burie red bilberries [lit. red berry] | TD niemočemu- to become 

red 

1364. *na:n 

К ńa:n upper part of the chest; T naan upper front part of a breast cloth; TK 

naan; TD nan-amun collar-bow; SU ńanic 

T naan-čiid-oŋoj inner breast pocket [lit. breast cloth people pocket]; TK 

naan-čiid-oŋoj 

T naan-dukun piece of skin which is worn on the breast for protection from 

cold [lit. breast cloth thing]; TK naan-dukun


К ńa:d-albə-jurgu:, ńa. n-jurgu: pit above the collar-bone [lit. hole in the 

upper part of the chest]; KD naŋ-irgu, na-yirgu pit between the throat and 

the chest 

К ńa.ńə-peššej- to have a rest [lit. to throw the upper part of the chest] | TD 

ńand-igeye strap made of walrus leather 

In К the first consonant was palatalized before the long vowel. 

1365. *ńan- 1 

К ńanbə- to overeat, to fall unwell due to overeating; KJ ńańbe-\ T ńańbe- 

TK ńańbelit' taste; TD ńiańbelič 

К ńanbəlu:- fat (of food), luscious, sickly; KK ńańbeli-; T ńanbeluu- 

KD nanil fish oil; T ńańir fat; TK ńańir fat; TJ ńanir fat; TD nianir, ńanil 

seal oil 

T ńanbelγa INTJ (how tasty!); ńanbeličneŋ tasty 

In some forms the second syllable -n- assimilated to -ń-, 

1366. *ńan- 2 

К ńančə, ńenčə big, great; KJ ńanče 

К ńančo.ntəgə smth big | T ńanduod'e excess, surplus; ńanduojneŋ more, 

better; ńańitej- to increase 

? FU *ńVńc'V 'strong, hard' (UEW 310) // Bouda 1940: 82; UEW 310; 


1367. *ńań- 

K ńańu:- sinful; KK ńańit'; KD ńanič\ T ńańuu-; TK ńańit'; TJ ńcmič; TD 

nanič, SU ńanic 

К ńańu.lbən devil; sinner; ghost; SD ngangulban 

К ńańd'ə, ńańčə sin; KJ ńand'e; T ńand'e mistake; person with whom one is 

on non-speaking terms for ritualistic reasons; TD niańd'e-; RS ńanž'e 

T ńand'i- to be on non-speaking terms for ritualistic reasons; ńańi- to 

consider sinful (TR); ńańič INTJ (sinful!); ńańγa-jii, ńańγa-juo INTJ 

(sinful!) 

1368. *ńańajδi-/*ńeńajnt- 

K ńeńajdilə- to put out of joint; KD ńeńaidile- 

The vowel -e- in the first syllable is likely to be secondary: ńa- > ńe-. 

1369. *ńanč'- 

T ńad'il'es- to press strongly


1370. *ńanmə 

К ńanmə shrubbery, willow bushes (Salix caprea); KK ńanme, ńanma; KJ 

ńańme, ńańma; KD ńanma, ńenme willow; SD ngannama; T ńanme; TK 

ńańma, ńanme\ TD nieńma, ńańma, niańma, nienma + twig, switch, rod; SU 

ńanma; M ńänma, ńänmalak\ В neanmi 

T ńanme-jewje basket for catching fish [lit. willow net]; TD niańme-yenye, 

nienma-youye- 

K ńanmən-jayilgən-pečńulbən hare [lit. running on the tops of shrubs]; KJ 

ńańmad-iγilgen-petńulbon; KD ńańmed-iγilgen-petńulbon 

К ńanmən-touke: willow buds [lit. willow dog]; ńanmə-legut-ejrəjbən elk 

[lit. the one who walks eating willows] | SD ngengmen-jiouje ancient wicker 

fish net I T ńanmed-iir willow arch under which people in earlier times 

passed after funerals [lit. willow fork]; ńanmetke pr. (a place); 

ńanmen-čiremedie yellow-breasted bunting (Emberiza aureola) [lit. willow 

bird]; ńanmen-sawed-aγil headland covered in willow bushes [lit. willow rag 

of a skin]; ńanmen-čoγul middle of the willow shrubs [lit. willow marrow]; 

ńanme-rolyo- thickets of purple willow [lit. willow gathering] 

TU *ńamńi-kta (EDAL 1004) 

In Yukaghir metathesis is possible. 

1371. *naŋo- ? 

TK naŋo- to face one direction 

1372. *ńanqəmu 

T ńangumu, ńangemu on purpose; TD niańgumun 

1373. *ńantim- ? 

RS ńandimide black and grey fox 

? RS naoen-etla kind of fox 

1374. *na:r 

К na:r always, all the time; apart, especially 

1375. *ńa:r 

T niar bare patch on fur 

FU *ńarV 'skin without fur' (UEW 313) // Nikolaeva 1988: 239; LR 143, 

156 

1376. *naranč'ə 

KJ narad'a pr. (a man)


1377. na:rba 

К na.rbə hollow in the main pole of the yurt 

Yak. na.rba 'horizontal beam used for connecting boards' (TMS 1 595) 

The Yak. word is borrowed from the Rus. dial, narva and it is not impossible 

that Rus. was a direct source of the Yukaghir word as well. 

1378. *ńa:rčə 

T ńaarčuu- bad; TK ńa:rču-\ TD niarču-, ńorčič-, niarčen- + thin 

T ńaarče-lawje vodka; wine [lit. bad water]; TK ńa.rče-lawje; TD 

niarče-louje- 

TK ńa.rčeqa- to deteriorate, to become worse; TD niarčexa- 

K ńerčəd-aŋil'buttocks [lit. bad hole]; KJ ńerčed-aŋil vagina 

T ńerče nasty; TD niarče 

SD ngarcyd-angy-pie pr. (a mountain) [lit. buttock rock] | T ńaarčid'e 

sorrow; ńaarčuu pr. (a man); ńaarčitneŋ badly; ńaarčitne-kurie- to do smth 

bad I TD niarčexace- to spoil; niarče-pod'elne- stinking; shaggy, putrid [lit. 

with bad smell] 

An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. К -е- is secondary. 

1379. na:ra: 

T naareŋol- half castrated 

Evk. na.ra:, nara 'castrated reindeer' (TMS 1 585) 

1380.*ńarpə- 

K ńarpunə- lifted up, jerked up; holding himself erect (of a man); KD 

ńarpuńe- turned-up (of a nose) 

К ńarpəyaj- to lean back; KJ иerpeyej-, KD ńerpohai-, ńerpahai- + to lie on 

one's back; T ńarpuyaj- to lean over 

К ńarpə- to have a concave back | T ńarpučeń- sagging, sagged; ńarpurqa 

lowering; ńarpud'i- to hang down many times 

1381. *ńarqə 

T ńarqa-jewlid'e new-born reindeer; TK ńarqa-jewlid'e foal 

T ńorqo-mayil coat made of the skin of a new born reindeer 

TU *ńar-gu- 'new, fresh' (EDAL 1066) 

The element -qə in Yukaghir may be a derivational suffix. 

1382. narta 

T naarted'aa man with a sledge; TD narta- 

Rus. narta

1383. nasilu 

К nači.lə hardly; KK ńasile\ KJ načile; T nasiilej 

Rus. nasilu 

1384. naskvoz' 

К načkoroč through; KD nočkoroč 

Rus. naskvoz' 

1385. nastja 

T nastaa pr. (a woman) 

Rus. nastja 


1386. *ńatńə- 

K ńatńə-, ńutńə- to stick out; to stick to; KK ńutńe-; KJ ńutńe-, ńatńe- 

K ńatńu.ja: burbot (Lota lota); KJ ńanebuja:, ńatńebuje; KD ńetńumuya\ SD 

ngatnguja 

К ńutnijə, jötnijə navel; KD yon-ŋutneye\ SD jutmuja-, TK nutne; TD 

nutne-; SU jotnyjé\ ME nudni\ MU jötnié back 

KD yonŋutneye-čohulbon midwife [lit. cutting the navel]; yotneye ridge of a 

mountain; spinal column; yotneyed-atle-kniid'e December [lit. before the 

ridge month]; yotneye-kinid'e January [lit. ridge month] | ? TD ńatnugač 

hairy, shaggy face 

1387. *na:w- 

T naawuo- having weak character 

1388. *ńa:wə- 

T ńaawe- white; TK ńa. we-; TJ ńawa-\ TD ńawo-, niawoińagen-, nawa- + 

beautiful 

T ńaawije whiteness; milt; TK ńa. wije 

T ńawńikl'ie polar fox; TK ńawńiklie-; TD ńaunikliye 

TK ńaur white clay; TD niayur 

T ńaawe(mu)s- to whiten (TR); ńaawijaa white reindeer; pr. ( a man); 

ńaawal, ńaawijikaan pr. (a man); ńaawaldaŋńe northern lights; 

ńawńiklie-watil'ii measuring board for drying polar foxes' skins [lit. polar 

fox gore]; ńawńiklieče hunter for polar fox; ńawńiklie-pajdii toothed stick 

used for cleaning the fur of the polar fox [lit. polar fox beater]; 

ńaawej-čireme bullfinch [lit. polar fox bird]; ńaawajnad-enu pr. (a river) [lit. 

white river] | TD nia. wamu- white | TK ńa. were- to whiten (TR) 

TU *ńo:ba-/*nu:ba- 'white' (TMS 1 642,644) // Krejnovič 1958: 249 (~


Ev.); Nikolaeva 1992; LR 165 


1389. *ńawńe:kəj ? 

TD niauniekei low string 


1390. *nawyska 

T nawuske peak of a cap made from the skin of a new-born reindeer calf to 

protect the eyes from the sun 

T nawuskeń- partly pulled down (of bed curtains) 

Rus. dial, navyska (ESRZ 387) 

1391. *ńe:- 1 

К ńe:l gland; KD nie; TK ńall'e; TD nialle 

Cf. PA 4VjVrV(EDAL 1023) 

1392. *ne:- 2 

К ńe:- to call; KK ńie-; KJ nie-, KD nie-, T ńie-; TK nie-, ńie-; TD nie-, 

niye- 

K ńe:nu- to beg, to ask for; KD ńenu-; TK ńienu-; TD nienu- 

K ńe.d'il, ńi.d'il story, legend; KK ńied'uol 

К ńe.d'i:- to tell (a story) (TR); KK m'ed'i-, KJ ńed'i-; KD ńied'i-; SD ngiezi-; 

T ńied'i-; TK nied'i-, med'i- - , TJ ńed'i-; TD ńed'i-; MC nenž'agi; BO néndíjle; 

MU néndschi; MK néndschitajé 

К ńide- to tell; T nide-, ńide- + to call; TK nide-; TD nide- 

K ńi.ńi:- to call; KJ nini:-, niŋi-, nini- 

K ńenud'e:-, ńind'e:- to beg; to ask; ńe:d'i:ri:- to tell about (TR); ńe:tə-, 

ńe. də- to call, to give a name; ńidej- to say | T ńied'iiče person who goes to 

talk with smb; ńied'uol agreement | TD ńied'iri- to speak; nied'ic- to cause to 

speak 

1393. *ńə- 1 

К ńə-, ń- reciprocal marker; KK ń-; KJ ńe\ KD ńe, nie, ni-, n-; T ńe-, ńi-, 

ńii7-; TK иг'-; TJ Ле-\ TD ńe-, nie-, nieŋ-, nio- - , SU an-; MC em-; MO ne-; BO 

imo-, imoń- 

K ńaya: together; KK ńaya; KJ ńaya; KD ńahe; T ńaγa; TK ńaγa; TJ ńaγa; 

TD niaha, niara-, niora, naha; M ńäga 

T ńi-dannu- to buy; TK ni-dannu-; TD ne-dannu-, ńe-dannu- 

K ńə-kiji:- to compete (in running); KJ nie-kieji-, ńi-giejič-; KD nie-kieyi-; T 

ńi-giejič-; TK ńi-giejet'i-; TD ńi-geyeče-


T ńi-d'anmiji1' brothers; TK ńi-d'anmijilpe 

К ńə-marojča: reeve (Philomachus pugnaq); TK ńe-marojča: 

К ńə-γanbo:- five [lit. palm together]; KK in-γańbo-, iń-γańb-; KJ 

iń-hanbo-; SU in-kanwun\ MC em-gangon; BO ímo-qánbo-tudole six; KL 

an-kanboń, in-ganbun, -jen-kanbon-; В en-ganlon; ME en-ganlon, 

em-ganbagu-; MK éni-chanboni, ém-chanbóndsche- 

K ń-emd'ə, ń-emd'e:, ń-amd'ə siblings; KJ ń-emd'ie, n-imdie + mother's 

younger sister; KD ni-emd'epki younger siblings 

К ńé-čolol row; KD ńe-čoloï 

К ńə-ma: ləfγu)- both (sides); KK ńe-malugu-\ KJ ńe-malγu- 

KJ ńe-qomie(di)- to respect each other, to use polite forms when talking to 

each other; SD nge-gomie- 

K ńs-omolbə- reconciled with; TD nien-omol-ware- 

T ńi-giejitče competition (in running); running reindeer [lit. overtaking each 

other]; TK ńi-giejett'e 

KJ ńe-qiji- to be shy of one another, to be on non-speaking terms (for 

ritualistic reasons); KD ńe-qiyi- 

K ńə-molγil year; KD nie-molhii, SD nga-molgil, -nge-molgil; KL 

nein-molgiï\ В neyun-molgul; ME nehin-molgol 

T ńi-ńugiejil', ńi-ńugeejil' cousins (children of brothers); TK ńi-ńugejiil'- 

K ńe-ke: in a jumble; ńe-moraj scarf, collar [lit. put together]; ńə-jö:l-laŋidə 

goodbye I KJ ń-ed'i- to live [rect. to live together] | KD ńe-a:rime- to become 

friends [lit. to love each other]; ńi-čke line, row; ńe-ora- to make an 

appointment [lit. to show to each other]; ne-marai boa made of hare tails | 

SD nga-šožile kind of wild duck (Anas glocitans) [lit. painted together] | T 

ńí-juo- to meet; to compete [lit. to see each other]; ńí-loŋloyo:- to do smth to 

each other; ńí-laŋii- to live on the same side of the yurt as smb (TR); 

ńí-laγarl'eri- to attack together; ńi-kelijil men whose wives are sisters; 

ńi-buribii underwear and upperwear; ńi-qawd'idiejil' uncle and nephew with 

respect to each other; ńi-saabijil two husbands of one wife or two wives of 

one husband in respect to each other; ńiŋ-anmilii- to be of the same age; 

ńiŋ-asl'iijil' two brothers born one after the other with nobody born between 

them; ńi-asl'ijii- to be in the relationship of the closest born sibling; 

ńi-čuud-ewči- to show one's feelings to relatives; ńi-čuud-ewčijil' relatives 

[lit. those with mutual end of flesh]; ńi-girije-tinγasul competition [lit. 

mutual taking of names]; ńiŋ-oŋdiiïe- to put in each other; ńi-banqudeŋ to 

and fro; ńi-ńajn-gönmijil' sisters-in-law (brother's wives); ńi-danniiče 

customer; ńi-dannube-awur shopping bag; ńi-tigilič- to leave behind in smth 

(TR); ńi-ojkoï, ńuŋ-ojkuol' place where two rivers flow together; ńi-wal'iti:to 

exchange; ńiŋ-oqoïbań- squint | TD ńe-loŋloru-yoŋonei-d'emand'ečik 

bloody vengeance; nin-ilite- argument; nie-gurilil friend; nie-niača-wieril


lawsuit [lit. doing opposite to each other]; nie-raleru:daha: between; 

nieŋ-omol-warec- to reconcile with (TR); niora-arad'ir- to whisper; 

nie-tite-wan-, nie-tite-ban- likewise | TK ńeŋ together with; ńi-burubije 

double; niŋ-iŋiri- to be enemies with smb, to be angry with each other (TR); 

ni-ditel'e- identical | MC em-ganbagu-njagon nine 

S *ńä 'companion, sibling' (SW 106) // JU 83-84; Nikolaeva 1988: 239 

1394. *ńə- 2 

К ńə- negative pronominal marker; KJ ńe-; M nekíŋ 

К ń-irkin/ń-irkid no one; KJ n-irkin, ńa-irkin, n-irkie, n-i:rki 

К ń-ol-γodome:- uneven, unequal [lit. not lying by each other]; KD 

rti-ob-xodeme- [rect. ni-ol-xodeme-] 

К in-yodome:- strange, terrible; KK iŋie-γodomie-; KD in-hodeme- 

K ńe-qaŋide to nowhere; KK ńe-qaŋide, ńe-qanide 

К ńə-qon nowhere; KJ ńeqoń, ńoqoń 

К ńə-leme nothing; KK ńe-leme\ KD ńe-l'amegi- 

KD nion-xodeme empty; nien-xondo- to stand up 

1395.nebo 

MC nebo- 

Rus. nebo 

1396. *ńeδonə- ? 

BO nédonodej flame 

BO nédeń-qomo coal 

1397. nedelja 

KD nie l'e, ńed'el'e week 

Rus. nedelja 

1398. *nejγumə/*nejγŋkumə 

К nejgumə twilight; T nejgume 

К nejguməń- to prodice a dim light (of a candle, the sun); KD neigumańut; T 

lejgumeń-, nejgumeń-; TD neigumann- darkish 

1399. *nejin 

К ni:n-qa:r dark cloud; KD ńen-xar; SU nein-xar, nin-xar; RS ninin-kar, M 

nejín-kar; В ninin-kar 

The К data demonstrate contraction into a long vowel.

1400. *ńekijo:q 

KD ńekiyox wooden hammer 

1401. *ńel- 

K ńel'i:- to lick; KK nel'i-\ KD ńel'i-; В pelik [rect. nelik] 


К ńel'ižə- to lick oneself; rtelej- to lick (once) 

U *ńole-/*ńo:le- 'to lick' (UEW 321)//Nikolaeva 1988: 239; LR 146 

1402. *neleča 

T neleče present; TK ne/eee; TD neleče 

KJ ńelečeni:- to feed 

1403. nelemnoe 

SD ngelimnoje (pr. a settlement) 

Rus. nelemnoe 

1404. *nellijə 

T nellije fringe or tassel made of leather straps; TD neleye-, nelleye 

TU *nelbi 'fringe' (EDAL 968) 

1405. *ńelpə 

К ńelbə breast cloth, apron 

NT *nel 'breast cloth' (TMS 1 619)//Nikolaeva 1988: 181 

In Yukaghir *-pə could be a derivational affix. 

1406. *ńelpə- 

K ńelbədej-, ńelbət- to shave, to skin; KJ ńelbedei-; ? MO neïdojgoq [rect. 

nel'bojgoq] work 

К ńelbət- to shave, to skin; KJ ńelbet- 

KJ ńelbu- to cut hair; KD ńelbu- 

K ńelbo:- shaven | KK ńelb- to skin | KJ ńelbe skinning 

FU *ńilke-/*ńülke- (UEW 319)//Nikolaeva 1988: 238-239 

The comparison with FU may be valid if *-pə- in Yukaghir is a derivational 

suffix. 

1407. *nelpəs 

KJ nelboš pr. (a man)


1408. *nelučo: 

К nelučo: pr. (a tributary of the Jasačnaja, upstream from Nelemnoe); SD 

nabucio [rect. nalucio], nolucio pr. (a mountain) 

1409. *ńe:mə ? 

МО пета hare 

U *ńoma(-lV) 'hare' (UEW 322) // HUV 159; UJN 122; Tailleur 1959b: 

119; UEW 305; Rédei 1999: 40 

Palatalization is reconstructed on the basis of comparison with U and/or the 

Cyrillic transcription of MO. The transcription of the final vowel in MO as 

-a may indicate that here we are dealing with the final -ə rather than the full 

vowel -e. 

1410. *nemoj 

T ńimojke dumb 

Rus. nemoj 

1411. *ńemučə- 

K ńemučəń- dusky, gloomy; purulent; KD niemočen- 

1412. *ńeŋanč'ə- 

K ńeŋad'ə- to grow weak, exhausted; KJ ńeŋad'e- 

The vowel -e- in the first syllable is likely to be secondary: ńa- > ńe-, 

1413. *nenč- 

K neži:- to gnaw; KJ ńed'i-, ńed'e-; KD ned'iT neri-; TK neri-, nerie-; TJ 

ńeri-; TD neri-, ńeri-, nerei- 

T nerej- to bite | TK nerej- to bite 

1414. *úenč'ə- 

K ńed'erkəń- plain (of fur) 

1415. *ńeńe- 

TJ ńed'ira. jo- to finish (INTR); to die 

KJ ńeńerai- to diminish; to fall down 

1416. *neŋkenčə- 

K nigižəl- yesterday; ? KK ńeged'ie always; KJ ńegad'el-, ńeged'ije; KD 

ńed'el'-, négod'el'-, ńegad'ie; SU nagaže; M negažé; KL naganžie; В 

nengandshé; ME nengatsche; MK nengéndschijé-


1417. *nenkilə 

T nengile part of the stomach of a fish 

T nengilei7 tassels made of multicolored fur circles on a shaman's breast 

cloth 

1418. *ńenm- 

K ńenmuŋo:- to flirt; KD ńennuŋi- 

In KD -nm- > -nn-. 

1419. *ńeńo:δə/*ńeńo:ntə 

К ńeńo:ds as if 

1420. *nenunčV 

KD nenund'eyebo- amusing 

1421. *neppə- 

K neppə- little; darling 

1422. *nepremenno 

KD nepremiene surely, certainly 

Rus. neprmenno 

1423. *ner- 

T nerire- to ache (of bones); TK nerej- to separate from the skin (of fur); to 

bite 

1424. *ńe:r 

К ńe:r clothes; KK ńer, ńier; KJ ńer; KD nier, nien-, SD nier, -mer, SU 

neira; В neigir; ME negir 

К ńe:n-šašaγu: rags [lit. torn clothes]; ńe:rbən- to peel 

TU *ń(i)ara-, *ńiarma- 'skin (not smoked); cloth' (EDAL 1016) 

1425. *ŋəra'-q 

MC ńagon four; BO ńágane, ńáqane 

Cf. Chuk. ŋərá-q (Mudrak 2000: 103) 

1426. *nerča: 

К nerča: dish made of boiled fish and fish oil baked and dried in a round 

shape


1427. *ńerčə 

К ńerčə tool for fishing in an ice-hole 

1428. *nere- 

T neregej- to grow thin; to faint; TK nergej-, TD neregei- 

T nereguo- lean; thin; TK nerguo-, nereguo-; TD nerego- 

T nereges- to beat; TK nereges- 

T neregii- to strike; nerid'i- exhausted, emaciated; nerej- to be worn bare (of 

fur); nereguukien pr. (a man) | TD nerege- lean | TK neregej- to faint | В 

neretshángté war | ME neretschankati war 

TU *ner-/*nar- 'lean, thin; weak' (EDAL 972) 

1429. *nerilə 

T nerile earthen hill with rocks; pr. (a man) 

T neriletke pr. (a place) 

1430. *ńerkumə 

К ńerguməń- dusky, gloomy 

KJ ńergund'eike realm of shadows 

1431. nerpa 

KD nierpa seal (Phocidae); T ńierpe 

Rus. nerpa 

1432. *ńerpə- 

KD ńerbend'eike lower world 

1433. *ńetl'a 

KJ ńatle fox; wolverine (Gulo gulo); KD ńetle; T ńitle, ńetle\ TK ńetle; TJ 

ńetle; TD nietle 

TK ńetli- to hunt a fox 

1434. neušto 

К nu:štə really (in questions) 

Rus. neušto 

1435. *newrə- 

T newruu- to startle; TK newru:-, newru-, TD neuru-, nouru- + to be in 

hysterics; to horrify, to terrify 

T newre- to frighten, to scare; newruluu- frightening; newruge INTJ 

(surprise and fear) | TJ neurije- to terrify | TK newrubo- ill with nerves

1436. ńewta 

К ńeuta: spring (water) 

Ev. ńewta, ńewte 'spring water' (TMS 1 650) 

1437. *ńe:wut/*ńe:mput 

К ńe:but, me:mut antlers of a young reindeer 


1438. *ńiγ-/*ńiŋk- 1 

К ńigi:- to warm (TR); T nig- to move part of one's body close to a fire (TR) 

К ńigižə-, ńigežə- to warm oneself 

1439. *ńiγ-/*ńiŋk- 2 

К nigibuj- to bend, to stoop (INTR); KJ nigibui- to walk 

К ńigidd- to shake oneself; KJ nigidei-; KD nigide-; T ńigede- to shake off 

the snow (of a reindeer) 

? TK nigerej- to let smb come close to oneself 

U *ńikV- 'to bend (INTR)' (UEW 317-318) // Nikolaeva 1988: 236-237; 

LR 156 

If the comparison with U is valid, the root contained the medial *-γ-, 

otherwise the cluster *-ŋk- can be reconstructed. 

1440. *niγej-/*niŋkəj- 

K nigejo:- heavy; KK nigejo-; KJ nigajo-, nigejo-; KD nigeyo-; SD nigeje-; 

RS nigaioi 

К nigejimu- to get heavier j KJ nigelen- to make heavy 

1441. *niγiri:/*niŋkiri: 

T nigirii chamois curtain put in the upper part of the yurt; TK nigri 

1442. *ńil- 

K nilgi nobody; KJ nilgi; KD nilgi 

К ńilŋin to nobody 

1443. *ńilč'-/*ńilj- 

T ńild'i- to seek, to aim; to tend; to take one's breath away (TR) 

1444. *ńile- 

T ńilel skin from the cheek of a reindeer


1445. *ńiliw- 

T ńil'iwuo- prone to smile 

T ńil'iwuod'eγa INTJ (said about a smiling person) 

1446. *nillə 

К nillə larva; fly; T ńilla; TK nille maggot 

T ńillan-niime kind of fly which lays larvae on food [lit. fly's mother]; TD 

nilleń-niyimi 

К nilled-ume fly; KJ nilled-omo; KD nilled-omo, nolled-emo; В nilend-oma; 

ME nillent-oma 

T nillad-uo larva [lit. fly child]; ńillajd-uo many larvae [lit. fly's children] 

TU *nej(l)V- 'small louse, nit' (EDAL 966) 

1447. *nillə- 

K nilləš- to moan; RS nilečut to mourn, to deplore 

1448. nimba 

К ninba: board for cutting skins; KK ninba; KJ ninbe; KD ninbe; T ninbe; 

TK ninber- 

Cf. Ev. nimba (TMS 1 594) // Nikolaeva 1988: 181 

The final vowel has undergone secondary lengthening, -mb- > -nb- by 

dissimilation. 

1449. *ńimč'ə- 

К ńimd'əš- to patch up 

1450. *nime 

К пито house, yurt; KK nume, пито; KJ nume, пито; KD nume, пита; SD 

nume, numau-, numu-; T nime; TK nime; TJ nima, nime; TD nime, nima-; 

SU пита, numak, numége, númele; RS пита, numak, númopa; M núma, 

númapa, numánde, númagat, númala, númaga, númapala, númapaga; MC 

naumagi, -jmajlo [rect. -nimajlo]; ВО numáńgat; KL núma; В пита, -noma; 

ME пита; MU numä'; MK núma 

К numödə- to get married, to get a house; to be surrounded by mist (of the 

moon); KD numode-; T nimere-; TK nimere- 

T nimen-d'ii family [lit. house people]; TK nimen-d'i: owners of the house 

[lit. house people]; TD nimen-tul 

К numöńo. l abandoned dwelling; KJ numeńuol- site of fire; T ńumuńal, 

ńumuńuol 

К numöd'ə- to settle, to live, to make a house; KJ numod'e-; T ńumud'e- to 

pitch a camp after wandering


T ńumuńe- to live in a yurt; SU numinekin 

? T ńuŋen-gönme smb living in the same yurt; TD nimen-kode- host 

К numö-jekïe.-ejrs- to go hunting [lit. to go behind the house]; TD 

nima-yexlin-kewei- 

SD numu-midel ceiling | T nimen-purewre ceiling [lit. house's cover]; 

nimen-pudiliel yard, place around the house [lit. house's place outside]; 

nimen-ńuŋure wall of a yurt [lit. house's side]; nimen-mörńiiče the one who 

makes the house noisy (of a child); nimekaa small house; nimed-ayuoluol 

place where a yurt was standing; nimen-sukun, nimen-dukun covering of a 

yurt; nimen-lalime sledge for carrying the covering of a yurt; 

nimen-moŋod-aŋiï upper part of the chamois cover of the smoke hole in a 

yurt; nimen-nellije fringe of the chamois cover of a yurt; nimen-saal poles of 

a yurt; ńumud'elme time before or during the erection of the yurt; ńumud'uol 

street; ńumuńienube place where smb always lives in a yurt | TD 

nimen-paipe housewife, housekeeper; nimen-pureure roof [lit. house top] | 

TK nimedaje log on which the poles of the yurt frame are put; nimen-göde 

master of the house; nimed-emul family that lives in one house; nimete- to 

marry (TR) 

TU *nime 'neighbor; household' (TMS 1 595-596) // Krejnovič 1958: 249 ( 

~ Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988: 181; LR 165 

In К both vowels were labialized under the influence of the labial consonant 

-m-. The vowel -u- in the first syllable is also present in some T forms, while 

the initial consonant was palatalized: *nime > ńume. 

1451. *nime- 

TK nimen-rukun cloth made of smoked skin 

1452. *ni:mə 

T el-ńiimije orphan [lit. without mother]; TK el'-nimije 

KJ nimdietek mother's younger sister or younger female cousin | T ńimojieto 

mix blood through matrimony 

1453. *ńime:- 

K ńime:- to go out (of fire); KK ńimie-; KJ nimie-, nimei-; KD ńimie-; T 

ńimie-; TK ńimie-, nimie-; TD ńimie-, nimie- 

K ńime.š- to put out (fire), to extinguish; KK ńimieš-; KJ nimeš-; KD 

ńimec-; T ńimies-; TK ńimies-; TD ńi:m'ec-, nimiec- 

1454. *nimelə 

T nimele letter; pattern, ornament, design; TK nimele; TD nimele, nimali-, 

nimele-


T nimeles- to write; TK nimeles-; TD nimelec-; RS nimilašol 

T nimele-wieče secretary, clerk [lit. writing maker]; TK nimelen-wiet'e; TD 

nimelen-wieče- 

T nimelerul surname; nimelennube desk; nimeled-awur file [lit. brief 

container]; nimelesiiče writer | TD nimali-wien-lauye ink [lit. water for 

making letters]; nimelecti- to cause to write 

1455. *nimenč'- 

K ńumud'id'ə bile; KD nimed'id'e\ В niméngshinzshá stomach; ME 

nimensintscha 

In К the vowels were labialized, cf. *nime. 

1456. ńi:met 

К numet fontanel; place in the shade, shadow 

Ev. ńi. met, ńiemet, ńe. met 'skin on young antlers' (TMS 1 596) 

In К numet the vowel -u- was probably rounded because of the following 

-m-. 

1457. *ńimo:jə 

T ńumuoje, ńimuoje straits 

1458. *nimpilinč'i: 

T nibilid'ii, ni(i)meled'ii, nimilid'ii-niime furuncle 

1459. *niŋ- 

K niŋe: soul; breast, heart; middle; KJ niŋie; KD niŋiede-molho entrails [lit. 

middle of the breast]; T ńiŋie + stomach, belly; TK niŋie-; TJ niŋie heart; TD 

niŋiŋ\ В ningela-; ME nyngella- 

K niŋiŋe. l blank in between; KD niŋiŋiel\ SD ngiqiugiel; T ńaŋal'aruul; TK 

ńanal'erul 

К niŋe.mun, niŋe. bun traditional breast cloth decorated with beads; apron; 

KJ nigeibun, nigejebun\ KD nigebun, nigeyebun\ SD ngigumun; ME 

ningemon 

К niŋe:d-u:, iŋid-u: vomit; KD niŋid-u, niŋied-u\ T ńuŋud-uul fish-roe; 

caviar; TD ńuŋnd-ul 

К niŋe. le-tönbi:- to worry [lit. to strengthen the soul]; T ńuŋie-werwii- 

T ńuŋu-rukun breast cloth; apron, pinafore [lit. breast thing]; TK 

ńuŋu-rukun; TD niŋu-rukunuo, niŋu-rukunio 

К niŋe:lə-melləš- to moan; niŋe.lə-pejži:- to worry [lit. to throw the soul]; 

niŋe. n-šögije piece of (hare) fur put on the chest under the breast cloth for 

warmth [lit. breast bedding]; niŋe.ńə- kind, warm (of a person) | KD -ŋinid'ie


opposite I T ńuŋu-rukun-aawand'e four vertical stripes on a traditional breast 

cloth [lit. with breast thing dreams]; ńuŋu-jömgije tassel made of black and 

white pieces of dog's skin fixed on both sides of a breast cloth [lit. breast 

tassel]; ńuŋu-nimele decoration made of different coloured strips of leather 

and beads fixed in the centre of a woman's breast cloth [lit. breast 

ornament]; iŋijid-uo new-born child [lit. breast child]; ńiŋied-aruu 

deep-throated shout (of an ogre) [lit. breast words]; ńuŋurd-oŋoj-ind'ienube 

bag for sewing equipment [lit. chest bag for sewing] | TD niŋied-igeye belt; 

niŋied-igeyec- to gird 

1460. *ńinč'- 

K ńid'i:- to stroke 

К ńid'ilo:- smooth 

1461. *niŋe- 

TD niŋedet- to push 

1462. *ninkə- 

K ningə- much, many; KK ninge-, niŋa-, ninguo; KJ ninge-, niŋe-; KD niŋe-; 

SD ninge-, TJ niŋe-, TD niŋe-, SU niŋei, níŋef, RS niŋoi, niŋai', M niŋno, 

ŋińŋo, neńŋei, ŋińŋgai, ŋińŋeie\ ВО níngej; KL ningaj; В ningoin; ME 

ninkojon; ? MU njénga we 

К ningəmu-, ningumu- to increase in number (INTR); KD ningemu-; TD 

niŋomu- 

K ningəžə- to increase in number (TR) | KD niŋeye city | TD niongeye-tolou 

herd [lit. many wild reindeer] 

1463. *ńińonč'ə 

KK ńińod'e autumn 

1464. *nintə- 

T nemen-nidelek what is this? 

1465. *nirčə 

MU nirtscha human; man 

? TU *n(i)ari (EDAL 1013) 

1466. *nite- 

K nitegərej- to stick; T nitegerej-


1467. *niw- 

TK niwie- different; TD niwol, niuol 

1468. njaša 

KD niace swamp 

Rus. dial, njaša 

1469. ŋenuken 

T neenukee riddle; TK nenuke\ TD ńenuke 

T neenukee- to ask riddles; TD nenuko- 

Ev. ŋenuken 'riddle' (TMS 1 622) 

The borrowing into Yukaghir is quite recent, shown by the fact that -k- is 

preserved. 

1470. *no:- 1 

MK nóje to see 

1471. *no:- 2 

К no:- to scrape, to scratch; KJ no:--, T nuo-\ TK no:- + to clean; TD no:- 

T nuoj- to sweep off; nuol snuff for smoking in a pipe; nuod'e-rukun summer 

yurt [lit. scraped thing] 

1472. *ńo:- 

K no:- to weave, to braid; TK nu-\ MK njójond- 

K ńojlo:- woven; KD naul'o- 

T ń йоге- to weave; to twist; TK ńuorie- 

? KD nolod'ed-eyiŋ dress hide of the elk skin | T ńuoj-igije thin woven belt 

[lit. woven rope]; ńuoruu smth woven | TD nioru- to spin, to twist; 

ńoroded-igeye wattled rope; ńixore- to weave | TK ńuoru: weaving 

1473. *nö:- 

K nö:- to laugh; KK no-, nuo-\ KJ nuo-; KD nuo-\ MC noja\ BO nój; KL 

nuaj; В nook, ME noock 

К nö. təč- to cause to laugh; nöbo:mu-, nölbo:- to smile 

1474. *поЬокэ-/*потрэкэ- ? 

SD nobokor dog sledge 

1475. *nočoč- 

KD nočoči- to take the expense on oneself

1476. *nočqə- 

KJ nočqate- to push 

1477. ńöčeruk 

К ńöčuruk tea-pot 

Ev. ńöčeruk (TMS 1 349) 

1478. *ńo:δ-/*ńo:nt- 

KJ ńuoduope descendants 


1479. *ńonta- 

K ńodomme:- two-layer, two-fold; KD ńodome-; TK nidoŋo-; SU neomeje 

T ńidoŋo having passed over a place several times; ńiduun in a mixture 

In T *-o- > -/- under the influence of */?-. 

1480. *noγ- 

K noudi:-, noŋdi:-, nojdi:- to be in wait for, to be on guard, to watch over; to 

keep (TR); KK nowdi-, nauri-, nawri-; KJ noudi-; KD noudi-; T nawrii-; TK 

nawri-, nauri-; TD nauri-, nouri- + to graze, to pasture 

К nojdid'ajə guard; KJ nogdije, pogdid'aje [rect. nogdid'aje] + visitor; KD 

nogdiye shaman's assistant; SD ngagdije assistant of a shaman; SU 

nogdydajakot guest 

К nojdi:jə servant; nojla:- to start guarding | T nawriiče observer 

? U *ńoŋδa-/*ńowδa- 'to chase, to follow' (UEW 323-324) // HUV 159-60; 


1481. *noγ-/*noŋq- 

K noγ- to string; KK now-/nom-/noy-/noq-/noi/-; KD noh-/nou-/noq- 

K noyi: thimble; KK noyi:; KJ noyi; KD nohi; SD nogi; T noyii; TK noyi: 

К noyil bundle; KD nohil; TJ noyul, nogiel lasso 

T noyii-lalime sledge as small as a thimble (in folklore) [lit. thimble sledge]; 

noyiin-lalimed'aa man with a sledge as small as a thimble (in folklore) 

1482. *noγe:/*noŋqe: 

TD nogieŋ kind of salmon found in a lake 

1483. *ńo:γə/*ńoŋqə 

К ńo. yəd-igejə rope on the right of a reindeer team 

К ńo:yə-ša:l pointed stick used for driving reindeer; ńo.yəyut front right 

reindeer in a team


1484. *nöγijə/*nöŋkijə- 

TJ nogije- belt made of reindeer skin 

1485. *noγo-/*noŋqə- 

K -noyot pillow; T noŋor; TK noŋor + wedge; TD noŋor 

T ńoyod-ayil bed; TK ńoyod-aγil(') + rug 

? T ńoγoče curve of a runner of a sledge; noŋon-dukun pillowcase [lit. pillow 

thing] 

The palatalization of the initial consonant in some T forms is unclear. The 

alternation -ŋ γ- is irregular. 

1486. *noj- 

K nojl leg, foot; KK nojl; KJ noil', KD noil; SD nojl, noj; SU noil, noigi; RS 

noi; KL noik; В noel; ME noil 

К nojya: marrow; KD noil, ME noen-chonda 

К nojd-i:śə tip of the foot; KD noid-iče-parul 

К noj-qa:r skin from the leg of a reindeer [lit. leg skin]; KJ noŋ-yar, 

non-yar, ńon-qar; KD noŋar; SD nan-gar 

К nojd-igejə rope of a reindeer harness [lit. leg rope] | KD noid-axče shin 

[lit. edge of the leg] | ? SD ngojn-atqil-qagiel yellow-billed loon (Gavia 

adamsii) 

1487. *ńoj- 

T jajur, ńojir(qa) dirty liquid, pulp; mash, mess 

T ńojird'aa pr. (a reindeer) 

1488. *ńo:jə 

T ńuoje horse-tail 

T ńuojetke pr. (a lake) 

1489. *ńojoγə-/*ńojoŋkə- 

T ńojoyo- to sag (of a sledge runner) 

1490. *nol- 

K nolut poplar, willow; KJ nolut; SD nolut, uolut [rect. nolut] young white 

poplar; TD nolur red poplar; SU nolut, RS nolud; M nolúd, nolúdak; В 

nollod 

KJ nolut-ičegen-mond'inulbon willow ptarmigan [lit. the one who jumps on 

the tops of willow trees] | TD nolur-cal red poplar 

? U *ńulkV 'poplar, willow' (UEW 327) // Bouda 1940: 83; JU 136; UJN


122; FUV 41—42; Tailleur 1959a: 419; FUV 41; Nikolaeva 1988: 237; Rédei 

1999: 41 

1491. *ńolo- 

T ńolol duck; TK ńolel; TD niolol 

1492. *ńom- 

K jomil neck; KK jomil; KJ jomii, KD yomil\ SD jomul, T ńamiil; TK ńamil, 

ńmie-; TD niamil; SU jómil; RS jómil; M jomil; В *yomu:el; ME jomil 

К jumu-čumə swan [lit. big neck]; KK jumu-t'ume + goose; KD yomi-čeme; 

SD jema-cima; T ńamii-d'itke; TD niami-d'itke-; ? RS jolš-titka 

К jomi-mojbə man, human (in folklore) [lit. neck holding]; SD jami-majba 

К imi-jömčə northern pintail (Anas acuta) [lit. with the oblong neck]; SD 

jemi-jemcie 

T ńamii-rukun scarf [lit. neck thing]; TD ńamii-rukun 

T ńamiid-enmur notched antler fastened on the left part of the neck of the 

halter [lit. neck antler]; ńamii-mennaa- obstinate; stubborn [lit. to take one's 

neck]; ńamiin-čawnii instrument for cutting the neck of an ogre [lit. neck 

cutter] I TD niamid-amun vertebrae 

In К the initial *ń- > j-. 

1493. *ńöm- 

K ńumušej- to press; KD nimucei- 

K ńumžəš- to squeeze; KD numdec- 

K momrijə belt on trousers; KD on-momriye; TD on-momreje 

KK mumie-, mumuji- to pinch; KD mumuyi- to catch on; RS memujei 

К mumžə- to get narrower; KD mumže- + strong (of wind) 

К mumžijə narrowed place; mumuša: kind of small fish of the sturgeon 

family (Rus. dial, katalka) | KK momrit'i- to get covered with ice (of an 

ice-hole); momro- tightened | T momdil'e- to get frozen, to curl up from cold; 

momŋond'ed-oŋoj sack tightened with a rope 

FU *ńVmV- 'to press' (UEW 330) //Nikolaeva 1988: 240; LR 143, 156 

In Yukaghir the initial ń- developed into m- in some forms under the 

assimilative influence of the second consonant. 

1494. *nomo- 

K nomoqə-jo: INTJ (too bad! used when smth is missing) 

1495. *nomoδ-/*nomont- 

K nomod- different, various; KJ ńomed'e, ńo:med'e


1496. *ńomtə- 

K ńomtə- to trot 

The cluster -mt- is atypical morpheme-internally. 

1497. *non- 

T nond-awje, naand-awje bow; TK nond-awje; TJ noŋd-o:je arrow 

1498. *ńoŋ- 

K ńoŋo:- green, blue 

? TU *log- 'green; dark' (EDAL 875) // Nikolaeva 1988: 180; LR 165 

Yukaghir exhibits the alternation n- ~ /-, cf. neme ~ leme. 

1499. *nončə- 

K nonžo:-, monžo:- exhausted, weak; KK nonoro-; T nonde-; TK nonre-, 

nonde-; TD nonde- to become quiet; RS nondroi; В nóndri; ME nonrai 

К nonžumu- to get exhausted; KK nonromu- 

K nonžəš- to exhaust | KD nondod'i-, nondoń- to exhaust | T nondejneŋ 

weakly; slowly 

The clusters -nž-, -nd- are atypical morpheme-internally. 

1500. *ńonč'ə- 

K no:d'i-ńe:r, ńo:d'i-ńe:r chamois leather; KJ nod'i-ner, pod'i-ńer; KD pod'iner 

[rect. nod'i-ner]; SD nozi-nieri, ngoziu-mer; T ńuod'e-rukun smoked 

chamois; summer bed curtain; TD nod'i-rukun 

1501. *ńonč'ijə 

TK ńod'ije red fish 

1502. *ńo:nč'ijə 

T ńuod'ije fringe made of pieces of wolfs or dog's skin; pr. (a lake) 

T ńuod'ijaa pr. (a man) 


1503. *nono 

К nono handle; thorn; KK nono; KJ nonno shaft; SD nono; T nono; TK 

попа, none + butt log, butt end; TD nono; В -nonna 

1504. *nono- 

K nonol loop; snare; trap for birds, hares, bears, elk and wild reindeer; KK 

nonol; SD nonol, T nonol, TK nonol, TD nonol 

К nonotə- to set up a trap; KD nonoto- to put up on; T nonote-

1505. *nono ? 

MC nanoga leg; BO nonóg 

1506. *noŋo:n 

К noŋo. n what for, why; KK nuŋon; KJ noŋol; TK namol 

1507. *ńono:rə- 

K ńono:rədə sideways, to the side 

1508. *nonont- 

T nonodu- to catch with bad intentions (TR) 


1509. *nonq- 

K nonyunə- stooping, hump-backed; KD nonhune-, nongune-; T nonyune- 

KD nonyorai- to stoop, to bend 

1510. *nonqə 

T nonya tobacco; TK noŋga; TJ nonra, nuŋra; TD nonha- 

T nonya-law- to smoke [lit. to drink tobacco]; TK noŋga-law- 

T nonya-lawje pipe [lit. tobacco smoker]; TD nonhan-lauye 

1511. *noŋqə 

К noyo sand; KK no go; KD nogo, noro; SD nogo, ngoqo-; T noyo ash; TD 

noho ash; SU -nogo; RS nogo, -nogó; В nongha; ME nonka; MU núnga 

smoke; MK nónkcho 

К noyotəč- to stir up I KD nohoči dust 

1512. *nontə 

К nodo bird; KK nodo; KJ nodo; KD nodo duck; SD nodo-; T nada wolf; 

TK nada- bird; wolf; TD nada- wolf; SU -nada; RS nodo; M noddo, 

noddok, В nonda, nontond-, -nonda; ME nonda, -nonda 

T nodod-uo, nonud-uo egg [lit. bird's child]; TK nonud-uo; TD nodad-uo; 

MK nondónd-, -nóda 

KJ nodon-qar tax [lit. animal skin] | T nonud-uon-amun eggshell [lit. egg's 

bone]; nadad-enu pr. (a river) [lit. bird's river]; nadan-mooje polar owl [lit. 

birds' master]; nadarigie, nadarad'ie, nadarugie, nadurgie reindeer killed by 

wolves 

1513. *nontə- 

T nuode- to drag, to trail


1514. *ńoqo- 

T ńoqoyoj- to be torn off; to become free; TK ńoqoγoj- to come unstuck 

? SD ngoqoco curved stick used for bending wood when making sledge 

runners I T ńoqoγii- to tear | TK ńoqoyos- to tear off; ńoqosaqsej- to tear off; 

ńoqoyorej- to pull out 

1515. *noqsə 

К noqšə sable; SD noqšo, ngoqoco + wolverine;; TD noxco-; SU noxča; RS 

nokša; M nókšcr, В noghtsha\ MU nóktscha; MK nóchtscha 

К noqšə-jugul rush, reed [lit. sable tree]; KD noxce-yugul 

? SD nogšoc'o Russian 

FU *ńukśe/*ńukV-ŠV 'sable' (UEW 326-327) // Paasonen 1907: 21; Lewy 

1928: 287; JU 84; FUV 102, UJN 126; Tailleur 1963: 111; UEW 326; 


1516. *nör- 

T nöril', nuril' pick for sewing and cutting skins; TK nuril', ńurul'; TD nuril' 

1517. *no:rə 

К no. rəka. n stick; T nuorii woman's walking stick 

S WF'stick, staff (SW 97-98) < ? U *nuri II Nikolaeva 1988: 237 

1518. *ńo:riγiU'ə/*ńo:riŋkill'ə 

T ńuorigill'e bad knife 

1519. ńo:rkan 

T ńuorkanal four- or five-year old male reindeer; TK ń(u)orkenčan, 

ńorkenel 

TK ńuorkenčan four- or five-year old male reindeer 

Ev. ńo. rkan (TMS 1 642) // Krejnovič 1958: 248 

1520. *nörkə- 

K nörgəmtu:, nörgəmti: small dry twigs of larch used for kindling fire; 

brushwood 

К nörgumə notch; nörgej- to crunch, to crack; nörgəš- to crunch with (TR); 

nörguməń- rough | ? KJ norgo- to gnaw 

? U *ńVrV/*ńVrkV 'rod, young shoot' (UEW 331) or Ev. ńirguqi 

'brushwood' (TMS 1 639)


1521. *ńorńik 

T ńorńik skin of a polar fox born in summer 

The synharmonism is irregular. The element -ńik may be a Russian suffix. 

1522. *noro- 

T noroyo- to squeak, to creak (of the tripod of a yurt) 

T ńoroyoqoj- to crack; to burst 

1523. *ńoro 

T ńoro, ńara small hill 

1524. *ńoro- 1 

T ńorine- yellow; TK ńorne- 

T ńorqo copper; TK ńorqa; TD norxo- 

T ńoričeń- yellow; ńoroyoj- to become yellow; ńoriče yolk (of an egg); 

Лoričend'ege INTJ (how yellow!) 

S *ńär- 'red' (SW 107-108) 

1525. *ńoro-2 

T ńord'e moss, lichen; TK ńord'e; TJ ńord'e; TD ńord'e-, ńord'o- + pasture 

T ńord'ečaa place where lichen grows 

К ńorol' pool; moss; KK ńorol'; KJ ńorol, KD ńorol, ńorol'; T ńoril'; TK 

ńoril'; RS norol 

T ńoron-daa cloudberry; TK ńorin-burie 

К norolcu:- friable (of snow) | T ńorondaa kind of snipe; ńoron-muoqa pr. 

(a lake) [lit. pool whitefísh]; ńorin-ruske, ńoron-ruske lake with a whirlpool 

on a plain; whirlpool [lit. pool bowl]; ńorilčaa country with many swamps; 

ńorondaatege big snipe; ńoronmuol pr. (a lake) 

U *ńorV 'marsh; kind of moss' (UEW 324-326) // Bouda 1940: 83; JU 136; 

HUV 159; UJN 122; Angere 1956: 127; Krejnovič 1958: 236 ( ~ Selk., 

Nen.); Tailleur 1959a: 418 ( ~ Nen.); FUV 41; UEW 325; Nikolaeva 1988: 

239; Rédei 1999: 41 

1526. *norqə- 

K norqəl'ə- to wrinkle; KK norqol'e-\ KJ norqola-; KD norqole- to show up; 

T norqoïeń-; TK ńorqïïeń-, ńorqil'en- crooked 

К norqənə- twisted; KK norqune- curly; KD norxuńe-, TK norqine- curly; 

TD norxene- curly 

К norqəγə-, norqəqə- to budge, to shiver; to jerk; KK norqoyo-; KJ 

norqoqo-; KD norxoxo-; T norqoyo- + irritated; crooked 

К norqəl'əš- to wrinkle; norqumu- to twist; norqəžeš- to rub; ? ńorqəžəš- to


grip I T norqol'uu perpetually irritated; norqotuu fit of irritation; ńorqid'e 

curls; ńorqočeń-, ńorqičeń- wrinkled; ńorqid'e curls; ńorqoγoj- to start 

curling (of hair) 

1527. *ńorqo:jə 

T ńorquoje female wild reindeer with a new-born calf 

1528. *not- 

T notine- beautiful; smart; TK notine- 

T notineŋ diligently, accurately 

1529. *notnə- 

T notne- ugly; mean; TD notne- 

T notnii- to frown; notnej-ńamiid-amun kind of jugular vertebrae adjoining 

the dorsal ones [lit. ugly neck bone]; notnaačii- unprepossessing; 

notnaačiil-ńanme kind of willow tree which does not grow on the riverbank 

1530. *ńo:w- ? 

MK njoownyje-tschogóje fork 

1531. nožnicy 

KD ńodiče scissors 

Rus. nožnicy 

1532. *ńu: 

К ńu: name; KK ńu; KJ niu-, KD niw, SU nyw, niw\ RS niw, MC nywa; В 

neve) ME niiv, W nim 

К ńu.tə- to give a name 

U *nime 'name' (UEW 305) // Paasonen 1907: 20; Lewy 1928: 287; JU 84; 

UJN 121-2; HUV 165; Angere 1956: 127; Krejnovič 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); 

FUV 39; UEW 305; Nikolaeva 1988: 240; Rédei 1999: 40; LR 143, 156 

The following phonetic developments can be reconstructed: *nime > niwe > 

niw > ńu: or *nime > nim > niw > ńu:, cf. *o:-. 

1533. *nuγ- 

K nug- to find; to kill; KK nu-, num-, nuu-, nuŋ-, пик-; KJ nug-\ KD nug-, 

nuŋ-, T nug-, пии-\ TK nug-, nu:(ŋ)-\ TJ nuy-, пи:-, nu-, nun-, nu:n-\ TD 

nu.k-, nug-, nu:-, nuh-\ M nug, núŋa, núktaja, núgda, nugik 

TD ńe-nu:i meeting | ? TK nuguil, nugujil fighting

1534. *nuγ- ? 

MO nigipp day, morning; light; BO núgul, nugúl, nugúl'ga 

1535. *ńuγe-/*ńuŋkə- 

K ńugedə- to bind, to wrap 

1536. *ńuγe:-/*ńuŋke:- 

T ńuugel half-brothers 


1537. *nuγö-/*nuŋkə- 

K nugödə- to make smb smth, to behave in some way with respect to smb 

(TR); KJ nugode-, -nugači to take; to become; KD -nugode- 

K nugetə- to put; nugöči:- to rob | T nigerej- to place somewhere 

1538. *ńuγörə/*ńuŋkərə 

К ńugerə, ńigerə side; wall; KK ńugoro; KJ ńugore; KD ńugore thigh; T 

ńuŋure\ TK ńuŋore, ńuŋure; SU nugére 

KD nugod'id-amun rib; thigh [lit. thigh bone]; T ńuŋured-amun\ TK 

ńuŋured-amun, nigrid-amun; TD ńuŋoren-amun, nigreyed-amun\ SU 

nugéred-amun 

К ńugere.n on one's side | T ńuŋerd-oŋoj leather bag for keeping sewing 

accessories [lit. side bag]; ńuŋer-sawańe- to have contrasting light fur on the 

flanks (of a reindeer) [lit. with the side skin]; ńuŋer-sawand'aa pr. (a 

reindeer) [lit. with the side skin] | TD niman-ńuŋone wall | TK ńuŋu-rukun 

breast cloth; apron 

? TU *ńuŋi: 'thigh' (EDAL 1022) 

1539. *ńu:jə- 

T Лuujaγa- to walk staggering and moving hands 

? FU *nVjV-/*ńVjV- 'to stretch, to expand (INTR) (UEW 309-310) 

1540. *nulińčə 

TK nulid'e pack (of wolves) 

T nulid'e-göde crowd 

1541. *num- 

K numunə long since, before; always, constantly; KJ numude, numune; KD 

numune; T numuneŋ; TK numune(ŋ) nothing; TD ńumunen, numunuŋ 

T numune-mod'eŋ modal marker (I've said that ...) | TD numunuleye-kodek 

last


1542. *ńum- 

T ńumuol- to vanish, to be lost; to overdo; TK ńumuod'e-, ńumud'e-, nimud'eto 

stop, to be caught 

T ńumuolul suffering; ńumuos- to cause to suffer; ńumuoluu- to be torturing | 

TK ńumud'el pause while nomadising 

1543. *ńumč'ə 

К jumd'ə, ńumd'ə chin, jaw; KK ńumd'e; KJ ńumd'e; KD ńumd'ed-; SD 

ngumza; T ńumd'e; TK ńumd'e, ńumde\ TD ńumd'e-; SU ńumže-, MC 

numžegi, numčiče beard, eyebrow; MK njúmdsche chin 

KD numd'et-amdiye cheek protector made of fur | T ńumd'e-qajruu salmon 

[lit. with the crooked jaw] 

1544. *ńumčə- 

K ńumžd- whole; KJ numdi-, ńumre-; KD numde-; T ńumde-, ńumre-; TK 

ńumre-, ńumde-; TJ nimror, TD numd'e- 

T ńumd'iir, ńumriir as a whole; ńumdereŋ as a whole; ńumdettegiir 

everything; everybody 

1545. *ńumδ- 

TK ńumru:, ńumru shoal, ford; TD numroń 

T ńumduol- shallow; TK ńumro-, ńumruo- 

T ńumdije shallow place 

*-S- is reconstructed based on the alternation -r d-. 

1546. *numt- 

KJ numdugi- to have pity 

1547. *ńumunč'- 

K numud'u:- sour, bitter; KK ńumud'u:-; KD nimed'u-; RS nemed'ič 

В emediten-ondshe vodka; MU nemindeten-ondscha 

К numud'id'ə gall; KJ nimed'id'e\ KD nimed'id'e; В nimedzshinidsha salt; ME 

nimentschintscha salt 

К ńumud'ike:- to turn sour 

1548. *ńumunč'i: 

К ńumud'i: axe; KK numud'i, ńumud'i:; KJ numed'i, numod'i; SD ngimuzv, T 

ńumudïï, TK ńumud'i:; TD numod'i; SU numedi; RS numodi; В 

noomundzshi; ME numuntschy; MU numundschi; MK numoóndschi 

T ńumud'iid-egil butt of an axe [lit. axe's back]

1549. *ńumur- 

T ńumurd-oŋoj saddle-bag 


1550. *nunkə 

К nungə sheefish (Stenodus leucichthys); T nunge\ TK nunge\ TD nuŋe\ MU 

núnga 

К nungəd-en pr. (the river Rassoxa); KJ nuŋed-en 

К nungəd-en-d'i: pr. (the Yukaghir Uškan clan that lived on the river 

Nungeden) [lit. people from the Nungeden] 

1551. *ńuŋkən/*ńuŋen 

К nugen arm; KK nugen, nugon; KJ nugon; KD nugen, nugun, nugon; SD 

nugan; T niŋin, ńugen-, ńuŋun-; TK niŋin; TD niŋin-aul, niŋen-; SU 

nugenpa; RS nugen; KL nuganga, nugan; В núngean, nugán, nungén-; ME 

nungan, nungyn- 

T niŋin-qaačil elbow [lit. arm curve]; TD niŋen-račil 

К nugen-ludul bracelet; KD nugon-ludul, nugun-ludul 

KJ nugen-joboho back of the hand | T niŋind-aŋiï part of a sleeve around the 

wrist [lit. arm opening]; niŋin-duul armful [lit. content of the arm]; 

niŋin-tuduruul inner part of a sleeve [lit. inside of the arm] 

TU *ńuŋa 'muscles; elbow' (TMS 646) 

The B/ME data indicate that the cluster *-ŋк- should be reconstructed 

word-internally, but the #-like reflex of this cluster in T is irregular, so 

perhaps we are dealing with a single consonant here. The initial consonant 

was palatal as shown by some T forms and the vowel -/- in the first syllable. 

1552. *nuŋn-/*ńuŋn- 

T nuŋniń- to dream (INTR); TJ nuŋnen-; TD nunŋeń-; MU njúne, núngnee 

T nuŋnii person who turns into a new-born child after death, according to 

traditional beliefs; TD nuŋnin 

T nuŋnii-raal coffin; larch meant to be used for a coffin [lit. reincarnation 

wood]; nuŋniid-ile tame reindeer which is killed after its owner's death [lit. 

reincarnation reindeer]; nuŋnuo- to be smb's double | TD nuŋid'i kingdom of 

shadows 

FU *ńuŋV- 'to dream, to rest' (UEW 328) // Nikolaeva 1988: 240 

MU data may indicate that the initial consonant in Yukaghir was palatal. 

1553. *nunńə- 

T nunńe- thick (of a skin) 

T nunńije thick part of a skin


1554.*nu:nqi 

T nuunqi cormorant (Corvus marinus) 

This stem demonstrates irregular synharmonism and an irregular long vowel 

in a closed syllable. 

1555. *ńuŋurə- 

T ńuŋure(s)- to emit sounds (of a reindeer) 

1556. *nuse- 

K nušel'əš- to set up (a house, a yurt, a trap, or a stove); KJ nušeleš- 

K nuša:- to set up, to put 

The stem seems to belong to the class of back stems. 

1557. *nu:wə 

К nu. bə edible roots (in taste resembling turnips, one or two meters high); 

roots of the birch-tree 

Cf. Ev. dial, nuba 'edible roots' (TMS 1 607) 

The direction of borrowing is unclear, but the Ev. word demonstrates that 

Yukaghir had rather than *-mp-. 

1558. nužno 

К nužuŋo:- poor; KD nud'oŋo-, nud'aŋo- 

KD nude need; nud'eŋomu- to become poorer 

Rus. nužno 

1560. *ńyl-/*ńil- 

K ńuldej-, ńildej- to fall off (of fur when smb begins to prepare a skin by 

soaping it); KJ ńeldei- 

T ńilaj- to rot so that the fur comes off (of a skin) 

TU *nil-/*ńul- (TMS 1 592) 

In К the stem shows the front harmony, while in T the harmony is back. 

1561. *nyma 

К nima weapon 

1562. *nyŋ- 

K niŋd'id'a:- to fight; KK ńiŋd'id'a-, KJ niŋd'id'a:-, niŋd'id'a-; KD niŋd'id'a-; T 

ńuŋuuji-; TD ńuŋuyi-\ RS ninčyž'ak 

TD ńunuyil' fighting competition; ? niŋeditni- to push each other; 

ńiŋuýubod'a fighter 

? TU *ŋen- 'to attack, to fight' (EDAL 1027)


In Yukaghir metathesis is possible. In T -/- > -u- under the influence of the 

following -u-. 

1563. *nyna-? 

BO nynánga head 

1564. *nynčə- 

T niraγa- to grin; TD nerare- to growl (of a dog) 

T nirana- grinning; ajar; ninyarii- to growl at (TR); niračeń- grinning; ajar 

? TU *ńinŋu- 'to moan' (TMS 1 597) 

The reconstruction of the cluster *-nč- is suggested by the alternation T -n (+ 

a consonant) ~ -r (+ a vowel). *-čə- may be a derivational suffix. 

1565. *ńynč'ə- 

T ńid'aya- to finish, to be spent (INTR); TD -nid'ehal-, -nid'aha- 

T ńid'ayarej- to spend, to waste; TK иid'ayaj- to run short; to melt, to thaw; 

TD nid'eharai-, nid'aharei-, ńid'eharai- + to destroy 

1566. *ńyŋo- 

T ńiŋomie-, niŋomie-, ńiŋomie- different, various; TK niŋomie- 

T иiŋomied'ič in various ways 

1567. *ńyŋq- 

K иoyo:- to fall down; KK иiyo-; KJ ńuγo-, niyo-; ? KD -ńuro-\ T naya-; TK 

naya-, TD rtaha-, na.ha-; В niengi; ME ningkai 

К ńiŋžə- to knock down, to knock over, to drop; KK ńinre-\ KJ niŋde-, 

niŋre-, niŋd'e- 

K niŋči:- to kill I TK nayate- to let fall 

In some forms the vowel of the first syllable (probably, -е- < -y-) was 

assimilated to the second syllable -o:- or -a:-, while in other forms the initial 

*ńy- has developed into nu-. 

1568. *nypor 

К nipor first snow; KJ nipor 

1569. *ńyr- 1 

T ńir- to vomit; TK и/г-; TD nir- 

TD niarč- to vomit | TK nird'e- to vomit 

1570. *ńyr- 2 

T ńiruon separately; TK ńiron; TD nirońlek


T ńiruosiiïe- to separate (INTR); TD niroceile- 

T ńiruose- to separate (TR); TK niruose-; TD niroce- 

T ńiraqa pr. (a man) | TD nirod'e- to separate (INTR) 

The stem shows back vowel harmony. 

1571. *nywa- 

TK nywayaret'i- not to give up (INTR) 

1572. *nywoja 

К nibojə, nimojə, ńumojə wooden platform on four poles used as a shed; KK 

ńibojo, niboje; KJ niboje, niboje; TD numoye- coffin; MK nywája bench 

К nibojəš-, imojəš- to pack | TD numoyen-yacik coffin 

1573. * nywolə- ? 

TD niuoletile-, niwoletile- to change 

1574.*o 

KD oyo INTJ (joy, satisfaction); T ow, ou; TK о 

T ook INTJ (amazement) 

1575. *o: 

К о: trousers; KK o:; KJ or, SD о; T oo; TK or, TD or, RS oo; В oa; ME 

o:h; MU o; MK do 

К o:qa: little trousers | T oon-qodire fur underpants [lit. underlying of the 

trousers]; oon-burebe trousers with fur on the outside [lit. to of the 

trousers] 

? TU *oji(ki) (EDAL 1487) 

1576. *o:- 

K o:- to scoop up, to draw, to ladle; KK o>; KD о-; T oo-; TK oo-; TD o> 

FU *ama- 'to scoop' (UEW 7-8) // Nikolaeva 1988: 240; LR 144 

The presumed phonetic development is as follows: *ama- > am > aw > o: or 

*ama- > awa > aw > o:, cf. *ńu:. 

1577.*ö: 

К ö.\ -и: child; KK uo, uo\ KJ u:, uo; KD но; SD -io-\ T uo, -wuo, -u:; TK 

MO, MÖ; TJ MO; TD uo; SU wo; RS uo, -о; M uo, -o; MC о; MO -wop, -от, -о, 

-úuw; KL ua, -ugi, -ogi; В uwá, -и, -ae, -oo; ME u:a, -u, -ae, -aa; MU oo, 

-or, MK MO, -úuw, -od', -ii, -oo 

К ö:ŋо:- young; KJ uoŋo-; KD uoŋo-, T uoŋol-, TJ uoŋo-, TD uoŋo-, M 

wóoŋóči, oŋoi\ ВО oo, -о, ónde; ME ongai


К ö.rpəpul children; KK -uorpe-, uorep-; T йог ре; SU worpa\ М worpa\ KL 

orpa 

К ö:ńə- to have children; to give birth; TK uońe-; BO onéj\ KL uń 

T uod-awur cradle [lit. child container]; TD uod-aur 

T uod-oŋoj placenta [lit. child pocket]; TK uod-oŋojk 

T oodend'e nestling; TD odońd'e egg 

TK worper- to have children; TD uorpen- 

K uj- to be born; KK uj-, u-\ TD uol-\ В ooinge; ME uintsch 

KD uon-lebie moss used as nappies [lit. child's earth]; SD uod-lebie moss 

used for a baby's nappies [lit. child's earth] 

? К öjmuńńə-, ö(j)munnu- to fondle, to fawn; ö.ńəš- to deliver smb's child | 

? KJ nonomu [rect. uoŋomu-] young | KD uon-yollo [rect. uon-pollo] pieces 

of rotten wood placed at the bottom of a cradle [lit. child's rot] | T uore- to 

give birth; uon-könme uterus [lit. child's friend]; uońii(je) woman in 

childbirth or recently confined; uodie pr. (a man); uon-woŋdii, uon-waŋdii 

female animal with a child; female bird sitting on its eggs [lit. watching a 

child] I TD uonienui childbirth; uol'očirind'e party after a baby's birth; 

uoŋolor-sukun-molril youth; uonxaid-ama gossip; godfather; uoduograndchildren 

| TK uodayawi female of the wild goose 

NS *üə //Nikolaeva 1988: 240; LR 147 

1579. obuka 

T abukaa-maγil fur coat without a traditional triangular gusset 

Ev. obuka 'man's clothes' (TMS 2 4) // Nikolaeva 1992; LR 165 

1580. *oδ-/*ont- 

K odumu- to change, to alternate (INTR) 

1581.*o:δə 

К o:də, odo hoar frost; KD o:de; SD oda\ T oore\ TD ore- 

K o.dənnu- covered with hoar frost | T oore- to become hoary with frost 

1582. odnako 

KJ annaqa however; KD annaxa, onnaxe\ SD annaqa 

Rus. odnako 

1583. oččə/*otčə/*otjə 

К oččə vessel made of birch bark; KK ot't'o\ KD otče, o:tče 

1584. očki 

T ačiki: glasses 

Rus. očki


1585. *očojə 

TD očoye-yelčidaha day after tomorrow 

1586. *oγ-/*oŋq- 

T oγil' groove on runners 

T oyil'id-igije narrow straps for fixing the legs of a sledge to the runners 

1587. *öγe-/*öŋkə- 

K ege- to peep in, to look out (TR); KJ ege-; KD ege- to look down; T ögej-; 

TK ögej-; TD ego- 

K egedə- to jut out, to look at smth or into smth (TR); KJ egede-; KD 

egede-; T ögedej-; TJ egede-, ? TD -orgede- [rect. -ogede-] to peer, to look 

at 

T eguud'i- to look out of smth (TR) 

? TU *(x)eŋe:- 'to peer, to investigate' (EDAL 511) 

1588. *oγo-/*oŋqə- 

T oyonii- to guard 

1589. *oγoja/*oŋqəjə 

KJ oγoje pr. (a man) 

1590. *oγorə-/*oŋqərə- 

T oγoreń- to like walking a long way (of a man, a reindeer) 

1591. *öγur 

К ugur spine, ridge; KJ ugur 

1592. *öγur 

К ugurčə ski with fur on the bottom; KJ ugurče; SD ugurce; T ugurče foot; 

shoes, boots; TK ugurt'e + leg; TJ ugurče; TD ugurče, -uogurče К ugurče: 

grayling (Thymallus); ski with fur on the bottom; KK ugurt'e-, KJ ugurčie, 

ugurče; KD ogurče, ugurče; T ugurčie; SU ugurče; RS ogurče, ogúrča, 

ogúrče; MU egírtschcr, MK ugur- 

K ugurčə-ra: poplar, aspen [lit. ski tree]; KK ugurt'e-ra; KD ogurče-ra, 

ugurče-ra, ugurče-re, urče-ro; SD ugurcara; RS egurte-rcr, В agurtsči-ra 

К ugur-mided'ə ruff [lit. ridge needle] | T ugurče-duul stockings made of 

reindeer skin [lit. foot's content]; ugurčen-mundii piece of leather sown on 

the top of boots [lit. boots' jaw]; ugurče-burebe upper shoes [lit. shoes' 

cover]; ugurče-tudeeke person who wears shoes out on one side only [lit. 

wearing out shoes] | TD ugurčen-ulega inner sole [lit. ski grass] | TK 

ugurt'e-purebe boots worn over other footwear | ? SU ogyl, ogyld-


1593. *oγunpə/*oŋqunpə/*oγunwə/*oŋqunwə 

К oγunbə fork with which a trap for fish is set; KJ oγube back end; KD 

ohunge [rect. ohunbe] hook 

К oγubə arrow-head 

1594. *oj- 1 

К oj(i:)- to bark at (TR); KK oji-\ KJ o:j-, oj-, oi-\ KD o:i-, oi- 

K ojd'ə-, ojdə- to bark (INTR); KK ojd'e-\ KJ oid'u-, oid'e- + to bode ill; RS 

oižei 

К ojši:- angry with (TR); KJ ош-; KD oici- 

T öjruu- to foresee, to foretell smth bad (INTR); ojre- to foresee, to foretell 

smth bad (TR) 

1595. *oj- 2 

К oja:- to leave a road 

1596. ojbon 

К ojbən ice-hole; pr. (the river Omulëvka); KJ oibon\ KD oibon 

К ojbən-d'i: pr. (a Yukaghir clan on the river Omulëvka) [lit. the Omulëvka 

people] 

Yak. ojbon (JRS 267) 

1597. *öjčə 

К i:čə top, point; Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri); KK it'e, i:t'e\ KJ iče\ 

KD i:če; SD iśe\ T öjče, ewče\ TK ewt'e, öjt'e; TJ oiče; TD -ieče, -oiče; RS 

iča, -yča\ В itshagi', ME itschagï, MU -ítscha, -ítsche; MK sytsche [rect. 

ytsche] 

К i:či: penis; KK iśi, it'i; KD iči 

KL ičani sharp; В itshenyel-, ME itschengel- 

K i:čə(j)d-amun elbow; March (in the traditional way of counting months) 

[lit. end bone]; KD ičeyed-amun\ SD jacejd-abyn; SU ičeid-amun\ В 

itsheend-ami; ME ytscheent-ame 

К i.čəd-emej leech [lit. sturgeon's mother]; KD ičed-omo, ičid-omo\ SD 

iced-eme kind of fish 

SD icengi-pie pr. ( a mountain) | T ewčes- to sharpen; ieči-, iiči- to pierce 

(several times) | TD oicigi-men- to reduce [lit. to take the end] 

1598. *ojδəγə/*ojntaγə/*ojδəŋə/*ojntəŋqə 

К ojdəγə long pebbly bank; KJ oidoyo ice-hole; KD oidoho


1599. *o:jə ? 

KD oye father; BO ije 

1600. *öjeγə/*öjeŋkə 

T öjege hare; TK öjege\ TD oyage- 

T öjegen-purie kind of berry [lit. hare's berry]; öjegedie pr. (a man); 

öjege-laqil pr. (a star) [lit. hare's tail]; öjegie pr. (a woman) | TD oiyedediyepr. 

(the constellation Pleiades) 

1601. *ojmin ? 

RS oimin-aitaimik to bless; W oimyk [translation unknown] 

1602.*ojnčə 

KJ ojd'e pr. (a mountain) 

SD ojžangalyn pr. (a place on the Kolyma) 

1603. *ojput- ? 

В oyputshing February 

1604. *öjuŋe: 

К öjuŋge:, öjiŋ(g)e: traditional game (jumping through hurdles or jumping 

on one foot); KJ ojeŋie\ KD oyeŋie-l'odol traditional game (when a given 

distance must be traversed in the least possible number of steps) 

1605. *ök- 

T ekuu hole; TK ekur, TD ekun 

T ekuo-, ökuo- to become holed; to burst; TK ökuo-; TD eku-, aku- 

T ökte- to pierce, to make a hole (TR); TK ökte-, ökta-, ekute-\ TD ekte-, 

ekute- to drill a hole 

T ekuolel-amun pelvic bones [lit. holed bone]; TK ekuoled-amun 

К ököčə, ukečə small channel | T ekuod'e-moŋo hat worn in earlier times 

with a hole in the top [lit. holed hat] | TK ekure- to become holed 

1606. *ökičə- ? 

KD el'-met-okiča- disorderly 

1607. *ökön- 

T ököndie INTJ (bless you! said to a child after it sneezes)


1608. okno 

К oqnod-aŋil' window; KJ okno, oknod-aŋil\ KD oknod-aŋiï', SD oqnq-angil 

Rus. okno 

1609. *öko: 

T okuodie pr. (a lake) 

T okuonuor pr. (a man) 


1610. *ökt ? 

MC ogtj yes 

1611. okuń 

К oqil'l'a: perch (Perca fluviatilis); KK okil'cr, KD okife; SD okul'a 

Rus. okun' 

1612. *оГ- 1 

T al'ile chip of wood; TK ol'ile chips for kindling fire; TJ -aliiв stick 

? MK olílan-tschél larch tree 

? Yak. oluk, uluk (TMS 2 16) 

1613. *ol'- 2 

T oïil part; share; edge 

T atiwii-, ol'iwii- to disjoin the vertebrae (TR) 

? NT *olda(n) < TU *xolda(n) 'side; thigh' (EDAL 831) 

1614. *ö:l 

К ö. /jamb, door-post; frame; edge; KK uoi fencing around the fire; SD иоГclay 

barrier fence separating an anvil from the fire; T -uol; TK -uol; TD -ol, 

-ot 

К ö. lgən past 

1615. *ölč'ə 

T öld'e boat; tomb in the shape of a boat; TK öld'e, old'e; MU óldscha; MK 

ólosche 

T öld'en-pomerčibe pr. (a hill) [lit. turning of the boat]; öld'ed'ie people going 

by boat 

1616. *o:lə- ? 

BO ólaj to burn


1617. *ölem 

К ulum mad; KJ ulum something; TK elem nothing; M ólum 

К ulum-kude- to go mad; KD elulum-kude-\ В olinun-kudi 

К ulum-l'ə- mad; stupid; KK ullum-Ve-\ KD olulum, ol(l)um-le-, ul(l)um-le- 

T elemdel'elk in vain; TK elemdellek; TD elemdelelk 

К elemdu:- careful; T elemde- to say smth not worthy of attention 

T elemdiń it is no use; elemder modal marker (uncertainty or unwilling 

agreement with smb); elem-juo- not to see anything; elemded'ege INTJ (such 

a trifle!); elem-kuril'ii- not to know anything | TK elemder somehow 

The vowel -ö- of the first syllable has changed into -u- or -e- in some forms 

under the influence of the second syllable vowel. 

1618. olguj/algyj 

К olγuj, olyil big copper cauldron or kettle; KK alyuj-, KD al'gov, T olgii, 

olγii; TK olgi:; TD olgi- + iron shovel 

Yak. algyj, olgu or Rus. dial, olguj, alguj (ESRZ 65) 

1619. öline 

К eleŋńə- lazy; KD el'eŋne-; T eleŋńe-; TD ellenne-; RS eleńeï, В alangnae; 

ME alangne 

T eleŋńije lazy person; eleŋńe laziness 

Ev. öline (TMS 2 30) 

1620. *o:liw- 

T oolwil, ooliwil white circle in ice 

1621. *ölkə- 

T olke- to run; TK ölke-, olke-; TD olka-, olke-, olke-; ? MO ongauek [rect. 

olgauek] 

T ölkije runner (a person); ölked-amude period of time during which a 

runner runs quickly [lit. running goodness] | TK ölkebo- person who likes 

running 

The cluster -Ik- is atypical morpheme-internally. 

1622. *ollo:jə 

К ollo:jə stick for steering a sledge 

1623. *olmən 

К omon, olmon, omun without purpose, just; all the time; very, completely; 

KK omon; KJ olmoń, onmoń; KD onmon-; TD -omoŋ 

К omon-l'ə- muddle-headed, placid (of an animal); KJ omoi-le-; KD

omoi-l'e-, omoi-l'o- 

K отопте:- indifferent 

In some forms *-lm- > -nm- or -m-. 

1624. *o!'o- 

K ol'o- to cut a skin in a circle for making a rope 


1625. *olo- 

K olo- to steal (TR); KK olu-; KJ olo-; KD olo-; SU olom; M ólo, ólonobol, 

olonobólgala 

К ol(u)nu- to steal many times (INTR); ? SU anäluga; RS alonuk, alonuga; 

? MC (j)enalaj [rect. elanaj] thief; В olonunga; ME olonungga 

К olunubo:- thief 

К old'i.nu- to steal (many times) | KD ol'ul'u- to steal (INTR); ol'dec- to steal 

I ? RS opnoeik to take away 

U *sala 'to steal; thief (UEW 430^31) // Tailleur 1959a: 420; UJN 124; 

HUV 158; UEW 430; Rédei 1999: 43 

1626. *olo-/*jolo- ? 

MC olyndže crying; ? MO jallok 

1627. *ol'oγə 

T al'ya fish; TK al'γa, -el'γa; TD alha, aire; MU ólloga; MK oljogá 

T al'γačaa place rich in lakes abundant in fish; TK aíγača 

T al'γad-aawje ladle; al'yan-erimed-awje bone in the head of a fish which is 

like a child's spade; alyad-uje fin [lit. wing of a fish] | TK аГуап-buńil 

fishing [lit. killing the fish] 

The reconstruction is mostly based on the OY data which indicate that the 

word was tri-syllabic and began with o-. 

1628. *olonč- 

K oložubo:-, olorńabo:- la 

zy, stubborn 

1629. olovo 

К o. lubs tin; KJ olube; KD olube; SD olube 

Rus. olovo 

1630. *olpəI'ə/*olwəl'ə 

К olbəl'ə female, mistress; prostitute; KJ olbole; KD olbol'e; SD olbala,


ol'bogo [rect. ol'bolo]; M ólwolu; ? MO (j)eblim [rect. (jjelbim]; KL ohvale\ 

В alwálley, olboilen-, -olvólle; ME alvalle, -olvole\ MK ólwali 

1631. *olput/*olwut 

К olbut long dry tree without boughs; KD olbut 

К olbude: shavings; small dry sticks 

1632. *olq- 

K olyin straight; KK olγin; T olyiń at all, quite, entirely; TD olriń, ólroń, 

olroń + not at all 

К olyinme:-, olyunme:- straight, smooth; KK olyinmie-; KD olhinme-; TD 

olrińbon-, olrindon- + fair; SU olginmei; RS olginmei 

К olyid'a: very straight; KJ olrid'a; KD olrid'a- 

T olyije basis 

1633. *olqə- 

K olyužə- to limp 

К olγuči: cripple | KJ olgod'e, olgo.d'in, olgod'in, elgod'in hardly; a little 

1634. *olqaj- 

T olyojuu- to calm down 

T olyojuu- to calm down; to settle; olyuučii- to get smaller; to abate 

1635. *o!t- 

T olduu- to crack, to split (INTR) 

1636. *oltič- 

T oldič- to have an idea, to understand, to realise (TR) 

1637. *olujərqə 

KJ olujorko male 

1638.*öluro: 

T öluruo pr. (a place); TK öluruo 

1639. *ömkə 1 

T ömge skin without fur of which straps for a lasso are made; flesh side of a 

hide; TK emge unprocessed strap made of reindeer skin 

К ömgedə saddle; KK omgede; KD omgede; SD omgede; RS ómgodo; MC 

qomkadyj [rect. omkadyj]

KK omgete- to saddle 

? Evk. omkur 'belt for trousers' (TMS 2 17) 

1640. *ömkə 2 

TD omgo- colour 

1641. *omnuγə/*omnuŋkə 

RS omnúga bitch; ME omnuga 


1642. *omo 

К ото people, tribe; KJ ото, omei; KD ото; SD отик; T ото; TK ото, 

ome; TD ото-; В ommo; ME ото 

К omni: people; KK omńi-; KJ omni; KD omni; SU omni; RS omnik, M 

omní, omnipa, omnípańe; MC omne 

К omni:-čomo:d'ə oldest man in a clan [lit. big one of the people] | KJ 

omlad'i ancient people | RS omninwon alien 

Cf. PA *o:p'V 'clan, family' (EDAL) // Krejnovič 1958: 244 (~ Mong.) 

1643. *omo- 

K ото:- good, nice; healthy; KK ото-; KJ ото-, ото:-; KD ото-; SD 

ото-; T ctmaj-, amuj-, атио-; TK ctmaj-, amo-, ати-; TJ omoče; TD omoč; 

SU ómoč; RS omoča, omóča, omočad-; M omót', omótá, omóča, omóooŋi; 

MC omoč-; ВО omoč'; KL omoč'; MK omótschi- 

K omolət- to treat, to cure; to correct, to improve; KK omolot-; KD omolot-; 

T amaler-; TK amalar-, amaler- + to brake leather; TD omolor- + to mill 

(leather); RS omoločk, -omolotnuba 

К omol-ən pr. (a river); KJ omol-on 

К omoγə(-jo:) INTJ (how nice!); T amuya 

К omolbə- to get better; KK omolbe-; TK amalwej-; TD omolwoń soft; M 

omolóŋ 

T amutne well; TJ omutneŋ 

T amud'ii- to love, to like; TK amed'i-, amud'i-; TJ omod'i:-; TD omod'i- to 

wish, to want 

T amalad'aače(ŋ) doctor; TK omoled'at'a 

T amalad'aače-legul medicine; TD omolod'ače- 

TJ emoqa-, emoqa:- to be reconciled with; TD emoxa-, omoxa- + to get 

better 

К omoləš- to cure; omočča: very well; omoč-jodəri:- to gain much [lit. to 

play well]; omoč-l'i:-, omoč-moj- to take care of (TR) [lit. to have well, to 

hold well] I T amaleč well; amaličče medicine; amalwetl'ereŋ diligently, 

accurately, calmly; amuoriireŋ accurately, diligently | TD omočewodek


daring; omorace- to treat (medically); to cure; omočed-ileyenn- strong 

smelling; omunilwie- to strengthen; omutnoŋ-cahańe- safe and sound; TD 

omotneŋ-cahaneŋic- to get on well with (TR) | TK omolerul cure, treatment; 

amölet'i- to cure, to treat (medically); amolad'a- to process skin 

? FP *oma 'proper; property' (UEW 717) 

1644. *omoγə-/*omoŋkə- ? 

KJ omoyo lost; TJ omoγa 

1645. *omol- 

K omolu:- shameful, ashamed; KK omoluj-\ KJ omolič\ T amaluu- + 

uncomfortable, unsuitable; TK amalej-, amali- ashamed, shameful; TD 

amali- to shame; SU amalyč, omoliča; В omollitsh 

К omoluji:- to be ashamed, to be embarrassed; T amaliji- 

T amaled'e shame; TK amalid'e-; TD amalid'e- 

K omoli:- to shame; omoluγul'ə- to behave shyly; omnugə shame | KD 

omoïoik it serves smb right | TD amaleibo- modest, diffident; amaleiashamed 

1646. *omt- 

T amdur quickly, at once; TK amdur soon; TD amder, amdur 

К omdu- to be in a hurry; KK omdu-, KJ omdu-; KD omdu-; T amdu-; TK 

amdu-; TJ amdu-, TD amdu-, omdu-, SU omdut, omduk; M omdujek; В 

omduk quick; ME omtuk quick 

KK omdit'i- to start being in a hurry | T amdureŋ in a hurry; amdulńeimmediate, 

urgent | TD omdilla- to hurry, to hasten; amduči-, omduči-, 

omdiči- to be in a hurry 

TU *am- 'quick(ly); to be in time' (EDAL 298) 

The element *-t- may be a derivational suffix. 

1647. *ömtə- 

K ömdə- to use bad language 

1648. omul' 

К o.mul Arctic cisco (Coregonus autumnalis); KJ omul\ SD omol 

Rus. omul' 

1649. *oń- 

T ońil' crack; TK ой/Y, onil; TD on/7 

T ońid-igil hole at the top of a yurt where the poles come together and 

smoke goes out; TD onid-ilil tube


T ońire- to glue together smth broken; TK ońire- 

T ońid-igil-raal top of the poles beside the smoke hole in a yurt [lit. stick of 

the hole in a yurt] | TK ońiru: broken part repaired with glue 

1650. *on-? 

TD onči- to inherit 

TD oŋčim inheritance 

1651. *oŋ- 1 

T oŋ- to put on; TK oi/-, aŋ(u)-\ TJ oŋo-\ TD oŋo- 

T oŋoj bag, sack; TK oŋoj; TD oŋoi\ MU ongie 

T oŋdo- to put on smb; to harvest; TK oŋde-; TD oŋdoc- 

T oŋie- to wear; TK oŋie- 

T oŋaa- to fit in (TR); to hope for; oŋube mouthpiece of a pipe; oŋnienube 

smth worn; oŋaanube smth put on; oŋoj-gode fool [lit. bag man]; oŋdii 

sheath; oŋoj- to pursue, to go away; oŋči- to be alike, to put on, to trace; 

oŋdii- to cause to put smth on; oŋojd-ile reindeer that carries sacks with 

clothes I TD onto- to collect | TK oŋde harness 

1652. *oŋ-2 

SU orjyl reindeer; В onye; ME ongei 

1653. *oŋ-3 

К oŋil' interval, space between smth; split; TJ oŋil'- 

K oŋil'gən, oŋidəgən under; among, between | ? TK oŋt'i- to go walking each 

time with many diversions 

? FU *oŋte 'hole, hollow' (UEW 341-342) 

1654. *ön- 1 

T endu each, every; TK endu 

TJ endu-marqočir one by one, one another; TD endu-marxočir 

К önmun each, every; KJ onmun\ KD onmun\ SD -onmul; T enmut; TK 

enmun\ TD tiŋičeln-ońmun, tiŋičeln-onmun every night 

T endu-ńiruon-wej- to divide into uneven parts [lit. to make each separately] 

1655. *ön-2 

К unuŋ river; KK unuŋ; KJ unuŋ, oń-\ KD unuŋ-, SD unung; T ели-; TK 

enuŋ; TJ enu-; TD onu-; SU onúu', RS опй\ M onúŋ, onúŋde\ MC onyng; 

MO einongg, -onong\ BO onóńgat; KL onunga\ В onnong, onnongr, ME 

onnung, onunchtie; MU onúng\ MK ónung, -onú 

TK enmudie small river; TD lukuod'e-onmudie mountain stream


К un-muti: in the middle of the river [lit. river middle]; KJ oń-biti, uń-biti 

К önde: mountain stream; KD ondie, endie; SD -undo, undie; T önŋie river 

with its source in a lake; MU -onundi 

T önud-aŋil' river-mouth; pr. (a place) [lit. river opening]; TD ońud-ianul, 

ońud-aŋil 

К unuŋ-čeginmə, unuŋ-čiginmə river-bed [lit. depth of the river]; un-jurgu: 

middle of the river [lit. hole of the river]; un-d'e:r fork in a river | KJ 

unuŋ-jurugu eddy in a river [lit. hole of a river] | ? KD edid-od'i small stream 

which dries up in summer | SD undien-mimze stream | T enun-čumd-amun 

deep channel of a river [lit. bone of the river hill]; enuduol' low place on the 

bank of a river; öndiečeen pr. (a lake); enun-suske whirlpool [lit. river bowl]; 

öönŋie-nunkičaan pr. (a river) [lit. river cormorant] | TD onun-ual, onun-wal 

river-bed 

1656. *ön-3 

К önd'e male of a bird; KJ end'e 

К önče: male of an animal; KJ önčie, önče; KD ončie stallion; SD oncie, 

oncu; T önčie; TK önt'ie, ont'ie; TD ončie 

KJ önd'ed-abut testicles [lit. male container] | KD ončien-kinid'e October [lit. 

wild reindeer bull month] | T önčienaatege large wild male reindeer 

1657. *önč'- 

K ud'il' nail, claw; KJ od'il ed'iï + hoof; KD od'il'; SD ozil hoof; T od'il + 

hooves; TK öd'il; TD od'il, SU od'il, RS ožil, В onzshil, ME ondschil 

KD od'id-iče skin under the nail [lit. nail end] | T öd'il-juod'e disease of 

hooves 

1658. *onč'ə 

T onńe- dampish; TK onńe-; TD ońńe- + dew 

KK od'i hoar frost; T ode drop; dew; damp place; juice (of meat) 

T od'eń-, od'eńe- juicy, dewy; damp; od'el-lukul long moss which grows in 

very damp places [lit. damp earth]; onńii- to keep slightly wet; onduu- to get 

wet; onde- to drench 

1659. *ončə- 

K o:žə- to drink, to smoke; KK od'e-, ože-, o.d'e-; KJ o.d'e-, odo- + to pour; 

KD ode-; SD oze-; RS ožek; BO íńžij; KL ožej; В ondzshok; ME ontschok, 

MU óndschetsche, óndschebúndsche; MK óndschaschá, óndschipundsche 

К o:ži: water; KK od'i:, oži; KJ o.d'i; KD od'i; SD oži, osin-, -oze; TK od'i-; 

SU óži; RS oži, -ože; M ód'i; MC onde; BO ižíjelo; KL onži; В ondzshi, 

onzshe-; ME ondschy, andschy-; MU ońsche, -ondscha, -onsche; MK


óndschi, -ondschi 

К o:ži:-nodo duck [lit. water bird]; KJ o:d'i-nodo; SD oži-nodon; В 

ondzshi-nonda; ME ondschyn-nonda\ MK óndschi-nóda 

К o.ži. du:- watery; o:ži:-tiíijə-ejre:nu- to sing well [lit. to move like water] | 

KD od'i(n)-tolou walrus [lit. water wild reindeer] | SD ožid-ungungie pr. (a 

stream) | RS oženž'a thirst 

Cf. Ev. dial, o.ndi 'water' (TMS 2 18) 

The Ev. word seems to be a Yukaghir borrowing and confirms the 

reconstruction of the consonantal cluster. 

1660. *öŋčə- 

K öŋžə- to go down to a river; KJ onde-, önže-, ende-; SU onžeik 

К öŋžubə slope; öŋžejl-jouluge:l second month in the traditional way of 

counting months [lit. raising shoulder] 

1661. *öninč'ə 

T önid'e earth, ground; clay; TK enid'e, önid'e sand 

T önid'e-legul flour [lit. sand food]; TK önid'e-legul 

T önid'etke pr. (a lake); önid'en-monqa mound without vegetation; 

önid'end'ege INTJ (used when seeing dirty earthy water) 

? NT *ońi < TU *xońi 'sand; dirt' (EDAL 839) 

1662. *önč'in- 

T od'ind'ie, (sawd-aγil'-)ödïndie fringe at the bottom of a fur coat 

1663. *onč'itə- 

T od'ite- to satisfy 

1664. *onimə- ? 

BO onímańda for a long time 

1665.*o:njə 

T oond'e-, uond'e- to inform, to send news or information; TK o.nd'e- to ask 

to say smth to smb 

T oond'e will, testament | TD ond'e person who brings news 

As this is an example of a long vowel in a closed syllable, the word is likely 

to be a suffixal derivation from the stem o:n-. 

1666. *öŋkə- 1 

К oγo:- to stand; KK oyo-\ KJ ogo-, oyo-\ KD ogo-, ege-, oge-, ego-, oho-, T 

oγuo-, aγuo- + kept, preserved; TK oγo-, oγuo-, eguo-, TJ ogo:-, oyo-, TD


ego-; SU ogoje; RS ogóngi; M og'oi; В onghak; ME onggok; MU ongéteen, 

onged'k, onged't, ongénit, ongétschele, ongeng'; MK ongóondscha, 

ongóondscheili, ongóondschek, ongóondschemy 

К ege:- to stand up, to get up; KK ogie-, egie-; KJ egia-, egej-, igi-, egu-; 

KD egie-, ege-, egu-, T eguo-; TJ ego:-, ego-, SU agek 

К öge, ögö, öge: round wicker fish trap used with a dam; KK öge, ogo-; SD 

ogo; SU ogélek 

К öge. d-aŋil' semi-circular bay without a current; KD ogied-aŋiï, ogid-aŋit 

К egetə-, ögötə- to put, to raise, to lift; to set up a fish trap; KK egete-, 

ogete-; KJ egete-; KD egete-; SD ogate; T ögete-; TK ögete-; TD ogoto-; SU 

agetak, agetely, agetei 

К egetəč- to put, to raise; TD egoce- 

K uguje(l) tomorrow; morning; KK uguje; KJ ogoje; KD ogyiye, ogyiya, 

ogoiye; T eguoje; TK eguoj(i)e; TJ ogoje, ogo.je; TD ogoyečendeŋ, ego.ye; 

SU ogojel, ogoje-; M ogojé; KL ongoelmo; В unkaiel, ongói.e:; ME ungagel 

[rect. ungayel], ongoije; MU ongél tomorrow; yesterday; MK ongéjelma, 

ongéelma 

К ege. d'ə bridle rein; KJ egied'e 

К egujbə place where a camp is made; KD egoibe, egeibe; T egunbe 

trampled place; yard; rag 

К egedə- to stick up, to stick out, to jut out, to protrude; egetədej- to put up; 

to raise; ögöd-aŋil' entrance to a fish trap | KK egiere- to step on (TR); egujito 

get up I KJ egieŋide opposite to | ? SD oguze-nume Yakut yurt | T 

eguojigir-qodejd'e, eguijigir-qoduod'e morning clouds [lit. morning lying]; 

eguol'eld'e (moŋojd'ii) mature woman; eguojiedaya for tomorrow; eguortube 

time to get up; eguojibe stirrup; ögie- to put up, to lift, to hold; 

eguojie-jielgidaγa day after tomorrow | TD ogol step; ogoyegirele-legul 

breakfast 

In a number of forms the vowel of the first syllable was assimilated to the 

vowel of the second syllable. 

1667. *öŋkə- 2 

KJ ogońe- to eat; BO íngeńej 

KJ ogoneš- to feed (TR); KD ohońec- 

1668. *önm- 

K unmut horns; antlers; KK unmut; KJ önmun + bone; KD onmut; T enmur; 

TK enmur; TJ enmur; TD onmur; RS -anmud, anminei-; ME onmut 

К unmutə-ejunu- to butt | KD onmun-moibe five-year old elk [lit. antlers 

notches] I T enmun-lasurqaa reindeer with large widely spreading antlers 

[lit. antlers bush]; enmun-dawa skin on reindeer antlers; enmund-amud'e


reindeer with beautiful antlers [lit. antlers' beauty]; enmun-pod'itel gathering 

of young reindeer antlers that fall off in spring 

1669. *önme:- 

K önme.de: young larch; KJ önm'edie + young willow; KD onmiedie; ? SD 

ondacione-, ämungi; T önŋiedie; TK önŋiede; TD onmedie 

1670. *önmə 

К опта mind, intellect, memory, feeling, intention; KK опте-, KJ опте; KD 

опте; SD -опте; RS опта; MC -momno [rect. -omno], -onmoura; MO 

-wońne; В опта; ME опта 

К önməń- intelligent; ? BO onóm'n-; В onmannay; ME onmanni 

К önmagə-ejtəč-, önmega-l'i:- to remember [lit. to have or to take on one's 

mind]; önmədej- to recover consciousness | KD onmegel'it attentively; 

onmeke- wise, intelligent 

1671. *önmun 

К unmun pr. (the river Kolyma); KJ önmun; KD onmul; SD onmul; В 

enmun- 

1672. *önmurə 

К unmurə- to hold a service in a church; KJ önmure- 

K иптигэ shaman's drum 

1673. *onn- 

T onnu- to praise 

T onnus- to cause to praise 

1674. *ono 

T ono idol; shadow; silhouette; TK one 

1675. *ono- 

K ono- to take away, to steal; KK ono-; KJ ono-; KD ono- 

K ojnu- to take away, to steal (many times); KK ojnu-; KJ о/им-; KD oinu- 

K onoti:- to take away; ? onodi:- to saw off 

1676. *oŋo- 

TK oŋoj- to walk making manoeuvres 

1677. *oŋö 

T öŋö low hill on a plain; TK öŋe high river bank


T öŋöttege pr. (a place); öŋöd-ibal small hill situated on a flat place [lit. low 

hill rock] 

1678. *oŋoδə-/*oŋontə- 

T oŋodoroj- to make noise, to start singing (TR) 

1679. *oŋon- 

T oŋod'i- to ask for, to beg for (TR) 

T oŋod'i- to beg for smth and get it; oŋodoj- to get a strong desire to do smth 

1680. *onpə 

MC onbed-agim [rect. onbed-agil] door; В anband-ángel; ME 

anband-andel; MU ónba 

1681. *oŋq- 

K oŋ- damp, wet; KK oŋ-\ KD oŋ-\ T oŋu-\ TK oŋ-\ TD oŋu-, RS onči] В 

ongai\ ME ongen\ MK óngoi 

К oŋd'ə raw, undercooked; KK oŋd'e; TK oŋd'e\ TJ oŋd'e\ TD oŋd'e\ MU 

óndschenet 

К oγunbə- to get wet; KK oyunbe-; KJ oγunbe-; KD ohunbe-, orunbe-; T 

oŋunbe-; TK oŋunbe-; TD oŋonbe- 

K oγunbəš- to drench; KK oγunbeš-; TK oŋunber-; TD oŋober-, ounber-; RS 

ogunbašik 

К oŋd'o.n raw fish | T oŋd'e-ńarqa-jewlid'ie new-born reindeer [lit. raw 

new-born reindeer]; oŋd'aya-juo INTJ (how damp!); oŋd'aγatege INTR (how 

wet!); oŋdii- to keep wet; oŋtegii- very damp; T oŋd'ed-aíγa raw fish; 

oŋd'e-d'uul raw meat; oŋd'e-rawa skin freshly removed from the reindeer [lit. 

raw skin] I TD oŋd'e-ral larch [lit. raw tree] 

1682. *onrumujə 

К onrumujə, onrumujupta: laces of clothes 

1683. *ontə 

T odo present, gift; TK ode pay, fee 

T odepedie amulets given by a shaman after a séance that protect from 

disease; TK odapedie presents 

1684. *öntə- 

T öndie- to say incantations 

T öndefri)- to bless; öndiečeen pr. (a lake); önderid'ieče person who knows

magical incantations 

The cluster -nd- is atypical morpheme-internally. 

1685. *onučə 

T onuče quillback fish (Cyprinus labeo) 

U *oncF'nelma (Coregonus Njelma) (UEW 339) 


1686. *önus-/*enus- 

T enuskurie- to work; to urinate; TK enuskurie-; TD onučurie-, onučkurie- 

TK enuskuriet'e worker 

1687. opletaj 

К oplitaj, aplitaj, oklitaj, aplətaj pr. (a dragon or a snake in folklore) 

Rus. opletaj 

1688. *opo:/*apo: 

T apuo, opuo ornament; INTJ (approval addressed to a child) 

T apuodie pr. (a man) 

1689. *opoj ? 

MC opoj black; BO ópoj 

1690. oposlja 

К opoïl'a: after, later; KJ opočle; KD opočl'e 

Rus. dial, oposlja 

1691. *o:qə 

T ooqadie, uoqaadie long-tailed duck (Clangula hyemalis); pr. (a man); TK 

uoqadie 

T uoqaadie pr. (a man) 

1692. *oqo 

T oqodek modal marker (doubt); TK oqo suddenly 

T oqo-mod'eŋ modal marker (mirative); oqo-monŋi modal marker (mirative); 

oqojče fault, defect, flaw; okuo INTJ (fear) | TK oqode something 

1693. o:qoI' 

T oqol' always; TJ oqol, oqol'+ everywhere; TD OJCO/'everywhere 

TD oxoleure- to lounge about among people 

Ev. o:qol 'always; long ago' (TMS 2 10) 

The final -/ could have been reanalysed as a suffix in Yukaghir.


1694. *ог- 

K orut Baikal teal (Anas formosa) 

1695. *o:r- 

K o:ri:- to go in a roundabout way, to come and to go away; to walk around 

(TR) 

1696. *ör- 

K örńə- to shout; KK örńe-; KJ orńe-; KD orńe-; T örńe-; TK örńe-, örińe-, 

öreńe-; TD ornie-, orńe-; SU órnei; RS órnei; В orrti, orinak; ME ornae, 

orinach 

К ör- to cry, to weep, to shout; KK or-; KJ or-; KD or-; T or-; TK ör-; TD 

or-, er-; RS orul; В oroo/; ME orul 

К örńəri:- to shout at, to call shouting (TR); KD orńeri-, orńari-; TD 

ernere-, ornere-, ornieri- 

K örtej- to shout; KK örte-; KJ orte-; T örtej-; TK örtej-, ortej-; RS irtei 

T oorińe- to cry; TK o. reńe-, uoreńe-; TJ oreńe-, orne-; TD orońe- 

T oorińe crying | TD orńebo- to wail; orniec- to cause to cry 

TU *or- 'to shout, to roar' (EDAL 1061) // Nikolaeva 1988: 180 

In T the stem also exists in the form ö:rə-. 

1697. *örč'ə/*örjə 

T örd'e mud; dirt, litter 

1698.*o:rə- 

K o:rə- to set, to prescribe; to show, to indicate; KK ore-; KD ого-; T oore-; 

TK o:re-, orat-; TD o:re-, ого- + to show the way 

KJ ord'ia- to bequeath; KD ord'e- 

KJ ord'ie in the first place | T uoruo- meant for smth; oorčiče- to go to 

reproach smb | TK ort'i- to show; to point 

1699. *oriri 

T oriri, oriril, oreril without a trace, without noticing 

1700. *örkəmpə 

T örkobo lynx (Felis lynx) 

1701. *oro:- 

TD oro. l nature; character, temper

1702. *oro- 

TD orod'e-nime sledge 

1703.*oro-? 

MC oroaryne widower 

1704. oroëk 

К öröjək pr. (a place, a mountain); KJ orojek\ SD orojaq 

Rus. oroëk 


1705. *örön- 

K örd'ə middle; KJ ord'e; T ord'a\ TK ord'e, örd'e; TD ord'e; MU órontsche, 

-óronsche + midday; MK -wórondsche 

К örd'o:- middle; KJ ord'uo-; KD ord'eo- mediocre; SD erso-; T ord'a-; TJ 

ord'eol-, ord'uolo-, ord'el'el-; TD ord'eolo- 

K örd'o:l-pe:di:śə middle finger; örd'ə-ńe:r trousers [lit. middle clothes]; 

örd'o.l-jarman pr. (the town Srednekolymsk) | KJ ord'al time, deadline; 

ord'en front; ord'ie central place in the yurt where guests usually sit | SD 

orzie place for guests in a yurt | T ord'alal-muoqatka pr. (a lake) [lit. middle 

broad whitefish]; ord'alal-qoŋnaačiil pr. (a river); ord'iwuon pr. (a man) | TD 

ord'ime middle | TK ord'ad'e middle; örd'e-d'ald'e middle finger 

Cf. PA *o:r'i 'middle, inside' (EDAL 1064-1065) // Krejnovič 1958: 239, 

250 (~ Yak., Oirot) 

The OY data indicate that -r- was followed by a vowel: örd'a < öröd'ə < 

*örön-č'ə/*örön-jə. 

1707. *orpə- 

K orpo:- hung up; KK orpe-, orpo-, arpa-; KD orpo-; SD orpo; M orpoja, 

orpojak 

К arpaj- to go up; KK arpaj-; KJ arpa--, KD arpa:-; SD arpa- 

K orpurə- hang; KK orpure-; KD orpure-; T orpure-; SU orpúrek, orpúčit; 

RS orpúrek 

KK orpie- to have smth hung 

К arpušaj-, orpušaj- to rise, to get up, to drive upwards; KK orpušaj- + to 

bring; KJ orpušaj- 

KJ orpol pound; KD youyed-orpol, youyed-orpolM órpodak 

К (pe:d-)orpujbə (mountain) path, rise; KD orpoibe 

К orpənd'a: pr. (the constellation of the Great Bear); bar for drying fish 

made of several sticks; SD orponza 

К orpənd'i-ra: rack for nets (made of one stick); KJ orpand'i-ra\ SD 

orpanri-šal


К arpajl-i:śəjd-amun November (in the traditional way of counting months) 

[lit. raising elbow]; arpajl-jouluge.l December (in the traditional way of 

counting the months) [lit. raising shoulder]; orpo:lubə holy tree on which 

various objects are hung | KD órpud'ed'aye scales | ? T orpube wooden 

button on the strap of a reindeer halter 

In К о- > a- before the vowel -a:- or -ajin the second syllable. 

1708. *orqi 

К org in hardly, scarcely; T oryi(-orγi) 

TU *orxi 'bad' (TMS 2 10) 

1709.oru: 

T oruu young salmon 

Yak. dial, oru: 'kind of small fish' (DSJJ 189) 

1710. о run 

К urun plank-bed; KD orun; SD urun 

SD urumnej-nume Russian house made of logs 

Yak. orun 'place; bed' (TMS 2 19) 

1711. osëtr 

К ošo.tur young of a large fish; KD ocotru small fish with a red abdomen; 

SD ošotur 

Rus. osëtr 

1712. ospa 

TD uočpe smallpox 

TD uočpayo. či-rikun smallpox 

Rus. ospa 

1713. *ossiń 

T ńuŋud-ossiń against a background 

1714. ostrog 

KJ uočtrog pr. (the town Verxnekolymsk) 

К ostru.təgə pr. (a place in the upper Jasačnaja) 

Rus. ostrog 

1715. *ot 

T ot-ta-taj INTJ (disappointment)


1716. * otiC 

ottu:, otul place where a fire is made, camp; smb's hunting or fishing 

place; SD out 

К ottu:(ńa:)nubə place where fire is usually made 

1717. otpirat' 

KD otpirai- unlocked 

Rus. otpirat' 

1718. otvedat' 

KD ečbedubai- to try (of food) 

Rus. otvedat' 

1719. *öw- 

K (ŋ


1722. *pa:/*paj 

К paj, pajpə woman; KK paj; KJ pai; SD paj, pajpa; T pajpe; TK pajp, 

pajpe; TJ pai, paipe; TD paiped-, peiped-; SU pailpa; BO paj, pájnde girl; 

KL paipa; В váiendéndi; ME vaiintendae; MU baitagá, vaitagá girl; 

daughter 

К pa: address to an older woman; KJ pa; KD pa; T baa address to a young 

woman or a girl 

К pa.ba: elder sister; KK paba, pa.wa:; KJ pa.ba:, paba:, pabe + elder 

female cousin; SD paba; RS pawa aunt; KL pawa; В pawa; ME bava; MK 

pajóndsch-, pajóndshi-oo 

К pa:d'əd-ö: little girl [lit. womanly child]; T paad'ed-uo + daughter; TK 

pa:ded-uo; TJ padid-; TD padid-uo; BO pájdínd-o 

TK pa. de female; TD padie 

К pajpən-ńanmə alder-tree [lit. women willow]; pajbunnut-odumunu- to flirt 

(of a woman) | KD paiped-eime bride-price [lit. woman's price]; paid'idie 

little girl I ? T paad'uyaa- to have family feelings | TD paipčo: pendant on a 

woman's breast cloth; padie-lama female dog | TK pa:d'e-jewlid'e female 

reindeer calf 

1723. *pac- 

K рас- to go here and there 

KD pačil holiday, party; pačelec- to excite 

? U *pačkV l to go through' (UEW 345-346) 

The following semantic development is assumed: 'to go through' > 'to go 

here and there' > 'to be excited' > 'to celebrate'. 

1724. *paγanč'i:/*paŋqənč'i: 

Tpaγad'ii drill, awl; TKpayad'ii, payad'i; TD -bahad'i 

T payad'iid-iečii star; payad'iid-ekuu star [lit. drill hole] | TK payad'ideku, 

payadiet'i star 

?TU *pugu (TMS 2 43) //Nikolaeva 1988: 181; LR 165 

1725. paj 

К pajl part, share; KK paj-; KJ pajl; KD pa. il'; TD pai 

TD paiŋol part, share 

Rus. paj 

1726. *paj- 

K paj- to strike, to hit; KK paj-; KJ pai-; KD pai-; T paaj-; TK paj-; TJ pai-; 

TD pai-; RS poik; MC paj


К pajdu- to beat; KJ paidu-, KD paidu-; T pajdu-; TK pajdu-; TD paidu-, 

paide- 

K pajdujə shaman's drumstick; KJ -paidije; KD -paidui; T pajdii board with 

teeth for beating the fur of a polar fox; TD lirkeye-paidi, lirkeye-paidu 

К pajdid'a:jə ledum | KJ paideš- to swing | T pajdunube-saal stick for 

beating I TD paiči- to hit; paido- to hit oneself 

S *pəj- 'to hit, to split' (SW 112) // Nikolaeva 1988: 240-241; LR 147 

1727. *paj- ? 

MC baj taste 

MC bajut to feed 

1728. *pa:j- 

T paajuu- to foretell 

T paajuujiiče prophet 

1729. *pajlə- 

K pajlu:- cunning, sly; KJ pajili- strange, odd 

К pajluri:-, pajhlur- surprised; KD pal'eluri- 

1730. pakostit' 

Кpa:kəčči-, pagači- to play mean tricks 

Rus. pakostit' 

1731. *palaγə- ? 

MC pon-palagenij fog 

MC čuwalo-palagynej wave 

1732. palatka 

KK palatka modern tent; T palaatka; TK palatka 

Rus. palatka 

1733. palemka 

T palaamka knife used while eating 

Rus. dial .palemka (ESRD 437-Ш) 

1734. *palijka: 

T palijkaa pr. (a woman)


1735. palka 

К palkə bulge; Tpaalke stick 

К palkəń- to have a bulge (of a tree, a stick) | T paalkii- to beat with a stick 

Rus. palka 

1737. * pan cal- 

IC pažili:- to tickle; KJ pad'a:l-\ T paralii-; В pandalitsh to scratch; ME 

pantalytsch to scratch 

Кpažilu:- ticklish; to itch; Tparaluu-; TKparalu:- to itch (of a wound) 

Кpažiluγi:- not to touch for disdain or fear (TR); Tparalayii- ticklish 

Кpažiluγə INTJ (disdain); Tparalaya INTJ (how it tickles!) 

К pažiluya:- to start feeling ticklish | T paralid'e- itching; paralayaa- to itch 

1738. *pančiδənlə/*pančintənlə 

К pažidenlə pochard (Netta) 

1739. *paŋq- 

K payul fish seine-net; KK pagul, payul, KJ payul, KDpahul; SD pagul 

К payuńəre:-, рагипэге:- to use a fish seine (TR); KJ payunnu-, payuno.re- 

+ to scoop; KD payunu- 

K payunnu- to use a fish seine-net 

S *poŋkä 'net' (SW 127) // Bouda 1940: 78; JU 135; Nikolaeva 1988: 241; 

Rédei 1999: 53; LR 147 

The medial cluster is reconstructed based on the S correspondence. 

1740. *panq- 

K panyul cross-piece in a boat; SD pangul, T panyul 

? KJ penyuquńe boat 

1741. *panqə 

К panqə reeve (Philomachus pugnax); KK pange; KD panha; T paanya, 

panya-, TD panha- snipe 

Tpaanyan-köčid'ibe place on a hill where reeves come together 

1742. *pant- 1 

T paduya- to tremble, to chatter 

T paduyas- to snort; padul'e- to loosen (of a bow-string); padune- loose; 

padučeń- loose, flabby; paduyije smth trembling; chatterbox 

1743. *pant- 2 

К pan-/pad- to cook; to put (into the water), to sink, to boil (TR); KK pan-,


pad-; KJ pan-, pad-; KD pad-; T par- to cook; to sink (TR); TK par-; TD 

par-; RS patk; MO pantak to feed; В panduk; ME panduk 

К pandə- to cook (INTR); SD panda-; T pande-, panre- to set, to put up (a 

trap); TK panre-; TD pandin- 

T pand'ind'e cook; TD pandind'e-paipe 

К pade:-, pede:- to put, to keep smth put down; T parie- to keep dipped in 

the water 

К panda tea leaves; KD pande 

T panaa- ready (of tea); elected; panie- to keep a trap or a net ready (TR); 

pandid'il food being cooked; ńipaandiïïe- to tie together; panienube place 

where smth is set up (a net, a trap); parnube smth suitable for eating after 

being cooked in stock | TD tet-panda:hana that is why 

This root has irregular reflexes in some T forms: -r- instead of the expected 

-n-/-d-, but cf. *tuntəl. 

1744. *paŋtilə 

К paŋdih common merganser (Mergus merganser) 

1745. *pa:(pa:) 

T papaa urine 

T papaa- to urinate 

The word is likely to emerge as a result of the expressive reduplication 

typical of nursery words. 

1746. *paq 

T paq-paq INTJ (imitating gurgling of boiling liquid) 

1747. *paq- 

T paqul' button; TK paqtil' 

1748. *pa:qil'ə 

Кpa:qiF(ə) maimed or disfigured nail; KDpa.xii 

1749. *para 

T para, -bare, -bara basis, essence, origin; bottom, end; TD pare- 

Tparal ancestor; TD parel, parol, parol', -porol custom; form, character 

T parańe- to originate from; paraa load of a sledge so heavy that at least two 

reindeer are needed to pull it 

? U *parV/*porV/*parwa/*porwa 'pile, heap' (UEW 356-357)


1750. paraša 

KJ paraše pr. (a woman) 

Rus. paraša 

1751. *parč'ə-/*porč'ə- 

K parčəγə- to chatter; to splash; KK port'aγa-; KJ port'agaj-; KD parčehaito 

draw out; T porčaya-; TD parčaha-, parčeha- 

KD parčohat- to draw out | TD parčehabod'e-kodek chatterbox 

This stem shows the unusual correspondence К -a- ~ T -o-. 

1752. *pasal'ə- 

K pašal'aš- to bend or to break an iron or wooden thing; KK pešel'eš- to 

spread, to lay out; KD pacalec- 

K pašal'a:- to get blunt, to get notches (of a wooden or iron thing); pašaγa:to 

be weighed down (of tree branches) 

1753. pašennyj 

KD paceńei peasant 

Rus. pasennyj 

1754. *pastu: 

T pastuu pr. (a man) 

1755. patefon 

TK pat'epuon phonograph, gramophone 

Rus. patefon 

1756. pawel 

KK paweldie pr. (a man); KJ pabelten; TK pawel pr. (a man) 

Rus. pawel 

1757. pazux 

SD pozoq cross bar in a sledge 

Rus. dial .pazux 

1758. *pe: 

К ре: mountain, rock, big stone; KK pie; KJ pie, -bo.je; KD pie; SD pie, 

•paja; SU p'e, p'eudyn; RS ре; M peé, peénei; MC pala; MO pea; В ре:a, 

pea:; ME pead\ pea 

SD pied-angzile hawk 

U *pije 'stone' (UEW 378) // Paasonen 1907: 21; Bouda 1940: 78; Tailleur


1959a: 418, 1962: 97; HUV 161; UJN 123; Angere 1956: 128; Krejnovič 

1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); UEW 378; Nikolaeva 1988: 241; Dolgopolskij 1998: 

80; LR 147 

Possibly *pijV > pij > pe:. 

1759. *peč- 

K peč- to run, to trot, to gallop (of an animal); KK pes--, KJ pet--, KD peč-, 

poč-, T peč- to run at a jog-trot 

KJ petńu- to run 

FU *pucV- 'to run, to escape' (UEW 399) // Nikolaeva 1988: 241; LR 147 

1760. pečal' 

KD pečaï grief, sorrow 

KD pečal'ne- to grieve, to be sorry | T pečal'nik sad 

Rus. pečal' 

1761. pečat' 

T pičaat seal, stamp 

Rus. pečat' 

1762. *peče- 

K peššej- to throw; KK peššej-, pešej-; KJ pečešei-, peše-, KD pečesei-, 

peceiči-, peceči-, T pöčesej- + to send, to let go; TK pot'esej-; TJ počeshei-; 

TD pečecei-, počecei-; В potshitshik; ME pottschittschaik 

К pejži:- to throw; KK pejd'i-; KJ peid'i-, poid'i-, KD peid'i-, poid'i-, peid'ei-; 

RS poižik 

TD pecegerei- to twist (a joint) 

FU *päcV- 'to separate, to come off (UEW 358-359) // Nikolaeva 1988: 

241-242 

In some forms the vowel of the first syllable was labialized under the 

influence of the labial consonant: *pe- > pö-. In К peče-šə- > pečše- > peššəand 

pečə-ži:- > pečži:- > pejži:-. 

1763. pečen'e 

T pečienńe biscuit 

Rus. pečen 'e 

1764. *peči-/*poči- ? 

MC počinyj white; ВО pečínij 

1765. *peδel-/*pental- 

KD pedelče cruel, brutal


1766. *peγ-/*peŋk- 

T pegite- to steal; TD pegite-, pagite- 

T pegiruo- robbed; pegičige thief; pegie- to follow spellbound; pegirič- to 

steal many times | TD pegiči-, pegači-, pegeči- to steal 

1767. *pe:jə 

К pe.jə cheek; KJ peje; MC psa [rect. pea] 

1768. *pejnč'- ? 

KD peid'ei- to let go 

1769. *pejul- 

KJ ńe-pejulan- to agree on smth 

1770. *pekč- 

Tpekčid-uo leg muscles; TD pekčed-uo 

T pekčid-uod-amun sharp narrow bone of a reindeer's hind leg 

? U *počka 'thigh' (UEW 389) // Tailleur 1959a: 419; Nikolaeva 1988: 242 

The word appears to demonstrate the metathesis -čk kč-. The cluster -eftis 

atypical in Yukaghir. 

1771. *pe:kə ? 

MC река, epeka enemy; Chukchi 

1772. *pel- 

K pulut old man, husband; bear; KK peldek, pulut", KJ polut; KD polut; SD 

pulut; T pelur + bridegroom; TK pelur, TJ pelur-; TD pelur-keine-, pelur; 

RS polud-; MO -pullun [rect. -pullut], -pullup; В pallad, polud 

К pulunde: old man; SD pulundie pr. (a mountain); T peldudie; TK 

peldudie, paldudie, -beldudie; TJ peldudie; TD peldudie; RS polundé 

Кpulut-možu: bridegroom; TD pelur-merou 

TD polurde-, polurdieče- to get married (of a woman) 

? U *pälä 'half (UEW 362-353) 

The following changes are assumed for K: *-e- > -ö- (by labialization after 

p.) > -u- (by assimilation to -и-). 

1773. *pel- 1 

T pel- to overtake; TK pel--, TJ pel-, pul-, TD pel-, pel'- + to be enough; to 

pass 

Tpelie- to be enough; TKpelie- to reach 

T peld'ii- to bring to an end | TK peld'it- to let overtake


1774. *pel- 2 

К pele:- to wipe dry; KK pelie-; KJ pelie-; KD pel'ie-; T pilie-; TK pilie-, 

pilej-; TD pilie- to clean 

1775. pelageja 

T palagije pr. (a woman) 

Rus. pelageja 

1776. *pele: 

T eld'e-pelie INTJ (admiration) 

1777. *pe:Ie: 

T -bielie opposite 

1778. *pelem- 

TK pelemŋi- to prepare 

1779. *pelt- 

T pelduu- to get an infection 

T pelduu infection 

1780. *pelw- 

K pölbe. l hummock; KK polbiel; KJ polbiel; KD polbiel, pel'biel\ T 

pölwiel; TK pölwiel; TD polwil; RS polwel 

К pölbe:ńəj-o:ži: marsh; polburo:- convex, bulging; blistery, bumpy | ? KD 

pelbiče first stomach (of a reindeer) | SD pelbie-mal'zo Arctic bramble | T 

pel'wied-ewče grass with white ends which grows on hummocks [lit. 

hummock grass] 

In some forms -e- was labialized after a labial consonant, cf. *peče-, 

1781. *peme- 

K pömnə- round; KK pömne-; KJ pomne-, pomńa:-; KD pomne-; T pomne-; 

TK pömne-; TD pomne-, SU pomnei; RS pomne; M pómnäi; В pomne; ME 

pomne 

К pömurkə rouble; T pomorke ring, round; stitch; loop; TK pömerke ring; 

circle; M pomúrka, pomúrkak 

T pomoges- to turn, to go around (TR); TK pömeges-; TD pomógec- 

K pömegədej- to roll smth from side to side, to turn; KK pömegedej-, 

pömeget-; T pomogerej-; TK pömegerej-, pömogeret'i-, pömögerej-, TD 

pomogorei-


К pömel'əš- to surround; to make smth round; KK pömel'eš-; KJ pemeleš-; T 

pomol'es- 

K pömdə-, pömerə- to roll down; to slip; KJ pomde-, pomudu-, pomere-; T 

pomore-, TD pomdei- 

K pömegə- to roll from side to side; KJ pemegei-, KDpomege- + to finish; T 

pomoge-; TK pömege(j)-\ TJ pomogo-\ TD pomogo- 

K pömki: testicle; KJ pomki, pomke; KD pomkid-abut; MC pomgogon- 

K pömelijə top, whirligig; KD pemel'iye 

T pomorii top, whirligig; TK pömeri: 

К pömžilə circle made of glass beads; В pomzsholéné circle; ME 

pomtschelleni circle 

Tpomnir, pomniir around; TK pomńir, pömnir 

К pömd'ibə slippery place; pöme- to roll down | KK pömeget- to turn | KJ 

pemet- to slip down | KD pemei- to throw away; ? penmex on one's back | T 

pomogije whirlpool; pomorejnube slope; pomoses- to roll | TD pomnel 

around; pomočei- to turn around; pomuterei- to move aside | TK pömeserej-, 

pömoses- to move aside 

? TU *pem-/*pim- 'to wind, to be twisted' (EDAL 1134) 

In most forms -e- was labialized after a labial consonant, cf. *peče-, 

1782. *peme/*pime 

К peme louse; KK peme\ KJ peme\ KD pemme\ SD peme; T pime; TK peme, 

pime; TD pime; RS peme; В рота; ME pomma 

KD pamaine-, pommene- having lice | SD pemed-oze nit | T pimde- to get 

lice I TD pimeleńčil-ńord'e small greenish moss | TKpimelen- small 

The irregular correspondence К -е- ~ T -/'-. 

1783. *pen- 

T pengej- to return, to come back; TK pengej- to direct; to splash (of a fish); 

TD pengei- 

Tpenge- to stretch; to extend; TJ penge-, peŋe- to return, to come back 

T pengerej- to bring back, to cause to come back; TK pengerej-; TD 

pengerei-, pongerei- 

T pend'i- to return without spending a night on the way; to stretch down; 

pend'ibe place by the sea from where one roams to the south; pengur behind; 

pengelge-juodii INTJ (if only I could go down!) | TD perigee- to go around 

(TR); pend'ireŋ-eure-, pend'ire-kel- to come back | TK pengije whirlpool 

1784. *penč'ə- 

K pöd'el smell; spirit; fate, happiness; KK ped'el, KJ ped'ul; KD ped'el; T 

pöd'el; TD pod'el, ped'il


Кpöńńə- smelling; happy; KDpenńe-; Tpöd'elńe-; RS pod'ennei, pedilneja 

К pödd'ə INTJ (used when there is a bad smell) | T pöd'elte- to saturate smth 

with smell 

In some forms -e- was labialized after a labial consonant, cf. *peče-. 

1785. *penč'ə/*pinč'ə/*pejnč'ə 

К pe.d'ə, pejd'ə shoulder-blade; knot; elk; KJ pied'e; KD ped'e; SD pejzi, 

pejzed-, pieze bone; T piid'e forelegs of an animal; TK pid'e front legs of an 

animal; SU ped'e; RS pež'a; ? MU büngétsche elk 

KJ peid'e arm 

T piid'e-čoyul marrow from the front shin-bones [lit. forelegs marrow]; TK 

pid'e-d'oγul 

T piid'e-saburqa shoulder-blade [lit. flat piece of forelegs]; TK 

pid'e-rawurqa, pid'e-saburqa 

T piid'e-nigiriid-amun marrow of the shin-bone of the forelegs 

U *puńc'a 'kneecap of a reindeer' (UEW 403) //Nikolaeva 1988: 242 

The correspondence К -e:— T -/:- is irregular, which may suggest the 

reconstruction *pejnč 'ə. 

1786. *peŋe/*poŋo ? 

KD poŋe air 

1787. *peninč'ə-/*peninčə- ? 

В peningindshel valley; MEpennyngntscheï 

1788. *penjijə 

T pend'ije stream 

1789. *pent- 

T peduge- to speak 

T pedugej- to blurt out 

1790. *pent-/*peδ- 

T pedi- to lick 

Tpedej- to lick once; perise- to let smb lap smth up 

The alternation -d r- may suggest the PY *-δ-. 

1791. *pentə- 

K pe:də- to burn (INTR); KK piede-; KJ pede-; KD pede-, piede-; SD 

piede-; TK piede-; SU pédei, pédeč; RS pedak; KL p'andaj 

К pend'e:- to start burning, to catch fire (INTR); KK pend'ie-; TK piend'ie-


К pe:dədej- to light; KJ pedadei-; SU pédedeik; RS pédedeik 

Кpe.di:- to roast (over a fire); KJ pedi:- to light; KD pedi- to light 

К pe:dət- to burn (TR); KJ pedet-; KD pedet- 

KJ pedei- to get yellow; KD pedei-\ M pädeič to burn down 

К pede.me:- to get burnt | KK pendie- to begin to burn 

1792. *pentičə 

К pe.dičə finger; KJ pediče\ KD pediče\ SD pedice\ BO péndyče\ KL 

pedyčak; В peenditshcr, ME peentutschcr, MK béndyitscha 

1793. *per- 

K perul part of the poles forming the door in a yurt that is dug into the 

ground 

К pöril' toe (tip-toe); KJ porle knee; T peril kick 

T pörinde- to kick; TK porinde-, pörinde-; TD purinde-, porinde- to recoil 

(of a gun after shooting) 

Кpörlə-paj- to kick [lit. to hit with the toe]; KDporle-pai- 

Kpöriïtə- to set one's feet against (TR); pörlə-a:- to stamp one's foot [lit. to 

do the toe] | T peril'e-wej- to run away (of a child) 

In some forms the first vowel was labialized after a labial consonant, cf. 

*peče-, 

1794. *pere- 

T peren aloof 

Tperen-peren INTJ (command: away!); pered'ie a little aside 

FU *pertV/*partV'side, edge' (UEW 374) //Nikolaeva 1988: 242 

1795. peremenit' 

KD peremeni- to change 

? SD piorimni several boats fixed together 

Rus. peremenit' 

1796. perevjazka 

TK perewe. ske bandage 

Rus. perevjazka 

1797. perja 

К pe. ri: wings; KK perie-, KJ perie, peri; KD peri; SD pieri- 

K pe:ri:n-za: fin [lit. feather stick]; pe:ri:n-ža:ńəjbən fish [lit. the one with 

fins] 

Rus. per'ja


1798. *pese- 

T pesne- concave, convex; cool, inactive 

T pesed'i- to be obstinate; to stick out one's breast; pesegej- to become 

obstinate; pesečeń- to bend backwards; ? pestiel' basket made of willow 

branches | TK pesnej-göde man with a curved spine [lit. curved man] 

1799. *pet- 1 

Tpetnu- to crawl, to go on all fours; TKpetnu- 

Tpetteŋ crawling; petnujd-uo baby who has started crawling 

1800. *pet- 2 

T petče light sledge for carrying people; TK pett'e-lalime 

T petčigije reins; TK pet'igije 

T pettes- to drive reindeer (TR); petčigije-moojnijaa skilled reindeer-driver 

[lit. reins holder]; petčigijes- to put the front part of the harness on a reindeer 

I TK pettesteŋ at a trot 

1801. *pete- 

T petegej- to form a lump (INTR) 

Tpeteies- to sew on with big stitches; to speak coherently and rudely (TR) 

1802. pëtr 

T petruuńe, peteriińe pr. (a man) 

Rus. petr 

1803. *pe(we)- 

K pebel cradle; KD pebel, bebel 

К bebe-bebe, be-be INTJ (lulling); T be-be-be 

К pebi:- to cradle, to lull to sleep; KD pebi- 

T bebeenu- to lull to sleep 

TU *be:(be)-


? TU *čipi 'small bird' (EDAL 433) 

The root is expressive and possibly shows irregular metathesis. 

1806. *piγe 

К pige wart; box or other container made of birch bark; KK pige; KJ pige; 

KD piga; SD -pige; SU piga; RS piga, -buga-; M piga; В piga; MU bigé; 

MK -piga, -bigá 

SD pigan-da hook for hanging a kettle 

In some forms -i- > -u- under the influence of b-. 

1807. *piγi- ? 

MO pigize to die 

1808. *piγmi ? 

MO pigmy eagle 

1809. *pijella: 

К pijella: traditional refrain in lyrical songs 

1810. *pili- ? 

MC pili-omni stupid 

1811. *pimelə- 

T pimeleń- to drizzle 

1812. *pinč'a:nč'u: 

T pid'aad'uu pr. (a man) 

1813.*pip- 

Tpipil penis; TD pipil boy's penis 

1814. *pipo- 

K pipol kind of small snipe; KK pipol; KD pipol 

1815. *pi:rə- 

T piire- to be not enough 

T piiruo- poor; piirii- not long enough; piiruočiil pr. (a lake) 

1816. *pi:rəsmo:l 

T piiresmuol pr. (a lake)

1817. *piričike: 

К piričike: Baikal teal (Anas formosa); SD piricicie 

1818. piska 

К piškə penis; KJ piške; SDpiška 

Rus. piska 


1819. *piw- 

K pibil coniferous needles; KJ pibil, KD pibil; T piwil; SU piwil leaf; RS 

pewel, powil leaf; KL piwil leaf; MK piwil leaf 

К pibil-pubuški: larch tree bud [lit. needle pimple] 

1820. pjatyj 

M pät'oi, pät'ód'a five; fifth 

Rus. pjatyj 

1821. *po: 

К po: orphan, widow(er); worker; slave; KJ po:; KD po:ŋo-; SD po; В poad', 

*poónd- + servant; ME poo, nont- [rect. pont-] + servant; MK рос 

? TD pai-kode, pai-xamul servant 

? TU *bogi:- 'to bear a bastard; to suffer a miscarriage' (EDAL 366) // 

Krejnovič 1958: 249 ( ~ Ev.); LR 165 

1822. *po:- 1 

T puond-igïï, pund-ewče outside corner of a yurt to the right of the entrance; 

TK puond-igil'- small mound of earth along the outer walls of a house 

T puor right side of a yurt 

1823. *po:- 2 

Кpo:lflesh side 

1824. počët 

KD počotnoŋoi dignity 

Rus. počët 

1825. *počpo: 

К počpo: INTJ (to the left, order to dogs) 

1826. počtí 

К pačči: almost 

Rus. počti


1827. *počurə 

К počurə smoky fire made to frighten mosquitoes away 

1828. podarit' 

KJ podari:- to give as a present; KD podari:- 

Rus. podarit' 

1829. *poδon? 

BO pódon, podon fast, quickly; strongly 

1830. *pöγ-1 

К pög- to run, to jump (of an animal); KK pog-, pow-; KJ pog-; KD рок-, 

pou-\ SD pog-, pugo-, T pögie- to follow (TR); TK pögie- to walk 

T pögiriči- to entice to do smth 

U *pukta- 'to jump, to run' (UEW 402) or TU *pukti- 'to run, to gallop' 

(TMS 2 340-341)//Bouda 1940: 80; JU 85; LR 157 (~U) 

1831. *pöγ-2 

К pugil' master; one of the wife's parents; KK pogil'-, KJ pogil parent-in-law; 

daughter's husband, younger sister's husband, wife's elder brother, husband 

of the younger sibling's daughter, husband's elder brother; KD nogil [rect. 

pogil]; SD pogil, -posil, pogul + son-in-law; T pugil leaf; widow(er); TD 

pogil, pugil leaf; widow(er); MK pógul 

1832. *poγo-/*poŋqa- 

K poγožil, poγoža: knee; KJ poyod'il, KD pohodil, pogod'il'; SD pogožil-, RS 

pokožil 

К poγoža.q on the knees; KJ poyod'a.q 

Кpoyoŋin knee-long | KD pohod'aqorho-, pogod'aqorho- to kneel 

1833. *poγon? 

MK aatschen-pógon bridle 

1834. *poγonč'ə/*poŋqənč'ə 

Кpoγod'ə-qon INTJ (go to hell!); KJpoγod'e excrement 

1835. *poγotə-/*poŋqətə- 

KJ pogotoguome, pogotoguomei pr. (a man)

1836. pogreb 

T puogrep cellar; TK pogrep 

Rus. pogreb 


1837. *poj- 1 

К pojnə- white; KJ poińe-, poine-, poino- pink; KD poine-; SD poinepojna- 

+ pink; T pojine-; SU poinei; KL pojnaj; В poinnev, ME poinne\ MU 

bóinat; MK póinoi, bóinaí- 

K pojgə light I SD pajnamelbon northern lights | T pojite- to fumigate; 

pojayaj- to become white; pojorej- to become a little drier | ? MU 

bóymarupes month 

? FU *päjV 'white; to shine' (UEW 360) 

1838. *poj- 2 

T pojuo- numerous; TK pojo-, pojuo-, TJ pojo:-, pojoi- much, many; TD 

po.io- 

Tpojumu- to increase in number, to multiply (INTR); TK pojomu-, pojumu- 

1839. *poj- 3 

К pajaj- to lift, to raise; to carry; KK pojjaj-; KJ pajaj-; KD payai-; SU 

pojaik, poinuk 

К poje:-, pejje:- to carry a burden on the shoulders or back; KJ poje-, paje-; 

KD poyel burden 

К pejdubə, pejdijə stairs; bridge; KK pejdube\ KJ pejdube; KD peidube 

К pejdə- to step on (TR) | ? KD peič elevation on a field 

К -о- > -a- before -aj- and -o- > -e- before -j- + a consonant. The 

intervocalic -j- may optionally be geminated in pejje:-, cí.jurgud'e.jjə. 

1840. pojas 

В *poyat [rect. poyas] belt 

Rus. pojas 

1841. *po:jə 1 

К po:jə spring tan; T pooje, puoje + epidemic; cheek; TK po.je, puoje; TD 

poye- cheek 

К po:jət- to become tanned, to become dried (of meat, fish) | T puojee pr. (a 

man); puojed-amun cheek-bone | TK po.jet- to become tanned; to become 

dry (of meat, fish)


1842. *po:jə 2 

К po.jə pole (in a yurt, in a fish-trap, outside for drying nets); KK poje\ KD 

poye; TD poye 

1843. *pojγupə-/*pojŋkupə- 

KJ pojyupe- bent, crooked, turned 

1844. *pojo- ? 

TJ poje- to carry; TD poyačarei-, poyecerei-, poyecei- to send; to move; to 

let fall down (TR) 

TD poyerai-, poyerče- to slide 

1845. *pojrə 

К pojrə diarrhoea; RS poerčil 

К pojrəj- to have diarrhoea 

1846. *pök- 

T pökie- to ventilate, to air (TR) 

Tpökej- to ventilate once; pökuuji- to ventilate many times 

1847. *pol- 

K polil gum (in the mouth); В -polil; ME -polil 

TU *pul- (EDAL 1183) 

1848. *pol'- 1 

T polil short brown fur that appears on the neck of a partridge in spring; root 

of a tooth 

1849. *pol'- 2 

К polirńə- smooth, bald; KD pol'irne- 

Kpoliraj- to slip; TDpoyerai- 

K pol'užubə ice-covered ground; KJ poled'ube; KD pol'ud'ube; T paral'ibe, 

pol'irebe steep sandy bank, precipice; TK pol'irebe- 

K polužu- to slip (many times); polži:čə smth slippery | TD poyerčebanńeslippery 

I ? RS pololiže crafty, insidious 

? TU *belu-/*bul 'flat slippery ice surface' (EDAL 383) 

1850. *polčičə 

К polžičə leaf; KJ polžiče; KD poldiče, poldiče; RS polžiča; MC pol'woroie 

green; BO pólbur; В *poldshitsha, podrie, poldshasha- + flower; ME 

poltschitscha, podrie + flower


KD pol'dičeyed-ulega juniper [lit. leafy grass]; poldiče-knid'e May [lit. leafy 

month] 

1851. *poIiń 

BO poliń-molgon year 

KJ poliń-uo children 

? PE *pəlu, U *paljV l big] many' (UEW 350-351) // LR 145, 156 

For the Yukaghir *polin the meaning 'many' may be assumed. 

1852. *pollə-/*ponlə- 

K polio:- rotten, putrid; KK polio-, KJ polio-, KD polio-, polo:- 

K polləš- to rot (TR); KD polloc-, poloc- 

RS ponloi sour 

1853. *polo- 

K pala:- to escape; KK pala-, pala:-, KJ pala:-; T palaa- + to get untied; to 

survive, to resurrect; TK pala:-, TD pa. la- 

K poldə- to take out; to rescue; KK poldo-, polt'a-, KJ polude-, poludo-; KD 

polude-; SD polude- 

T palaas- to take off; to save; TK pala.s- 

K polod'u:- to be born (usually of animals); К polo:- to go out (of smoke); to 

protrude, to stick up; polod'i. š- to procreate | T palaγaj- to spread (INTR); 

palayarej- to spread out, to set out (TR) 

In К and T -o- > -a- before -a:- of the second syllable. 

1854. polog 

К po. ləq canopy; cover, bed-curtain; KJ polog', T puolek; TK polek 

Rus. polog 

1855. polon 

KJ polon full 

Rus. polon 

1856. poloz'ja 

К polo:d'ə sledge runner 

Rus. poloz'ja 

1857. pomošoik 

KJ pomočnik assistant 

Rus. pomošnik


1858. *pomp- 

T pompiyaj- to become short 

T pompil'es- to shorten (TR); pompičeń- short 

The cluster -mp- is atypical morpheme-internally. 

1859. *pomt- 

T pomdileń- to have a dirty spot (INTR) 

T pomdii pr. (a man); pomdirke pr. (a man) 

1860. *poń- 

Kpońqə white; world, light; KJpońqo + silver; KDpońqo-, SDpongqo; SU 

pońka; Mpónkó, póńkada pr. (the river Belaja); MO -porko [rect. -ponko] 

К pońqə-nodo lynx [lit. white animal]; KJ pońqo-nodo; SD pongqo-nodo; 

SU pońxa-nada 

К poń-qa:-ra: birch-tree [lit. tree with white bark]; KJ poń-qara\ KD 

poń-xura; SD pon-ga-ra, pong-qa-ra\ SU poń-xará\ RS poń-kará\ В 

pantsha-ra; MK póncha-schéel 

К pod'orqə day; KK pod'orqo, pod'erqo; KJ pod'erqo; KD pod'erxo; SD 

pozorqo; T pod'arqa whiteness; sparkles; TK pod'erqa\ TD -poterxo full 

moon; SU podirga, poderxcr, RS podirko, podirka + light; M podtrka\ KL 

podirga, pondirqaga, podirqamynda\ В pondzshirka, pondzshirkoma, ME 

pondschirka, pondschirkoma, MU bondschirkcr, MK pondschinoi light, 

bright 

К pod'oyə- shining, bright; KK pod'oyo- to shine; KJ pod'ero-, KD pod'ero-, 

pod'erai-, T pod'aya- to shine; TK pod'eya-, pod'aya--, TD pod'era-, -pod'ara-; 

MC ponadat light 

К pod'oyədaj- to light (TR); KJ pod'erodai- 

Kpod'ol'əš- to whiten (TR); KJ pod'eleš-, KD pod'el'ec- 

Kpod'ol'bo:- whitish; KD po(d')el'bo- 

Kpod'od- to sparkle, to twinkle; to dash; KK pod'ed'--, KD pod'ed'i- 

Kpod'ol'ə- to whiten (INTR); KK pod'ol'o-\ KD pod'ol'e- 

Kpod'ol'u: mountain without plants; KD pod'el(i)u 

Кpoń-qa:r birch bark [lit. white bark]; pońqə-šeščə window [lit. entrance of 

the light]; pońqa-jurgud'e.jə, pod'erqəčil-jurgud'e.jə North Star [lit. white 

star]; pońqə-söjnubəd-aŋil' window [lit. hole where the light enters]; pod'el'ə 

whiteness | KK pod'eńe- light coloured | SD ponqa-lebie lichen [lit. white 

earth] I T pod'ayije shining, sparkles | TK pod'arqa- shining, light | ? BO 

ponúgagan in the morning 

Forms with the medial -d'- have emerged from *-«


1861. *pöń-/*peń- 

K peńi:- to put; to leave, to abandon; KK pońi-; KJ poni-, peni-, puoni-; KD 

poni-, peni-; T pońi-; TK pońi- + to forget; TJ poni-; TD poni- + to forgive; 

SU ponina; W ponkatsj, poniatsjok 

KD poniidege for example | Tpońinube place where clothes and other things 

are left | В penuk please 

К pońo:- to remain; KK pońo-; KJ pońo-, pońo:-; T pońaa-; TK pońa-, 

роЛа:-, pańa-; TJ pańia-, pońa:-, pańa-; TD pońa- 

U *pane- 'to put' (UEW 353-354) // Lewy 1928: 287; Bouda 1940: 78; JU 

85; HUV 158; UJN 123; Krejnovič 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); FUV 46, Angere 

1956: 128; Tailleur 1963: 111; UEW 354; Nikolaeva 1988: 243; Rédei 1999: 

41—42; LR 147 

Palatalization of -и- before a long vowel can be secondary. 

1862. *pon/*pont 

К pön, -bən-/-bəd- expletive subject; nominalizing marker; KK pen, 

-ben-/-bed-; KJ -bon, pon; SD pon; M wodok, -won; MC pon, pon-; BO pon 

land; В pon-; ME pon-, poin-; MK pond- 

T pan-, -ban- to be; TK pan- able; worth; TD -waŋi- to be 

T panqudeŋ, paqudek on the contrary, wrong way; TK panqudek 

KJ pon-morodole what happened? | T panqudek to and fro; panii- to make; 

to keep as | TK band'a-göde people 

К pön is an unstressed functional word and probably goes back to *pont. 

The consonant -d in К is unclear. 

1863. *pönč'əm- 

T pönčenme suddenly, straight away, at once; TK pont'elmeŋ, pölt'emneŋ; 

TD pončemneŋ 

The cluster -nč'- does not normally occur morpheme-internally. 

1864. *pönč'ərə- 

T pöd'erend'e meal made of placing the inner fat of an animal inside its long 

intestine 

1865. *pöŋčiwə-/*poŋčimpə- 

K poŋžibel' tethering stake 

1866. *poŋčuwə/*poŋČumpə 

К poŋžubə capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus); KK ponruwe 

? U *piŋe/*püŋe 'hazel-grouse, hazel-hen' (UEW 383) // Nikolaeva 1988: 

243


1867. *poŋičə 

К poŋičə fat, lard; KK poŋiśe, poŋit'e; KJ poŋiče; KD poŋice melted fat; SD 

pongice, -pogice\ В pongitsir; MK -pongitschá 

1868. *pönkətə 

T pönkete pine-cone 

T pönketaa, ponqataa knob, bumb; excrescence; pönkičeń-, ponqočeńplump, 

rounded, bulging; pönkerej- to swell 

The cluster -nk- is atypical morpheme-internally. 

1869. *pönŋ- 

T pönŋigej- to become big; TKponnigej- to swell 

1870. *pono- 

T ponumu- frightened; TK ponumu- 

T ponorii- to frighten; ponore- to frighten away 

T pondej- to separate, to divorce (INTR); TK pondej-, ponrej- 

T ponose- to take smb away from another person (TR); TK ponosej- 

T pondii-, ponrii- to separate; to send, to let go; to carry away (TR); TK 

ponri-, pönri- to say spiteful things 

1871. *pönp-/*pönw- 

K punbur bed; KK ponbur, pumbur; KJ pönbur, RS ponbur, ponburä; MU 

bonbúr, MK pónbur 

Кpunburtə-, pumburtə- to lay under | ? SDpuumud-iegil-šarieje woman [lit. 

lying on the edge of the bed] 

1872. *poqqəntə 

К poŋdə money; KK poŋde, poŋdo-; KJ poŋdo, poŋde\ KD poŋdo, poŋde-; T 

poγode; TK poyode\ TD porodo-, poredo-, pohodo-, pohode-, RS ponda\ 

ME pongda; MK -póongda 

К poŋdsdəgə(n)-tadi:- to sell [lit. to give for money]; poŋdədəgə(n)-mid'- to 

buy [lit. to take for money] | T poyoden-moojče cashier [lit. holding the 

money]; poyoden-mennube cash-box 

1874. poplavok 

Кpolopki: float (on a fishing line); SD polopki 

Rus. poplavok


1875. *popo 

К popol vulva; KJ popol', SD popul, TD рои; MU páwla, papá\ MK páwla 

?TU *baba (TMS 1 61) 

1876. *poqlə- ? 

RS pochlož'a bridegroom 

1877. *poqsə- 

K poqšə- to hiss, to snore; KJ poqšo-; T poqse- to boil with a gurgle and big 

bubble (INTR); RS pogšei to boil 

К poqšəš- to choke on (TR) | T poqsijaa chatter-box 

1878. *poqtičə- 

T poqtičeń- with high cheek-bones 

Tpoqtii pr. (a woman); poqtikaan pr. (a man) 

1879. *po:r- 

T puorpe- needy 

T puorpelge INTJ (misery!); puorpeličneŋ in need of smth; puorpeluupainful; 

difficult; puorpej- to need; ? puorčegi-, puoregi- to have the wrong 

opinion about smb (TR) j ? TD porpeče- to take care 

1880. pora 

К para: time; KJ para\ KD pora: 

Rus. pora 

1881. *po:rče: 

Tpuorčie shield, screen 


1882. *po:rə 

К po:rə spring (from the beginning of March); KK pore; KJ pore\ KD pore', 

SD poro, pore', M póroma winter; В pora, poro; ME pora 

1883. *po:rəmə 

T puoraame inevitable, without fail 

T puorame pr. (a man) 

1884. *pornə ? 

MO porno hand, arm


1885. *рого- 

K požilə spark; KJ porod'ile\ KD poro:d'ile\ SD požile\ T parile; TD 

porod'ile; RS poružillcr, В borongílle lightning; ME porondschille; MK 

boróndschilja 

К požilə

1894. poslednij 

KK posledgeńiŋon for the last time 

Rus. poslednij 


1895. *posturke: 

К posturge: grey female of a capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus); SD bostirgo 

blackgrouse (Lyrurus tetrix) 


1896. * poto- 

T potayaj- to become filled up; TK potiγaj-, poteyaj- 

Tpotine- full, filled; TKpotine- 

T potil'e- filled up to the brim; potil'es- to fill to the brim | TK potitterej- to 

fill; potiyarej- to fill 

1897. potolok 

KD potolok cross-beam in the ceiling of a house 

Rus. potolok 

1898. *pottu: 

К pottu:, potto:, putto: pr. (a man; a place) 

1899. *pöw-/*pew- 

Tpöwgii- to strike with smth on water producing splashes (TR) 

T pöwgej-, pewgej- to splash (especially of a fish); pewdi- to splash many 

times 

In some forms the vowel was labialized under the influence of labialized 

consonants, cf. *peče-, 

1900. *pöwγijə/*pöwŋqijə 

T pöwγije oath 

T pöwγije- to swear 

1901. pravit' 

M prawidai to drive, to steer 

Rus. pravit' 

1902. prikol 

К purikel' tethering stake; KJ prikol", T pirikuol, TK perikuol


TK periluolte- to brake a sledge 

Rus. prikol 

1903. primečat' 

KD primečait-yuo- to look attentively 

Rus. primečat' 

1904. promyšljat' 

К promišl'aj-, promušl'aj- to hunt; KK promysl'aj-; KJ promiśleide- 

K promuslə hunting 

Rus. promyšljat' 

1905. prorub' 

К prolubə, prorubə, prod-aŋil ice-hole; KJ prolube, prolubo; SD prolube 

KJ prorube pr. (the river Prorva) 

Rus. prorub' 

1906. proščaj 

К prošaj farewell 

Rus. proščaj 

1907. prostit' 

К prostidə- to forgive 

Rus. prostit' 

1908. provodnik 

TD porowodnik guide 

Rus. provodnik 

1909. *pu 

Кpu, pu: INTJ (how bad smelling!) 

1910. pud 

KJ pud pood (an old Russian weight measure equal to 16.38 kg) 

Rus. pud 

1911. *puδe 

К bude: on, on the top of (PP); KK budie, budi\ KJ budie\ KD budie\ TJ 

pude 

К pudit from the top of; KJ pudit 

К pudo:- to win; KJ pude, KD pudo-


К -budi on (PP); TD -burr, KL -pudyi, -puzyi; MU -budénnet 

К pude outside; above; KK pude, pudi-; KD pude, pudu-; SD pude, pudu-; T 

pure, pude; TK pude, pure, bure; TJ pure; TD pude, pure-; SU -puida-; RS 

puden; В pudendago; ME budendaja; MU budénbanit 

К pudenme:- tall, high; KK pudenmie-; KD pude(n)me-; T purenban-; TK 

purenban- standing high; TD purenban-, purenben-, purenbale-; MC 

pudanmej; В pudanmad'i, *pudanmai + height; ME putenmei, pudangma + 

height; MK pudénmei 

К pudebə surface; KD pudebe; T purebe, puraya; TD purebe-mohin 

fur-coat; MO -pudebe 

К pudele: up the river; outside (PP); KJ pudel(i)e outside; T pudilie near, by 

Кpur-ki- seven [lit. on two]; SDpurkij-; KKpur-kiji-; TJ push-kiji- 

K pur-kijo:- seven [lit. on two]; KK pur-kijo-; SD pirkilo-; Tpus-kija-; TK 

pus-kije-, pus-kija-, pus-kijo-; TD puč-kiye-, puc-kid'i-; M pur-kyjej five; KL 

pur-kijeń, pur-kijen-, -pur-kiil-; В pur-chion; ME pour-gyjon; MU 

búr-tschön, bur-tschöń-; MK pur-kíjon, pur-kíjondscha- 

K рип-пите neighbour [lit. outside house]; KK pun-nume; KJ pun-nume; 

SD pun-nume settlement; T pudin-nime, puden-nime; TK pudi(n)-nime; TD 

pudin-nime 

К pudi- South; SD pudi- 

Tpurege-laayar West [lit. upper side]; TD purege-lager 

T pudi-nimii- to be smb's neighbour (TR); TK pudi-nimeŋori- 

Tpurebed'ii- to win; TK purebed'i-; TD purebud'i- 

K pudegəl-d'i: pr. (a Yukaghir clan in the upper basin of the river Korkodon) 

[lit. upper people]; pujd southern; puddəgə-jej- to attack [lit. to fall on top] 

(INTR) I KJ puidie up the river | KD pudenboń top; puden-kudeičiče- to 

shoot [lit. to kill above] | SD pud-angzile big falcon | T pured'i- to step on or 

over smth forbidden (TR); pudepul surface; outside; purayad-ömge upper 

layer of flesh (of hide); pur(u)gur in the head of the river, upstream; 

purebemu- to win; purebe-raal tombstone [lit. surface tree]; purebe-ruska 

cup, glass; pudeneŋ at the outside part of a yurt; purege upper part of a river; 

pured'ie a little up; purugul'er situated upstream; puren-lukun-burebe upper 

world; purguruu- to climb up, to go up | TD pudebe-lauye water above a 

layer of ice; pure-boyiče- to win; puder-ucei- to throw away; purendahi 

upper I TK puren top; puruqun place upstream; purugund'ie slightly up; 

purewret from the top; pudu-rukun, pude-rukun living being | MC 

puneksido-kujen twenty 

U *piδe(-kä) 'high, tall' (UEW 377-378) // Krejnovič 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); 

Nikolaeva 1988: 244; LR 147 

It is likely that *-/- was labialized in Yukaghir under the influence of *p-.


1912. *puγö 

К pugö summer; KK puge; KJ puge, pugo, pugu + sun; KD puge, -pu.gu; 

SD pugo-, SU puguw, RS pugu sun; M púgama, pugáma; MC pogama, 

-page\ BO -púgup-, KL pugub; В puga; ME buga; MK búgut 

К pugelbə- to get warmer; KK pugelbe-; KJ pugolbe-; KD pugolbe-; T 

pugelwe-; TK pugelwej- to smoulder; to moulder, to putrefy; TD pugolbe--, 

RS pugalweik 

К puged-and'ə tsar [lit. sun chief]; KJ pugud-anid'e; SU puguwd-anled'e; W 

poegand-, poegoend- 

K puge- hot; KK puge--, KD puga-, puge--, SD puga--, T pugej-; TK pugej-; 

TD pugai-; RS pugač, pugačed-; M púgača; MC pogoj, pogoj-, -pugus + 

sun; В pugatsh; ME pugatsch, MU bugö'ntscha, bugötsch + sun; MK 

púgatsch, pugátsche-, pugétschend- 

K pugehdej- to heat, to warm (TR); KK pugeled-; KD pugelet-, pugolet-, 

pugeledei-; T puguler-; TD pugoler-, pugolerei-, pugoleradice- 

K puged'ə sweat; KK pugud'e warmth; KJ pugod'e warmth; T pugud'e, 

puged'e heat, warmth; TK pugud'e--, SU pogod'e, pugedečča + sweaty 

T pugud'eme(ŋ) early spring; TJ pugod'emeŋ warmth 

Tpuguo- warm; TKpugot'a-; TDpugoj-, pugaj- 

T pugekie- to get warmer; TK pugekie- 

K pugud-onora: rainbow [lit. sun tongue]; KJ pugud-onora:; SD 

pugad-annara; SU pugúd-odora [rect. pugúd-onora]; BO pugúnda; KL 

pugunn-onari; В poogun-narara [rect. pugun-anara]; ME pugun-nonara 

[réct. pugun-onara] 

T pugud'erie- to sweat, to perspire; TD pugod'ere-, pugod'erie- 

K pugučə warmth; pugečə-jurgu: lair (of bear) [lit. warm hole]; pugičə oil | 

KJ pugeče-o.d'i tea [lit. hot water]; pugudie sun-beam j KD 

pugud-ord'e-kinid'e July [lit. middle of the summer month]; pugubki closed 

sleeves in a child's coat | T pugud'erienube hottest place in a Russian bath 

house; pugege INTJ (how hot!); pugulwii- to warm (TR); pugud'ii- to keep 

warm; pugulend'e radiator | TD pugoč heat | MC pogoj-landywon South [lit. 

hot low place], pugul-mut moon 

? TU *peku- (EDAL 1083-1084) // Sauvageot 1963: 115 

1913. *puγö- 

K pugelbe: fur; hair; feathers; KJ pugolbie, pugelbie-, KD pugol'bie-, SD 

pugalbo, -pugalbie-, T puguče-, TK pugut'e; TJ pugače; TD puga.ce, 

pugače-, pugoce-, pugoče-, SU pugulwe, pugelwe, pugélwe-, RS pugalwie, 

pugalwe-, MC pagaly-, В -bugúelbi; ME -bugelbie\ MU bugü'bee beard, 

moustache; MK bugélwije 

KJ pugelbieneje-mured-uo fur stockings [lit. boots child with fur] | KD


pugolbiedie, pogolbiede, pugolbiediye two-year old elk | SD pugalbiengahairy 

I T puguče-kungerii knife used for clipping hair; puguče-lerpukie 

thick-haired (of a dog) 

1914. *puγö-/*puŋkə- 

KJ ńe-pugorei-, ńe-pugerei-, ńe-puged'ia- reconciled with; KD nie-pugare- 

1915. *puγoč-/*puŋkəč- 

T pugočajneŋ lightly; TK pugut'ajneŋ, pugot'ewoleŋ 

Tpugoča- light; TD pugoče-, pogoče- 

TK pugot'er- to lighten 

1916. *puγuče:/*puŋkuče: 

Tpugučie black fly (Simuliidae); kind of large wild goose; TK pugut'ie- 

1917. *puj- 

K puj- to blow; KD pui-; RS puik 

U *puwV-/*puy V- 'to blow' (UEW 411)// Bouda 1940: 78; Nikolaeva 1988: 

244 

1918. *puja- 

T pujarii- to fly on (TR) 

T pujarej- to slip down; pujičań- scattered, out of order 

1919. *pujlə 

К pujlə big channel, brook joining two beds in one river; SD pujla, pujle; T 

pujle former riverbed; shrub on a low place near a river 

1920. *pujsə- 

TJ puishe- to tie together, to link; TD puice- 

1921. *puke- 

Kpuke:- to swell; KDpukoi-, pukie-, pukilo:-, ? RS pukei shock 

К pukil'əd-eje arbalest arrow with an iron head; arbalest used to hunt elk and 

fur animals; SD paqild-ieje arbalest 

RS pogintsči dust; В pookirtdshi, pogintschi + blowing; ME pukiintschei 

К pugežej-, pugižej-, pugužej- to run out (of the house), to jump out; KJ 

pukid'ei-\ KD púkid'ei-\ T pukirej-\ TK pukirej-; TJ pukire- 

K pugežəžəj- to pour over, to spill over (TR); KJ pukid'eš-; KD pukid'erei-; 

TD pukirerei- 

K pukil', pökil' bubble, crop, craw; float; fish-sound | KD pokuoyińyon


dropsy I T pukire- to sweep, to wave about; to fall out; to pour out; pukirije 

running about; pukind'i- to run out (many times); ? pugočamu- to urinate | TJ 

pukiterei- to fasten with nails, to nail on | MK pukind-awut bladder 

?TU *puk-/*pok- (EDAL 1167) // Nikolaeva 1988: 180 

The consonant -y- in К is unclear. 

1924. *pukŋ- 

K puhjo:- dense (of fur) 

К pukŋumu- to grow dense 

1925. *puknə 

К puknə-pög- to run at a gallop 

1926. *pukö- 

K puknə- soft; SD pukna- made of fur 

К puköl'ə snow; KK pukol'e, pukole; KJ pukole; KD pukole; SD pukal'e; SU 

pukéle; RS pukéle, púkale; M pukol'a; В pukoélli; ME pukölle 

К puköl'bə- to soften; KK pukoïbe- 

K puköl'o.d'ə, pukufo.d'ə cartilage, young willow; KJ pukoleod'e 

T pukuluu cartilage, tin; TK pukul'u; TD pukole-, pokolu- 

K puköl'o:- soft; KK pukol'o-; KJ pukoleo-; KD рикеГе-, рикоГео-, рикоГо:-; 

T pukol'a- fragile; TK pukul'a-, pukol'a-; TD pukele-; RS nukaloi [rect. 

pukaloi] 

KK pukol'emu- to soften (INTR); T pukol'umu- to become fragile; TK 

pukol'amu- 

KKpukol'ed'e- to make softer | Tpukol'ad'aya INTJ (how fragile! how light!) 

I TK pukol'er- to make smth more transparent; to make lighter in colour 

1927. *pul- 

T pulgej- to go out, to grow out; TK pulgej-; TJ pulgei-, pulgoi-; TD pulgei-, 

pulgerei-, pulgei- + to defecate 

T pulged'il flower; TK pulged'il plant 

T puld'i- to break frequently (INTR); TJ pul'di- to go out 

К pul'gəžej- to break away; TK pulgerej- to let out, to carry out; TD 

pulgerei-, -bulgerei- 

K pul'd'əga- to be loose (of the binding of a ski); to break loose (of a dog); to 

become unhinged (of a door); KJ puld'igei-; KD pud'igei-, puld'id'i- 

K pufd'əgədej- to drop, to let go; KK pul'd'igede-, pul'd'iget- 

KD puld'id'i- to break away | T pulgii- to keep put out; pulguo- to lean out; to 

put out; pulgejnbe toilet | TJpulgesh- to pull out | TD pulčei- to tidy up | TK


pulge-, pulgol- to jut out 

TU *bul- 'to spring up, to become convex, to pop out' (TMS 1 106-109) 

1928. * pul'aγə-/* pul'aŋ kə- 

Tpul'aγa- to rush about, to dash; to toss 

Although the word has -м- in the first syllable, it exhibits the back 

synharmonism. 

1929. *pule:- ? 

MK puléetka penis 

1930. *pulej 

К pulej son-in-law; brother-in-law; KJ pulei elder sister's or elder female 

cousin's husband, husband's or wife's younger brother; T pulije elder 

sister's husband, husband of the father's younger sister; TK pul'ie, puïije 

husband of the elder sister; TJ puleje elder sister's or elder female cousin's 

husband, husband's or wife's younger brother 

1931. *puličə- 

K puličəš- to do up, to fasten; KD pul'ičec- 

1932. puija 

К pu:lə bullet; T puul'e 

К pu. ləri: bandolier | TKpul'er- to be shot with bullets 

Rus. pulja 

1933. *pulkə 

К pulgə knot, node; KK pulge\ TD pulga 

К pulgəš- to make a knot on smth (TR) 

1934. *pulkulə- 

K pulgulət- to pour into (TR) 

1935. *pultə- 

Kpuldəgə- to be pierced, to become holed (of ice) (INTR) 

Кpuldəgə- to mutter, to mumble (of a child) 

1936. *pultən-/pulkən- 

K puldəndige: common golden-eye (Bucephala clangula); KDpulgend'igiye


1937. *pumpə- 

KJ pubel dog; SD pubel, MK púmbal dog 

1938. *pun- 

K pundu- to tell, to narrate; KK pundu-; KJ pundu-, punedu-, punudu-, 

punduo-, punude-, tunedu- [rect. punedu-]', T pundu-', TK pundu-, TJ 

pundu:-', TD pundu-', SU pudéduk [rect. punéduk] 

SU pun sound 

? U *puna- 'to spin, to plait' (UEW 402) // Bouda 1940: 78; HUV 402; 

UEW 402; Rédei 1999: 43 

The element -du- may be a derivaitonal affix. 

1939. *puń- 1 

Tpuń- to kill; TK puń-, -buń-, pun-, pul-, TJ pun-', TD puń-, pundi- 

T -bund'e slaughter | TD pundice- to cause to kill 

1940. *puń- 2 

T puńuu- rubbed so that blood exudes (of the back of a reindeer under the 

saddle) 

1941. *punc- ? 

RS puž'uboi rogue 

1942. *punče: 

T purie berry; TK purie\ TD purie\ RS puže, puze; MO pindy 

T puriete- to put berries into (TR); puriečaa place rich in berries | TK 

purielek uwrod'e black paint for painting a leather coat 

1943. *punčə ? 

В pundshel-lundal glass; ME puntscha-london glass 

1944. *pu:nči: 

К pu:ži: bellows; KD pud'i', SD puži', T piirii 

Кpu.ži.d-aŋil'muzzle (of a gun) [lit. bellows hole]; KDpud'ud-aŋil'; 

SD pužid-angil 

KD pud'id-aŋil' furnace, forge 

1945. *pune- 

K punedə-, pundə- to follow, to be like (TR); KJ punade-, punede-', KD 

punede-, punadia-', T pundu- 

? К punečə leather padding in a seam


1946. *puŋe 

T puŋe soup, broth; TK puŋe 

Tpuŋde-, puŋre- to cook, to boil; to train the body; TK puŋre-, pundu-, puŋ- 

T puŋu- boiled; puŋd'es- to cause to cook 

1947. *puŋe- 

Tpuŋere- to appear (of a callous, corn) 

T puŋud'iïe rash, eruption 

This stem may be related to *puŋe. 

1948. *punkə 

К punkə hill; KJ punke-\ KD puńke\ T punke hummock; TK puŋke large 

hummock; TD punke- 

K pungəgə- to burst (INTR), to thunder, to clatter, to make a noise; KK 

puŋgege-\ KJ pungegei-, puŋegeu-; KD pungege- to beat (of the heart); SU 

pungégeč\ ? RS puŋekek to knock 

К pungunə- swollen; KD pungune- 

K pungədej- to burst (TR) | TK puŋed'ile pimple; puŋed'ilere- to get covered 

in pimples 

? FU *puŋka/*poŋka 'lump, bump' (UEW 404) // Nikolaeva 1988: 243; LR 

140, 157 

1949. *puŋki: 

К čoyočə-puŋgi: white owl; duck hawk (Falco peregrinus) 

The cluster -ŋg- is irregular morpheme-internally. 

1950. *puŋo- 

KD pu.ŋol- to thank; T puŋuo- glad, happy; TK puŋuo-; TJ puŋo-, TD 

puŋol-, puŋo- + to make smb happy 

TD puŋoleri- to praise 

1951. *pup- 1 

TKpupul ends of sleaves sewn shut in a child's overall 

1952. *pup- 2 

К pupšə- to fart; T pupsej- + to curdle 

T pupund'i- to curdle (many times) 

1953. *pupsə- 

T pupse- to be taught a lesson 

T pupses- to give a good lesson to; to take a revenge on (TR)


1954. *pura- 

T puradand'e rear excrescens growing in the middle of an antler 

The word probably has the back -u- in the first syllable. 

1955. *pura:qil' 

Tpuraaqil jaeger (Stercorarius); TK puraqil\ TDpurkil 

Cf. Ev. prakil 'kind of bird' (TMS 2 42) 


1956. *purk» 

T purge knot, node; TK purge; TD purge 

1957. *puru: 

К риги: cellar 

1958. *puruləγur/*puruləŋkur 

T purulugur, puregelegul, puregelegur part of a reindeer's stomach 

1959. pušče 

Кpuš more and more; KJ puše\ Tpuuse more, still more 

Rus. pušče 

1960. pustoj 

KK pustuj simply; KJ pučtoi empty 

Rus. pustoj 

1961. *put- 

K putil piece (of fish); half; middle; SU putil, RS potil; KL putyde; В putel, 

ME -putil 

К putinmu- to divide in two | KJ putin, -butin, nutilmuŋin [rect. putil-] in 

two, half-and-half 

? TU *puturka: 'heartwood, spine' (EDAL 1106) 

1962. *puwuski:/*pumpuski: 

К (pibil-)pubuški: pimple; KD pubuckine- 

1963. *pyl'pə-/*pylNvə- 

K pilbəyədaj- to breathe out; to twist out; KJ pilboyodai- 

K pil'bəyə- to spin, to fidget 

? TU *bul- 'to twist' (TMS 1 107)


1964. *qa- 

K qadi which; KK qadi, qaduk; KJ qadi\ KD xadik; T qaduŋ, qadugi; TK 

qadi, qadu- \ M kadik 

К qanin, qajn when; KK qanin) KJ qanin) KD xanin; T qańin) TK qanin) TJ 

qanin) SU кап in) RS kanikr, M kanin) MC qamik [rect. qanik]) KL konda) В 

chánnin; ME channin; W kandi, konda, kondo, kondan 

К qaŋidə where to; KK qaŋide) KJ qaŋide; KD xaŋide; RS kanida; M 

kanyda 

К qadungə where; KJ qadinbonge, qadibon; KD xadibonge; T qaduŋdet) TK 

qaduŋulde where to 

T qaqun a few; to which degree; TK qakun, qaaun how many, how much; 

long 

T qawde what kind of, how; TK qawde 

T qadaa where; TK qadaa, qada- + when 

KJ qondet from where | T qadaa-gitńuo for so long and no longer; 

qadaa-tigiraa somewhere; here and there; qadaanban- intelligible; 

qawdedeŋ nowhere; qad'ir here is, as soon as; qaduŋut which one; qaquneŋ 

however | TK qaduŋudeŋ where; qanineŋ never, some day; qaduŋugeŋ 

where to; qaduŋun, qaduŋut which one; qaqúnnaŋrút from which side 

U *ku-/*ko- 'what, which' (UEW 191-192) 

The interrogative stem related to *qo-. 

1965. *qa:- 1 

К qa:d-mudul, qa:n-mudel ring (jewelry) 

1966. *qa:- 2 

К qa:d-o: leather trousers with fur inside 

1967. *qa:- 3 

T qaaqaa excrement 

T qaaqaa(ńe)- to defecate (of children) 

1968. qabata 

T qabate- to grow bald; TK qabal'e- 

T qabaŋaa bald; pr. (a man); TK qabaŋa 

T qabataa bald spot 

Ev. qabata 'bald' (TMS 1 376) // Krejnovič 1958: 248 

1969. qabyala:- 

K qabača. n gluttonous person 

? Yak. qabyala:- 'to bite and swallow quickly' (Pekarskij 1927: 3215)


1970. *qač- 

T qačil elbow; curve (of a river); TK qat'il 

1971. *qača- ? 

В katshent-alba pit for ash 

1972. *qaδ-/*qant- 

K qadubə- jealous; KJ qadideč- 

1973. *qaδič/*qantič 

К qadič modal marker (it is nice that); KK qadit' finally, so; KJ qadič, 

qad'ič; KD xadič, xad'ič 

1974. *qaγe:- 

K qaγe.l loon (Gavia arctica); KJ qayiel, qaγel + pr. (a man); KD xahel; SD 

qagiel-, SU kagei, RS kagel 

? Ev. ko.gas, Yak. kuoyas 'loon' (TMS 1 403) 


1975. *qaγijə/*qaŋqijə 

T kagija obsolete kinship term 


1976. *qaj- 1 

T qajruo- bent; TK qajro-, qajruo- 

T qajse- to bend (TR); TK qajse- 

T qajričij- to bend (INTR); TK qajrit'ij-; TJ qajiriči- 

T qajruolel-monqa pr. (a place) | TK qajru: smth bent; qajru- to bend 

1977. *qaj- 2 

К qa.qa: grandfather, mother's elder brother; bear; KK qaqa, qa.qa:; KJ 

qaqa + grandfather's or grandmother's brother; mother's elder brother or 

elder male cousin; KD xa.xa; SD gaga 

T qajčie bear; grandfather; TK qajt'ie; TJ qaičie + grandfather's or 

grandmother's brother; mother's elder brother or elder cousin 

T qajčie-lačin-meruu ritual name for fire | TK qajt'ieteye bear 

The form qa.qa: is probably a reduplication of qa:- < qaj-. 

1978. *qaj-/*qal'- ? 

MC qajda, qainda girl, daughter; MO qaim-o, kal'm-o

1979. *qajawə 

T qajawe wound; TK qajwe-, qajiwe- 

TK qajwes-, qajiwes- to wound; qajewuo- wounded 

1980. *qajγəl-/*qajgqəl- 

TK qajγalńe- famous 


1981. qajsar 

T qajsaar wooden ski; TK qajsar 

Yak. qajysar or Ev. qajsar 'wooden ski' (TMS 1 361) // Krejnovič 1958: 

248, 250; LR 165 

1982. *qal- 1 

T qal-dawe (tree) bark, fish scales; TK qal-rewe, qal-dewe\ TD xal-dewo 

fish scales 

? U *kala 'fish' (UEW 119)// Kurilov 1977: 117; Nikolaeva 1988: 244; LR 

146 

1983. *qal- 2 

T qalyatej- to let escape, to let go (TR); TK qalyatej- 

T qalyudu- to escape, to run away; TK qalyudu- 

TK qaldej- to run away; TJ qalde- 

T qal'uyaj- to dodge (a blow) | TK qalyarit'i- to let escape 

1984. *qalantin/*qalanc'in 

К qalantin, alandin pr. (a man in folklore); KJ qalad'il 

This name of the folklore hero may be related to the stem *qa:l-. It is unclear 

which consonant(s) should be reconstructed word-medially. 

1985. *qal'ar- 

T qal'arče plain tundra; pr. (a place); TK qalert'e-, qa:lert'e- 

TU *xali:- 'bog, swamp' (EDAL 758) 

1986. *qa:l'ə 

T qaaVe- to get burnt; TK qaale- 

T qaal'es- to fry; TK qa. l'es- to roast meat until it becomes charred 

T qaal'idere coal; TK qaaledere, qal'idere 

T qaal'e partly burnt place 

1987. *qa:lə- 

T qaaluu- terrible, frightful; strong; TK ka.lu-, qa. lu:- + mighty; TJ qa:li-\


TD xa.li- dangerous 

T qaalid'e wolf; smth terrible; TK qa.lid'e-; TJ qa.lid'e hero 

T qaalid'en-tuŋieče defender | TK qalaya terrible; qaaleqa- to become 

mighty 

1988. *qa:Pəm- 

T qaal'amkaan pr. (a man) 

1989. *qalTə 

К qaïïu: driftwood lying on the bank; KD xal'l'u 

К qal'l'u.-qonžə snag [lit. driftwood hole]; KJ qallin-qondo 

? T qall'e-гикип events that sank into oblivion long ago; ? qalel drifting of 

ice 

In T qalel the vowel harmony is irregular. 

1990. *qalpə- ? 

MO kalbagon to talk 

1991. *qalwi:- 

T qalwiil peat; pr. (a man); TK qalwil 

1992. *qam- 1 

К qam- how many, how much; KK qam-, KJ qamun, qamunde; TK qabun; 

TD xabun\ SU xabun 

К qamlo:- how many, how much; KK qamluo-; KJ qamlo-, qamluo-; T 

qamla-; TK qamla-', RS kamloi 

К qaml'id'ə how many times; KD xaml'id'e; T qamlid'e 

T qamlamu how many times 

1993. *qam- 2 

К qame:- to help; T qomie- to feel shy; to be ashamed; RS kamek 

T qamul(') servant; TK qamul'; TD -xamul; MC qame I' 

T qamda-, qamlaa- to serve; TK qamre- 

K qamlo.d'ə servant; KJ qamluod'e 

T qamdiil, qamriil servant; TK qamril, qamdil 

К qamlo:- to serve; qame.d'ə- to help; qamulo:- to work for; qame:d- to 

respect I ? T qomod'i- to feel shy; to be ashamed; qamtaa- to serve; qomul' 

task; qomure- to set a task (TR) 

NT *hawa- < TU *papa-/*paba- 'to work' (TMS 2 307)

1994. *qamp- 

T qabugurie- hurt, offended 

1995. qamyjaq 

К qomuja.q wooden ladle; KD xamuyax 

Yak. qamyjaq, qammyjaq (ESRD 607-608) 


1996. *qan- 

T qaniruo- hidden; TK qaniro-, qanirou- 

T qanilčaa place protected from wind or sun; qaniruu place kept out of 

direct sight; qanitej- to hide; qanil shadow, place protected from wind or 

sun; qaniričuu- to hide oneself | ? TK qand'e- to pile, to put together; to pack 

up; ? qanmiγarej- to kill; qanirej- to disappear, to hide | ? MO qanyz'a back 

1997. *qaŋ- 

K qaŋi:- to follow, to chase; KK qaŋi-, KJ qaŋi-, KD xaŋi-, SU кап it, 

RS kanit, ? W -gonilek 

К qaŋi.čə beater (in hunting); best hunter; KJ qaŋiče\ SD qangiś 

1998. *qań- 

K qańil eagle; KJ qanil, qanul, SD qapil [rect. qanil]-, T qańil, TK qanil, 

qańil; TJ qanil, SU kanil, RS kanil, MC qaplo- [rect. qanlo-], -ganla, 

kanlage bird; duck; BO qajla, qájland- bird; ? KL lajla [rect. qajla] bird; В 

kanniel, ME kannill 

T qańil-köl-kölmie little bird flying from the South on an eagle's back | ? 

MC qaneyngd egg 

1999. *qaŋaj 

TK qaŋaji pr. (a Yukaghir clan); TD xaŋai 

2000. *qanč'- 

T qad'u- cold; TK qad'ij-; MU kyńdschit 

К qad'ilət-, qad'ihdaj- to temper; KK qad'iled-, qad'ilet- 

T qand'e winter; TK qand'e--, TJ qand'e-; TD xańd'e- autumn 

T qańqa- to grow cold; TK qańqa- 

K qad'ilbo:- tempered | T qad'ilwuo- cooled; qad'ilwe- to get cold; qad'umuto 

grow cold; qand'iči- to grow cold | TK qad'it' it is cold; qand'eri- to catch 

cold 

?U *konta 'frost, cold' (UEW 176-177) // Krejnovič 1958: 236 (~ Nen.);


UEW 177; Tailleur 1959a: 418; UEW 177; Nikolaeva 1988: 245; Rédei 

1999: 38; LR 140, 153 

2002. *qanč'ir 

T qad'iraa enough; TK qad'ira 

T qad'ir so, finally; intensifying marker; qad'iruol- to be energetic | TJ qad'ir 

now, here 

2003. *qanδi-/*qynδi- ? 

BO qéndim, qendít to love 

2004. *qaŋiδə-/*qaŋintə- 

KD xaŋide- to give as a present 

2005. *qańinə- 

T qańinege sure 

2006. *qanja:- 

T qand'aa- to work in the bride's family instead of paying bride-money; to 

propose marriage 

T qand'aače bridegroom 


2007. *qańpə 

К qańbə palm; KK qańbo\ KJ qańbe\ KD qańba; SU xańba; MC qańba, 

qańbagi, -ganbagu-, qanba-, + fingers; ВО qánbo, qaábáańga, -qańbońl'ga, 

-qanbo, qábo-, -qabo-, ganba-, qanba-; В xánbo, xaábánga 

К qańbəd-aqčə [lit. edge of the palm] Yakut; KJ qańbad-aqče spirits, 

ghosts; KD qańbad-axča\ SD qarbad-agce [rect. qanbad-agce]; KL 

-čanbóndsče-, -ganbun-, -kanboń', MK -chanboni 

? NT *qańŋa (TMS 2 314) 

In Yukaghir -pə can be a derivational suffix. 

2008. qansa 

К qaŋsa: pipe for smoking; KJ qanče, qanča, qanča: 

Yak. gamsa, gaŋsa, qamsa or Ev. qansa (TMS 1 139) 

2009. *qansə- ? 

KD xancogi leather bag


2010. *qa:nte 

T qaante pr. (a man) 

An irregular long vowel in a closed syllable. The cluster -nt- is atypical 

morpheme-internally. 

2011. *qantələ 

T qaadale arm-pit; TK qadale\ TJ qadale 

2012. *qantələ 

T qandele inside lower part of fur trousers; back part of boots above the 

knees 

TD xandeled-igiye lace on the top of fur boots 


2013. *qantu: 

К qantu: crop, craw 


2014. *qa:ŋuńa: 

T qaaŋuńaa pr. (a man) 

2015. *qapńə 

T qapńe infection, contagion (also used as a word of abuse); MU chápnjä 

dog 

T qapńe-burie currants 

2016. *qappu: 

К qappu: Adam's apple, larynx 

2017. *qaqaq 

К qa-qaq INTJ (fear) 

2018. *qa:r/*qajr 

К qa:r skin; KK qar, qa:r-\ KJ qar\ KD xar, SD -gar-, -qar, T qajr skin 

from the head of an animal; SU -xar, RS kar; M -kar, В char, -kar, -gar, ME 

kaar, -gar, MU chártet cloud; MK -cháër, -hér- 

K qa:rtə- to cover (with clouds); KD qarte- 

FU *kore/*ko:re 'skin, bark' (UEW 184-185) // Paasonen 1907: 20; JU 79- 

80; Bouda 1940: 77; Angere 1956: 50; HUV 50; UEW 184; Nikolaeva 1988: 

245; Rédei 1999: 46; Dolgopolskij 1998: 75; LR 141 

The consonant -j- in T qajr is unclear.


2019. *qarč-/*qarj- 

T qarči- to lie, to deceive; TK qart'i-; TD xareči- 

T qarčige liar | TD xarečiboń liar | TK qart'uore- to deceive 

2020. *qarńə- 

KJ qarńe- strong 

2021. *qarp- 

T qarpil'e- to go to ruin, to tumble down, to be destroyed 

T qarpičeń- ruined; qarpil'uu cry-baby; pr. (a man) 

2022. *qarpə- 

TD xarpalec- to stuff 

2023. *qarqə-? 

MO qarqor axe 

Cf. Chuk. yatya- (Mudrak 2000: 38) // Tailleur 1959: 93 

2024. *qartə- 1 

К qartə- to share; to divide; KJ qarte-; KD xa.rte- 

2025. *qartə- 2 

К qartə- to shovel up, to sweep off; KK qartaanu-; KJ qarte- + to take 

down; RS kartak 

К qartəd'a:- to dig (INTR) 

2026. *qartlinč'ə 

KD -xartlid'e- butterfly 

2027. *qaruδu/*qaruntu 

T qarudu always, constantly, forever; TK qarudw, TD xaredu-kayen first of 

all, before 

2028. qa:ryan 

К qa:re:n in vain, it is a pity, too bad; T qajrień 

Yak. qa. ryan, qa:ry:n or Ev. karre. n (ESRD 612) 

2029. *qasi ? 

T qasi-jengur decoration on the back of a woman's fur coat

2030. *qat- 

SU qatik to wrestle 


2031. qata 

К qata hortative marker; KJ qata here is; KD xate, xata intensifying marker; 

TK qate better, utterly 

Ev. qata or Yak. qata (TMS 1 383) 

2032. *qatr- 

TK qatraj- delayed on the way 

2033. qatyn 

KD xatin queen (in card play) 

Yak. qatyn, qotun 'mistress, wife' (TMS 1 385) 

2034. *qaw- ? 

MO qaboom husband 

MO qabnimol' old 

2035. *qawa- 

T qawarqa pit; container; TK qawarqa 

T qawarqad-enu pr. (a river) 

Cf. Ev. dial, kawaku, qawaku 'quag' (TMS 1 357) 

The Ev. word is probably a Yukaghir borrowing. 

2036. qawaw 

T kawaagal flower growing near small lakes 

Ev. qawaw 'kind of herby plant' (TMS 1 357) 

2037. *qawnč'ə 

К qo.d'a: mother's younger brother; KJ qod'a , qod'e mother's younger 

brother or younger male cousin; T qawd'aa wife's elder brother; grandfather; 

TK qawd'a mother's elder brother 

KJ qod'a:die mother's younger brother or younger male cousin; T qawd'idie 

wife's younger brother; wolf; TK qawd'ediep; TJ qoud'eidie 

TK qawd'a:p mother's younger brother 

2038. *qawur-/*qampur- 

K qaburo:- to hang down 

К qobur- to swing


2039. *qo- 

K qo- where; KK qo-\ KJ qo-; KD xo-; SU kxon, kot; RS koo; MC ко; В 

ko-lae; ME kol-led'a 

К qodo, qode: how; KK qode, qodo\ KJ qodo-, KD xodo-, xode-; SD godo\ 

T quode-', TK quode + what kind of; TJ qodeŋ, qo.deŋ, qodo-, qode-, 

qoude-; TD xada, -xodalan + where; MC kondo-, qoda-let\ ВО qóndo; KL 

konda 

К qod-a:- interrogative verb (to do what?); KK qod-a:- 

K qodime:- what kind of; KK qodimie-', KJ qodome-, qodime-, qodimie-; KD 

xodime-, xodimeye; TD xodebo-; RS kodamei; В kondamid'el; ME kondamjel 

К qododə somehow, in every possible way; KJ qodode however; KD 

xodode, xododo; TK quodede; TJ qododeŋ 

К qol'-l'ə where is/are; KK qol'-l'e; TK qol-l'e; TJ qol-le 

К qodit why; KK qodit; KJ qodiet; TK quodir, quodi why, how; TJ qodier, 

qodir, qo-odir 

KD qodo-yoihi-, qode-yoihi- to become boring | T quodiik modal marker 

(necessity); quolem interrogative marker | TK qodik possibly; quodeŋ very; 

as soon as; how; quode where from, another, what kind of; quodeban what 

sort of; quode-band'el'e appearance 

U *ku-/*ko- 'what, which' (UEW 191-192) // JU 72-3; Bouda 1940: 77; 

HUV 161; FUV 26; UEW 191; Tailleur 1959a: 416; Nikolaeva 1988: 246; 

LR 141, 153 

The interrogative stem related to *qa-. 

2040. *qo:- 

T quo-raal pr. (the constellation the Great Bear); TK qo-ral 

2041. *qočoqčəj 

T qočoqčoj pr. (a river) 

2042. *qoδo- 

K qodoY boat made of three poplar boards; KK qodoi; KJ qodol; KD xodoi; 

SD godol\ SU xodol; MO qoral' 

T qodid'il, qorod'il, qodod'il pr. (a Yukaghir clan on the lower Kolyma); TD 

qodejd'il 

SD godol-unung-o pr. (a river) 

The reconstruction of *-δ- rather than *-ntin the clan name is based on the 

MO data and the OY clan name xodyn-cy. 

2043. *qoγ-/*qoŋq- 1 

К qoγi:- to peck, to pick; T qoγi- to dig; TK qoyi-


К qoγižə- to peck, to dig in (INTR); qoγut adze | T qoyej- to pick out; to kill 

(usually an animal); qoyil'es- to dig a pit; qoyired'uol, -qoyorod'uol place 

where smb was digging smth | TK qoyore- to dig a hole 

2044. *qoγ-/*qoŋq- 2 

T qoyije hook for getting ash out of a pipe for smoking; TK qogije 

2045. *qo:γə-/*qoŋqə- 

K qo:yəyə- to shoot; KJ qoyoyoj- 

K qo.yəïə- to boil away; to dry out (INTR); KDxohoTe- 

K


2050. *qol- 

K qolil sound, noise, tinkling; KK qol'il, qolii, KJ qolil, qo:li-\ KD xoltl\ SU 

-golje 

К qolińi:- to make noise; qoli-čö:n noiselessly | ? TJ qoilem as if | ? TD 

xolŋin-ańńe- to speak | MU golendschi ear 

U *kule- 'to hear' (UEW 197-198) // Bouda 1940: 77; UEW 197; Nikolaeva 

1988: 246; Rédei 1999: 38; LR 140, 154 

2051. *qola: 

К qola: iron ladle, scoop; KD xola, xola:\ RS kalá 

TU *kala(n) 'cauldron' (EDAL 638) // Nikolaeva 1988: 80 

2052. *qolčə 

К qolžə(l) mirage 

2053. *qo:ləw- 

T qoolew-, quolew- to kill 

2054. *qolim- 

T qalimd'e coolness 

T qalimd'iči- to change form (of a vision, mirage); qolimd'eń- chilly (of a 

house) 

2055. *qoll- 

K qolluj- to envy (INTR); KD xollui-', T qollej-; RS konloi 

К qollujo. rə- to envy very much (TR) | T qollii- to cause to envy; qollerii pr. 

(a dog) 

2056. »qolTílə 

К ojdoyən-qolTilə end of a spit (on a river) 

2057. *qollumə 

К qollumə immediately; KJ qollume\ KD xo:llume\ TK qolumut OK 

2058. *qolq- 

K qolyut mammoth; KJ qol'yut; KD xolhut\ T qolyol; TK qolyo\ RS kolgul, 

kolgud- 

K qolyo:- frowning; KD xolho- 

? SD qolka pr. (a river) | TK qolyod-enmur tusk


2059. *qomo- 

T qomońe- blue; green; TK qomońe- 

T qomońej-burie bluebeny | TK qomo greenness; qomore-, qomot'eń- to 

become green; qomote- to make green 

2060. *qompə 

К qobo down (on the ground, on the floor); KK qobe; KJ qobo; KD xobo; T 

qobo aloud; on the surface 

К qobo:- lower; defeated; KJ qobo- 

K qobofl) pr. (a place on the river Popovka where a fight with the Koriaks 

took place); KJ qobolo 

К qobon low (of flying) | T qoboban- to be on the outer side of smth 

2061. *qompi:- 

T qobiiï knee-guard 

T qobiilmayil fur-coat made of the skin of reindeer killed at the end of June 

2062. *qompulo:k 

T qobuluok bell 


2063. *qomtə- 

T qomdeme in autumn; TK -qomdemo, qomdeme early autumn; MC 

qomdamu 

2064. *qon 

T qon if 

2065. *qon- 

K qon- to go; to walk; KK qon-; KJ qon-; KD xon-; SD gon-; TK qon-; SU 

xonk, xonteje, konteje; M kónd'a, kondek, kóni, konúl, kóntaja, kónma; MC 

qodejlo [rect. qondejlo]; BO qony, qónde; KL qoneii; В chontili; ME 

kondille, kong; MU chónteili 

К qana:- to roam away (of nomads); KK qana-; KJ qana:-; KD xana-; TK 

qana-, qana:-; TD xana- 

K qonaj- to fit into; KD xonei- to fit, to find a place 

К qontə- to carry; KJ qonnite-; KD xonnite-, xonite-; RS konitek, 

konytammik 

T qandej- to accompany; TK qandej- 

K qanuja:- to roam away; qond'i:- to draw; qontəč- to take away; qanujbe 

nomads' road | KD xondi- to carry; xonitai- to insist | ? T qonguri-liite-


unable to know; qonil' optative marker; qande- to accompany; qandaače 

guide; qanuojige person who likes the nomadic life | TK qanuoji nomad 

S *kän- 'to go' (SW 59-60) // Lewy 1928: 287; Bouda 1940: 76; UJN 126; 

JU 77; FUV 14; Angere 1956: 128; Krejnovič 1958: 236 ( ~ Nen.); 

Nikolaeva 1988: 246-247; Rédei 1999: 49-50; LR 141 

2066. *qonč'- 

K qod'ibə- transparent, clean; reflecting light; KK qod'ibe-, KJ qad'ibe-; KD 

xodd'ibe- thin; weak, watery (of tea) 

KJ qod'id- to look at; KD xad'id- to look attentively at 

К qod'ibə clear space; qod'iba. či:- to shine 

2067. *qonč-/*qoč- 

K qoži-pińqa:, qoši-pińqa: common pochard (Aythya nyroca); KD 

xači-ponxa 

2068. *qončə 

К qonžəd'- broken; KK qonrod'-; KJ qonder-; KD xonder- 

KK qonro- broken; KD xondo- 

K qožilə cavity; T qorile mountain range 

К qonžə hole; KK qonre; KJ qonde, qondo; KD xonde 

К qonqə hole, pit; low land; KD xoŋxo, xonxa + arm-pit 

К qožid-elbə, qažid-elbə arm-pit; KJ qašid-a. lbe; KD xacid-alba 

К qonžəš- to break, to tear; KK qonroš-, KJ qondoš-; KD xondoc-; RS 

končešu 

К qažid-albə-molil arm-pit [lit. body of the arm-pit]; qožžo:- notched | KK 

qonrot'i- to get broken | KD xond'odi bow drill 

Some forms point towards the PY *-nč- > К -í-, T -г-. Other modern forms 

have the cluster -nž- which might suggest that they are derived by 

suffíxation: qonžə- < *qon-čə- < *qonč-čə-, К T qonqə is also derived by 

suffixation: qonqə < qonč-qə < *qončə-qə. 

2069. *qonjə 

К qond'ə rope 

2070. *qonmə 

T qonmed-awur part of a fur blanket where feet are put; MO qamna [rect. 

qanma] foot 

T qonme-raw skin from under the hooves of a reindeer; pr. (a woman)

2071. *qońo 

T qońo-qaj address to a wife while practising witchcraft 


2072. *qoŋo-1 

К qoŋorńə- thin, coating; KD xoŋorne-, xoŋorńe- soft, tender 

T qoŋne- not full, empty; high (of a precipice); low (of a voice); qoŋnaačiil 

pr. (a river) 

2073. *qoŋo-2 

TD xoŋol spoon 

2074. *qoŋoj 

TD xoŋoi trousers 

2075. *qonoqə 

К qonoqə optative marker; KK qonoqo\ KJ qonoqo; KD xonoxo 

К qonoqə-jo: INTJ (wish) 

2076. *qonqə- 

T qonγaγaj- to bow; TJ qoŋad'a- 

T qonγačeń- bent forward | TK qonyayaj- to bow; qonyad'i- to bow 

2077. *qont- 

K qontaj- to pierce through 


2078. *qontə- 1 

T qodobe dry low place between a lake and a hill; TK qodebe bank of a 

dried-up lake; high riverbank 

T qodire inner; lower; qodire-čumur hill situated near another one; qodiresto 

make double; qodite- to twirl (of wind); qodobetke pr. (a place) 

2079. *qontə- 2 

T qodej- lazy; TK qodej-, -yode- not to want; not to touch 

T qodej-, qodew- unpleasant; qodejd'e, quduod'e sleepiness; qodejlwejtiring; 

qodejčeń- to feel bad 


2081. *qontəri 

KJ qondori completely 

The cluster -nd- is atypical morpheme-internally.


2082. *qontir- 

T qodirid'aa- to interrupt smb's conversation with remarks (INTR) 

2083. qoqči(n) 

К qoqčiï, qoqčin hoof; KJ qoqčin; KD xoxčiń 

Ev. qoqči(ń) (TMS 1 405-406) // Nikolaeva 1988: 181 

2084. *qor- ? 

T čuŋre-qorii- to keep in mind 

2085. *qoroj 

К qoroj two-year old male reindeer 

2086. *qorp- 

K qorpuču:- to catch on, to stumble (INTR); KK qorput'i- 

K qorpušaj- to hook, to catch (on); to sting | KK qorpuji- to stumble | T 

qorpii-, qorpe- to disturb 

2087. *qorqə- 

K qorqitə- to stole; KD xarxitai- 

K qorqəd-ön pr. (the river Korkodon); KK qorqod-on\ KJ qorqod-on-\ SD 

qorqod-on, gorgol-an- 

K qorqilət-, qorqilədaj- to root out, to lift smth with a lever; to move; KD 

xarxil'et- 

K qorqil' lever; qorqiïəš- to root out; qorqə- winding | T qarqil' steep-bank; 

qarqind'aa pr. (a woman); qarqičeń- to have prominent cheek-bones or smth 

bulging on the face 

2088. qos 1 

К qos leftmost reindeer in a team 

Yak. qos 'second' (JRS 502) 

2089. qos 2 

К qos room 

Yak. qos (JRS 502) 

2090. *qos- 

K qoši:- to scratch 

? К qošiqoto:- winding 

TU *xosi:- 'to scrape' (TMS 2 26-27) // Nikolaeva 1988: 180

2091. *qoso ? 

MC qošo clay 

? FU 4FcVsand' (UEW 226) 


2092. *qoton- 

K qoton-ša: wood with a groove, from which the side-boards of a boat are 

made 

2093. *qu 

К qu INTJ (hey!) 

The string -qu- is irregular. 

2094. *qu:- 

T quusej-, qusej- to jump; TK qusej- 

TK quseyaj- to jump 

T quudej- to go up; TK qudej-; TJ qudo- 

T quud'ibe path by which a caravan comes to the top of the hill; quutterej- to 

lift up 


2095. *qulerqa 

К qalerqə Ross' gull (Larus rosea); T qularqaa, qul'arqaa + pr. (a woman); 

TK qularqa-, qularqaa-, qal'erqa- 

Cf. Ev. kular 'gull' (TMS 1 429) 

The T word has the irregular synharmonism qu-, while in К qu- > qa-, -qə 

may be a derivational suffix. 

2096. *qulu- 

T quluruo- to have hair that has white tips with a dark tinge (of a reindeer) 

TK quluruod'ed-ile white reindeer with a greyish hue 

TU *kula 'light brown with black mane and tail (of a horse)' (TMS 1 428) 


2097. *qunde: 

T qundietege draught reindeer more than six year old; TK qondieteye 

Ev. ke. nde 'draught reindeer of the Chukchi or Koryak breed' (TMS 1 448) 

//Nikolaeva 1988: 180 

The synharmonism is irregular. The relationship between the Ev. and 

Yukaghir words is unclear.


2098. *quńe 

T quńe two-year old male reindeer; TK quńe 

Ev. кипа:- 'to gallop (of a reindeer, a horse)' (TMS 1 433) // Nikolaeva 

1988:180 


2099. *quńo: 

К quńo: gull; T quńuo; RS koon- 

Ev. kuńaw- 'to make noises (of a gull)' (TMS 1 433) 


2100. *quq 

К quq INTJ (to the right! an order to dogs) 


2101. *qyj- 1 

KJ qeil stone; T qajl\ TK qajl, qejl; TJ qeil; ? В -rell; MU kell 

T qajńaačil pr. (a hill); qajd-anγarii stone scraper 

? FU *kiwe 'stone' (UEW 163-164) // Tailleur 1959a: 419; Nikolaeva 1988: 

244 

2102. *qyj- 2 

KD qiyi- shy 

2103. *qy:jəq 

T qiijeq INTJ (accompanies a kick at a ball in a competition) 

2104. *qylpə/*qylwə 

К qilbə water plant (in a lake); KK qilba 

2105. *qynč'il'pə/*qynč'irwə 

К qad'itbə laugh; KJ qid'ilbe 

К qad'il'bə-, qod'ilbə- to laugh; KK qad'ilbe-; KJ qid'ilbe--, SU krydilwai [rect. 

kydilwai] 

2106. *qynmə- 

K qinmə-, qanmə- to dodge, to avoid; to coil, to twist; KJ kinmuii-, qinmuii-, 

qinme-, kińme- 

K kinmeAə- to threaten (TR); KJ qinmureš-, qinmereš- 

K qinmaj- to dodge, to evade; KD xinmai-, xinmoi-


2107. *qyqsə- 

K qaqšə-, kiqšə- to choke; to groan; KD xixce-; T qeqse- to laugh trying not 

to be heard; to gurgle, to wheeze; RS kikšoi 

К qaqšəš- to strangle; KJ keqšeš-; KD xixcec- 

TU *kaxa- 'to choke' (EDAL 633) 

2108. *raj 

К raj incidentally; on the way 

The word is likely to be a borrowing. 

2109. raz 

К aras, araŋo.ŋo:- different, various 

Rus. raz 

2110. rjabina 

К rebińə mountain ash; KJ rebine, KD rebine 

Rus. rjabina 

2111. ročev 

KJ ročiba pr. (a man) 

Rus. ročev 

2112. rodion 

T rod'wuon pr. (a man) 

Rus. rodion 

2113. *ro:l'ə-? 

KD гиоГео- shabby 

This isolated word is likely to be the result of an error in the record. 

2114. rosea 

К oroššə thicket of young bushes 

Rus. rosea 

2115. rovnyj 

KD orounoŋo- flat; smooth, equal 

Rus. rovnyj 

2116. rubaxa 

T urbaake shirt 

Rus. rubaxa


2117. ruž'ë 

К už(ž)o: gun; SD uružio 

К užo. -pejži:- to hunt [lit. to throw a gun] 

Rus. ruž'ë 

2118. *sa:- 

K ša:l, -ra:, -ža: tree, wood; stick; KK ša:l, Sa:-, -га, -ra:; KJ ša:l, šal\ KD 

cal, -ča + grave; SD šal; T saal; TK sa:l; TJ sha.l; TD sal, čal; SU čal, -ča; 

RS šal, śan-, -ra, čan-; M -ča; MO tea; KL čalga; В tshall; ME tschal; MU 

tschal; MK tschéel, tschen-, -tscheel, -tschél 

T saad-oŋoj chest, strong-box [lit. wooden bag]; TK sa:d-oŋoj; TD 

sa:d-oŋoi 

К ša:d-abut coffin; KK ša:d-abut; KD cad-abut 

К ša:n-pa:j fungus (on a tree); KD can-pai 

К ša:d-a:jə crooked knife for planing and carving wood [lit. wood maker]; 

KD cad-a:ye; SD šod-aja 

T saan-čawče wood-cutter; saan-d'awnii saw 

К šan-palkə sledge-hammer [lit. tree bulge]; KD can-palka tree bulge 

К ša:n-γa:r bark [lit. tree skin]; KK ša:n-har; KJ šaŋ-γar; KD caŋ-γar, 

can-nar; В tshan-gar; ME tschan-gar 

К ša:n-je:rəmə, ša:l-je:rəmə wood chock; ša:n-šoqqə spherical crown of a 

tree with a bare trunk [lit. place on the tree put together]; ša:n-kökö:rə 

wooden hook [lit. curved part of the tree]; ša:l-jekle:-oγo:- not to confess 

about smth bad [lit. to stand behind a tree] | KJ šalgen-petńulbon squirrel [lit. 

the one who runs on trees]; ša:n-larqul forefather [lit. root of the tree]; 

šan-nume winter stay [lit. wooden house] | KD ca. llil sap of poplars and 

willows I SD šal-kittege-nume yurt [lit. house reaching the tops of the trees]; 

šad-angzile hawk | T saan-punke excrescence on a tree; saan-qabarqe 

wooden cup; saa-laayare South; saand-ctwanaa pr. (a mountain); saad-enu 

pr. (a river); saape small poles; saase- to put a stick or a chip into a kettle 

with reindeer and bird meat; to tie a stick to a reindeer's neck; 

saa-ruska-raal ritual wooden hook with eyes, ears, mouth and nose; 

saan-durun pr. (the river Šandrin); saand-enunaa pr. (a mountain); 

saa-laayande-d'ii forest people; saan-gičil forest tundra; saan-monil'e hill 

covered with forest [lit. tree's hair] | TJ saan-pugil larch needle | TD 

sa:-nime town; sań-čekčel carpenter; sal-monil'e forest; san-daure wooden 

plate I TK san-d'awni saw; saaru in the forest 

FU *śala 'elm-tree' (UEW 458-459) // Nikolaeva 1988: 221; LR 147 

The final -I could have been reanalyzed as a suffix, cf. *a:l.

2120.saγana 

К saqanə at the time of (PP) 

Yak. sayana (JRS 309) 

2121. *saγanč'ə-/*sagqənč'ə- 

T sayad'eya dry high place on a plane; TK saqad'eya- 


2122. *saγanə-/*saŋqənə- 

T sayane- to sit; TK sayane-, sayana-; TJ shayane-, shayańe-, shayane-; TD 

sahańe-, saxana-, sahana-, čahane-, sarane-, sahane- + to live 

T sayanebul chair; sayanaanube sitting place | TJ shayańesh- to seat | TD 

sahanabul stool | TK sayanel sitting; power; sayanebul chair, stool, bench 

2123. *sa:γər/*saŋqər 

T saayare left side of a yurt; West; TK sayar side 

TK sayand'a a little aside from smth; sayargudeŋ aside 

2124. *saj- 

K šajdə across; KJ šaide; T sajde; TK sajdeŋ; TJ shaide; TD saide 

К šajdə-ra: cross bar (in a yurt or a boat) [lit. cross stick]; T sajde-raal 

К šajyu-, šajyər aside; KK šajyu-, šajya-; KJ šaiyu-, šairu-, šayar-; KD 

caiher- 

K šajyari:-, šejyari:- to go alongside, to follow; šajdəbən width, breadth | ? 

KJ šeča-bon width, breadth | T sajdeban- turned aside (of toes); sajde-čumur 

one of the coils of the net put out for catching fish 

? TU *saja 'interval (between fingers)' (EDAL 1199) 

2125. *sa:j- 

T saajuu- to rock, to swing, to stagger from side to side (INTR) 

2126. *sa:jəs- 

K ša.jəš- to plane, to trim, to cut; KJ śa.ješ- 

2127. *sajmə 

KJ šaime, čeime fish seine-net; SU čaime; RS šaimige; M saimeja 

2128. *sajnč- 

K šajži:- to put inside; to stuff with, to fill with


2129. *sajra 

К šajrə falconet (Polihierax insignis); T sajre eagle; TK sajre hawk; TD 

saire 

2130. šajtan 

KJ šaitan idol; KD caitair, TD saitan 

Rus. šajtan 

2131. šal' 

T saal' shawl 

Rus. šal' 

2132. *sa:lič- 

T saaliči- to have a bad headache 

2133. *sal'ika:n 

T sal'ikaan pr. (a woman) 

2134. *sal'impə 

T sal'ibe reason; TK salibe goal 

T sal'ibid'aa- to shoot at a target; sal'ibid'aanube shooting-range | TK 

salibed'a- to shoot a target 

2135. *sal'qəri: 

T sal'yarii tooth; TK sal'yari; TJ shalyari; TD selhahi- 

T saïyariińel-ńolol common merganser (Mergus merganser) [lit. duck with 

teeth]; sal'yariińel-molïe bumble-bee [lit. fly with teeth]; 

saïyariińel-molïo-iisü honey [lit. bumble-bee's milk]; sal'yariin-čuul gum 

[lit. tooth meat]; sal'yariińel-latur black scoter (Melanitta nigra) 

2136. sam 

К sa:m by oneself, self; KK sam; KJ čam 

Rus. sam 

2137. *sampə- 

T samne- plane, flat; TK samne- 

T sabarqa, sabirqa, saburqa smth flat; TK saburqa- wide part of smth; wide 

flat object 

T sabayaj- to stretch; TK sabayaj- 

T samnaldaŋńe mushroom; TK samnaldaŋńe 

TK samqa-ral board, table; TD samxa-ral


T sabičeń- straightened; samnal-sajre rough-legged hawk (Buteo lagopus); 

samnejd-erime five pointed broad snow-flake; saburqa-nonγa leaf tobacco; 

sabiles- to stretch out on the floor (TR); sabine- smooth; samnajd-anaa 

plateau | TK samner- to widen, to broaden; sabiγarej- to unwind 

? TU *samba- (TMS 2 59-60) // Nikolaeva 1988: 180 

2138. *sampən- 

T saaband'e net; TK sa.mend'e, saband'e, sabend'e; TD saband'e- 

T saaband'e-banieče fisherman; saaband'ed-emul way of setting a net; 

saaband'e-juodii cell; saaband'e-panienube place for fishing with a net; 

saaband'e-murid'e wooden needle used for making nets 

2139. *sampərəj 

T sabaraj pr. (a man) 

2140. *sa:mpijə 

T saabije one of two men living with the same woman as husbands 


2141. *sampinč'- 

T sabid'uri- to try to do smth good to smb (TR) 

2142. *samqəj 

T samqaj tea-pot; pr. (a man) 

The cluster -mq- is atypical morpheme-internally. 

2143. *samur 

T samur vestige of a wound, scar; mark; split 

T -ramur threads of a seam 

2144. *samur- 

T samurči- to grow stubborn; to go in circles (of a reindeer); TK samurt'i- to 

spin 

2145. samyj 

К samij most; T saamej; TK samej 

Rus. samyj 

2146.*sana- 

K šanaγə- to crack; to produce specific sounds while mating (of


woodgrouse); to become swollen; KJ šanaγa-, šanayai-; KD cenahač crash 

К šanayaj- to bump against (TR) | ? KD canagai-lebejdi juniper berry 

2147.*sana-? 

TD sanel-ńord'e- long white moss usually eaten by reindeer 

2148. sanajaq 

К šanaja.q coat with fur outside made of a large reindeer skin; KD caniyax 

Yak. sanajaq, sanyjaq 'fur coat' (TMS I 62) 

2149. *sanqə- ? 

TD sanhai- to squat 

2150. *sapa- 

K šapayədaj-, šoboγədaj- to strike, to hit; KK šabayadaj-; ? SD šamaja- 

K šapayaj- to tumble, to fall down; šapaj- to hit | KK šapaγat- to pat 

? FU 4'appV- 'to hit, to beat' (UEW 29) 

2151. *sapija: 

T sapijaa pr. (a lake) 

2152. *saq- 1 

T saqil bottom part of the stomach 

2153. *saq-2 

T saqsej- to pour out; to fall out, to fall down (INTR); TK saqsej-; TJ 

shaqshei-, TD saxsei-, sexsei- 

T saqčibe slope by a river; TK -saqt'ibe 

T saqiń-amun shin-bone; saqči- to pour out (many times) | TD saxsec-, 

saxsestise- to pour out; saxsarei-, saxserei- to pour in | TK saqsenube spout 

of a tea-kettle; saq- to come down from a hill; saqsere- to pour 

2154. *saqa- 

K šaqalə fox; KK šaqale, šaqala; KJ šaqale; KD caxale, cexel'e; SD šaqala; 

SU čoxóla, čoxolod-; RS šakoli; M sokolá, sokólo, sokólopul; KL 

čoqolojent; В tshakala\ ME tschokola; MK tschochála- 

K šaqalən- yellow; KJ šaqalen-, šaqale- + red; KD caxalen-; SD šaqalangu - , 

RS šoxolonei; В tshakolonni; ME tschakolonni; MK tschochólani green 

К šaqan foxy, fox; šaqal'ənilbo:- pitted; šaqad-abut pr. (a place in the upper 

Jasačnaja) [lit. fox's den]; šaqaləlbo:- yellowish; šaqahdaj- to become 

yellow I KD čaxaladaiïel, caxaladailel isterus; caxaluo one-year old elk | T


saaqid'eń-, saaqičeń- yellowish-grey; saaqiń pr. (a man); saaqid'aa pr. (a 

man); yellowish-grey dog with a black tinge 

2155. *saqa-/*soqo- 

K šoqnə- put together; KJ šoqno- loaded; KD coxnu- 

T soqol'es- to roll up a lasso; TK soqoles- to roll up 

К šaqad'ibə place of (annual) meeting; KJ šaqad'ibe, šaqadebo, šaqadibo, 

šaqad'ibo; SD šaqadebo', RS šaxanžiba 

К šaqal'ə- to gather (INTR); KK šaqal'a:-; KJ šaqale- 

K šaqaïəš- to gather, to collect (TR); KK šaqaleš-, šaqalas-, šaqal'eš-; KD 

caxal'ec-, caxalec- 

K šaqal'a.nubə meeting place; šoqnə-pög-, šoqni-pög- to gallop [lit. to run 

together] | KJ čoro-, šoro- to lie; to sit; šoqnu- to lie | KD caxnui pile | T 

soqol'e coils of a lasso | TK soqoluod'e- rolled up 

This root shows the irregular correspondence К -a- ~ T -o-, and the 

variations -a o- are irregular as well, both in T and in K. 

2156. *saqal'o: 

KD caxal'uo one-year old elk 

2157. *saqlə 

T saqle polar owl; TD saxle 

T saqlaŋaa pr. (a man) 

Cf. Ev. dial, saqla 'owl' (TMS 2 56) 


2158. *sar- 

K šar- to cover, to bury, to press; to overtake; KK šar-; KJ šar-; KD car-, 

carie-, SD šar-, šarie-; SU car- to catch up with, to obtain 

К šažil', šariï fog; covering; KJ šaril root; KD caril' root; M sáril, saríl; В 

tarrel; ME tarril, tscharill 

К šaro.j snow storm; KD caroi, ca. roi, tcaroi 

К šaže:- to press | KK šarte- to kill | KD čaril' cock of a gun 

The alternation -r i- in К is irregular. 

2159. *sa:r 

К ša:r something; KK šar; KJ šar; KD car 

К ša:r-morunubo:- shaman [lit. putting on smth]; KJ šar-morie- to 

shamanize; KD car-morenubo- hysterical


2160. *sa:rəj 

T saarej kind of coffin made in the form of a boat standing on two poles; TJ 

sharai barn 

2161. *sari- 

KJ šari-šara pr. (a man) 

2162.sa:ry 

К sa.ri: boots made of smoked black leather 

Yak. sa:ry or Ev. sa. ri, sa. ry (TMS 2 66) 

2163. *sarimə 

T sarime guest; wolf; TK sarime; TD sarime 

2164. *sarite- 

K šaritə- to comb; KJ šarite- 

2165. *sarkə-? 

MK sarkánlirengus window 

2166. *sa:rul'a 

T saarul'e-labunme woodgrouse (Tetrao urogallus); TK sarul'e wooded 

T saarule-ńolol wood-duck 

2167. *sarta:- 

KJ šarta.die pr. (a man) 

2168. sa:raŋy 

KK saryŋy fool; T saariŋŋi 

Yak. sa.raŋa, sa.raŋy 'undefined, confusing' (Pekarskij 1927: 2098) 

2169. *sas- 

K šašil, šaši: triangle shaped trap for hare and willow ptarmigan; KJ šašil; 

SD šaši 

? FU *č'äč'ä 'trap for birds, hare or fox' (UEW 30-31) // UJN 123-4; HUV 

163 

The usual correspondence of the U *č'- in Yukaghir is *c-. 

2170.sataa- 

TK sata- to be able to, to have the ability to do smth 

Yak. sataa- (JRS 318)// Krejnovič 1958: 251

2171. satana 

T ede-satanaa INTJ (a curse: the devil!) 

Rus. satana 

2172. *saw- 

T sawid-ewče cape, promontory 


2173. *sawa 

T sawa, -rawa, -dawa skin; TK sawa; TD sawo- + fur 

T sawan-köd'e larva on a reindeer skin [lit. skin larva]; TD sawon-kod'e, 

sawoŋ-kod'e butterfly 

T sawad-eγal relatives; edge; sawed-ayil rag of a skin; sawarid'e(ŋ) person 

who distributes smth among the people; sawad-araawje bare part of a skin; 

sawd-aγil' fur-coat with hair inside; sawad-uo, sawad-oo fur trousers with 

hair outside | TD sawonse-, sauonse- cloudy 

In some forms s- > r- after a sonorant. 

2174. *sawa- 

T sawase- to divide in two; TK sawase- + to give; TD sawuse-, sawose-, 

-rawuse-, čawuse- to divide; to clear the snow 

T sawirič- to divide, to distribute; sawiri(n)d'e smb who divides smth 

between people | TK sawarit-, sawarič- to divide into many parts 

2176. *sawγə-/*sawŋqə- 

T sawγa- to crack, to knock (INTR); TD saugoc- 

T sawγas- to knock; to chatter, to jabber; čumun-sawγa, čumun-dawγa 

hollow, valley | TK sawγaj knocking 

2177.saxar 

KJ čaqar- sugar; T saakar 

Rus. saxar 

2178. šaqmaty 

T samqat chess 

T saaqmettaa- to play chess 

Rus. šaxmaty 

2179. ščëkur 

T suokur broad whitefish (Coregonus nasus); TK suokr 

T suokurpe: small broad white fish 

Rus. ščëkur


2180. ščëlox 

К šo. loq ash; KJ šo:lok; KD co.lok; SD soloq 

Rus. ščëlox 

2181. ščepka 

KJ četke chip 

Rus. ščepka 

2182.ščëtka 

KJ četke thin willow shavings used as a sponge or towel; SD cetke 

Rus. ščëtka 

2183. ščetkari 

К šötkuri:, šötkəri: boots with soles made of the fur from the inside of 

reindeer hooves; KJ šotkuri; T saskarii rough hair under an animal's hooves 

or claws 

T saskariid-ugurče shoes with the sole made of hair from under an animal's 

hooves 

Rus. dial, ščetkari 

The first vowel was labialized after Š-. 

2184. ščuka 

К šukade: pike (Esox lucius) 

Rus. ščuka 

2185. *seγe- 

K šegešej-, šegišej- to carry away; KJ šegešei-, čegešei- 

K šejrej- to run away; KK šeγre-; KJ šeure-; M šegréińi 

KJ šeured'e, šeurod'e domestic reindeer used to attract wild reindeer 

2186. *se:γə- 

T sieya- to rustle 


2187. *seγere:k/*seŋkəre:k 

TK segeriek if 

2188. segodnja 

К šobonni: today; T siwuonńe pr. (a woman) 

Rus. segodnja

2189. sejčas 

К ča.šət, ša:šət now; KK šašet 

Rus. sejčas 

2190. *sejδə-/*sejntə- 

K šejdəri:- to follow 

2191. *sejnč- 

K šejži:- to push; RS šeižik 

2192. sel'djatka 

T sild'aatke herring 

Rus. sel'djatka 

2193. *semč'-/*semj- 

T semd'i- to sneak up; TK semd'i-; TD semd'i- 

T semd'uorii- to try to sneak up to smb (TR) 


2194. *seme 

T seme bank of a river or lake+T3306; TD seme low bank of a river 

T semečaa river bank; semed-eyal upper edge of the bank of the river; 

semien-önŋie pr. (a river) 

2195. semën 

TK somon pr. (a man) 

Rus. semën 

2196. *semnə- 

T semnejuol place where many people died because of an accident or an 

epidemic 

T semnel pr. (a river) 

2197. *semp- 

T sebul tray for food, made of skin 

К šepid-i:čə top of a mountain [lit. end of the door]; šibil', šebil' window; 

door 

2198. *sempun- 

T sebunieče reindeer specially trained to lure wild reindeer; TK sebuńiet'e; 

TJ shebuńeče, shabuńeče- 

T sebunie- to move in a special way luring wild reindeer (of a trained


reindeer); TK sebenie- to catch reindeer using a trained reindeer 

T sebunuorii- to make wild reindeer used to itself (of a domesticated 

reindeer) (TR) 

2199. *semtenəj 

TK semtenej pr. (a man) 

2200. seni 

KJ čene small entrance hall in a Russian house; SD siengise edges of the 

entrance flap in a yurt 

Rus. seni 

2201. *sepinkə 

К šepinkə log 

2202. *ser-1 

К šeril, šežil, širil bottom edge of the chamois that covers a yurt; fallen 

needles of a coniferous tree in the snow; KJ šid'il, čidile; SD -sharil thick 

sticks placed at the bottom of the cover of a yurt to prevent it from moving; 

T siril\ TK siril wall 

T sirin-ńičayije poles stretching the bottom of the yurt cover [lit. piercer of 

the yurt cover] | TK sirin-bara foundation of a wall 

TU *seri 'decking, covering' (EDAL 1234) 

In T -e- > -/- because of -/'- in the following syllable. 

2203. *ser- 2 

T seruge- to make noise; to jingle; TK seruge-; TJ sherugo- to knock 

T seručeń- pile; serugijeŋ, serugeŋ noise; serud'i- to make noise many times; 

seručeń- to be piled together | TJ sherugeshie- to daze 

2204. *se:r- 

K še:ril\ še:žiï snow on the trees; T siarul hail; TK sierul 

S *ser 'ice' (SW 138) // Tailleur 1959a: 418; Nikolaeva 1988: 222; Rédei 

1999:54 

2205.sera 

К se.rə resin 

Rus. sera 

2206.serebro 

К čereuro: silver; KJ čerebro, čereuro

К čeuro:- silver 

Rus. serebro 

2207. seri: 

К seri: war 

Ev. or Yak. seri: 'war' (TMS 2 421) 

2208. *seril- 

K šerilo:- shaved (of wood) 

2209.*serk- 

KD cerked'e- to growl 

2210. *se:rti: 

T sierdiid-ile reindeer not selected for slaughter 



2211. *serpə 

T serbed-amun shoulder bone 

T serbe-quduod'e wolf-skin collar tied with straps to the fur-coat used for 

travelling 

TU *sire 'elbow bone; shin bone' (EDAL 1253-1254) 

In Yukaghir -pə can be a derivational suffix. 

2212. *ses- 

K ši:ši:- to caress; KD čeči-, čečid'i- to frolic, to embrace, to love 

The KD initial c- reflects the so-called male pronunciation. In К -e/e:- > 

-/':- under the influence of -i:- in the second syllable. 

2213. *seselə 

T sesele, sesile diversity of colours 

2214. *seskə- 

T seske- to grumble (of a man); to scold; TK seskere- 

2215.*sespa 

К šešpə(d-aŋil') entrance, door; KJ šešpe(d-eŋil)\ KD cecped-aŋiï, 

tcetbed-aŋil'; SD šašpa(d-angil); T sespe\ TK saspe, sespe; TJ sheshped-aŋil, 

sheshpa-; TD sečpad-aŋil, sesped-aŋil; SU četpad-anil; MK tschétpad- 

? К šobod-aŋil' window | KK šest'e entering | T sespen-nime parlour in a 

Russian house; sespe-saayare Southern part of the yurt, left of the entrance


2217. *sew- 

K šöbul, šubul branch of the larch tree; bedding made of larch branches; KK 

šubul; KJ šobul + cover; larch; KD cobul\ SD šubul] TK sebul\ TD sobul 

brushwood 

К šubuldəš- to cover with branches; šubud-i:čə needles of a larch tree [lit. 

end of branches] 

NT *seg-/*sew- 'to lay branches in a yurt' < TU *seg- (EDAL 1222-1223) 

The original vowel -e- changed into -ö- before -w- and in some forms a 

further change into -u- before -м- of the next syllable is observed. The 

consonant -b- instead of -w- in the older T forms is unclear. 

2218. *sewe- 

K šubežə-, šegužu- to run; KK šubod'e-, šubend'-\ KJ čubod'e-, šubond'-, 

šubod'e-; KD cubod'e-; SD šibeže-; RS šeuseik\ MC čewondygin; В 

tshuenzshï, ME tshuentschu 

К šegužubo:- to avoid (INTR), to escape; KD čegud'ubo-, cegudubofugitive 

К šugenə- to throb, to have twinges; T sugune- vivid, active; TK sugunu- to 

pulsate; TD sugune-, sugunne- to pulsate 

К šubed'ə heart; middle part of a fish trap; middle part of a boot; KK subed'e; 

KJ čubod'e, šubod'e\ SD -culbioze, cubusa\ T sugud'e; TK soγod'e, sugud'e, 

sogod'e\ TD sugod'ie-, sugod'e-; SU čuwód'e; RS šuož'a; MC čegonče; KL 

čuwenžaj-, В tshooenzsha; ME tshuenscha; MU tschuwóndschä, MK 

tschuwóntseha 

? К šibenə- hard working | SD šulazegi-ujle [lit. šubazegi-ujle] lazy person 

[lit. no heart] | TD subońne- to beat 

The variation -g- ~ -w- (-b-) is irregular. In some forms -е- > -u- because of 

the following -W-. 

2219. *sewič3/*sempičə 

К šebičə dog-rose, eglantine; KJ čibiče, čebiče, čibiše, čibičeše\ KD cebiče; 

SD šibice 

2220. šelk 

KD colku. d- silk; TK suolku, suolke- 

Rus. šëlk 

2221. šerstjanoj 

К šešennə- woollen 

Rus. šersíjanoj

2222. šestok 

К šöššök, šöštök fenced space around a fire; KJ šečtoq roasting spit 

Rus. šestok 


2223. šibko 

KD čepetkoŋo-, cepetkoŋo-, čepkoŋo-, cipkoŋo- beautiful; adroit, supple, 

impertinent 

Rus. šibko 

2224. škola 

T iskuola school 

Rus. škola 

2225. štoby 

TD istobe in order to 

Rus. štoby 

2226.šuga 

К šuga:, šuya: first ice on a river 

К šuged'ə- to begin to become frozen (of a river) 

Rus. šuga 

2227. šurup 

KD curup screw 

Rus. šurup 

2228. *si:- 

T siigije brook, rapid of a river; TK (enmudie-)siγije spring, source; TD 

čigiye stream 

T siige- to drip, to flow; TK sige-; TD -sige- to float (of a boat); ? MO 

-tingis rain 

T siid'i- to drip often | TK siges- to drip on (TR) 

2229. *siγerəčə/*siŋkərəčə 

T pugud'e-sigereče match-maker 

2230. sila 

К či:h force, strength; KK site, file-; KJ čile; KD čil'e-; SD -sila- 

KJ činne strongly 

Rus. sila


2231. *silinilon- ? 

RS šilinilon sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) 

2232. *silka: 

KJ šilga, šilga: pr. (a man in folklore) 


2233. sin 

К čin nevertheless, by all means, still; T siń + enough; TK siń 

Yak. sin (JRS 324) // Krejnovič 1958: 251 

2234. *sin- 

K šind-amun back of the head; KJ šind-amun; KD cind-amun; SU 

činid-amun - , MC uižend- [rect. činžend-]', MO činod-, В tshineng-ami back 

of the head; thirty 

2235. sin-bi:r 

К simbir all the same, nevertheless 

Yak. sin bi:r (JRS 324) 

2236. *siŋ- 

T siŋii right bank of the river next to the range of hills stretching from the 

south to the north; TJ shiŋiji- tundra 

T siŋind'ie-jalyil pr. (a lake) 

2237. *sine- 

K šinel' square-shaped trap for fox and wolverine; KJ sinel\ SD sine I' 

2238. *sińe- 

KJ šińen-io.d'ek stomach-ache 

2239. *sinlə 

К šillE crust of snow; early spring; KJ šinle, šille\ KD cinl'e, cil'l'e, cille\ SD 

šille; ? MC tylama\ В tshingle- 

The cluster *-/?/- has assimilated into -//-. 

2240. sird'it 

TK sird'it guide 

TK sird'ie- to accompany; serd'itne- to accompany 

Yak. sird'it (JRS 326) // Krejnovič 1958: 251

2241. sis 

К čič(-ö:) mountain pass 

Yak. sis (JRS 327) 


2242. *sis- 

T sisil breast; TK sisil-, TD sisil 

TK sisid-amun breastbone; TD sisid-amun 

T sisin-moqle breastbone; sisin-ńaawijaa reindeer with white hair on its 

breast; sisin-ńuod'ijaa kind of snipe (Phaloropus) [lit. fringe on the breast]; 

sisil-padurqa diaphragm [lit. breast trembling] 

2243. *sislə- 

TK sisle- long (of clothes) 

2244. *sitanə 

KJ šitane pr. (a man in folklore) 

2245. sivoduška 

К čöuduškə grey fox; KJ čiboduške; M siwodúška 

Rus. sivoduška 

2246. *siwuče:-/simpuče:- 

KD cibučien-kinid'e March 

2247.skot 

К iskot cattle; KD ičkot, ickot 

Rus. skot 

2248. skovoroda 

KJ koboroda: pr. (a man in folklore); KD ičkoboroda frying pan 

Rus. skovoroda 

2249. služit' 

KD iclud'- to serve 

Rus. služit' 

2250. smelyj 

KD ičm'eloŋo- to dare 

Rus. smelyj 'brave'


2251. smirnyj 

KD ičmirnoŋo- mild, submitted 

Rus. smirnyj 

2252. smorodina 

К borod'ina: blackcurrant; KD morod'ina 

Rus. smorodina 

2253. *so:- 

T suose- to miss one's target; to make a mistake (TR); TK sose-\ TD sose- 

T suorič- to miss many times | TD sosei- to walk aside | TK soriči- to walk 

by the side of smth many times 

2254. sobaka 

К toukə dog; KK touke, tewke-, towke-, touka; KJ toboko, toboke; SD 

tobuka\ RS towéka; M towóka, tówoka, towókopul, towókat, towókańin, 

towókapkat, tóuka, tóukapul; MC tawala [rect. tawaka]\ В tabaka; ME 

tavacke 

К toukən-mal'd"s raspberry, Arctic bramble [lit. dog's berry]; KD 

toboke-mal'd'e; SD tobukan-mal'sa 

Rus. sobaka 

2255. sobol' 

T suobul' pr. (a man); TK suobul' pr. (a dog) 

T suobul'-muoqa pr. (a lake); suobol'-amaa pr. (a man); soubol'-eńie pr. (a 

woman) 

Rus. sobol' 

2256. sodom 

KD čodom revolt 

KD codomnoŋo- disorderly 

Rus. sodom 'disorder' 

2257. *soγ- 

K šoγun foam; T soγul; TK saγul; TD sorul 

К šoγunmə lichen; KJ šorunme; KD -caruńme\ MC megeima [rect. šegenma] 

moss 

SD šofunma-bie [rect. šogunma-bie] pr. (a mountain) 

? TU *čobi:-/*šobi:- 'foam' (EDAL 435) //Nikolaeva 1988: 181


2258. *söγ-/*seγ- 

K šög- to enter; to fit in; KK šok-, šow-, šog-; KJ šog-; KD cou-, (t)co-, con-, 

ceč-, T seg-, sew-; TK sew-, seu-; TJ shogu-; TD seu-, RS šogek 

К šöurə-, šejrə- to bring into; KJ šeure-; KD ceure-; T sewre-, TK sewre-, 

TJ sheure-; TD seure-, -reure-, saure- 

K šoγo:- to be inside; KJ šoγo-; T saγuo-, M čoγoí, čogóoŋi to live 

TK segu- to enter; TJ shogu-, shegu- 

K šögi: sack; KK šogi; KJ šogv, KD cogi; SD šogi + hundred roubles; RS 

šogi 

К šöge:- to keep inside; to carry in a pocket; KK šogie- to put into a sack; ? 

KJ šogie- to stir; T sögie-; TJ shogie- to bring in 

К šöge.jə pocket; šoγujəya: appendix; šoyoja:- to settle down | KK šet'i- to 

enter many times | KD cegei- to suck in; to take in; cohuyira oesophagus | 

TK seuse- to cause to enter 

The stem shows vocalic alternations, both in К and T. If the reconstruction 

*söγ- is to be accepted, in some forms -ö- changed into -e- (normally before 

-j-) or -o-l-a- (before -o:- of the second syllable). The correspondence К -ö- 

~ T -e- is irregular. On the other hand, if the proto-form was *seγ-, К 

demonstrates labialization, cf. *sörö-/*sere-. 

2260. *söγe:/*söŋke: 

T sögie saliva; TK sögie 

T sögied'uu- tasteless, slime-like; sögiese- to spit | TD sogiye-čusai- to spit 

2261. *soγo-/*soŋqə- 

K šoγorpət- to be reconciled with (TR); KJ šoyute-, KD -cogurpare- 

K šoγurpə- to heal, to close (of a wound); KK šoyurpe-, KJ šoyurpe-, KD 

sogurpe-, sohurpe- 

K šoqorəd- to brake a damp skin with fur while processing it; KK šoyuret-, 

šoqorod- to brake a skin; to crumple, to crease; KJ šoγured-, šoquret- to 

heal; KD cohuret-, coguret-, coxurot-, coxurod- 

KK šoyurnuja- to close (of a wound) 

The stem demonstrates the irregular alternation -y q-. 

2262. *soγon-/*soŋqən- 

KJ šoyod'iebo pr. (the planet Venus) 

2263. *soj- 

K šoj- to roast, to grill, to fry (in a pan); T suoj- to smoke (leather); TK saj- 

K šojlo.d'ə roasted meat or fish | T soja:- to be smoked (of leather); 

suojaal'eld'e-rawe, suoje-rukun smoked skin | TK sojite- to smoke (leather)


2264. *söj-/*sej- 

K šöjl, šejl small stone, pebble; KK šojl, šeul-; KJ šeul\ TD -reul; SU со//; 

RS šoi; MC čojlo sand; KL soil] ME tschoil rock 

К šöjd-ičə stony spit in a river [lit. stone end]; KJ šob-iče; KD cobid-iče 

К šöud-en, šöjd-en pr. (the river Rassoxa, tributary of the Korkodon); KJ 

šeuden; SD šojden, šojdan- 

K šöjgijə stony shoal; KJ šeugie; KD ceugie 

К šöjd-aŋd'ə spectacles [lit. stone eyes] | KJ čo:je, šöje pr. (a river, a 

tributary of the Omolon) | SD šoimeculun pr. (a mountain on the Korkodon) 

? U *śojwa 'clay' (UEW 483) 

Either -о- > -e- before -j-, or -e- was labialized in most forms. 

2265. *söjl-/*sejl-/*sajl- 

K šö(j)l'bul mouse; KJ šeulbul', KD -colbul; T sal'il; TK salil-; TJ shalil; SU 

čoluul; В tshalbod'l, ME tschalbull; MU dschalbýl, MK tschólwul 

К šöjbə- gray; brown; yellow; KK šojbe-; KD coibo-; SD šojbe-; TD ča. leo- 

+ black 

KD coli-lau Chuwan [lit. mouse eater]; M soli-lowji; MC šaulo Anjuj 

Yukaghir 

T salil-legul grass roots gathered and stored by mice; sal'il-lewkie 

hen-harrier 

The correspondence К -ö(j)-/-e- ~ T -a- is irregular, but cf. *sörö-/*sere-. 

The consonant -j- was dropped in some forms. 

2267. *sökči: 

T sökčii chamois leather painted black with the juice of berries and used in 

ornaments 

2268. sol' 

KD čol salt; T suol' 

T suond-enu pr. (a river); suondrun pr. (a river); suond-awur salt-cellar 

Rus. sol' 

2269. *sol- 

T solqo crowd; bunch; TK solqa- 

T solne- thick (of antlers); TK solne- united 

TK solyad'ibe meeting place; TD solradibe 

T solγid'e meeting; TK solyad'il; TD solrad'il fair, market 

T solγoččendeŋ in crowds; together, tightly; solyačeń- curly (of hair); 

solyal'e-, solyol'e- to gather; solqoče smth gathered in one place; 

solqo-ńanme purple willow shrubs | TD solneŋi crowd | TK solqa pile; pack


2270. *söl'-/*sel'- 

K šöl'gi:-, šolyi:- to beat; KK šolgi-; KJ šolgi-; KD colgi- 

K šel'gədej-, šel'gət- to beat, to break (TR); KK šolgodej-, šelget-, šelgedej-; 

KJ šelgedei-, šolgedei-, KD colgodei-, sel'gedei-, cel'get-; T salyarej- to 

castrate; TK saïyarej- to break (TR); TJ shalyayei-; TD salgarei-, salhare-i-, 

salgara:-, selgerei-, selharei- to castrate; RS šalgedei 

К šeïgej- to faint; to break, to burst, to become torn (INTR); KK šelgej-; KJ 

šelgei-; KD colgei-, cel'gei-; SD -saljo-; T salyaj-; TK saïyaj-, sal'yej-\ TD 

selrei-', M čúlget' 

T sal'yuu cripple; TK salyu: 

К šel'd'e:- to become rough; to burst, to crackle; šeld'e.lo:- rough, horny; 

šel'd'o:- burst open (of a skin) | KD colgoi fainting fit | T sald'i- broken; 

sald'ijuol site of a split 

U *śale- 'to split, to cut' (UEW 45SM60) // Nikolaeva 1988: 222 

The correspondence К -ö-l-e- ~ T -a- is irregular, but cf. * sörö-l* sere- 

2271. *söl'e:/*sel'e: 

К šöl'e: cedar cone; KK šolie; TK sölwiel; ME tschoillie 

К šöl'e:n-ža: dwarf cedar [lit. cedar cone tree]; KD ceul'ien-cal\ TD 

seullien-dal, seullien-sal\ SU čoleń-ča 

KJ šeulie-nono dwarf cedar; KD ceul'ie-nono 

К šöl'e:n-nodo nutcracker bird (Nucifraga caryocatactes) [lit. cedar cone 

bird]; KJ šeulie-nono 

KD ceul'ende dwarf cedar 

2272. *solγull- 

T solyulluu- to make fun of (TR) 

Cf. Evk. soglo- < Mong. šoglo- (TMS 2 104) 

Yukaghir shows metathesis because the cluster -gl- is impossible. 

2273. *solijə ? 

RS šolje intestine, gut 

FU *śola 'intestine' (UEW 483^184) // JU 86-87; HUV 159; UJN 123; 

FUV 116; Angere 1956: 129; UEW 484; Nikolaeva 1988: 222; Rédei 1999: 

49; LR 147 

2274. *sölkil- 

T sölgiligije fringe on the front of a fur-coat


2275. *sol'l'ə- 

T soll'e- to get burnt, scorched 

T soltuu smb scorched; soll'er- to burn 

2276. *sölnə- 

T sölne- languid; weak 

T sölnelge INTJ (how languid!) 

2277. *sölö 

К šölö(n) wooded hill or island; KK šolo\ KD culo; SU čula 

The forms with the initial č- may reflect the so-called male pronunciation. 

2278. *sol'p- 

KD colbo- small 

2279.*solq- 

T solyunte- to flick smth with one's fingers (TR) 

T solqul finger flick 

TU *solko(n) 'flick' (TMS 2 107) 

2280. *soI'qə/*sal'qə 

T sal'ya loon (Gavia arctica); TK sal'ya, sal'ye- + loon (Gavia); TD saleha- 

T sal'ya-laawje small lake 

FU *śoδ'ka 'kind of wild duck' (UEW 482) // Tailleur 1959a: 419, 1963: 

111; UEW 482; Nikolaeva 1988: 221; Rédei 1999: 49; LR 147 

The vowel *-o- may be reconstructed based on FU. 

2281. *solq»-/*sölkə- 

K šolγunə- hard from drying; KJ šolγune-; T sölgene- stiff 

К šolγul'ə- to get hard from drying | T sölgegej- to become numb (from cold) 

Whereas К exibits the back synharmonism, T has the front synharmonism. 

The correspondence К -о- ~ T -ö- is irergular. 

2282. *soIqərqa: 

T solγarqaa pr. (a man) 

T solyarqaa-amaa pr. (a man) 

2283. *sompəl'ə- 

K šobol'ə- to stop; KK šobol'e-; KJ šobole-, čobole-; KD coboïe-; SD 

šabale-; T sabaïe-; TK sabaïe-; TD -sobole-, M sabaljäí 

TD čuŋreŋ-sabole- to console; sobolec-, sobolastile- to stop

2284. *sompulqə 

T sobulγa low quality meat (of a lean reindeer) 


2285. *somtilə- 

T somtileń- to have a thin layer of fat (of a reindeer's carcass); to be without 

lustre (of eyes) (INTR) 

The cluster -mt- is irregular morpheme-internally. 

2286. *sončə- 1 

К šožulnə- small; KK šorune-; KJ toyunńe- [rect. šoγunńe-]; KD corunne- 

ЮС šoroqo small; KD coruxo- 

K šožun-nugedə- to crush [lit. to leave small]; šožulni:- to make small | KJ 

šoruneie-l'oče- wine glass [lit. small fire] 

2287. *sončə- 2 

К šože:- to get numb (of skin from frost; legs or arms from tiredness); KD 

čodie-, codie- 

K šožuj- to get numb | T sore-, sara- to get married (of a woman); to moult; 

to become numb (of a body part); sarase- to propose a marriage (TR); 

saruod'i- to go three times on a sledge around the yurt of one's 

parents-in-law as a wedding ritual (of a bride); saraa- to get married (of a 

woman); to become numb (of a body part); sarare- to get married (of a 

woman) 

The vowel harmony in К is irregular. 

2288. *sončinč- ? 

RS šožižček to skin 

2289. *soŋq- 

K šoγe:- to lose one's way, to be lost; KK šoγie-; KJ šoγie-, šogie-, šoγia-; 

KD cogie-; T saγaa-; TK saγa-, sayaa-; TD sara-, čara-, sarai-; RS 

čomumoju 

К šoyuji:- to wander; KK šoyuj-; KD coguyi-\ TK soγuoj-, sayuoj-; TD 

soroyi-, soroyi- 

K šoγušə- to lose; KK šoγuše-, šoguše-; KJ šoruše-, šoγuše-, čoγuše-; T 

saγuse--, TK soγuse-, sayuse-; TJ shoyushe-; TD soruse-, čoruse-; RS 

šogušek\ M čoγúša, čoγusataja 

KK šoŋrot'- to lose I T soŋdiči- to lose many times 

The vowel harmony in К is irregular.


2290.*soŋqə? 

MU songa maidservant 

2291. *soŋqənč'il'ə 

К šoŋdïlə season when the ice begins to drift and float (May); KJ šoŋd'ile; T 

saγund'il'e spring; TK sayund'il'eme\ M čoŋdéla 

T sayund'ilime in spring 

In К the vowel of the second syllable was syncopated. 

2292.*sontə- 

TK suodedeŋ except 

2293.*soŋtə- 

T sonde-, soŋde- to thread; TK sonde-, sonre- to string (TR); TD sonde- to 

lace up 

T sonduu woven slippers; sondind'e white chamois used for decorative 

patterns 

2294. sopljak 

KJ čaplak pr. (a man) 

Rus. sopljak 

2295.*soqo:r 

T soquor blind 

T soquortege pr. (a one-eyed reindeer) 

2296. *sörö-/*sere- 

K šöže-, šerefžə)- to embroider; KJ šerid'e-, šered'e- 

K šörilə embroidery, ornament, picture; colour; flower; KD čoril'e, coril'e; T 

čaril'e, sorile, čarile wrinkle; summer path; line, notch; TK t'arile\ TD 

čarile-, čerile- + letter 

К šörid'ə embroidery; KJ šerad'e; RS šerežen, šerežéń sewing 

К šöriləš-, šuruləš- to write; to draw, to paint; to embroider, to make 

patterns; KK šurul'eš-; KJ šorileš-; KD cori. lec-; T čarïïes- to make deep 

notches (TR); TD čarilec-, В tshorillatsho\ ME tschoriladschu; MK 

tschorilendúja, tschotíljatschut [rect. tschoríljaschut] 

KJ šorileń-, šorileie embroidered; šeure- to embroider; šered'e- made of 

sinew (of a thread) | TD čerilewieče- clerk | ? В natshi-rongillish wrinkles 

TU *sere:- 'to embroider' (EDAL 1234) 

The correspondence К -ö-/-e- ~ T -a- is irregular, but cf. *söl'-!*sel'-. The


variants with -ö- are likely to appear as a result of the labialization of the 

first vowel. 

2297. *soromə 

К šoromə man; KK šoromo; KJ šoromo, romo; KD coromo, coro, romo-; 

SD šoromo; TD -soromo; SU čoróma; RS -šoromcr, M soróma, sorómaga; ? 

MC -torym; KL šoroma, soromo; В toromma, -toromma; ME torroma, 

-schoromok; MK tschrróma 

К šoromońul relative; SD šoromopul 

2298. sortirovat' 

TK suortera- to choose 

Rus. sortirovat' 'to sort' 

2299. *sorunə- 

KJ śorune- white 

2300. *sosol- 

K šošilijəd-amun tail-bone; KD cucol'ie 

К šošol'a. nu- to bend 

2301. *so:tkə 

T suotke pr. (a man) 

T suotke-lawjemdie pr. (a lake) 


2302.sovet 

T sewiet Soviet; TK sowet 

T sewiet-peldudi pr. (a man) 

Rus. sovet 

2303. sovsem 

К čokčem entirely; KJ toktem, čokčem, čoqčem wounded 

Rus. sovsem 

2304. *sowin/*sompin 

К šobin quietly, calmly 

К šobin-guduj- to get calm; šobinme:- quiet, calm; šobińə- to loiter about 

2305. *sowo ? 

MO emoboś-sobo elk


2306. sowo- 

K šouγə, soboyə-ra: wooden plate or bowl; KK šoboyo-, KJ šoboγo, šoboro-, 

SD šobogo; T sawyer, TK sawya, sawye; SU čowóga; RS šoogo; ME 

tschauvoga; MK tschóhóba [rect. tschóbóha] 

? К šobod-abut bag for keeping instruments | T sawyan-loruol water where 

dishes have been washed 

Cf. Yak. sabaraj 'large bowl for meat' // LR 165 

2307. *sowoja: 

К šouja:, šoyuja: swallow, martin; KD cobiya\ ? SD šojada small bird with a 

black breast; В tshoria [rect. tshovia]; ME tschovia 

2308. spasibo 

Кpasv.be thank you; Tpasiiwa; TKpasiwe; TDposibolo- 

T pasiiwalaa- to thank 

Rus. spasibo 

2309. spiridon 

KJ ičpiridon pr. (a man) 

Rus. spiridon 

2310. srednij 

T seriedńej pr. (the town Srednekolymsk) 

Rus. srednij 

2311. stado 

T ista.da herd 

Rus. stado 

2312. stakan 

KK istakan glass 

Rus. stakan 

2313. stan 

KJ ičtańeček camping (wall protecting from wind); SD stan 

Rus. stan 

2314. starik 

KD ičterik flint 

Rus. starik

2315. staršina 

KJ taršina master sergeant; T staasinaa foreman 

Rus. staršina 


2316. staruxa 

К terikə wife; old woman; KK terike; KJ terike; KD terike; SD terike; RS 

teríka, terikadéni, terike; MC saryka; В tarika 

К terikəd- to get married (of a man); SD teriked- 

K terikə-možu: bride [lit. destined as wife]; KD terike-mod'u 

К teri: address to a wife 

Rus. staruxa 

2317. staryj 

KJ ičtarij pr. (a man) 

Rus. staryj 

2318. stena 

К iččena:, istena: wall; KD ičtiena + corner; SD istena 

Rus. stena 

2319. sto 

KJ ičtoq hundred; KD ičtox; SD -ysto; T istuo; TD ičtostigei hundredth; ? 

MC totak 

KD ičtoïecki hundredth; ičtol'id'e hundred times 

Rus. sto 

2320. štoby 

К ošto: hortative marker 

Rus. štoby 

2321. stol 

KD ičtol; T istuol table; TK istol 

Rus. stol 

2322. stolb 

KK istolba: pole, post, pillar; KD ičtolbo 

KJ tolba pr. (the island Stolbovoj); SD talba pr. (a river, an island) 

Rus. stolb


2323.struž 

К istruš pr. (a town); KD ičtruc plane (an instrument); SD usturus plane 

Rus. struž 

2324. stupa 

KD ičtupen-kondi pestle [lit. pestle forger] 

Rus. stupa 

2325. siibe 

К čöbelədej- to advise; KK t'ubel'edej-; KJ čobietobo- to consult 

К čöbe advise 

Yak. sübe 'advise' (JRS 347) // Krejnovič 1958: 251 

2326. *suδe-/*suntə- ? 

RS šudešonbyla violent 

2327. sueta 

К sueta. ńə- busy with smth 

Rus. sueta 

2328. *suγurə-/*suŋkur9- 

T sugure- to stick (INTR); TK sugure-; TJ shugure-; TD sugure- 

T sugurer- to stick (TR); TK sugerer-; TD sugurer- 

2329.suguser 

KD čugučar stretcher 

Yak. sügeser or Ev. suguser (TMS 2 119) 

2330. *suk- 

K šuku: hand-made object; KJ šuku earth; KD cukun eveiything; T sukurt, 

-rukun, -dukun clothes, thing; nature, earth, world; sky; year, age, life; TK 

sukun, -rukun\ TJ shukun-\ TD sukun, -rekun, -rikun\ MU tschukún sky 

T sukiń uninhabited place; not to the point, for nothing; just, merely; TK 

sukiń\ TD sukiń 

К šukumə in vain, without purpose; KK sukume\ KD cukume; TD shukume 

T sukud-anńuol debt; penalty [lit. smth said]; TD sukud-ańyol 

T sukun-dawa, sukun-sawa, sukun-rawa cloud [lit. nature's skin]; TK 

sukun-dawa, sukun-rawa; TD sukur-rawe, sukun-sawe\ MK tschúkún-cháër 

T sukun-molyal year; age [lit. nature's joint]; TK sukun-molyil, TD 

sukun-molrele, sukun-malrile\ MK tschukún-málgal 

T sukič from an inhabited place; TK sukit from an empty place


KJ šukud-oilid'e pr. (a female spirit) | T sukun-ilijerejl, sukun-ńaarčid'e bad 

weather; sukun-lejtej- to regain consciousness [lit. to remember the nature]; 

sukun-burebe universe [lit. nature's surface]; sukuuji- to take care of, to look 

after; to prepare the dead body for burial (TR); sukid'-ewrej-rukun vagrant 

[lit. the one who walks without purpose]; sukid'-ewrej-čupče wild man who 

according to legend hides in the forest; sukiń-aŋa-uuse- to say nonsense 

(TR) [lit. to move one's mouth without purpose]; sukińband'e-rukun ordinary 

man; sukudie drizzle; sukun-daawa-ewčed-önŋie pr. (a river); sukun-mubuol 

event; sukun-loyorii washing board | TJ board | TD sukunban- disorderly; 

sukunied'i- to tell lies; to chatter; sukun-morel-monnei calm weather; 

sukun-kerec- to undress (TR); sukun-tiwe it is raining; sukun-porol kind of 

clothing 

Ev. sukume 'in vain' (TMS 2 123) 

The Ev. word is a Yukaghir borrowing. 

2331. *sukm- 

T sukmu- to grow up adroit; to grow soft (of smth dried up) 

2332.*suksə 

К šukšə piece of painted willow bark used for cleaning a gun 

2333. *suktə 

KJ šuqte pr. (the city Jakutsk); TD sukte; RS šukta; В tshukta city; ME 

tschukta city; MK tschúktaha 

T suktuul people; TK suktul 

2334. *sukujimpə 

TK sukujibe suddenly 

2335. sular 

T sular bridle 

Yak. sular (JRS 341) 

2336. *sule- 

K šule- to stand still 

This stem exhibits back vocalism, cf. the Inchoative šula:-. 

2337. sunduk 

TK sunduk trunk, box 

Rus. sunduk


2338.*suŋq- 

T suusej- to throw; to turn down, to bring down, to take down; TK susej-, 

rusej-, TJ shushei-, shushai- 

T suŋcTii-, suŋrii- to throw (in various directions); to splash (INTR); TK 

suŋdi-, suŋri-; TJ shuŋdiji- + to walk 

T suusiej- to put off; to take off; suŋaa bow-string; mes-suusej- to throw 

oneself, to rush | TJ shugurei- to throw | TK jarqe-ruŋri: ladle for ice 

The long vowel in the first syllable has emerged as the result of contraction: 

*suŋk-sə- > suγsə- > su:sə-. 

2339. *suŋulə- 

T suŋulid'uu- disgraceful, shocking 

T suŋulečle- to hate; suŋulič- to hate; suŋulid'e disgusting 

2340. *supe- 

K šuptə-qontaj- to pierce through; to carry past; ? T supte stranger, alien 

К šupedej- to pierce 

? TU *čup- 'through; to pull out' (EDAL 455) or Evk. šeptu 'through, 

across' (TMS 2 425) 

Given the Yukaghir -p-, the word may be a borrowing from Ev. or NT. 

2341.*sure 

К šure, šuže body; T sure, suru skin (of a hand); cleaned surface of a skin; 

chamois blanket without fur; colour; TK sure inner side of a skin; RS šura, 

šuren- 

T sureńe- fat; TK suruńe-\ TD surenne- 

T surere- to put on weight; sured-oo fur trousers worn next to the skin; 

suren-nime chamois blanket put on top of smaller blankets [lit. body house] | 

MC šurilo man 

2342.*susa- 

T susna- short (of a coat); to be hung high up 

T susaya- to become short; to lose sleep; susayarej- to make shorter; to raise 

the tail (of a bird) (TR); susnii- to make short; to hold out 

This stem exhibits back vocalism. 

2343. susedka 

К čičetkə goblin; KD čičetka 

Rus. dial, susedka


2344.sutury 

К suturi: long stockings made of the skin from the leg of a reindeer and 

worn over the boots 

Rus. dial, sutury (ESRD 514-515) 

2345. *suwo- 

K šo.nbə, šounbə fat; KK šuonbe, šubonbe; KJ čubonbe, śubonbe; KD 

cogońbe; MO ubońpa [rect. šubońpa] meat; ME tschuenba 

KK šuobed- to become fat; šuobeń- fat | KD cubon fat 

TU *sebe 'inner fat (of animals)' (EDAL 1232) 

2346. suxari 

T sokorii dried crust 

Rus. suxari 

2347. sverlo 

KJ čberlo borer; SD sebierle 

Rus. sverlo 

2348. svinec 

К siwińe.s lead; SD simijes 

Rus. svinec 

2349. svjatoj 

KJ čbetoi sainted, holy 

К šebeššə board where calendar notches were made 

Rus. svjatoj 'holy'; svjatcy 'calendar' 

2350. svojak 

KD saboyaq brother-in-law, sister-in-law 

Rus. svojak 

2351. *syla- 

T sila- dry; TK sila- 

T silne- dry; TK silne-, silna-; TD selne- 

T silγal'e- to get dry; TK silγaíe-; MU tschilgálet; MK tschilgónai 

T silnadagumun, silnaldegemun while it is dry; silnalya INTJ (how dry!); 

sïlniireŋ unwillingly (of speaking); silqa-d'uul jerked meat; silyane- to suffer 

from thirst; silycrya- to rustle; silyayaj- to get slightly dry quickly; silyačeńdried 

up; silγajdugurče shoes to wear in dry places; silqa dry land; 

silqa-kulube summer shoes for wearing at home; silyajlmuol pr. (a lake);


silqarke dried meat 

TU *sile- 'dry' (EDAL 1248) 

2352. *sylqə- 

TK silyaya- to squeak 

2353.*syn- 

K šind'i:-, šinži:- to draw, to pull; KJ čiŋdi-, čiŋd'i-, KD cind'i-; RS šinž'ik, ? 

-onž'im [rect. šinž'im] to pull out; M čiŋdi 

К šinžəraj- to draw, to pull; KD cinderai- 

2354.*syŋa: 

T siŋaa dish (gut filled with reindeer peritoneal fat) 

T siŋaa-ńaawijaa reindeer with a white spot on its belly and on a part of its 

back leg; pr. (a reindeer); siŋaan-čoŋd'e fat from the guts 

2355. *syns- 

K šinšaj- to shove in, to put in (TR); KJ činišai- 

2356. *syra: 

T siraa nit 

TU *sire 'louse; worm' (EDAL 1263-1264) 

2357. *syrajka:n 

T sirajkaan idol 


2358.*syrp- 

T sirbaa- to squeeze out 

TU *sir- 'to strain, to press out' (EDAL 198) 

In Yukaghir -p- can be a derivational suffix. 

2359.*syrq- 

K šarqul, šašqul toe; paw; thumb; KJ šarqul\ SD šašqul, T sisqa finger, 

paw; TK sisqa- finger; TD sečxa- clenched fingers 

К šarqul-molod'ə mitten [lit. glove of the paw]; SD šarqul-moloze gloves 

К šašquńńəjbən bear; šarqu-d'e. r-molil gap between fingers [lit. inside the 

gap between fingers]; šašqul-pa.qiïńəl thumb [lit. finger with disfigured 

nail] I T sisqad-oŋoj gloves [lit. container of the fingers]; sisqad-ewče 

forefinger [lit. top of the fingers]; sisqaj-göde spider


? TU *siru 'span between the big finger and index finger' (EDAL 1259) 

In Yukaghir -q- can be a derivational suffix. 

2360.*syrqa: 

T siryaa roughly made sledge 

T siryaadie sledge 

2361.*sysa- 

T sisna- short; TK sisne- 

K šašad'- to get torn; KD shashed'-; T sisad'i- 

K šašayəto:- ragamuffin; KD cacaxotoi, čačaxotoi 

К šašayədaj- to tear (TR); KK šešaγadaj-, šišayadaj-; KJ šašaqat-, 

šašaqadai-; KD cacoxodai-, cacaxadai-; T sisayarej-; TK sisayarej-; TD 

sisaparai-, sisaharei-; RS šašagadka; В tshashangadike; ME 

tschatschankateik 

К šašaγaj- to tear off (INTR); KK šešaγaj-; KJ šašaqaj-; T sisayaj- + to 

shorten; TK sisayaj-; TD sisahai-; SU čačágač 

К šašaγət- to tear (TR); KK šešagat-, šešeget-, šišaγat-; T sisaγas-; TK 

sisayas-; TD sisaxac-, sisahac- 

K šašayu: crack; KK šišaγu; T -sisiyuu, -sisayuu 

T sisatterej- to tear with a jerk; TK sisatterej- to break away 

К šišaγəšo:- lifted up | KD caced'- to burst (INTR); ceced'o- torn | T 

sisayasnube place where smth is cut; sisayuod'e rags; sisarqa crack 

2362.*sysqə 

T sisqa-wejse- to set off at a gallop 

T sisqune- to try to go (of a dog) 

2363.*sysqə- 

T sisqal' itch; TK sisqal' 

T sisqańd'e- to fall ill with typhus 

2364. *syw- 

T siwunaa- to start feeling pain in the stomach after running quickly 

2365. *ta 

KK ta? INTJ (come on); KD ta 

2366. *ta- 

K ta: there; hortative marker; KK ta, tar, KJ ta, ta:; KD ta-, ta:-; SD to; T 

taa; TK ta, ta:; TJ ta:-; TD ta-, ta:-; M ta; MC ta; MO tal-; BO tá; В ta-;


ME ta- 

IC tada: there; T tadaa; TK tada, tada: + then; TJ tada:; TD tada.t, tata.t 

after; then 

К ta.γilə, ta.čih, tajlə then, after that; and; KK tasile; KJ ta.čile; KD ta.cil'e, 

tahile\ RS tátila, tátil, tatil; M tačíla 

К ta.γər although; TJ taγane 

К taŋ that; KK taŋ, tan, KJ tat7; KD taŋ-\ SD -tan; T taŋ\ TK taŋ, tan, -daŋ-, 

tarn-, TJ ta:ŋ; TD taŋ\ RS tan; M tan, taŋ, taŋpa\ KL tagida, taginda; MU 

tángat they 

К taŋnugi, taŋniger, taŋńigəč then; T taŋnigi; TK taŋnigi(ne)\ TJ taŋnegat, 

taŋniri, tainine', TD taŋnigi 

К tabun that; KK tamun, tawun, tabun\ KJ ta. bun, tabun, tamun; M tawóŋat 

К ta:t so; then, thus; KK tat\ KD ta:t\ TK tat\ TJ ta:t-\ В tat yes; ME tatt yes 

К ta.nə not long ago, recently; traditional refrain in lyrical songs expressing 

sorrow or loneliness; KJ ta. ne, ta. ine 

К taŋdekle: before; after (PP); SU -tandejekle; MK -tangtschéelga 

К ta. tme:- such; KK tatmie-; KD tatme- 

T taŋun that; TJ taŋuŋat 

К tabungət that is why; TD tawunhet 

T taγi, daγi modal marker (perhaps); TK tayi that 

К taŋdəγə(-jaq), tandəyə enough; INTJ (boredom, tiredness); however; KJ 

taŋdaγa\ KD taŋdaha, taŋdega 

К taŋdəlmə meanwhile; ta:te:š- to approve, to allow; ta:γənə-tit but, 

however, nevertheless 

К tanda:, taŋda: so; there; SD tando-, tanda + that 

К taŋde. t so, this way; KJ taŋdet; TJ taŋd'i. le 

К ta.te:- to do so; tamungə then; t ay ari: there; taŋŋigəč, taŋŋiγər then | KD 

tabuŋinïet for this reason | T tanńel this; taŋ-rite as if; taŋdelek in the same 

way; taŋnigine then; tadaate then; taŋnid'ie approximately in that direction; 

taŋud'aa(deŋ) approximately of the same size; tadat, tada:t then, from there; 

tan-qańinege of course, obviously; tan but, and; daŋńe(ŋ) nominalizing 

marker | TD tennit-tandalek from now on; taŋnigilei from that time, ancient; 

-taŋdel'et, -taŋdil'et after | TK tatl'ellede then; tatler that is why; taŋun/taŋut 

that; tada. ne, tada. n then | ? MO tainang [rect. tannang] earth; ? tangmuinal 

under I ? ME tangmunol under 

U *ta 'that' (UEW 505) // JU 71-72; Bouda 1940: 82; HUV 159; FUV 64; 

Angere 1956: 69-70; Tailleur 1959a: 416; UEW 505, 527; Nikolaeva 1988: 

247; LR 158

2367. tabak 

KK tabaq tobacco; KJ taba.k, tabaq, taba.q 

Rus. tabak 

2368. tabun 

KJ tabun herd of horses 

Rus. tabun 

2369. *taγača:/*taŋqəča: 

T tayačaa thick old tree; tree of life from which all people descend 

2370.tagan 

KJ tagan trivet; T tayaa 

Rus. tagan 


2371. tak 

T taak in vain 

T taakte nevertheless; perhaps | ? В taaksha was | ? ME toaktscha was 

Rus. tak 

2372. talan 

KD el-talanne- unhappy 

Rus. talan 

2373.*ta:b 

К ta. lə saline 

TU *tala(n) (TMS 2 156) 

2374. *talqə- 

T talyate- to hide oneself; TD talrol-, talro- 

T talyičinube shelter; talyuo- to take shelter 

? TU *dal(i)- 'to close' (EDAL 462) 

2375. *talu:tə- 

T taluute- to call smb from somewhere using special magic words (TR) 

2376. *tam- 

K tatn- to put on (clothes) (INTR); KJ tami- 

K tamitə- to dress (TR); KD tamite-


2377. tambaka 

T tambakaa Chukchi child's overall made of reindeer skin 

Ev. tambaka (TMS 2 159) 


2378. *tamnə ? 

MU tamna bone 

2379. *tańe- ? 

KJ tańej- to fall down 

2380. *tant- 

K tadi:- to give; KK tadi-; KJ tadi-; KD tadi-; T tadi-; TK tadi-, dadi-; TJ 

tadi-; TD tadi-; SU tádik; M tádit, tadi, tie, taditai; В tandik; ME tandik; W 

taldelpon, tandelpon, tannevinol 

К tadul debt; KK tadul; KJ tadul; KD tadul; T tadul sale, selling; TK tadul; 

SU tadul; RS tadul 

К tańńə- to owe (INTR); KK tanńe-; KJ tańńe-; KD tańńe- 

KJ tannu- to buy; KD tannu-; TK tannu- to buy; TD tannu-, tonnu- 

T tand'e merchant, shop-assistant; TK tand'e; TD tańd'e 

T tand'ii- to buy; TK tand'i- to sell; TD tad-; SU tadut to pay; RS tanžik to 

do commerce 

К taŋd'ə- to get rich; tadej- to give | KD tannud'aye merchant | TD tadise- to 

cause to give 

2381. *taqsi: 

T taqsii pr. (a place) 

2382. tarakan 

T tarakaan cockroach 

Rus. tarakan 

2383.tarelka 

T terielke dish, plate 

SD terielketke pr. (a mountain on the Popovka) 

Rus. tarelka 

2384. *tato:r 

T tatuor pr. (a man) 

T tatuorkaan pr. (a man); tatuorńikaan amaa pr. (a man); táuorkaanap pr. (a 

man)

2385. *tatti: 

К tatti: dam used with a fish trap 

2386. *tawr- 

T tawriči- to do smth carelessly (TR) 

? В tauritsh health | ME tauritsch, tarkańi health 


2387. *tawuska:n/*tampuska:n 

KJ tabuškan pr. (a man, the ancestor of the Uškan clan); KD tabuskan; SD 

tabuškan 


2388.taz 

KK ta:s- basin (a vessel); T taas 

Rus. taz 

2389. *te:- 1 

К te:- to take aim, to aim at (TR); KJ tiene- 

TU *tia- 'to draw the bow' (EDAL 182) // Nikolaeva 1988: 180 

2390. *te:- 2 

К te:- to give; to show; KJ tie- 

? U *toγe- 'to bring, to give' (UEW 529-530) // Nikolaeva 1988: 247; LR 

147, 158 

2391. *teγinə/*teŋkinə 

TK tegine rope worn by a shaman on his shoulders while shamanizing 

2392. *tejnə- ? 

MO teineizeq body 

2393. *te:kə 

К te:kə flying squirrel (Pteromus volans); KK t'ieke; KD tieke, tiekke; SD 

tieka 

2394. *tele- 

T teletej- to turn inside out 

T telduu clumsy unpractical person 

2395. *tel- 

T tel'ie- to dry (fish or meat); to smoke (fish or meat); TK tel'ie-\ TD telle-


T tel'ied-al'ya dried fish; TK tel'ied-elγa 

T telies- to dry up (TR); TK teties- 

TD teliec-, teliesti- to make dry 

TU *teli- 'to dry' (TMS 2 231) 

2396. tela 

KJ čala:, čela: small pieces of meat which remain on the fish bones after the 

meat is cut off for drying; SD cala pieces of jerked fish 

Rus. dial, tela (ESRD 528) 

The consonant č- may be a way to render the Russian palatalized t'-. 

2397. *tela- ? 

MC telangyk dart, javelin 

2398. *telki ? 

KK telgi belt; strap 

2399. *temle- ? 

W temlelengh holy 

2400. *ten 

T ten this; TK ten; TJ ten; TD ten, teńel, -deńel 

К ten-di: here it is; here; KK ten-di] KJ ten-di this; KD tendi(i)- 

T teńi here; TK teńi, teni; TJ tenifte); TD teni, tenni 

KK tenda there | T teńiband'e-rukun simple (of a person) | TJ ten it that is 

why I TD teni-le- from here, local | TK tenit from here; tenine here 

2401. *tent- 

K tedul wealth; KK tedul 

К tetče: rich man, merchant; T tetčie + richness; TK tett'ie; TD tetčie, t'etčie, 

tečie', RS tetče, tetček; M tečä 

К teńńə- rich; KK tanńe-, KJ tańńa-\ KD teńne-; TK tenńe-; RS tennei 

К tettə- to make richer; KJ tette- to grow rich; KD tete-, tette- 

K tenda- to get rich | ? KJ tońńe- gluttonous | KD tetere-, tettere- to make 

rich; tetec-, tettec- to make rich | T tetteń- wealthy 

? FU *tenV 'price, value' (UEW 521) 

К tettə- < tedtə- < tedutə- < *tentutə-. If the comparison with FU is valid, -tin 

*tent- is the old derivational suffix.


2402. *te:nu- 

T tianu- to jump on the spot with back legs lifted high (of a reindeer); to 

jump from joy 

2403. *tep- 

T tepičeń- dirty 

T tepiïes- to soil; tepičerej- to soil oneself 

2404. *tepnə ? 

MO tepnelliq soul 

2405. *terin- 

K terində- to set one's feet against 

2406. teril 

К terir, teril clothes; things 

Yak. teril (JRS 428) 

2407. terpet' 

KD terpi- to tolerate 

Rus. terpet' 

2408. teslo 

К čöslə, časla: adze; KJ tečlo 

Rus. teslo 

2409. testo 

T tieste dough 

Rus. testo 

2410. *tat 

К tat you (thou); KK tet; KJ tet; SD tet; TK tet; TJ tet; TD tet; SU tät, tätka, 

tätyn; RS tet; M tet, tétleget, tétlegata; MC tota; BO tótli, týt'li; KL tatla; В 

tat; ME tattak; MU totex; MK tot; W totlié, dót, tiot 

? T tet-ejluok pr. (a man) | TD tet-ayi- to shoot oneself 

U *tV 'thou' (UEW 539) // JU 70-1; FUV 57; HUV 165; Angere 1956: 67; 

Tailleur 1959a: 416; UEW 539; Nikolaeva 1988: 248 

2411. *ti- 

K tiŋ this; KK tin, tiŋ; KJ ti:n, tin, tiŋ; KD tiŋ; T tiŋ-, tieŋ; TK tieŋ, tie-, 

tiem-; M tiŋ; KL tyn, tynn, dyne; В tindy, titlak; ME tiinba, tiitlak


К ti: here; KK ti, ti:; KJ ti:; KD //; TK //-; M /;'; MO ti-; В tier, ME tue: 

К ti.nə recently, lately; earlier; KK tine; KJ tine; KD ti.ne; T tiine; TJ tine; 

TD tine; MC tine; BO tyné 

К tintaŋ that; KJ ti. netaŋ, tintaŋ 

T tideŋ(ut) that, mentioned before; TK tide; TJ tiden, tideŋ 

T tigin here is, this; TK tigin, tiegun; MC typgy- [rect. tyngy-} year 

T tiegi, tieyi that; BO týngi, týńgi, týńgie 

T tigira there; TK tig(i)ra- 

K tindi:, tiŋdi: here; SD tindi 

T tidaa long ago; TK tida:; TJ tida:; TD tinda: 

T tileme now; W telaman here 

К ti:-ta: here and there; ti:-tö:n the one over here | T tiŋdaa lately; tiŋdaane, 

tidaane(ŋ) in the past; tilemetkumur till now; tiginńel there is; tidanyal'e of 

last year | TD tińda.lelek long since | TK tidaŋga last year | MC tyiedogo 

before 

U *tä/*te/*ti 'this' (UEW 513-515) // JU 71; Bouda 1940: 72; Angere 1956: 

69; Tailleur 1959a: 416; UEW 514; Nikolaeva 1988: 248; LR 147 

2412. *tiγ-/*tuγ- ? 

MC tygyndelli to lie; BO tugóń, túgoń to sleep 

MC tygyndel' yesterday; BO tugúńdeńga 

MC tygyptataga, ? tygyntandaga evening; wind 

2413. *tiγe- 

T tigilerej- to exceed; TD tigelerei- to overtake 

T tigiliči- to exceed (many times); tigetej- to go leaving far behind; tiiričito 

avoid 

T tiiriči- < tiyriči- < tiγeriči-, 

2414. *tilli ? 

MO tilli island 

2415. *time 

T tim-moŋo chamois covering of the yurt from the side tripods up to the 

smoke-hole 

T tim-raal, time-raal pole of the tripod on the left of the entrance to a yurt 

2416. *tibe- 

T tibege- to produce hollow sounds (INTR); to stamp one's feet 

T tibegeŋ, tibegel trample 

Ev. tibelde-, tibele.n- 'to stamp one's feet, to trample down' (TMS 2 174)

2417. *timpəčə- 

T timbečeń- swollen from absorbed water (of wet footwear) 

The cluster -mb- is atypical morpheme-internally. 

2418. *tin- ? 

BO -dindy to want 

2419. *tiŋe:p 

T tiŋiep pr. (a lake) 

2420. *tinnə- 

K tinnəndej-, tinnejdej- to stop for a rest on the road 

2421. *tiŋnə- 

T tiŋnii- to grudge, to skimp; TK tiŋńi- + not to let; TJ tiŋni- 

T tiŋne- stingy 

2422. *tit 1 

К tit though, still; KJ tit, KD tit 


2423. *tit 2 

К tit you; KK tit; KJ tit; KD tit; SD tit-; TK tit, ti:t; TJ tit; TD tit; SU tit, 

title; MO tip; BO týtla; KL tytta; В titlak, ME tiitlak; MU titol; MK tyt 

U */F(UEW 540) // JU 71; UEW 540; Nikolaeva 1988: 248 

2424. *tite 

К tite like, as (PP); KK tite; KJ tite; KD tite; T tite, dite; TK tite; TJ titebań-, 

titeben-; TD -dite; SU tita so; RS tytta 

К tite Го: like, as (PP); T ditel'uo 

К titeme:-, titime:-, titme:- such; KK titemie-; KJ titeme-; KD titem'e-; SD 

titimie-; TK titeban-; TJ titebań-, titeben-; TD titewon-, titepan-, titewan- 

KJ tita. t such I T titene(ŋ) so, like this 

2425. *tittəl 

К tittəl they; KK tittel; KJ titel; T tittel; TK tittel; TD tite I', titel, tite, tita-; 

RS tyttéga; MO tatel'; MK tytlag 

T titte-löl- to maintain oneself, to keep oneself 

2426. *tiw- 

K tibil feather; needles of a coniferous tree; KJ tibil; RS tywil; BO towélo, 

towélol; KL tywil, tiwida; MU tibil; MK týwil


К tibid-aŋil chimney [lit. feather hole]; KJ tibid-aŋil; SU tywyd-anil; RS 

tywid-agil 

К tibid-amun wing [lit. feather bone]; KJ tibid-amun 

KD tibińe- with wings 

2427. *tiwe:wit 

T tiwiewit wood sandpiper (Tringa glareola) 

2428. *to: ? 

MC togola eyes; MO tqo [rect. to]\ BO tó 

2429. toburaq 

К toburak dust 

Yak. dial, toburaq (JRS 387) 

The synharmonism in К is irregular. 

2430. *toδ- 

K tode:- to bite; KK todie-, toduji- 

K todi.n-d'aya: wasp; KD todin-d'aha gadfly 

К todi: tooth; KK todi:-; KJ todi\ KD todi; SD todi; TK todi:; SU tody, RS 

tody, MC todegi; BO todele; KL todypa; В tódy, -tody, toden-; ME toty, 

-toti, totin- 

KD todin-mibe gum (in mouth) [lit. base of a tooth] | TK todie- to bite; 

toduji- to bite 

2431.*toγ- 

K toy- to close; to lock; KK tog-, tow-, RS touk 

2432. *toγa-/*toŋqə- 

K toyal scum; T toyul used tea leaves 

К toyallubə-pibil sweepings of needles, snow or water [lit. needle scum] 

The vowel harmony in К is irregular. 

2433.*toγo ? 

MO togo, -togo sledge 

? TU *tolga (EDAL 1435) 

2434. *toγo-/*toŋqə- 

K toyo:- dense, thick; low (of voice); deep (of sleep); KK toyo-; KD toho-; T 

toyuo-; RS togoi 

KD togod'e- to make thick | T toyore- to thicken (of reindeer milk); toyumu-

to grow thick; toγuruol clot; toγuod'eya INTJ (how firm!) 

? TU *tekti 'thick (of liquids)' (EDAL 1412) 

2435. *toj 

К toj-toj-toj INTJ (command for harnessed dogs to slow down) 

2436.*tol ? 

KJ tol supply of food for a journey; RS tol 

2437. *tol- 1 

T toluol- calm, slow 

T toluomu- to become calm 


2438. *tol- 2 

T tolii staff; TK tolii; TD toli- 

T tolie- to support; TK tolie-, toli-; TD tolie- 

? KJ toleq crooked | T tolej- to lean, to support oneself | TK tol'iid'aa pr. (a 

man) 

The vowel harmony in T tolej- is irregular. 

2439. *to:l- 

T tuoliji- to desire passionately 

2440. *tolč'- 

K tolci:- to hammer, to knock, to beat; to peck; KK tolt'i- 

The cluster -lc- is atypical morpheme-internally. 

2441. toldyčit' 

T toldiči- to translate, to interpret 

Rus. dial, toldyčit' 

2442. *toliγ»-/* toliŋkə- 

KJ toliyat- to row 

2443.tolk 

KD еГ-tolkuńe- stupid 

Rus. tolk 

2444. tol'ko 

KK tol'ko only; KJ toiko 

Rus. tol'ko


2445. *tolon-/*čolon- 

T čald'e hand; arm; TK t'ald'e + finger; TJ čald'e-; TD čald'e\ MU 

tolóndscha; MK tolóndscha, tolondschén- 

T čald'ed-arime palm [lit. bottom of the hand]; TK t'ald'e-arime; TD 

čáld'id-arime 

T čald'e-ruske wart on a hand [lit. hand bowl]; TD čald'e-ruska, čold'e-ruska 

T čald'ed-ojče, čald'ed-ewče index finger [lit. end of a hand]; TK 

t'ald'ed-ewt'e\ TD čald'id-oiče finger 

T čald'ed-awur gloves, mittens [lit. hand container]; TK t'ald'ed-awur, TD 

čeld'ed-awur 

T čald'eńii- to make by hands (TR); čald'egi-wie- to make as a present; 

čald'e-par- to take part in some work; čald'e-wuo, čal'déed-uo ring [lit. hand 

child]; čald'e-jossuol pr. (a lake); čald'ed-amun forearm [It. hand bone]; 

čald'ed-egil back of a glove; čald'ed-oŋoj index finger; čald'ed-uul present | 

TJ čailijite- to wave with a hand | TD čald'in all fingers together; čeld'e-d'o: 

ring [lit. hand iron] 

Either the MU and MK records are erroneous and the root should be 

reconstructed with the initial affricate (*čolo-), or in T the first consonant 

was assimilated to the third syllable affricate: *tolon-č'ə > *tolod'ə > 

*čolod'ə > čald'ə. 

2446. tolor- 

TK tolora- to complete (a task) 

Yak. tolor- 'to complete; to fill in' (TMS 2 195) // Krejnovič 1958: 251 

2447. *tolowə 

К tolou wild reindeer; KK tolow; KJ tolobo, tolou, tolo\ KD tolow, T talaw, 

TK talaw, tolow, TJ to/ом; TD niongeye-tolou herd; SU tolow, RS tolow, M 

tolów, tolówok; В tolaw, ME tolláu 

KD tolod-iridie new born wild reindeer [lit. reindeer calf] | T tolon-wiije, 

tolo-wiije wild reindeer hunter; tolowijed'ii hunters for wild reindeer; 

tolon-ńorquoje female wild reindeer | TD talowi-, tolowi- to hunt for wild 

reindeer | ? ME tsholondee bear 

2448. *to:pu: 

T tuopuu pr. (a woman) 

T tuopuu-eńie pr. (a woman) 

2449. *tene- 

KJ tönmule-, čönmule- to starve; T tenmul'e- to get hungry (of animals); TK 

tenmul'e--, TD tenmule-; RS tonnti thirsty; M tonmúl hunger; В tonmulla\ ME


tonmula; ? MK jenmýljajá [rect. tenmýljajá] 

К tunmul throat; KK tunmul; KJ tönmul; KD tonmul, tunmul; T tenme; TK 

tenme; TD tonma, tenma + gills; SU tonmul; RS tonmul; MC tuimula [rect. 

tunmula]; В tonmul; ME tonmul 

T tenubuń- to starve; TK tenubuń-; TJ tönubune-; TD tenebun-, tenebuń-, 

tonnebo- 

T tönńe- voracious, gluttony, always hungry; tenme-ruske larynx [lit. throat 

bowl] I TD tonne gluttonous person; tenmen-do: necklace [lit. throat iron] 

In some forms -e- > -ö-, probably because of -m- in the following syllable. 

2450. *toni ? 

MK toni light, bright 

2451. *tono-/*toŋo- 

K toŋo-, tono- to follow, to chase, to drive; KK tono-; KJ tono-, tonno-; T 

tono-; TK tono-, tone-; TD toŋoro- 

T toŋudu- to chase many times; TK taŋudu-, taŋda:- to chase an animal 

which is in sight; TD tonno- 

T toŋore- to follow, to chase; TK toŋore- 

K tonaj- to drive, to chase; KD tonai-; T tonoj-; TK tonej-, tonnej-; TD 

tonai- 

K tojnu- to drive away; KK tojnu- 

T tond'i- to drive (many times) | TD tonaise- to cause to drive 

In the form tojnu- the perfective marker -j- is inserted into the root, cf. ono- 

> ojnu-. 

2452. *tönpə- 

K tönbə- to be strong, to exert oneself; KK tönbe-; KJ tönbe-; KD tońbe-, 

tenbe-, tonbed'i-; TK tonbe-; SU tonba; RS tonbei; KL tonbej; В tonbay; ME 

tonbei; W tonbanchk, ? tendelov 

К tönbi:- to strengthen, to strain (TR); tönbəj-iŋd'i:ńəj strong (of a man) [lit. 

with strong sinews]; tönbədej- to strengthen (TR) | KJ tönbe strength | KD 

tonbod-ileye snow storm [lit. strong wind] 

2453. *töntə- 

K töndə- to take out 


2454. *tont- 

K tondu- to stick (INTR); KK tondu-; KD tondu- 

K tottu:- to stick (INTR); KK totti-; KJ totu-, totu:-, to. tu:-, tottu-; ? MU


tóttujen to get full (of food) 

К totto:- stuck; KJ toto-, totto- 

K tottəč- to stick (TR); KJ totoč- 

K tottə- to stick (TR); KJ todute-, totute-; RS tottuk 

К tottaj- to grease; tottəyərə- to take hold of, to catch (TR) | KK tottije upper 

part of a leather glove made of cloth | SD tottiza- to have smth stuck to it 

In forms with -tt- the root is followed by a /-initial suffix, cf. *tend-. 

2455. *toŋti: 

T toŋtii pr. (a man) 

T toŋtikaaki pr. (a man) 

The cluster -ŋt- is atypical morpheme-internally. 

2456. * terras- ? 

SD tiorašnga-numa-pie pr. (a mountain) 

2457. tördö 

TK törde origin 

Yak. tördö (JRS 396) // Krejnovič 1958: 251 

2458. *törki: 

T törgii straps behind the saddle 

2459. *toro 

T torońe- black, dark; gloomy; TK torońe-; TJ tarone-; TD toronne-, 

-toroyeńn- 

T torojaγa elk; TK torojaγcr, TJ torojeγa; TD toroyeha 

TK torote-, torete- to blacken (TR); TD torotei- 

T toroje birthmark; patch of a black skin used for an ornament; TD toroye 

pitted 

T toričeń- black; TK torot'eń- 

T torojaa pr. (a woman), (a horse); torojaγa-ńanme long purple willows [lit. 

elk willow]; toraqa pr. (a man); toroqodie pr. (a man); torońej-burie 

crowberry [lit. black berry] | TK tororej- to blacken; tore blackness, black 

spot 

2464. *toro-/*čoro- ? 

MC toryny thin; BO čóríne 

2465. *torrə- ? 

В torroi marriage; ME torrei

г 

i 

2466. *totčə- 

K totčəš- to press 


2467. *töw- 

K töb- to cover; to close; KK tobo-\ KJ tob-, tou-\ KD tob-, tou-, top- 

K tubul cover, cork; patch; KK tubul\ KJ tobul skin; KD tobul; ? MC tubyla 

pit, hole 

К töbe:- closed; töbe:- to keep closed | KK tubuj- to suffer from constipation 

2468. truba 

T turubaa pipe; tube 

Rus. truba 

2469. trut 

KK trude tinder; KD trude 

Rus. trut 

2470. *tu- 

T tui7 this; TK tuŋ, tum-, tu-, -duŋ-\ TD tut7, tun 

T tuŋun, tuŋut this; TK tuŋun, tuŋut 

К tuda: long ago; KK tuda:, tuda; KJ tuda:; KD tuda:; TD tuda:; RS tudá 

T tugi this; TK tugi 

К tuön/tuöd- that; KK tuwen; KJ tuben, tubon; KD tubon-; SD tuban; TJ 

tuŋne- 

KD tubeŋinlet for this reason | TD tuŋnien-nemelek what is this?; tuŋunhat 

that is why I MO turn here 

U *to 'that' (UEW 526-528)//Nikolaeva 1988: 248 

2471. *tu:- 

T tuul load; content of smth; TK tu:l 

T tuute- to put into, to fill (TR); TK tu.te-; TD tute-, -dute, -du:te- 

K tu:dədəŋo:- full | KJ tu- to put into | T tuure- filled; tuuje-lalime sledge for 

transporting valuable things | TD dunne- to take (a gun); -dunne-, -du.nnefull 

? TU *dagu/*dabu 'content; to pour' (EDAL 1347) 

The following phonetic changes can be hypothesized for Yukaghir: 

*dagu/*dabu >tawu > taw > tu:. 

2472.*tu: 

К tu. tu: trumpet made of birch bark used while hunting to lure animals


The form tu.tu: is probably the result of the reduplication of the ideophone 

tu:. 

2473. tiibes- 

TD tuwečtereŋ by chance 

Yak. tubes- 'to do smth accidentally' (JRS 411) 

2474. *tuδe/*tuntə 

К tude- he, she, it; KK tude--, KJ tude-, SD tude--, T tude--, TK tude-; TJ tude; 

TD tide-, tude\ SU túdel; RS túdeI; M túdal, túda; MC tudol, tudalej + one; 

MO tati; BO túdol, tundele, tuńdogo, túndogo, tudól, túdole, túndole, tudole, 

tundogo, tundog'iń, tundólgo, tundóńgat, tundo-, tudo-, tuńd- + one; KL 

tudal', tundagala, tundaga, tundaly, tudale, tudal; В tundal; ME tuttol, 

-tudalej; MU tudol; MK túdol 

T tur- oneself; TJ tur-; TD -tur- 

SD tudepa they | T tur-mör- to feel the approach of childbirth; tur-qand'esto 

catch cold; tur-waa- to control oneself; tudel'uol designed for smb | TD 

tude-kode worker | TK tur-id'ie himself, herself 

The OY data clearly indicate the word-internal *-nt-. However some T 

forms, typically with the reflexive meaning, demonstrate -r-, which rather 

points to the PY *-δ-, 

2475. tuis 

К tuis basket made of birch bark; KJ tujt'; KD tuič 

Rus. tuis 

2476. *tuk- 

K tuknə nail; KD tukne; ME dukna 

К tuknəš- to knock in; KK tukneš-; KJ tukneš- 

K tuktujə blacksmith's instruments; tuktujəń- to have black spots on the face 

? TU *tokta- 'to hit, to knock' (EDAL 1453) 

2477. *tukun- 

K tukund'ə- to whine (of a dog); KD tukund'i- 

2478. *tuluγ- 

K tulugu- left; KK tulugu-, KJ tulugu--, KD tulugu left side; M tólugdat; KL 

tulugunle; В toolagi\ ME tolagye 

К tulugudo:- left-hander

2479. *tumnə- 

T tumnerii- to be reserved about; to tell in secret (TR) 

2480. *tumpə- 

T tubegej- to dash into, to run in; to fly in 


2481.*tuŋ- 

T tuŋ- to close; to cover; TK tuŋ-\ TD turj- 

T tuŋie- to disturb; to cover; to prohibit; TK tuŋie-, TD tuŋie- 

T tuŋul' patch; tuŋutej- to choke, to suffocate; tuŋuolel-sespe part of a yurt 

opposite to the entrance where the second door is situated | TD tuŋo-, -duŋoto 

lock 

2482. *tunkune: 

KJ tungunie ears 

2483. *tunt- 

T tuduruu inside, in the middle; TK tuduru, TJ tuduru, tuduγu-; TD tuderu 

T tudul content of a bag or a plate; tuduruul interior; tudulńii- to return a bag 

to the owner having put smth into it (TR) | TK dudur inside 

2484. *tuntə- 

T tudie- to pull, to drag; to carry; TK tudie-; TD tudie- 

? T tudečeń- worn out (of shoes); tudeńe- loaded on a sledge to be 

transported (of things); tudieče reindeer for transporting sledges with poles; 

tude- to wear down foot-wear on one side; tudeńii reindeer's strap | TK 

tudinite- to put on straps; tudeńi: strap; tudeńin-nona loop of the strap 

2485. *tuntəγə/*tuntəŋkə 

T tudeγa-juońel pr. (a place) 

2486. *tur- 

T turie- to offend, to persecute 

? U *tora 'row, argument' (UEW 531)//Nikolaeva 1988: 249 

2487. *tu:ri: 

T tuurii trousers; TK tuurii; TD turi- 

TU *türe:(-kse) 'boot-top' (EDAL 1447) 

2488.*tusqən 

TK tusqan about


2489. turrit 

tuttərdej- to finish (INTR) 

2490. *tylpə- 

T tilbaa- to trample down 

T tilbale- crushed; pressed; tilbačeń- flatten out, flat, crushed 

TU *tilpa- 'to smear, to knead, to squash' (TMS 2 180) 

2491. *tyŋa- 

K tiŋayədaj- to snatch out, to take off from smb; KD tiŋahadoi-, tiŋahadai-, 

tiŋahad-; T tiŋyarej-; TK tiŋyarej-, tiŋyaraj-; TD tiŋarai- to rob 

К tiŋayaj- to jerk | T tiŋyad'aa- to take from smb (TR); arare-tinyas- to save 

one's life I TK tiyŋas-, tinyas- to take by force 

2492. *tywo 

К tibo rain; KK tibo; KD tibo; SD tibo-; T tiwe; TK tiwe; TD //wo; SU tywo; 

RS tywo; M tiwonei; KL tywo; В tiba, -diva; ME typa, -tiva; MU tibá; MK 

-tywá, -tiwá 

К tibo- to rain; SD tibo- 

K tiba:- to start raining; KD tiba-; MK týwai 

К tiboyə- to blink; KK tiboyo-, tiboya-; T tiwaya-; TJ tiwoyosh-; TD 

tiwohai-, tiwoha- 

T tiwa-yaačiil December; tiwerej- to start raining; tiwen-ńieče bird which 

causes rain clouds according to popular belief 

? TU *tügde 'rain', *tüK- 'to fall' (EDAL 1442) 

2493. *u:-/*o:- 

K uj- to roast, to fry; SD uj-; T uo-; TK uo-; TD uo- 

K u:ni: roasting spit; KK u:ni:; KJ u:ni, uini; KD u.ni; SD upi [rect. uni] 

TD urači-, u. roci-, uroči- roasting spit 

2495. u:čaq 

К u:čaŋ, u. čaq saddle-reindeer 

Yak. u. čaq 'saddle-reindeer' (JRS 449) 

2496. *u:čə- 

TK el-ut'ora- to pass by; TD učire- 

TD u. čoral on the way 

2497.*u:δə- 

T uudek always, constantly; immediately; TK udek, uudek


К udo:- accustomed; T urie- 

K udetə- to train to do smth; udele:d'e:- to start | T udi- to discover an 

inherited talent in smb (TR); uudiń correctly (not back to front); uudek-uuto 

die; uureŋ gradually 

2498. *uγ-/*uŋk- 1 

T uguneŋ successfully; right, in the right time; TK uguneŋ; TD uguneŋ, 

ugune, ugunoŋ 

T ugunege(ne) by the way; ugunegii- to believe smb 

2499. *uγ-/*uŋk- 2 

T ugil' antler fixed to the front part of a child's sledge 

2500. ugol' 

SD ugil coal 

Rus. ugol 

2501. *uγuntu:-/*uŋkuntu:- 

T uguduul loose snow; TK ugudul 

2502. *uj- 

K uj- to work, to do; KK uj(i)-; KJ ui-, u:j- + to do, to make, to chop; KD 

ui-; TK мм-; TD ui-, RS uik, -ujaik; В ooil; ME uil 

К ujl work; KD uil guilt; T uji prank, mischief, naughtiness; TK ul'e 

К u:šə- to move, to budge; to row; to wave (TR); KK u:še-; KJ u:še-\ KD 

uce-, u:ce- + to nod; T uuse- + to tease, to disturb; TK use-; TJ u.she- to 

carry away; TD use-, u:se-; SU -učelek, uilol; RS ušek 

К u:šəžəj- to touch, to move; KK ušeraj-, ušed'aj-; KD ucerai-, ucarai-; TK 

userej- to miss (a day) 

К uji:- to move (TR); KJ uji- to bow, to move; to hunt; KD iči-; T мм- to 

move, to walk; to get married (of a woman); TJ u:-; TD u:-, u- 

K užu:-, uču:- to move; KK užu-; KJ u. d'i-, u:d'u- 

KK usil', м/'/Т worker; servant; KJ uši 

KK ut'i-, usi- to move; TJ uči- to fly away; TD uči- to pass 

К u:jə wing; T uje; TK uje-; TJ u.je-; TD uye- 

K ujčo:-, uïčo:- hard-working | T uuldeŋid'ie approximately this way; uujl 

law I TD ui.neye-rekun bird [lit. thing with wings]; u:yan:el-kod'e- butterfly 

[lit. worm with wings] | TK ujenej-öld'e airplane [lit. boat with wings]; 

uusiče guide; u:si stick with which one stirs the food | В ooilgaitsh to 

distress I ME uilgatsch to distress 

4


In some forms, usually before a consonant, uj- > u:-. This stem shows back 

synharmonism, cf. the Inchoative form T u:sa:- and the Perfective К ujaj-. 

2504. *uk- 

K ukej- to go out; KK ukej-; KJ ukei-, ukoj-, ukoi-\ SD ukej-\ M úkač, 

ukeimabi 

К ukči:- to go out, to grow; KJ ukči-; KD ukči-; RS ukčije 

К ukčibə place for defecation; exit; KJ ukčibe-; ? SD unziba- [rect. ukziba-\\ 

В *-ukshimba; ME -uktschimpa East 

К ukečə beam, sprout; plant; KJ ukoče; SD икосе, -ukoca channel 

К uktəč- to drive away, to carry out; KD ukteč-, uktec- to squeeze out 

К ukutəj- to carry out, to let go away, to drive out; KK ukutej-; KJ ukutei-; 

KD ukutei- + to strike fire; ? T uktej- to overpower, to manage, to master 

(TR); ? TK uktej- to win 

К uktəd'ə bedding in a bear's lair made of hay and grass; uko. nu- to grow | 

RS ukučik to make fire 

2505. ukol 

T ukuollaa- to inject (TR) 

Rus. ukol 

2506. ularyj- 

TK ulareja- to change (INTR) 

Yak. ularyj- (JRS 433) // Krejnovič 1958: 251 

2507. *ule- 1 

К ultəč- to bind; KK ultes-, RS uletečk, uledečk 

К uldə- to cavil (TR); KK ulde- to finish (TR); KJ ulude-, uledi-; KD ulude- 

K uldo:- bind; KK uldo- 

K ultə- to bind; KK ulte--, KJ ulte-, ulete-; KD ulte-, ule.te- 

K ulumu- to end, to finish (INTR); KK ulumu--, KJ ulumu--, KD ulumu-; T 

uulumu- to grow thin; RS ulúmui only; M olúmki, olúmoi, jélomui + only 

К uldəd'ə- to cavil (INTR); to answer evasively; ulerəj- to finish (INTR); 

ulerəjdej- to finish (TR); ulči:- to waste; to spend 

2508. *ule- 2 

К uldiču:- filled; KK uldet'i-; KJ uludu:- 

K uldu:- to stick; to choke; KD uldu- 

K ultədej- to fill; KD uletedei- 

KD ul'ede- filled; uledeči-, ulodoči- filled; ul'edec- to fill

2509. *ul'- 

T ul'uo- torn at the edge 


2510. *ul'eγə 

К ul'egə grass; KK ul'ege, el'ege-; KJ ulege; KD ulega; SD ulega, ulagad-; T 

ulege; TK ul'ege; TD ulege-, SU ulégcr, RS uléga, -ulega; M uléga tobacco; 

MC uliga; В oolega; ME ulega; MK uljéga 

T ul'igije water-meadow; TK uligiije marshy place 

К ul'egə-ra: stalk of straw [lit. grass tree]; KJ ulegere; T ulege-raal 

К ulege-čorqə pr. (a place of annual meetings and festivities on St Peter's 

day) [lit. grass valley] | KD ulege.nd'e made of grass | T ul'egečee place 

abundant in grass | TD uleged-oiče flower [lit. end of grass] 

2511. ulehit 

TK uliyit worker 

Ev. ulehit 'worker' (TMS 2 266) // Krejnovič 1958: 251 

2512.*ulkə- 

K ulgulə, ilgelə urine; KD ulgele; В oolgala 

К ulgumə pus; KK ulgume; KD ulgume 

К ulgelə- to urinate; T ulgele-; TJ ulgeleče-; TD ul.gale- 

K ulgənd'i- to foul I TD ulgelečei- to go to urinate 

2513. *u:lu: 

К u:lu: woven fish trap set up in spring along a stream 

2514. *um- 

T umusej- to close; to shut; TK umusej- to close; to bury 

T umdii- to keep closed | TK umrit'i- to close 

? PE *uməγ- 'to close off or cover' (CED 369) // LR 145 

2515. *uml'ə 

KJ umle pr. (a man) 

2516. *umujə/*imejə 

T umuje pike (Esox lucius); TK umuje; TD umuye-; MK imoje 

The PY root is most likely to begin with *i- while the initial u- has 

developed under the influence of the labial -m-. 

2517. *unč'il7*unčil' ? 

SD uzil almost


2518. *u:ne- 

KD unel, u.nel, unel', u.nel' six-year old elk 

2519. *unemə 

К unemə, unumə ear; KK uneme-; KJ uneme; SD unume; T uneme; TK 

uneme, unume; TJ uneme; TD uneme; SU unéma; RS unama; MC inama; 

BO inémolo; KL unemo; В oonómma; ME unoma; MK unjáma 

К unemə-ludul ear-rings [lit. ear iron]; RS unome-lun; В numa-lundul [rect. 

unuma-lundul\; ME numa-lundol [rect. unuma-lundol] 

T unemed'-uo ear-ring [lit. ear's child]; TD uneme-čo: 

TD unumud-etoŋo- deaf; unemed-oiče lobe of the ear; unume-titemiel-ńord'e 

kind of moss | TK unemen-, unumen- having big ears 

2520. *unmur 

SD unmur dew 

2521. *unńə- 

T unńe- slow; blunt; TK unńe-; TD uńne- quite 

T unńeńge INTJ (how slow!); unńerke smth blunt | TK unńer- to blunt 

2522. *unt- 

T udit white crane (Grus leucogeranus); TJ u:dil stork (Chisonia alba) 

2523. upawan 

T apawaan fringe of fur at the bottom of a coat 

Rus. dial, upavan (ESRD 587-588) 

2524. *u:r- 1 

T uuruo- painted in black 

T uuruod'e black chamois 

2525. *u:r- 2 

T uuru- to dip in (of meat being dipped in fat); to leave a herd to fawn (of a 

reindeer); to steal (TR) 

2526. *u:r-/*ura- 

T uraa- to learn, to study; TK ига-; TJ uro-; TD ura- 

T uraanuj-rukun student [lit. learning thing]; TK ura.nuj 

T uurul belief; urarid'il reindeer recently trained to pull a sledge; urarid'e

Dictionary 

untrained reindeer; uraričiiče teacher | TK urannime- school; urariči- to 

teach 

? Yak. üörän- 'to learn' (TMS 2 23) // Krejnovič 1958: 251; LR 165 

2527. urasa 

KK urasa yurt; T urasaa; TK urasaa 

Rus. or Yak. urasa 

2528. *urč'ilə 

К určilə splinter; KD určile 

2529. *u:ri 

T uuri or 

2530. *u:rinc'- 

T uurid'aa- to rock on a swing 

T uurid'aaje swing; ured'aanube suspended cradle 

2531. us 

К ušńe- hairy; bearded; KK ušńe-; KJ ušne-, ušńe- 

KJ us hair 

Rus. us 'moustache' 

2532. us' 

К uś INTJ (a signal for a dog to attack) 

Rus. uś 

2533. *u:si: 

T uusii reddish earth, clay; TK u:si yellow paint for painting a coat 

T uusiińe- coloured red; uusii-mayid'aa man in a reddish fur coat 

2534. uspen'e 

T ispiinńe orthodox holiday 

Rus. uspen 'e 

2535. *ussu: 

T ussuu gorge 

2536. *uteŋnə 

T uteŋne pr. (a man)


2537. *uttə- 

T utte-gewre- to have a rest; to die [lit. to carry away tiredness]; TD 

utten-keure-, uttele-kaure- 

T uttej- to get tired; TK uttej- 

T utteluu- tiring; TD uteli- 

T uttelične tiring; uttuod'eya INTJ (how tiring!); uttelge INTJ( how tiring!); 

utte(ŋ) tiredness 

2538. uval 

К ibol rock; KJ ibol + pr. ( a mountain); KD ibol; SD ibion-; T ibal; TK ibal; 

TD ibol 

SD iboltogo pr. (a mountain) | T iban-bibayije reeve (Philomachus pugnax); 

iban-laqil non-rocky face of a range of mountains [lit. rock tail]; 

iban-salyarii rock [lit. rock tooth]; iban-čiremedie swallow [lit. rock bird]; 

ibad-ussu low place between two hills [lit. rock gorge] | TJ iboniečiji hill 

Rus. dial, uval (ESRZ 629-630) 

2539. *uw- 

T uwaa- to kiss; TK uba:- 

The stem shows back vocalism. 

2540. *uwo- ? 

MO ubo-togo sledge 

2541. val 

К bail wave; KD ba:l; SD bal 

KJ ba.ldaj- to rise in waves | SD baldaj- to rise in waves 

Rus. val 

2542. vardina 

К ba. rd'ina: side lath of a sledge; SD barzyna 

Rus. dial, vardina (ESRD 152) 

2543. vasilij 

TK wasilij pr. (a man) 

Rus. vasilij 

2544. vdrug 

KD druk, drug suddenly 

Rus. vdrug

2545. ved' 

KJ bič just, indeed 

Rus. ved' 

2546. vedro 

T biedere clear sky, good weather 

Rus. vedro 

2547. verit' 

К beri:- to believe; KK bieri-; KD beri-, bieri-; TK bieri- 

KJ biere faith, belief | KD berel'ek right | T wieriińe- to believe 

Rus. verit' 

2548. veselit' 

KD bečel'i- merry 

Rus. veselit' 

2549. vezde 

К bejd'e everywhere 

Rus. vezde 

2550. vidno 

К minnə, binnə it looks like, it seems, apparently; KJ binne 

Rus. vidno 

2551. vilka 

К bilkə fork; KD bilka 

Rus. vilka 

2552. vina 

KD mina, bina fault 

KD bina.te- to accuse, to blame; bina:de- accused, blamed 

Rus. vina 

2553. vino 

К mino wine; KK minor, KJ bino; KD bino + vodka 

Rus. vino 

2554. vintovka 

KD mintobka gun 

Rus. vintovka 

Dictionary 447 5


2555. vlast' 

T bylaas power 

Rus. vlast' 

2556. vorona 

К parna: crow; KK parna, -parne; KJ parana:; KD -parana; SD parana 

К parna:-lebejdi: crowberry [lit. crow berry]; KD parana:-lebeidi; SD 

parqanadie-lebejdi, parana-lebejdi 

Rus. vorona 

2557. vorotnik 

KD morotnik, borotnik collar 

Rus. vorotnik 

2558. vosem' 

M wosemóda eighth 

Rus. vosem' 

2559. vovse 

К bojčə not at all; completely; KK wowt'e; KJ bobča forever; KD bouče 

К bojśə-amdə- to die [lit. to die completely]; bojśə-londə- to deprive [lit. to 

take off completely] 

Rus. vovse 

2560. vprjagat' 

К priagaj- to harness; KJ pregei-; KD pregai- 

Rus. vprjagat' 

2561. vrasplox 

KD rečpolox suddenly 

Rus. vrasplox 

2562. vremja 

KK brieme, briema time 

Rus. vremja 

2563. vsë-taki 

T suoteki still, nevertheless 

Rus. vsë taki

2564. vybirat' 

KD bibirai- to choose; SD biberaj-, viberaj- 

Rus. vybirat' 

2565. vzad-vperëd 

К ša:š-pere:č to and fro 

Rus. vzad vperëd 

2566. *wa: 

T joγul-waad-enu pr. (a river) 


2567. *wa:-/*waj-/*we:-/*wej- 

K a:- to do; to make; to build; KK a:-; KJ a:-; KD a:-, a-; SD a-, atio-; T 

wie-; TK wie-; TJ wie-; TD wiye-, wie- + to work; SU at, atei; RS at, M a, 

aatam; MC -amula; В aat, ME ad'k 

К a:nə- to pull, to drag (a sledge, a boat); KK a:ne-; KJ a:ne-; KD a:ne-; M 

anai 

К a.ńəjo:- harnessed (of a dog, a reindeer); KJ a.ńńejo-, a.nejo-; M ańeboi, 

ańeboŋi, ańelwonpa 

К a:či:- to pull; to draw (a bow); KK a.t'i-, at'i-, a:si-; SD aci- to bind, to tie 

together 

TK wajči- to take out; TD uaiči-, waiči- 

K aids- to pull; KK a:de-; KJ a:de-; KD a:de-; T waarej-; TK wa.rej-; TJ 

worei-, wa.rei- + to take out, to extract; TD warei-, uarai-, uwarai-, wo.rei-, 

uo. rei- + to take out 

? SD anta- to make, to do | T waaj- to hold; to pull | TD wiese- to cause to 

work 

The correspondence К -a:- ~ T -e:- is irregular. 

2568. *wača-/*wočo- 

T wačaγarej- to open the mouth (of an animal) (TR); TJ woča. γarei- 

T wačaγaj- to step over; to open wide (of an animal's mouth) (TR); 

wačitterej- to open smth in one movement 

U *woča 'dam for catching fish; to catch fish with a dam' (UEW 577-578) 

For semantics cf. Ost. and Rus. dial, morda 'fish trap'. 

2669. *waδ- 

K ad- firm, strong; KK ad-, KJ ad-; KD ad-, at-; SD ad-; T war-; TK wa:r-, 

war-; TD uard'e, ward'e, uoru-, woru-; SU ady; RS atčaon; KL adyi; В addi; 

ME addy 

KK aduled- to strengthen (TR); KD adulet-; T warite-; TK wa. rate-


К ade.d'a:- to place one's feet against something for support; KD adiagia- 

T wariineŋ, warineŋ firm; strong; TK warineŋ; TD warineŋ-orol- to take a 

firm stand 

KK adulbe- to get firmer | KD adulbe, adulbel firmness; courage; adimu- to 

get firmer; adie, adi, adiye firmly; properly | T waralme-, warulmu- to 

become tight; warače thick parts of a reindeer's skin; ward'e firm, strong; 

warulwerul strengthening | TD waralwa- to get stronger; waralwar-, 

uaralwar- to make stronger | TK waratej- to strengthen; waromu- to 

strengthen 

2570. *waδ-/*want- 

T waduomu- to get free time 

T el-waduolk no free time; el-waduori- to give no rest (TR) 

2571. *waγa-/*waŋqə- 

KJ ba.yaril pr. (the Yukaghir Betil clan); T wayariil, wayariil', wayirel pr. 

(an ancient Tundra Yukaghir clan); ancestor, forefather; indigenous, native; 

TD vahaharil pr. (the Qaŋaji: clan) 

T wayane, wayine one's own 

2572. *waγanə/*waŋqənə 

T wayane gland under the lower jaw 

2573. *waγarə/*waŋqərə 

T wayare, wayire long pole to which the reindeer's lead is tied; pole to 

which a trap is fixed 

2574. *waj 

К aj again; also, too; KK aj; KJ ai; KD ai; SD aj; T waaj; TK waj, waaj\ TJ 

war, TD oyi, uai, wai, way, M ai, aji; BO aj, äj\ KL aji 

T waj in soon, immediately; TK waj in too; TJ waj in same 

К aji: yet, still; KK aji; KJ aji + every, each; KD ayi + every, each; SD 

ajo(i); T waji; TK waji; TJ waji; TD uoyi, woyi, wayi 

T wajide(k), wajire more 

2575. *wa:jə ? 

BO úaje mother 

2576. *wajl 

TD uail Siberian white crane

2577. *wajntijə 

T wajdije strap tightening the two ends of a sledge steering-wheel 


2578. *wa:l' 

К a: I' near (PP); KK al\ al, a:; KJ al-; KD al'-; SD al-; T wal' + modal 

marker (it is better); TK wal'-; TJ ual', uol'; TD ol-, uol, ual'; KL al'daga 

К aïa: to (somewhere near), towards (PP); KK al'a, al-, a:-; KJ al'a:; KD 

al'a:, ale, ? atla, ? atle + before; M aljä 

К al'in to (somewhere near), towards (PP); KK -al'in; KJ alin 

T wal'be friend; TK walbe 

TJ -wolbi-, -walbe-; TD uolbe-, wolbe-, -wolbie- 

T wal'yare half; collaborator; opponent; TK wal'yare; TD wolhare 

T wal'daya quite near; walaqad'ii nearest neighbours; ńi-walienaa- to lie side 

by side; wal'yarii- to be with smb, to keep smb company (TR); wal'yar part 

of the world opposite to another; wal'yande one of two; wal'yar- contrary to; 

wal'yarie- to sit with smb and talk (TR) | TK ńi-wal'γarie- to have smth to do 

with smb 

? U *welje 'brother, friend' (UEW 567-568), S *wəj 'half (SW 169) // 

Nikolaeva 1988: 249; LR 145, 159 

2579. *wal-/*wol- 

K alms shaman; KK alme; KJ alme, almo, almuo, alma; KD alma; SD alma; 

T wolme; TK wolme; TJ wolma, wolme, olma, -uolme; TD olma-, olmo-, 

wolmo-, wolmumubo-; RS alyma; MC amšant- [rect. alman-]; В alma; ME 

alma 

К aldu- to conjure; KK aldu-; KD aludu- 

K aldud'a:- to conjure, to practice magic; to swear; KJ aludud'a- 

K alysdaj- to say invocations (TR) | KJ almo- to be a shaman | KD aluducto 

swear (TR); almad'e practicing witchcraft | T wolmomaa- to shamanise | 

TD olman-paipe female shaman 

FV *wala 'word' (UEW 812) // Nikolaeva 1988: 249 

The word shows the rare correspondence К -a- ~ T -o- after *w-. In the noun 

'shaman' -ms may be a derivational suffix, cf. köne ~ könms 'friend'. 

2580. *wala- 

T walitid'aa- stubborn; TK walatad'a:- 

T walaa- to carry along; to become keen on (TR); walitid'i- stubborn 

2581. *wal'a/*wol'o 

T wal'e price; prize, fee; dowry; ransom; TK wale; TD ole-, uole, wole 

T wal'ite- to pay; TK wal'ite-


T waluod'e prize; TK wolod'e 

T waldaa- paid; waluuji- to incite, to inspire; waluujiiče match-maker; 

instigator I TD olite- to pay; woledahan-men- to buy 

Cf. Chuk. vil (Mudrak 2003: 151) 

In wale the vowel harmony is irregular, cf. qal-dawe 'bark' where -dawe is 

from sawa 'skin'. The alternation -a o- is also irregular. 

2582. *walč'- ? 

TD el-walča:n, el-walčo:n whirlpool 

2583. *wal'qərum- 

T wal'yarumkuruo- nine; TK wal'γańumkruo-, wal'yaramkuruo- 

2584. *walt- 

T waldu- blind 

T waldaa- to become blind 

2585. *waluntul-/*woluntul- 

K aldulə frog; KJ aludule; KD aludule; SD aludule, aldula, obudula; T 

waludul lizard; TD oludule, wolodule-; В alundala; ME aluntulla 

The irregular alternation -a- ~ -o- in T. 

2586. *waŋ- 

K aŋidə- to deprive of, to do smb out of his share; KD aŋde-; T waŋde- 

T waŋaa pr. (a man); waŋaa- to lose, to be deprived of (TR) 

2587. *waŋ-/*woŋ- 

K aŋd'ə eye; KK aŋd'e, and'e; KJ and'e; KD aŋd'e; SD angza 

К aŋči:- to look for, to seek; KK aŋt'i-; KJ aŋči-; KD aŋči-; SD angci-, 

angi-, ? aji; T waŋsi- + to ask, to demand; TK waŋt'i-, waŋti- + to ask; TD 

woŋči-; RS ančik, ančiejút; В angzsha; ME angtsche; MU ángdscha 

К aŋd'ə-šepil' upper eye lid, upper eyelashes [lit. eye door]; KD aŋd'e-capil' 

К aŋd'əd-ajbi: spectacles, glasses [lit. eye shadow]; KK aŋd'ed-ajbi; KJ 

aŋd'ed-aibi; KD aŋd'ed-aiibi snow-goggles 

К aŋd'an-šoromə pupil of an eye [lit. eye man]; KD aŋd'e-coromo: 

К aŋd'əd-oži: tears [lit. eye water]; KK aŋd'ed-od'i; SD angzad-oži; В 

angzshan-ondzshi; ME angtschangt-ontschu 

К aŋd'ən-pugulbe: eyebrows [lit. eye fur]; В angzsha-bugúelbi; ME 

angtsche-bugelbi 

К aŋdə-ke:l high dry place between two rivers [lit. slot between eyes]; KJ


aŋd'e-kel- bridge of the nose; pr. (a river, a mountain); KD aŋd'e-kelge bridge 

of the nose 

К aŋd'ə-niŋiŋe:l bridge of the nose [lit. across eyes]; aŋd'a- to look at; 

aŋd'ən-emid'əgi pupil of an eye [lit. black of an eye]; aŋd'əd-abut internal fat 

[lit. eye container] | KD aŋd'ed-alhede lower eyelid; aŋčil inheritance; 

investigation | T waŋčid'aaje seeker; begger 

T shows the alternation -a o-. 

2588. *wanc- 

K azo. - early; KK ad'o-; KJ ad'uo-, ed'uo-; KD ad'o:-; T waruo-; TD uoro-, 

woro- + niggard; RS ažoi; MK ándschon 

T warajne(ŋ) early, prematurely; TK warajneŋ early in the morning 

T warajme early time; waruod'e early morning; waruod'aya INTJ (how 

early!); warajd'aa very early 

2589. *waŋti: 

TD uaŋdi, yaŋdi- spoon; SU aŋdy, RS andy; MU ángdi; MK ángdy 

2590. *waqčə 

К aqčə (sharp) edge, corner; KD axče; T waqče 

KD aqen- with edges | T waqčes- to sharpen; juodin-waqtelek sullenly | ? TD 

axčahoń barefooted 

2591. *war-/*wor- 

K arpə- cautious, careful; KJ arpa-; T worpe-; TK worpa-, worpe-; TJ 

worpe-; TD uarpa-, warpa- 

T worperi- to pasture; TK worperi-; TD uorperi-, uopouri- to nurse 

К arpəš- to take care of, to warn (TR); KD arpac- 

T ward'e herd; TK wa.rd'e, ward'a 

T worperiče, worperije guard; TD ilen-warpuriče: pasture 

К агроЛЪо:- careful, cautious | T warečuore- to take care of (TR) | ? TD 

worulubo-, uorulubo- obstinate 

Some T forms show the correspondence К -a- ~ T -o- after 

2592. *wara- 

T waral-ńitle wolverine (Gulo gulo) 

2593. *wa:rəč- 

T waaračil reddish bank willow


2594. *warwa: 

T warwaa pr. (a woman) 

2595. *wasl'ə 

T wasl'uo- quick, prompt, lively; TK wasl'uo-; TD uorsl'o- 

T was l'e adroit; waster- to make smb adroit; waslijaa adroit person; 

wasl'ejneŋ in a clever way 

2596. *wat- 

K jotni:- to open (TR); T watnii- to keep opened; 

T wat(i)ne- widely opened; watnije mouth (of an animal); watiïii triangular 

gores on the back of a fur coat; watil'ii-kuril' tassel of painted pieces of wolf 

or dog skin sewn on the hip area of a woman's coat | TK watni: trap for 

small animals 

К j- is unclear. 

2597. *watčə 

T el-watče innumerably, many, much 

2598. *wa:wəč 

T waaweče Russian; TK wa.wet'; TJ wawače, wawač, wawče; TD uawače, 

wawače 

T waawečekaandie Russian (diminutive); waawač-pime bed-bug [lit. 

Russian louse]; waawač-čoγojo knife used for eating [lit. Russian knife]; 

waawečed-aruuči- to try to speak Russian | TD uawač-ind'i Russian thread; 

uawa-tite, wawa-tite in Russian 

2599. *wey- 

K ege:- to lead by hand (TR); KD egie- to carry; T wegie- to lead; to carry; 

TK wegie-; TJ wogie-; TD wogie-, wogiye- 

T wegii loaded caravan; TK wegi:, wegie 

К ege.d'ə bridle rein; KJ egied'e 

T wegiid-ile draught reindeer [lit. caravan reindeer]; wegiin-pegiesče draught 

reindeer that walks after the caravan and leads the herd [lit. caravan leader] | 

TD wogiyese- to cause to lead | TK wegiet'e person who leads the caravan 

FU *wiye- 'to carry, to take away' (UEW 573) // Tailleur 1959a: 420; 

Nikolaeva 1988: 249-250 

The consonant *-y- (rather than *-ŋk-) is reconstructed on the basis of the 

comparison with FU.

2600. *wej- 

T wej- to turn; to move 

T jaqlaaq-wejse- to spoil; sisqa-wejse- to set out at a gallop 


2601. *wejb- 

K ejlo:-, ejl'o:- wide, broad; KK ejlo-\ KJ ejlo-\ KD eil'o-; T wejluo-; TK 

wejlo-, wejluo--, TD ueilo-, weilo- 

K ejlumu- to widen (INTR); KK ejlomu-; KJ ejlumu--, T wejlumu-; TK 

wejlomu- 

T wejler- to widen, to broaden (TR); TK wejl'er-, wejluor-, wejler- 

KK ejlu width, breadth; TK wejlu: space, expanse 

К ejləš- to broaden (TR) | KK ejleže-, ejled'e- to broaden (TR); ejleie width, 

breadth | TK wejluorireŋ widely 

2602. *wejnə ? 

MO weinog fish 

2603. *wele- 

K eleji:-, eli:- to carry; KK eliji-; KJ eleji-; KD el'eyi-, eleyi-, ileyi--, T wel'ito 

lift; TK wel'i- to carry on the back, shoulders; TD uoli-, woli-; В elléyik, 

ME ellegik [rect. elleyik] 

К el(i)tə- to hook; KK el'ite(t')- to load; KJ elete- to lift; T welte- to hang 

(TR); TK welte- to hang; TD welte- 

T weldid'ie, weldid'ieje gallows-pole; TK weldid'ieje scales 

T welie- to hang by, to keep hung (TR); TK welie- to catch on 

KJ elibe dot; T wel'ibe saddle; TK weíibe; TD olibe, uolibe, wolibe-, RS 

ellíbägi dowry 

TK wel'ire- to load; TD uolire-, wolire- 

T eluoji- to carry, to move; TK eluoji- to carry water; TD elo.yi-, el'oi-, 

eloyi- 

KK el'il pack; KD el'il, T wel'i I saddle-bag; TK wel'il burden; TD uolil, wolil, 

wolil' + node 

К elo:- hooked; elo.jə stick for driving a sledge | T wel'iče bag-pack; 

wel'ibed-eguojibe stirrup; waluolme-waluo-, waluolme-lajnu- to fight 

fearlessly almost hanging onto the enemy; weluo- to hang; weldičij- to hang 

by; weld'ii place where things for winter are left in spring; weldičnuberaal 

poles for hanging clothes on; ? eluojid'ieče driver | TD olibec-, uolibec-, 

wolibec- to saddle; woliye- to hang; woldid'e- to lead; uolibeńd'ed-ile, 

wolibeńd'ed-ile saddled reindeer | TK wel'ińe- to load on the back; welt: 

handle of a kettle


? FU *wolka 'shoulder' (UEW 581) // Nikolaeva 1988: 250 

It is unclear why some T forms do not have the initial w-. 

2604. *welep-/*wolop- ? 

MO welopgos red 

2605. *wenč'- 

T wenke passion, inspiration, enthusiasm 

T wenkeń- not meant to live long; wenkend'e-rukun promising; wed'ie poor 

fellow 

2606. *went 

К je:n/je:d another, the other; KK jen; KJ jen, jed; KD (y)en, yed; SD jan-; T 

wien; TK wien, wiell'e-; TJ wie-; TD wie-; M en- 

T wiedede otherwise; TK wiede 

К je.dəgudə to the other side; KJ jedegude in another place; M eduguda 

outside 

К jöl-göngə last year [lit. another year]; jel-gö:ləd'e: one-year old reindeer 

calf; jel-göll'ə-mejlid'ə two-year old elk | T wied'ie slightly different; 

(ńi-)wied'eban- different, unlike; wienie, wiell'e another; wiede(ŋ) otherwise | 

TD wień-čad'u: echo [lit. another sound] 

In К the initial j- is secondary: *e:nt > *ient > *je:nt. 

2607. *wenta- 

T wedegerej- to lay out; TD uodagerei-, wodagerei- to stretch out, to reach 

out 

T wedegej- to stretch out; to extend, to expand (INTR); TK wedegej- to 

stretch oneself up 

T wennii- to keep stretched; wenne- stretched, unbent; ? wedekej pr. (a man) 

FU *wene- 'to stretch out, to expand' (UEW 819) // Nikolaeva 1988: 250; 

LR 145 

In PY -tə- may be a transitivizing affix. 

2608. *we:r- 

T wierid'ie prickle; TK wierid'ieje 

T wieruu- wounded by being pricked by smth; wierid'iejend'e-burie kind of 

eglantine; ? wierid'ie INTJ (disapproving disorder, scattered things) 

2609. *werwə- 

T werwe- strong; TK werwe-; TJ worwe-; TD worwe- 

T werwe strength; werweńge INTJ (how strong!); werwejne(ŋ) strongly;


werwijie strong person, hero; werwii- to tie fast together; werwe-pelielek 

with all one's strength; werwen-uktejlek with all one's strength | TK 

werwelek by force; werwije athlete 

2610. *we:ta- 

K je.tə- to untie, to undo; KJ jete-, ete-, jeted'e-; KD yete-, yedu-, jete-; T 

wiete-; TK wiete-; TJ wiete-; TD wiete- 

KJ jedo:- unbraided (of hair); jedieš- to untie | T wieriči- to untie | TJ 

wietod'e hairy 

In К the initial j- is secondary: *e:tə- > ietə- > je.tə-. 

2611. *woγ-/*woŋq- 

T waγuo- stingy; TK woγo-, woyo:- 

T waγuod'aγa INTJ (how stingy!) 

2612. *woγo 

T waya face; TK waya 

T wayadiilie kerchief; cloths, rags; TK wayadilil fabric; collar; TJ wayadiï-, 

weyadil-; TD wahadille- 

T waya-d'umul section of an antler which bulges forward [lit. top of the 

head]; waya-monqaa, woyo-monqaa pr. (a woman); a night bird of the owl 

family; wayatej- to direct reindeer; wayad'iirte- to bridle; wayadiir halter; 

waγadiilie-ugurčed-uul socks; wayadel'il collar of a fur coat; waya-monqaa 

night bird, kind of owl [lit. face hill]; pr. (woman); wayadiilien-sisad'uol 

pieces of cloth j TD waha-relwari fangs [lit. face teeth] | MO woggoń-wogo 

forehead [lit. face of the face]; wogo-andy head 

2613. *wojo- 

K oj- to stream; TD ua-, wa- 

K ojl\ oj stream, current; KJ oil, oilie-; KD oil'; T waajl; TK waji 

К ojnə- fast (of a stream); TD woińe-, uoińe-, uaine-, uoine-, woine- + to 

flow; RS oinei; KL ojnej 

wajdije spurt; wajyuol log brought from upstream; waj(a)ya- to flow, to 

stream; wajayije stream | TJ waiyai- to float downstream 

? P *vij- 'to flow' (KESK 59) // Nikolaeva 1988: 250 

2614. *wo:lə- ? 

TD wola- to force


2615. *wolč'-/*wolj- 1 

T wald'id'e low place between two hills overgrown with grass and willows 

and with traces of a dried stream; TK wald'id'e- 

2616. *wolč'-/*wolj- 2 

T wald'uu- sour; TK wald'ij-, TD wold'ič 

T wald'aaqaa- to turn sour; to sting (eyes); wald'iče-rukun wine; wald'aya 

INTJ (how bitter! how sour!) 

2617. *wolč'i- ? 

MC olcin joy; MO woldik to laugh 

2618. *wonč- 

K ožu: thin root used as a thread for fastening boats; KK ozu:\ KD od'u; T 

waruluu root; TK warulu; RS ožol 

U *wacV/*wančV 1 root' (UEW 548-549) // Tailleur 1959a: 420; HUV 158; 

UJN 125; FUV 83; UEW 548; Nikolaeva 1988: 249; LR 147 

2619. *wonor 

К onor tongue; KK onor, ono.r, KJ onor, SD onoc [rect. onor]\ T wanar + 

talk, gossip; uvula; TK waner, TD wonor, uonor; SU onor, -odora [rect. 

-onora]; RS onor, MO geinerr, wener-, KL opor [rect. onor], onor, -onarr, 

В onnór, -narara [rect. -anara]; ME onnod'r, -nonara [rect. -onara]\ MK 

ónor 

KD onorńe- to lie; SU onornei, RS onornei 

К onorńəbo:- to gossip | KD onoreypec- to gossip about (TR) | T 

wanargi-libaγa- chatty [lit. his tongue is shaking] | TD onnor-parčáhac- to 

joke, to jest 

2620. *wont- 

K odul Yukaghir; KK odul, KJ odul, KD odul, SD odul, T wadul, odul, TK 

wadul; TJ odul\ TD odul, wodu-, uodu-, -wodul Tungus; RS odul, odún; M 

odod-, odúlgat, odúlpagat, adúlŋin, odúlpa, odúlńe, odúlpańe, odúlpala, 

odüla, odúl, odúndle, odúndlepul, odun-; MC ondyn-; ВО ońdý- 

K odun-šal, on-ža: larch [lit. Yukaghir tree]; KK on-ra:, on-dar, KJ on-da, 

KD on-ža; SU odun-d'a; RS odun-ša\ В ond-zsha 

К odul-lebeidi: blueberry [lit. Yukaghir berry]; KD odun-lebejdi; SD 

odul-lebejdi 

К odun-numö yurt [lit. Yukaghir house]; SD adun-nume; SU odun-numa 

К odul-ločil northern lights [lit. Yukaghir fire] | T wadul-laame Yukaghir 

dog (a black dog with whitish eyes)


2521. *wontur- 

K odurči-, ödurči- to fuss; to do unwillingly, negligently (INTR); KD odurčto 

stand firm; T wadurči- to make an effort, to try; to do well; TK wadurt'i-; 

TD wodurči- to stand firm 

T wadurčuore- to begin working carefully; waduduolaa- to attempt 

(INTR) I TD odurčore- to do one's best 

The alternation о- ~ ö- in К is irregular. 

2622. *wotom ? 

MO wotomtinei-ciezem clever 

MO wotom-taloze wind 

2623. xleb 

T kiïiep bread; TK kil'eb 

Rus. xleb 

2624. xolm 

TK kolma pr. (a place) 

Rus. xolm 'hill' 

2625. xolop 

KD xolop jack (in card play) 

Rus. xolop 'servant' 

2626. xoronit' 

К qoroni:- to bury 

Rus. xoronit' 

2627. xot' 

К kuš-, kiš- although; free-choice pronominal marker; KK kuš; KD kus-, kuč 

+ piece 

Rus. xot' 

2628. xranit' 

KK qarani- to keep, to preserve 

Rus. xranit' 

2629. xristos 

К kytčo.s Jesus Christ; KJ kričtoč; KD ičuč-xričtoč 

Rus. xristos


2630. xvalit' 

К qoli:- to praise 

Rus. xvalit' 

2631. *y 

T y, ya, ypy INTJ 

2632.*y:čə- 

T ičuo- to see, to look; to watch; TK it'uo-, TJ ičuo- 

T iiče, ičian, ičeen seer, prophet; ičuok INTJ (look!) | TK it'uore- to see; to 

stare 

TU *iče- ' to see' (EDAL 579) or U *oč'a- 'to see' (UEW 334) // Krejnovič 

1958: 248 (~Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988: 180 (~TU) 

2633. *yγ- 

K jayil edge, border; riverbank; KK /у/7, jeyil, ayil\ KJ /у/7, /у/'-; KD ihil; SD 

igil, igi-, -iegil, -jagul; T eyal, ayil; TK ayil, eyal; RS igil; MC egečagi; В 

ighil; ME jehyll 

К jayidə- to cut out (also while sewing); KK jeyite-, jeyidaj-; KJ iyide-; KD 

ihide-, ihite-; T ayare-, TK ayarej- 

K jayilə-a:- to wave [lit. to make an edge]; KJ iyila:-; KD ihila:- 

K jayil'ńə- to lean against | T ayaduol', ayaduol, eyaduol' bank of a lake where 

a boat and nets are placed to dry | TK ayat'i- to cut skins (several times) 

2634. *yγ-/*yŋq- 1 

KJ iyaj- to push; T ayai- to touch; to visit for a short time 

? NT *a:g- 'to moor to' (TMS 111) 

2635. *yγ-/*yŋq- 2 

T jayul', ayul', еун/'mud; dirt; sludge; TK eyul, eyul' sweat; dirt 

2636. *yγampə/*yŋqəmpə 

T eyabe waist; TK eyabe bones of the back between the shoulder-blades; TD 

ehabaŋ 

2637. *yl'- 

K il'(l')aj-, il'(l')a:- to rip up; to open, to undo; KJ illa:j-, illej-; KD il'ai- 

KD il'ailuol line 

2638. *ymo- 

K ima:- to get into a boat, to mount a horse or a reindeer; KK ima-, ima:-;


KJ ima-, KD ima:- 

K imol trained saddle-reindeer; KJ imol, KD imol, RS ymol 

К imdə- to make smb sit in a boat, in a saddle; KK imdo-, KJ imdo-\ KD 

imdo- 

K imo- to sit in a boat, in a saddle; KJ imo-\ KD imo- 

K ime:- to keep loaded (of a sledge); KK imie- 

K imodə- to pack on a sledge | KD imoro- trained (of a reindeer) | ? SD 

imgot- to mount 

? U *amV- 'to sit' (UEW 8-9) // Bouda 1940: 73; Nikolaeva 1988: 218; 

Rédei 1999: 34; LR 146 

2639. *ynabə-/*ynampə- 

K inabəlγi:- to hate 

2640. *ynčulwə/*ynčulpə 

К ižulbə tiredness; KK id'ielbe\ KD id'ulbe 

К ižulbə- to get tired; KK ižilbe-; KJ idilbe-, id'ilbe-, id'ulbe--, KD id'ilbe-, 

SD izilbe-; RS ižilwoï, M id'úlwoŋi 

К ižulbə-köudə- to have a rest [lit. to throw tiredness] | KK id'iled- to make 

smb tired | ? MO unko-loudok lazy 

2641. *yŋer 

К iŋer pit, hole; KK iŋer, KJ iŋer, KD iŋer, В inghis grave; ME inger grave 

К iŋertə- to dig; KK iŋerte-, KJ iŋerte-, KD iŋerte- 

K iŋed-oži: pool [lit. pit water]; KJ iŋer-od'i 

TU *saŋa(r) (TMS 2 62) // Krejnovič 1958: 248 ( ~ Ev.); Nikolaeva 1988: 

181 

2642. *yntə 

T idaraa later, after; then; TD idera; В indada + time; ME indada + time 

T idaraane(ŋ) in future; TJ idera. ne 

T idaraŋγa(γa) next year; TK ideraŋγa 

T ide later; idene later 

2643. *ypollə 

KJ ipollo pr. (a man in folklore); SD ippilo 

2644. *yq- 

K aqil'o:-, jaqil'o-, iq(i)l'o:- squint, skew-eyed; KD ixil'o:- + short-sighted 

К aqim aside; KJ a. qim in different directions; SD agim 

К aqim-l'ə- to pull aside; aqim-qon- to go alongside (TR); aqim-kebej- to go


alongside; to die; aqim-porqo:- crooked; iql'imu- to become squint-eyed | 

KD aximod'e-onmuney one-horned [lit. with antlers being aside] | T oqol'e 

half; oqol'ed-oŋoj bag in which accessories used by a shaman are kept [lit. 

half bag]; oqol'uu pr. (a lake) 

2645. *yra- 

T iraŋal light brown reindeer; TK iraŋal 

T irul biggest wild reindeer 

? NT *ire 'male elk; wild reindeer; smoked reindeer skin' (TMS 1 328) 

2646. *yral'ə- 

T iral'al- heavy; TK iral'a(l')- 

T irel'emu- to become heavy; iral'ad'aya(-ji:) INTJ (how heavy!); 

iral'ad'aγaneŋ however difficult it is | TK irel'er- to make heavier 

2647. *ytalən ? 

MC italon soldier 

? Chuk. itəl'ən 'being, real, existing' // Tailleur 1962: 85 

2648. ytarča 

К ytarčəpki pincers 

Yak. ytarča, ytyrča (TMS 1 333) 

2649. *ytyma:q 

T itimaaq pole for fixing a net under the ice in winter 


2650. *ywor 

К ibor, ebir, ibir wart, freckles, eruption; KK iber; KD iber 

Cf. Ost. (Obdorsk) jewər 'skin disease' 

2651. žadnyj 

К žadŋo.ŋo:- greedy, stingy 

Rus. žadnyj 

2652. zamok 

TD somok-čirčidibe cock of a gun 

Rus. zamok

2653. zaplatka 

К šašlæškəš- to patch 

Rus. zaplatka 

2654. zavedujuščij 

T sewiedissej manager 

Rus. zavedujuščij 

2655. zdorowo 

К doro. bə hello; KJ dorobo\ KD dorobe; T daraawa- to greet 

К dorobostaj- to greet; doro. bolədaj- to greet 

Rus. zdorovo 

2656. zelënyj 

К cTelonoŋo-; KD d'el'onoŋo- green 

Rus. zelënyj 

2657. želna 

К šolna: woodpecker; KK šolna; KD colna:, colna 

Rus. dial, želna 


2658. žrebij 

К d'erebə lot, fortune-telling; KK d'erebe\ KJ d'erebe; KD d'erebo, d'erubo, 

d'erabo; T sierewej 

Rus. žrebij 

2659. žurnal 

T surunaal magazine 

Rus. žurnal

Index of meanings 

abate 33, 669, 1634 

abdomen 461 

able 1862,2170 

about 2488 

above 1911 

abruptly 1129 

abscess 707 

absent 418 

absolutely 307 

abuse 17,217 

accident 45 

accidentally 310 

accompany 2065, 2240 

according 1223 

accurate 20, 713, 1643 

accuse 2552 

accustomed 1069,2497 

ache 707, 1423,2238 

across 257,300,415,2124 

add 309 

address 467, 1722 

adopt 1080 

adroit 115, 223,2223,2331, 2595 

adult 1247 

advise 358,2326 

adze 2043,2408 

affection 728 

afraid 425,466, 575, 646 

after 33, 63, 673, 704, 981, 990, 

1690,2366 

again 323,2574 

against 1340, 1713,2405 

age 1052,1393,2329 

aggressive 575 

ago 297,436, 673, 2366, 2411, 2470 

agree 1769 

agreeable 1350 

agreement 1392 

aim 2389 

air 13, 561, 778, 1786 

airplane 8,2502 

ajar 1360, 1564 

alarm 78,460 

alcoholic 1014 

alien 701, 1642,2340 

alike 1651 

alive 463 

all 184,289,316,663,1297 

allow 596 

almost 1255, 1826,2517 

alone 579 

along 290, 1223 

alongside 2644 

aloof 1794 

aloud 2060 

already 297, 1294 

also 1004 

although 2366,2627 

always 112, 297, 960, 1374, 

1416, 1541, 1623, 1693, 2027, 

2497 

amaze 1146 

amber 786 

Amen 60 

American 59 

amuse 956, 1071, 1420 

amusement 1069 

ancestor 778,924, 1749,2571 

ancient 297, 1642, 2366 

and 415,540,2366 

anew 1233 

angle 356 

angry 667,712, 1594 

anguish 460 

animal 13,463 

animate 463 

ankle 216 

another 585,2606 

answer 64, 406,486 

ant 506

466 Index of meanings 

antler 68, 112, 200, 1055, 1230, 

1437, 1492, 1668, 2499, 2612 

anus 1002 

anvil 877, 1066, 1352 

aorta 313 

apart 585, 1058 

apparently 2550 

appear 679,959 

appearance 1312,2039 

appendix 2258 

appointment 1393 

approach 1004, 1018 

approval 296 

approve 2366 

approximate 2502 

April 160,297 

apron 1405, 1459, 1538 

arbalest 18,286,632, 1921 

arch 399, 1370 

argument 560, 1393 

arm 1305,1551,1785,2445 

armful 1551 

arm-pit 2011,2068 

amulet 1683 

around 706, 1147, 1781, 1783 

arrow 74, 141, 232, 336, 491, 

698,962, 1119, 1279, 1497, 1593, 

1921 

arrow-head 605 

artery 249,463 

as 1419,2050,2366 

as if 178, 1267 

ash 875,891, 1070, 1511,2180 

ashamed 1645, 1993 

aside 1781,1794,2123,2124,2644 

ask 254, 459, 727, 959, 1008, 1392, 

1665,2587 

askance 1123 

askew 1123 

asleep 140,1142 

ass 695 

assistant 1480, 1857 

athlete 2609 

attack 404,417,850, 1098, 1393, 

1911 

attempt 2620 

attentive 473, 1670 

August It 18 

aunt 313,51 1,644, 1452, 1722 

autumn 722,996, 1014, 1344, 1358, 

1463,2000, 2063 

avoid 247,2106,2218,2413 

awake 559, 1195 

awful 554 

awl 1124 

axe 635, 693, 962, 1548, 2023 

baby 135,1799,2021 

bachelor 99 

back 213, 222, 314, 704, 730, 

981, 1061, 1340, 1380, 1386, 

1593, 1781, 1783, 1996, 2636 

background 124 

backwards 470,981 

bad 218,485,592,707, 1378, 

2079 

bag 4, 266,580, 628,932, 1148, 

1292, 1331, 1393, 1459, 1549, 

1651,2009, 2603,2644 

bag-pack 2603 

bald 436, 1849, 1968 

ball 1118, 1280 

band 1035,1061 

bandage 1796, 1804 

bandolier 1932 

bar 1707, 1757,2124 

bare 112,436,947, 1066, 1428, 

2173 

barefooted 112,2590 

bareheaded 112 

bark 5, 620, 873, 982, 1594, 1860, 

1982,2118, 2332 

barn 58,894,986,2160 

barrel 169 

barrier 1614 

basin 2388 

basis 1632, 1749 

basket 1370, 1798,2475 

bastard 1015 

bath 1912

athe 653 

bay 1666 

be 418, 1018, 1719, 1862 

beads 161,645,901 

beak 714 

beam 283, 1170, 1249, 1897,2504 

bear 112, 422, 575, 784, 1193, 1237, 

1772, 1977, 2359 

beard 74, 1543, 1913,2531 

beat 18, 313, 346, 408, 805, 

1066, 1428, 1726, 1735, 1948, 

2218,2270 

beater 1997 

beautiful 255,728, 1 101, 1388, 

1528, 2223 

beaver 168 

because 49, 112 

become 924, 1537 

bed 140,290, 1485, 1710, 1871 

bedding 273,2217,2504 

bee 2135 

beetle 326, 689, 1063 

before 95,773, 1541,2027,2366, 


befriend 96 

beg 459, 1392, 1679 

beggar 617,2587 

begin 924, 1342,2226 

beginning 839,924 

behave 1537 

behind 669,704,981, 1783,2413 

belief 2526 

believe 1719,2498,2547 

bell 1087,2062 

bellows 1944 

belly 1061, 1242 

beloved 1071 

below 33 

belt 68, 100, 542, 546, 691, 880, 

1459, 1472, 1484, 1493, 1840, 

2398 

bench 1572,2122 

bend 227, 530, 1006, 1123, 1439, 

1752, 1798, 1843, 1892, 1976, 

2076, 2300 

Index of meanings 47 ] 

beneath 1016 

bequeath 1698 

berry 929, 1047, 1600, 1721, 1942, 

2046 

berry: Arctic bramble 1118, 1780 

berry: bilberry 774, 993, 1363 

berry: blueberry 2059, 2620 

berry: cloudberry 313, 1141, 1525 

berry: cowberry 774 

berry: cranberry 774, 955 

berry: crowberry 770, 2459, 2556 

berry: currants 312, 1113,2015, 

2252 

berry: raspberry 2254 

beside 124 

besom 598 

best 1350,2621 

betray 81 

better 1201, 1643,2031 

between 768, 1393, 1651 

big 212,313, 1086, 1366, 1869 

bile 1455 

bind 2507 

bird 69, 288, 1118, 1277, 1512, 

1805, 1998, 2048, 2492, 2502, 

2612 

bird: Baikal teal 1118, 1694, 1817 

bird: bullfinch 201, 405, 1388 

bird: capercaillie 1866,1895 

bird: common golden-eye 1936 

bird: common merganser 1744,2135 

bird: common woodcock 941 

bird: cormorant 1554 

bird: crow 1118,2556 

bird: cuckoo 929, 933 

bird: duck 82, 1491, 1512, 1659, 

1691,1998,2166 

bird: eagle 241, 1808, 1998, 2129 

bird: European wigeon 1019 

bird: falcon 79, 1118, 1911 

bird: falconet 2129 

bird: godwit 306 

bird: goldfinch 79 

bird: goose 332, 489, 793, 996, 

1118, 1355, 1492, 1577,


bird: grouse 449, 1895, 2166 

bird: grebe 491 

bird: gull 198,1164,2095 

bird: hawk 300, 312, 1949, 1758, 

2118,2129,2137 

bird: hazel-hen 292 

bird: jaeger 1955 

bird: kite 239 

bird: lark 282, 1047 

bird: loon 645, 1486. 1974,2280 

bird: northern pintail 1492 

bird: northern shoveler 1001 

bird: nutcracker 2271 

bird: owl 300, 617, 1049, 1070, 

131 1, 1336, 1512,2157, 2612 

bird: pochard 1738,2067 

bird: raven 313,2046 

bird: reeve 1393,1741,2538 

bird: scoter 335, 1013,2135 

bird: Siberian jay 931, 1002 

bird: snipe 282, 1118, 1525, 2242 

bird: snow-bunting 541 

bird: stork 2522 

bird: swallow 2307 

bird: swan 313, 1492 

bird: tern 1340 

bird: turnstone 721 

bird: white crane 955, 2522, 2576 

bird: white owl 1949 

bird: white wagtail 649 

bird: willow ptarmigan 745,991, 

1340, 1490 

bird: wood sandpiper 2427 

bird: woodpecker 2657 

bird: yellow-breasted bunting 1370 

birth 891, 1577,2483 

birthmark 449,2459 

biscuit 1763 

bit 436 

bitch 1249, 1641 

bite 798, 1019, 1307, 1413, 1423, 

2430 

black 449, 1689,2265,2459,2524 

blacken 2459 

blackness 449 

blacksmith 968 

bladder 1921 

blade 300 

blame 17, 64 

blank 1459 

blanket 140,709,986,2070,2341 

bleed 64, 1040 

blend 1250 

bless 64, 163, 164, 172, 1601, 1684 

blind 668,2295, 2584 

blink 28, 694, 2492 

blister 1780 

blood 249, 553, 1040, 1077, 1231 

blow 359, 512, 1064, 1917, 1921 

blue 944, 1128, 1498,2059 

blunt 436, 1752,2521 

blurt 1789 

blush 1363 

boa 1393 

board 391, 787, 1388, 1448, 1726, 

2137, 2329, 2349 

boast 794 

boat 71,431,757, 1338, 1615, 1740, 

1795,2042 

body 341,418,623,891,976,1253, 

2341,2392 

boil 671, 1083, 1743, 1877, 1946, 

2045 

boiler 295 

bond 697 

bone 53, 216, 436, 1188, 1605, 

1627, 1668, 1770, 2300, 2378, 

2636 

book 848 

boot 24, 280, 496, 547,653,938, 

1085, 1323, 1592, 2012, 2162, 

2183 

bore 1124 

bored 782, 1091 

borer 2347 

boring 436, 447, 474, 572, 782, 890, 

2039 

born 694, 1197, 1577, 1853 

bosom 1253 

boss 1029

oth 415, 1146, 1147, 1393 

bottle 185 

bottom 33, 114,387, 1002, 1749 

bough 273 

bow 120, 141, 421, 1093, 1119, 

1334, 1340, 1497, 2076 

bowels 1047 

bowl 228,229,2303 

bow-string 2338 

box 658,1806 

boy 855 

bracelet 999, 1551 

brag 855 

braid 1153 

brain 135,689,1153 

brake 798,2261 

branch 273,491,2217 

brave 436, 1029 

bread 1112,2623 

break 199, 300, 798, 858, 1038, 

1927, 2068, 2270, 2361 

breakfast 1666 

breast 614, 1188, 1459,2242 

breastbone 2242 

breast-feed 614 

breath 13, 1112, 1443 

breathe 13,217,436, 1963 

bride 2316 

bridegroom 1772,1876,2006 

bride-price 1160,1722 

bridge 1839,2587 

bridle 1833,2335,2612 

bright 1860 

brim 1896 

bring 772, 806, 910, 1004, 1707, 

1783,2258 

bring up 1080 

brittle 858 

broad 787 

broaden 787,2601 

brook 574,2228 

broom 801 

broth 614 

brother 29, 96, 189, 212, 313, 

403,430, 855, 1337, 1393, 1536, 


1977, 2037 

brother-in-law 780, 1337, 1831, 

1930, 2350 

brown 202, 2265 

brushwood 875, 1070, 1520,2217 

bubble 1921 

bucket 1014 

bud 1370,1819 

budge 1526 

bug 2598 

build 2567 

bulge 1010,1735,2118 

bullet 1932 

bump 686,2146 

bunch 2269 

bundle 697, 1481 

burden 1839,2603 

burn 476, 1043, 1616, 1791, 1986, 

2275 

burst 741, 779, 1099, 1322, 1522, 

1605,1948,2045,2270,2361 

bury 892,894,2514,2626 

bush 1010 

busy 2327 

but 373,2366 

butt 300, 1503, 1548, 1668 

butter 1168 

butterfly 125, 389, 467, 2026, 2173, 

2502 

buttocks 1002, 1061, 1378 

button 720, 1707, 1747 

butt-stock 981 

buy 1393,1872,2380,2581 

buzz 1279, 1311 

by 684 

cackle 48 

cake 1039 

calendar 199 

calf 280, 603 

call 406, 1392,2375 

callous 1947 

calm 330,436,817,997, 1069, 1634, 

2304, 2437 

calm down 26


camp 981, 1142, 1666, 1716,2313 

candle 859, 1023 

candlestick 1023 

candy 883 

canyon 980 

cap 700 

cape 2172 

capricious 194 

car 1166 

caravan 1333,2599 

cards 759 

care 210, 301,349, 1185, 1643, 

1879, 2329, 2591 

careful 441,463, 1617,2591 

careless 1175, 1177,2386 

caress 728,2212 

carpenter 2118 

carry 300, 806, 1014, 1071, 

1197, 1288, 1321, 1839, 1844, 

1870, 2065, 2185, 2340, 2502, 

2504, 2580, 2599, 2603 

cartilage 1926 

cartridge 1213 

cash-box 1872 

cashier 1872 

castrate 1075,1379,2270 

catch 166,290,337,340, 417, 546, 

1109, 1493, 1508, 2198, 2454, 

2603 

caterpillar 878 

cattle 2247 

cauldron 174.327,1122,1618 

cause 90 

caviar 1459 

cavil 2507 

cavity 2068 

ceiling 689, 1450 

cell 2138 

cellar 1836, 1957,2268 

censure 67 

central 1705 

chain-mail 295 

chair 2122 

chamois 778, 1340, 1450, 1500, 

1719,2293,2524 

champ 234, 1256, 1362, 1887 

chance 2473 

change 924, 1573, 1580, 1795,2054, 


channel 1605,1655,1919,2504 

character 1701 

charge 1213 

chase 850,2451 

chat 1256 

chatter 925, 1751, 1877,2176,2329 

chatty 1751,2619 

check 694, 839 

cheek 1319, 1767, 1841,2087 

cheek-bone 1878 

cheerful 199,253,436 

chess 2178 

chest 1364,2118 

chew 798,1319 

chief 689 

chieftain 87 

child 442, 514, 981, 1118, 1268, 

1459, 1552, 1577, 1851 

chilly 2054 

chimney 2426 

chin 216,275, 1340, 1543 

chip 798, 1038, 1070, 1612,2181 

chipmunk 348 

chirp 321 

chock 2118 

choke 224, 841, 1221, 1260,2107, 


choose 2298,2564 

chop 693, 877 

Chukchi 350,436, 1771 

church 2048 

churn 1330 

Chuvan 2265 

cinema 834 

circle 340, 1620, 1781,2144 

city 1462,2332 

claw 53,993 

clay 525, 1388, 1661,2091 

clean 289, 806, 1471, 1774 

clear 436,2066,2174 

clearing 436

cleft 1117 

clerk 2296 

clever 358, 1314,2595,2622 

climb 1290,1911 

cling 1137 

close 21,28, 242, 321, 436, 1145, 

1225, 1439, 2261, 2431, 2467, 


clot 2434 

cloth 229, 1364, 1405, 1451, 1459, 

1538, 1722, 2612 

clothes 483, 1424,2329,2406 

cloud 436, 449, 1399, 1666, 2018, 

2173,2329 

clumsy 2394 

clutch 569,953 

coal 1396,1986,2500 

coat 140, 281,496, 587,606, 804, 

808, 812, 955, 967, 1137, 1246, 

1381, 1579, 1911, 2061, 2148, 


cock 286,2158,2652 

cockle 167 

cockroach 2382 

coffin 1 17, 707, 1552, 1572, 2118, 

2160 

coil 2106,2124,2155 

cold 221,245,436,2000,2474 

collaborator 2578 

collar 470,2211,2557,2612 

collar-bow 1364 

collect 111,713, 1651 

colour 674, 1640,1860,2213,2296, 

2341 

column 1386 

comb 97, 1153,2164 

come 778, 1004 

comfort 1069 

commerce 2380 

companion 784 

company 784,2578 

compete 1393 

competition 1071, 1393, 1562 

complain 96, 1340 

complete 2446 


completely 175, 179, 663,2081, 


concave 906, 1798 

condescension 485 

confess 2118 

confuse 1250 

confusion 138 

conjure 64, 2579 

consciousness 13,1670,2329 

console 2283 

constellation 1707 

constipation 2467 

consult 2326 

container 135,945,2035 

content 2471,2483 

contradict 1340 

contrary 1862,2578 

control 2474 

conversation 64 

convex 1780 

cook 1192, 1743,1946 

cool 245,548,2000 

coolness 2054 

copper 1176, 1524 

coquettish 1221 

cord 216, 1263 

corner 321, 1822, 2318 

correct 1643,2497 

Cossack 762 

cough 668, 1127 

count 358 

courage 2569 

cousin 29, 139, 189,313,403, 432, 

450, 482, 511, 595, 644, 855, 

1452, 1536, 1722, 1930,2037 

cover 140, 315, 894, 963, 986, 995, 

1221, 1493, 1854, 2018, 2158, 

2217, 2467, 2481 

covering 598, 1450,2158,2415 

cow 902 

coward 991 

crack 652, 877, 1124, 1522,1635, 

1649,2146,2176, 2361 

cradle 135,1577,1803,2530 

craft 223, 1849


craftsman 223 

crash 2146 

crave 217 

crawl 1799 

cream 614 

cripple 1633,2270 

crook 622, 1123, 1526, 1892,2438, 

2644 

crop 2013 

cross 300,424,915, 1340 

cross-bar 565 

crowd 267, 1540, 2269 

crown 2118 

cruel 1765 

crumb 798,917 

crumble 798,917, 1058 

crumple 2261 

crunch 1520 

crush 798,2286,2490 

crust 1113,2239,2346 

crutches 907 

cry 64, 617, 732, 745, 1626, 1696, 

2047 

cub 1014 

culture 942 

cunning 737, 1295 

cup 228,229, 1911,2118 

cupboard 77 

curdle 1952 

cure 457,971, 1643 

curl 1526,2269 

curtain 1441, 1500 

curve 227, 357, 862, 1485, 1798, 

1970 

custom 583, 1240, 1749 

customer 1393 

cut 62, 283, 300, 309, 682, 693, 877, 

1070, 1309, 1313, 1322, 1624, 

2118, 2361,2633 

dairy 614 

dam 2385 

damnation 485 

damp 1658, 1681 

dampness 455 

dance 570, 1095 

dandruff 1138, 1246 

dangerous 596, 1185, 1987 

dangle 801, 1025, 1034 

dare 1643,2250 

dark 284,449, 1398 

darken 449 

darling 433, 777, 1421 

dart 1341,2397 

dash 217,417, 1860,2480 

daughter 1160, 1337, 1722 

dawn 199 

day 199, 578, 944, 1226, 1534, 1860 

daze 2203 

deaf 436, 2519 

dear 728 

death 13,54,707 

debt 2329,2380 

decay 297 

deceive 17,714,825,2019 

December 1386,1707,2492 

decorate 206,475 

decoration 1188,1459,2029 

decrease 2047 

decrepit 297, 1100 

deep 240, 325, 608, 2434 

defeat 773,2060 

defecate 465, 1282, 1927, 1967 

defecation 2504 

defend 210, 1987 

delay 436, 2032 

deliver 1577 

demon 828 

den 135 

dense 1924,2434 

depend 546 

deprive 2559,2586 

depth 240 

derision 958 

descendant 1478 

design 2474 

desire 1679,2439 

desk 1454 

despair 217 

destroy 316, 1565,2021

deteriorate 1378 

devil 436, 694, 712, 770, 929, 1367 

dew 1117,1658,2520 

diaphragm 37,2242 

diarrhoea 1845 

die 13,54,287,316,418,707,1252, 

1415, 1807, 2196, 2497, 2537, 

2559,2644 

different 585, 1467, 1495, 1566, 

2606, 2644 

difficult 1100,1879,2646 

difficulty 217, 1308 

dig 908,2025,2043,2641 

digestive 62 

dignity 1824 

diligent 20, 1528 

diminish 188,1415 

dip 1172,1743,2525 

direct 1783,2612 

direction 436,662, 1371,2366 

directly 577 

dirt 949, 1697,2635 

dirty 215,949,1104,1361,2403 

disappear 62,211,418,438, 1996 

disappoint 47 

disapprove 1126 

disarrange 998 

discover 2497 

disdain 485 

disease 73, 101, 151,230,707, 1657 

disgust 485, 835, 2339 

dish 2354,2383 

disk 37, 142, 685 

dislike 485 

dismember 879 

disorder 22, 1606,2256,2329 

disperse 998 

distribute 2173,2174 

disturb 176,1216,2086,2481,2502 

dive 62,366 

diverge 1324 

diverse 1297 

divide 300, 1067, 1654, 1961,2024, 

2174 

divorce 1870 


do 773, 924, 1393, 2502, 2567, 2578 

doctor 1643 

doctrine 2048 

dodge 1983,2106 

dog 987, 1044, 1246, 1722, 1937, 

2015,2154, 2254, 2620 

door 74, 869, 1680, 2197, 2200, 

2215 

dot 2603 

double 1393,1552,2078 

doubt 17 

dough 2409 

down 33, 1016, 1070, 1072, 1246, 

1752, 2060 

downstream 1016, 2613 

dowry 1160,2603 

doze 1142 

drag 1321, 1513 

dragon 1687 

dragon-fly 1002 

drake 855 

draught 1064 

draw 1751,2065,2296,2353,2567 

drawback 835 

dream 140,358,709,1552 

drench 1658, 1681 

dress 253, 707, 798, 797, 1133, 

1288, 2376 

drift 405, 1989 

drill 287, 1605, 1724,2068 

drink 1014, 1126, 1132, 1659 

drip 371,2228 

drive 417, 659, 850, 1800, 1901, 

1210, 2451,2603 

driver 68 

drizzle 1811,2329 

droop 1034 

drop 402, 793, 1107, 1567, 1658, 

1927 

dropsy 802, 1921 

drown 287,371 

drum 1672 

drumstick 628, 1726 

drunk 1014, 1126 

dry 774, 875, 1221, 1837, 1841,


2045,2351,2395 

dull 436 

dumb 436, 1410 

dump 835 

duration 290 

during 199 

dusky 1411,1430 

dust 703, 1511, 1921,2429 

dwelling 1450 

each 764, 1654 

ear 2050,2482,2519 

earflap 1248 

early 199,981,2411,2588 

ear-ring 2519 

earth 1117, 1661, 2329, 2366, 2533 

East 470,671, 1302,2504 

easy 827 

eat 74,221,463,641, 1019, 1135, 

1319, 1667, 1743 

echo 211,692,2606 

edge 524, 1613, 1614, 2173, 2202, 


egg 25,288,625, 1512, 1577, 1998 

eglantine 2219,2608 

eight 1147,1263,2558 

either 608 

elastic 1006 

elbow 1551,1597,1970 

elder 29, 139,212, 855 

elect 1743 

elevation 1839 

elk 313,422,463, 1074, 1088, 1186, 

1340, 1349, 1370, 1668, 1720, 

1785, 1913, 2154, 2156, 2305, 

2459, 2518, 2606 

eloquent 74 

embarrass 17, 1645 

embrace 62 

embroider 2296 

embroil 858 

emit 1555 

empty 436, 1394, 1960,2072,2329 

enclosure 895 

end 128, 248, 418, 839, 1240, 1773, 


enemy 1393, 1771 

energetic 115,711,2002 

enough 890, 1201, 1343, 1773, 1815, 

2002, 2235, 2366 

entangle 1804 

enter 1196,2215,2258 

entertain 1069, 1071 

entice 1830 

entirely 2303 

entrails 1263, 1459 

entrance 2481 

envious 17,1888 

envy 2055 

epidemic 1841 

equally 552 

erect 1380 

ermine 351, 531, 1 118 

escape 665, 738, 1853, 1983 

especially 1374 

Even 14,498 

even 154, 594 

evening 140,726,2412 

event 2329 

every 199,316,2574 

everybody 316 

everything 20,663, 1544,2329 

everywhere 1693,2549 

evil 67,592,712,929 

exaggeration 64 

example 550, 1861 

exceed 2413 

except 324,2292 

excess 1366 

exchange 1204, 1393 

excite 1723 

excrement 465, 1834, 1967 

excrescence 1868, 1954, 2118 

excruciating 734 

exert 2452 

exhalation 13 

exhaust 1428, 1499 

exist 1018 

exit 2504 

expectorate 1310

expense 1475 

experience 247 

explode 779,2045 

extend 1783,2607 

extinguish 287 

extra 1065 

extract 2567 

extraordinary 385 

eye 657, 694, 1249, 2428, 2587 

eyebrows 694,2587 

eyelashes 694 

eyelid 33, 694, 2587 

eye pupil 694 

fabric 2612 

face 1248,1340,2612 

fail 217 

faint 1112, 1428,2270 

fair 1632,2269 

faith 2547 

fall 360, 417, 793, 1107, 1415, 

1341, 1567, 1844, 2379 

fall down 1567,2153 

fall off 1560 

family 792,924, 1450 

famous 1980 

fang 2612 

far 242,297, 415, 650, 669,673, 

735, 800, 1000, 1187 

farewell 1906 

fart 1952 

fast 321, 1829,2613 

fasten 1921,1931 

fat 317, 329, 463, 590, 909, 1061, 

1365, 1867, 2285, 2341, 2345, 


fate 1784 

father 56,403, 1599 

fatiguing 1006 

fault 1692,2552 

favour 463 

fawn 2525 

fear 466 

feather 470, 1913,2426 

February 199, 1118, 1603 


fee 2581 

feeble 891 

feed 313, 463, 1019, 1402, 1667, 

1727, 1743 

feel 417,959, 1177 

fellow 2605 

female 720, 1577, 1722 

fence 785,957 

fencing 598, 1614 

fetch 1197, 1320 

fever 1063 

few 188, 1964 

fidgety 850 

fifty 110 

fight 102, 822, 892, 984, 1533, 1562, 

2603 

file 290, 1198, 1454 

fill 135,1058,1896,2471,2508 

film 823 

fin 1627, 1797 

finally 1973,2002 

find 1533 

fine 827 

finger 436, 704, 773, 981, 1305, 

1705, 1792, 2007, 2359, 2445 

finish 128,265,289,438,696,839, 

1415, 1565, 1781,2489,2507 

fire 476, 678, 724, 859, 1070, 1112, 

1215, 1438, 1450, 1716, 1827, 

1977, 2504 

fire-arms 120 

fire-brand 1070 

fireplace 461,618, 1070 

firm 313, 329, 338, 555, 822, 2569 

first 95,442,773, 1698 

fish 69, 221, 356, 736, 743, 774, 937, 

1426, 1493, 1501, 1627, 1681, 

1711, 1797, 2138, 2179, 2395, 

2396, 2602 

fish: Amur ide 53 

fish: Arctic cisco 1648 

fish: burbot 905, 1340, 1386 

fish: crucian carp 628, 755 

fish: eel 268 

fish: goby fish 1340


fish: grayling 1315, 1592 

fish: herring 2192 

fish: lenok 436 

fish: minnow 1287, 1318 

fish: omul 84 

fish: peled 148,1130 

fish: perch 1611 

fish: pike 2184, 2516 

fish: quillback fish 1685 

fish: salmon 1482,1543,1709 

fish: sheefish 313, 1550 

fish: sterlet 2231 

fish: sturgeon 1597 

fish: whitefish 290, 491, 657, 797, 

1283,2179 

fisherman 2138 

fist 1271 

fit 1651,2065,2258,2270 

five 110,568, 1393, 1820, 1911 

flame 1190, 1396 

flap 119 

flash 238, 1070 

flat 1117, 1340,2115,2137,2490 

flatten 321 

flea 286, 900 

flee 371 

flesh 341, 1823, 1911 

flexible 115 

flick 2279 

flint 1070,2314 

flirt 194, 1418, 1722 

float 108, 402, 1099, 1874, 1921, 

2228 

flock 699 

floor 598, 1047 

flour 798, 1112, 1661 

flow 402,556, 1393,2613 

flower 1047, 1850, 1927, 2036, 


fluffy 1055 

flutter 51, 166, 1034, 1209 

fly 251,818, 1046, 1209, 1446, 

1916, 1918, 2480, 2502 

foal 1381 

foam 1361,2257 

fog 204, 1731,2158 

follow 839, 1830, 1945, 1997,2124, 

2190, 2451 

fond 1155 

fondle 1577 

fontanel 844, 1456 

food 1019, 1074 

fool 30,400, 1126, 1651,2168 

foot 72, 114, 216, 1592, 1793, 2070 

for 426,313 

forbid 436,596,811,839 

force 247,2230,2491,2609,2614 

forearm 999,2445 

forefather 2118 

forefinger 2359 

forehead 689,2612 

forelegs 1785 

foreman 2315 

foresee 1594 

foresight 120,577,773, 1195 

forest 314,449,2118 

foretell 1728 

forever 2559 

forge 877, 1066 

forget 636, 709, 1861 

forgive 1861, 1907 

fork 491, 662, 1019, 1530, 1593, 


form 518, 1749 

fortress 1592 

fortune 1054 

forty 689 

forwards 773 

foul 67,2512 

foundation 2202 

four 499, 672, 1425 

fox 599,626,714, 831,939,1079, 

1373, 1388, 1433,2154, 2245 

fragile 1926 

frail 844 

frame 491, 1614 

free 1514,2570 

freeze 221,657,722, 1151, 1493 

fresh 136,600,1233 

friable 1525

friend 96, 767, 784, 946, 1393, 2578 

fright 554 

frighten 17, 233, 251,338,466, 

554, 575, 1063, 1208, 1435, 1870 

fringe 138, 314, 706, 1404, 1450, 

1502, 1662, 2274, 2523 

frog 2585 

frolic 2212 

front 773, 1081, 1228, 1248, 1705 

frost 221,245,722, 1581, 1658 

frown 1529,2058 

fry 1986,2493 

frying-pan 295 

fuel 273 

fugitive 2218 

full 88,317,463, 1053, 1126, 1855, 

1896, 2047, 2454, 2471 

fumigate 1837 

fun 1071,1126,2272 

fungus 2118 

fur 302, 947, 1010, 1060, 1101, 1459, 

1538, 1848, 1913, 1926, 2373 

furnace 1944 

further 650, 669, 673 

furuncle 1056, 1458 

fuss 78, 1250,2621 

future 2642 

gadfly 602,948, 1257,2430 

gain 1643 

gaiety 253 

gall 1547 

gallop 850,2155,2362,2600 

gallows 2603 

game 85, 1041, 1071, 1604 

gap 456, 2359 

gather 111, 134, 852, 924, 2155, 

2269 

generation 1263 

gentle 436, 997 

gesture 200 

get 417, 1004 

get on 1643 

get out 149 

get up 924, 1666 


ghost 344, 554, 677, 694, 929, 1367 

gills 69,2449 

gird 1459 

girl 72, 139,451, 1042, 1160, 1722, 

1978 

give 772, 1192, 2174, 2380, 2390 

give up 1571 

glad 20, 1950 

glade 329,436 

gland 1391,2572 

glass 229,685, 1943,2286,2312 

glove 112,1261,2359,2454 

glow 329 

glue 103, 719,945, 1649 

glutton 945, 1019, 1061, 1969,2401, 

2449 

gnaw 1413,1520 

go 300,806, 1723, 1927,2065 

go down 1221, 1660 

go out 1453, 1853, 1927,2504 

go up 1707 

goal 2134 

goblin 770, 1047,2343 

God 64,374,2048 

goddess 1117 

godfather 1577,2048 

godmother 2048 

godparents 2048 

goggles 2587 

gold 1363 

good 659,1643 

good-natured 1011 

gore 2596 

gorge 2535 

gossip 1577,2619 

governor 536 

gradual 88,609,2497 

grain 919 

grandchild 1577 

grandfather 944, 1977,2037 

grandmother 139,482 

grasp 1129,1197 

grass 1193,1780,2510 

grave 418, 891,2118,2641 

graze 487, 566, 1480


grease 215, 1250,2454 

great-grandfather 56, 297, 924 

great-grandmother 313,482 

greedy 297,564,2651 

green 774,1498,1850,2059,2154, 

2656 

greet 1340,2655 

greetings 728 

grey 2154, 2265 

grief 1760 

grieve 210, 1760 

grin 1564 

grip 1526 

groan 2107 

groin 1253 

groove 1586 

ground 39, 434, 722, 1117 

grove 314, 449 

grow 965,2504 

growl 560, 1026, 1564,2209 

growth 1206 

grudge 835,2421 

grumble 2214 

guard 96,487, 1480, 1588,2591 

guest 1480,2163 

guide 1908,2065,2240,2502 

guilt 181,2502 

gull 2099 

gum 1847,2135,2430 

gun 120,295,929,21 17,2554 

gurgle 234,2107 

gusset 1085 

gut 2354 

hail 657,2204 

hair 143, 689, 1010, 1044, 1153, 

1246, 1386, 1406, 1913, 2096, 

2183,2531,2610 

half 416, 998, 1961, 2578, 2644 

hall 935,2200 

halo 888 

halter 2612 

hammer 1046, 1066, 1400, 2118, 

2440 

hand 1551, 1884, 2445 

handful 892 

handle 1183, 1197, 1249, 1503,2603 

handsome 1340 

hang 203, 1025, 1034, 1044, 1137, 

1380, 1707, 2038, 2342, 2603 

happen 472, 1862 

happiness 1155 

happy 20, 1155, 1784, 1950 

hard 115,329, 1327,2281 

harden 555 

hardly 131,436, 1383, 1633, 1708 

hardness 555 

hare 312, 1229, 1370, 1409, 1600 

harm 188 

harness 52, 91, 1651, 1800,2560, 


harsh 1099 

harvest 1651 

hat 716, 954, 1101, 1248, 1280, 

1605 

hatchet 520 

hate 485, 2339, 2639 

have 1018 

haze 694 

he 2474 

head 470, 689, 689,844,860, 1153, 

1340,1563,2234 

headache 2132 

headland 1370 

heal 2261 

healthy 436, 444, 1643 

heap 1010 

hear 1177, 1195 

hearing 1177 

heart 1459,2218 

heat 1912 

heavy 1440,2646 

heel 216 

height 1911 

hello 2655 

help 210,408, 1993 

hem 1137 

hen-harrier 1049,2265 

herb 649 

herd 341,855,1462,2311,2368,


herdsman 557 

here 63, 65, 415, 578, 1175, 1225, 

1964, 2031,2400, 2411,2470 

heritage 197 

hero 170,436,1987,2609 

hesitate 689 

hiccup 562 

hide 96, 143, 823, 1472, 1996,2374 

high 313, 1911,2587 

hill 33,72, 305, 314,724,868,879, 

1280, 1302, 1429, 1523, 1677, 

1948, 2078,2118,2153,2277, 

himself 2474 

hiss 345, 1877 

hit 698, 1726,2150 

hoary 1581 

hold 1250,2567 

hold out 2342 

hole 124, 470, 858, 1014, 1124, 

1605,1649, 2043,2068 

holiday 1723,2048,2534 

hollow 314, 1263, 1377,2176 

holy 2349,2399 

home 272 

homeland 1047,1197 

honest 120,659 

honey 2135 

honour 262,313 

hoof 1657,2083 

hook 142, 229,680,718,861,1019, 

1097, 1593, 1806, 2044, 2086, 

2118, 2603 

hoop 74 

hooves 1657 

hope 493, 1185, 1267, 1345, 1651 

horizontal 135 

horn 1668,2644 

horrify 1435 

horse 649, 1326 

horsehair 276 

horsemen 649 

horse-tail 1488 

host 891, 1450 

hot 774, 1048, 1912 


hound 816 

house 367,649,756, 1450, 1710 

housewife 1450 

how 439, 1028,2039 

however 382, 1582, 1964, 2039, 

2366 

howl 567,1120, 1564 

human 37, 891, 1465 

humble 485 

humid 1084 

humiliate 313 

hummock 1780, 1948 

hump-backed 530, 1097 

hundred 824,2319 

hung 1707 

hunger 2449 

hunt 487, 1388, 1433, 1450, 1904, 

2117, 2447,2502 

hunter 487, 1997 

hurry 321, 1009, 1646 

hurt 1994 

husband 621,675,891, 1393, 1772, 

1930, 2034,2140 

hysterics 1435,2159 

I 891, 1203, 1221 

ice 657, 1121, 1849,2226 

ice-hole 35,311, 1596, 1598, 1905 

identical 1393 

idle 90, 1157 

idol 703,891, 1674,2130,2357 

if 397, 415, 513, 746, 1050, 2064, 

2187 

ignore 585 

ill 270,300,707, 1594 

illegitimate 96 

illness 707 

image 1340 

imitation 1327 

immediate 1646,2057 

impregnate 453 

incantation 1684 

incense 973 

incidentally 2108 

incite 2581


inclined 283 

increase 1366, 1462, 1838 

indeed 384,439, 1018 

independent 1018 

indifferent 1623 

indigenous 2571 

inevitable 1883 

infect 299 

infection 437, 1779, 2015 

inform 105,1177,1220,1665 

inherit 1650 

inheritance 1650,2587 

inject 2505 

ink 1454 

inlay 1319 

inner 2078 

innumerable 2597 

inpatient 1006 

insect 557,812,878 

inside 2258, 2483 

inside out 222 

insist 2065 

instead 704, 1018 

instrument 405, 1097, 1492,2476 

intelligent 358, 1670 

intelligible 1964 

intended 1269 

intercourse 402 

interesting 253 

interior 2483 

interpreter 64 

interrupt 2082 

interval 1653 

intestine 69, 706, 775, 926, 1070, 

1265,2273 

introduce 694 

investigation 2587 

invisible 496 

invocations 2579 

iron 295, 1122 

irritate 1526 

irritation 1526 

island 449, 2414 

isterus 2154 

it 2474 

itch 1737,2363 

jack 2625 

jamb 1614 

January 689, 1386 

jaw 807, 1319, 1543 

jealous 17,842,1131,1972 

jerk 300, 640, 779, 1526, 2491 

jingle 321,2203 

joggle 806 

join 309 

joint 230, 1263, 1293 

joke 253,1071,2619 

joy 2617 

judge 892 

juice 1658 

July 1912 

jumble 1393 

jump 286, 347, 806, 850, 872, 1032, 

1208, 2094, 2402 

June 812 

juniper 156, 1850,2146 

just 90, 1623,2329,2545 

jut 1587, 1927 

kabarga 72, 744 

keen 2580 

keep 135, 585, 892, 1245, 1249, 

1480, 1666, 1927, 2628 

kerchief 1340,2612 

kettle 196,714 

key 490 

kick 1793 

kidney 1271 

kill 96, 102, 686, 696, 891, 892, 

1125, 1221, 1533, 1567, 1939, 

1996,2043,2053,2158 

kind 358, 1459,2039 

kindling 1070, 1115 

king 87 

kingdom 28, 87, 186, 1552 

kinship 749, 1975 

kiss 576, 731,2539 

knee 1263, 1793, 1832 

knee-guard 2061

kneel 1832 

knife 300, 313,370,494,836,1239, 

1309, 1518, 1733, 1913, 2118, 


knob 1868 

knock 215, 1279, 1948,2176,2203, 

2476 

knot 546, 865, 1785, 1933, 1956 

know 727,959, 1022, 1617,2065 

Koriak 897 

lace 33,547,587, 1253, 1682,2012, 

2293 

lack 188,436, 1348 

ladle 912, 1627, 1995,2051, 

2338 

ladybird 223,482 

lady-killer 1160 

lair 1912 

lake 628, 905, 1014, 1118, 1525, 

1627, 2280 

lame 151 

lamp 989, 1023 

land 628, 1047, 1117, 1862,2068 

landscape 1291 

language 64, 1647 

languid 629, 829, 2276 

languish 54 

lap 1790 

larch 1552,2217 

large 1086 

larva 882, 1446,2173 

larynx 2016,2449 

lasso 1 171, 1183, 1481,2155 

last 704, 981, 1321, 1541, 1894 

late 33, 284, 589, 611, 981, 1069, 

1154, 2642 

lately 2411 

laugh 11, 20, 1473,2105, 2107, 

2618 

law 2502 

lawsuit 1393 

lay 54, 892, 1871,2607 

lay down 892 

layer 1479 


lazy 782, 892, 1619, 1628,2079, 

2218, 2640 

lead 2348, 2599,2603 

leader 773 

leaf 1743, 1819, 1831, 1850 

lean 413,558,622,864, 1221, 1380, 

1428, 1927, 2438, 2633 

leap 353, 850 

learn 1177,2526 

leather 1500, 1592, 1643,2267 

leave 149, 704, 806, 981, 1094, 1393, 

1595, 1861 

ledum 215, 1726,2046 

lee 561 

leech 1597 

left 661,981, 1348,2478 

left-hander 2478 

leg 151, 216, 314,981, 1081, 1486, 

1505, 1592, 1785 

legend 1267 

leisure 90,392 

lengthen 290 

less 188 

lesson 1953 

let 376,2421 

let go 1768 

let out 1927 

letter 1454,2296 

lever 2087 

lice 1782 

lichen 3, 1525, 1860,2257 

lick 1401, 1790 

lid 2587 

lie 135, 405, 892, 998, 1380,2019, 

2155, 2329,2412, 2578, 2619 

life 463, 1018 

lift 1380, 1666, 1839,2094,2361, 

2603 

light 36, 115, 199, 339, 449, 685, 

827,944, 1068, 1388, 1398, 1534, 

1791, 1837, 1860, 1915, 1926, 

2066, 2450, 2620 

lighten 199, 1915 

lightning 679,944, 1279, 1885 

like 31, 485, 694, 998, 1393, 2424


limp 270, 1123, 1633 

line 1393,2296,2637 

linen 1340 

linger 622,640, 1180, 1217, 1221 

lip 74,275, 1305 

liquid 1487 

listen 1177 

litter 1116 

little 188, 436, 1118, 1255, 1421, 

1633 

live 418, 463, 1282, 1393, 1719, 

1911,2122, 2258, 2605 

liver 37, 926 

lizard 905,2585 

load 683, 1749,2155,2471,2484, 

2603,2638 

lobe 2519 

local 2400 

lock 295,847,2431,2481 

log 462, 598, 682, 1015, 1070, 1450, 

2201,2613 

loiter 2304 

long 242,290,611,680, 1664, 1832, 

1964, 2243 

look 694, 1108, 1587, 1903, 2066, 


loop 546, 1504, 1781,2484 

loose 33, 1742, 1927 

lose 33, 438, 1644, 2289, 2514, 


lot 2658 

loud 234,329, 1177 

lounge 1693 

louse 1118, 1782 

love 107, 728, 731, 1643,2003,2212 

lover 1337 

low 33, 234, 240,287, 992, 1016, 

1044, 1117, 2047, 2060, 2072, 

2078, 2434, 2538, 2615 

lowering 1380 

lowland 980 

lucky 1155 

lull 1080, 1803 

lump 1801 

lunch 1014 

lung 904, 1003, 1090 

luxuriant 1101 

lynx 1700, 1860 

mad 1126,1221,1617 

magazine 2659 

maggot 1446 

magic 1249 

maid 355, 1160,2290 

maintain 2425 

make 1537,1862,2567 

male 1637, 1656 

malicious 712 

mammoth 2058 

man 446, 855, 892, 1181, 1465, 

1772, 2297, 2341 

manage 2504 

manager 2654 

mane 470,688 

manner 1312 

many 1992 

March 1019,1333,1597,2246 

mark 679 

marmot 7, 72 

marriage 1071,1183,2287,2465 

marrow 216, 1486, 1785 

marry 217,891,1236,1248,1450, 

1772,2287, 2316, 2502 

marsh 1780,2510 

mash 1487 

mask 1340 

master 223, 621, 689, 1029, 1047, 

1249, 1450, 1831 

match-maker 64,2229,2581 

matter 1312 

May 1226, 1850 

maybe 694, 1719 

meadow 2510 

meal 1864 

mean 1529, 1698 

means 1255 

meanwhile 2366 

measure 577, 649, 933, 1118, 1205, 

1213,1910 

meat 300, 313, 341, 743, 2263, 2284,

2345,2351,2396 

medicine 1024, 1347, 1643 

mediocre 1705 

meet 217,215, 1340, 1393 

meeting 850, 1533,2155,2269 

melt 35,402,405, 1211, 1565 

memory 358 

menstruate 321 

menstruation 664 

merchant 952,2380,2401 

merry 2548 

merry-go-round 369 

midday 199, 1705 

middle 1263, 1459, 1655, 1705, 

1961,2218 

midge 1118, 1354 

midwife 1386 

mighty 1987 

mild 2251 

mile 649 

milk 557,614,902, 1266 

mill 1643 

milt 1388 

mince 300 

mind 358, 1670,2084 

miracle 385 

mirage 2052 

mirror 1340 

miscarriage 892, 964 

miser 321 

miserable 188 

misfire 441 

miss 436, 640, 728, 805, 1069, 2253, 


mist 204, 1450 

mistake 1367,1719,2253 

mistress 791, 1630 

mix 681, 769, 1250, 1452 

mixture 1479 

moan 616, 1258, 1447, 1459 

mock 11,253 

modern 578 

modest 1645 

moisture 1084 

money 535, 1872 


month 830, 1660, 1837 

mood 358 

moon 449, 830, 1860, 1912 

moor 215 

more 83, 1175, 1348, 1366, 1959, 


morning 550,582, 1534, 1666,2588 

mortal 54,418 

mosquito 405,812,996 

moss 703, 821, 1224, 1275, 1323, 

1525, 1577, 1658, 1782, 2147, 

2257, 2519 

most 2145 

mother 38,451,467,614,944,2575 

mother-in-low 139 

motley 580 

moufflon 1275 

mould 130 

moult 793,2287 

mound 1661,1822 

mount 2638 

mountain 33,72, 700, 1758,1860, 


mourn 1447 

mouse 285, 1118,2265 

moustache 74 

mouth 74,2596 

mouthpiece 1651 

move 215,242,311, 321, 653,735, 

1047, 1161, 1282, 2087, 2198, 

2502, 2600 

mow 715 

much 49,393,436,647, 1000, 1462, 

1838, 1964 

mud 485,949, 1057, 1697, 2635 

mug 228 

mumble 1256 

murder 74, 892 

muscle 216,280,981, 1770 

museum 1332 

mushroom 436,2137 

must 1346 

mutter 1311, 1935 

muzzle 54, 120,295, 1944


nail 871, 881, 1249, 1657, 1748, 

2476 

naive 1225 

naked 436 

name 837, 1532 

namesake 837 

nap 1022 

nappy 119 

narrow 290, 321, 338, 362, 1493 

nasty 1378 

nature 1047,1701,2329 

navel 867, 1386 

near 124, 347, 1187, 1225, 1228, 


nearly 1255 

neat 304,924 

neck 1492 

necklace 2449 

need 1346, 1347, 1558, 1879 

needle 273, 1224, 1819,2118,2138, 

2202, 2217, 2426 

needy 188, 1879 

negligent 193,2621 

neighbour 363, 1911,2578 

nerve 667, 1063, 1435 

nest 135,2046 

nestling 1577 

net 300, 417, 725, 1281, 1370, 1739, 

2138 

never 1964 

nevertheless 2233,2235,2371 

new 589, 589, 1233 

news 772, 1177, 1195, 1665 

nice 253, 1350 

niece 1160 

niggard 2588 

night 284,449,726, 1654 

nine 824, 1393,2583 

nipple 614 

nit 1782,2356 

no 436 

no one 1394 

no way 814 

nobody 826,1442 

nod 199,2502 

node 2603 

noise 22, 137, 145,628, 1177, 1279, 

1450, 1678, 2050, 2203 

nomad 2065 

nomadize 1542 

nonsense 2329 

North 722, 1016 

nose 694, 714, 1097 

nostril 714 

not 90, 1632 

notch 708,959, 1520,2068,2296 

nothing 418, 1343, 1394, 1541, 1617 

notice 708 

November 221, 660, 1707 

now 578, 2002, 2189, 2366, 2411 

nowhere 1394, 1964 

numb 774,2281,2287 

numerous 358,436, 1838 

nurse 614,2591 

oar 205 

oath 1900 

object 415,2329 

oblique 305 

oblivion 1989 

oblong 705 

observe 1480 

obstacle 1249 

obstinate 788, 1492, 1798,2591 

obtain 2158 

obviously 2366 

October 1169, 1656 

odd 385 

oesophagus 2258 

offend 17,737,2486 

offensive 648 

offspring 981 

often 604 

ogre 297, 770 

oil 1365, 1912 

OK 2057 

old 242,297, 1052, 1247, 1642 

olden 297 

on 1911 

once 604, 1162

one 604, 773, 1162, 1654, 2474 

oneself 891,2474 

onion 491 

only 112, 492, 573, 1162, 1255, 


open 21, 74, 548, 1092, 1360, 2596, 


opinion 358, 1879 

opponent 2578 

opposite 415, 416, 480, 673, 1147, 

1340, 1459, 1666, 1777, 2578 

oppress 150 

or 46, 159, 1050,2529 

order 34, 2225 

ordinary 2329 

origin 924,2457 

originate 1749 

ornament 654, 959, 1153, 1688 

orphan 436, 1452, 1821 

other 589, 784, 2606 

otter 1317 

out 1071 

outer 2060 

outside 1911,2606 

outstrip 773 

overall 2377 

overcook 671 

overdo 1542 

overeat 1365 

overpower 1348 

overtake 773,961,1773,2158,2413 

owe 2380 

own 301,891,2571 

owner 1450 

pack 713, 1540, 1572, 1996,2269, 

2638 

padding 1945 

pain 707,2364 

painful 287, 1879 

paint 215,674, 1942 

pair 96 

palate 74,461 

pale 436, 1340 

pall 641 


palm 975,2007,2445 

pan 906,2248 

paper 180 

pardon 728 

parent 1196, 1831 

parent-in-law 1337, 1831 

parlour 2215 

part 790,857, 1340, 1613, 1725 

pass 448, 704, 1299, 1479, 1773, 

2241,2496, 2502 

passage 435 

passion 1185,2605 

past 1614,2411 

pastor 566 

pasture 1525,2591 

pat 2150 

patch 35, 1375, 1449,2467,2481, 

2653 

path 191, 321, 408, 633, 662, 1707, 

2094 

pattern 357 

paw 114,2359 

pay 426, 1683,2380,2581 

payment 959 

peak 689,700, 1248, 1280, 1390 

peasant 1753 

peat 1991 

peck 2043, 2440 

peel 1424 

peep 368, 1587 

peer 1146, 1587 

penalty 2329 

pencil 754 

pendant 411 

penis 290, 927, 1597, 1813, 1818, 

1929 

pension 1052 

people 267, 891, 1642, 1862, 2333 

perhaps 146,415,2371 

perineum 6 

period 1621 

person 891 

persuade 459 

pestle 2324 

pet 689


phonograph 1755 

photograph 793 

pick 1516 

pick out 2043 

picture 694,2296 

piece 281, 695, 795, 858, 1285, 

1740,1961,2627 

pierce 741, 1066, 1341, 1597, 

1605, 1935,2077, 2340 

pile 923, 1996,2155,2203,2269 

pillow 689, 1485 

pillowcase 1485 

pimple 1948, 1962 

pincers 295, 751, 845, 2648 

pinch 986, 1493 

pine-cone 273, 1868, 2271 

pink 1837 

pipe 1510,2008,2468 

pipistrelle 436 

pit 294,314, 908, 1340, 1364, 1971, 

2035,2154, 2459, 2467, 2641 

pitch 1450 

pity 210, 728, 1546 

place 681, 1018, 1117, 1219, 1282, 

1493, 1537, 1716, 2155, 2329, 


placenta 1577 

placid 1623 

plain 434, 681, 1414 

plane 843,2121,2126,2137,2323 

plant 436, 1927,2104,2504 

plate 165,333,2303 

plateau 2137 

platform 986, 1572 

play 1071 

please 822 

pluck 947 

plummet 287, 810 

plump 1868 

pocket 266,758, 1364,2258 

point 362, 1341, 1597, 1698 

poison 1019 

poke 217 

poker 1070, 1097 

pole 69, 74, 283, 294, 462, 544, 615, 

666, 686, 725, 863, 893, 957, 

1322, 1450, 1793, 1842, 2049, 

2118, 2202, 2322, 2415, 2573, 

2603, 2649 

police 610 

pollute 859 

pool 405, 1278, 1525, 1655,2642 

poor 231,436, 556, 707, 1558, 1815 

porridge 760 

portage 1300 

possess 313, 1249 

possible 503,2039 

post 630 

pot 196, 1477 

pouch 730 

pound 1707 

pour 51, 1659, 1921, 1934,2153 

powder 1891 

power 2122,2555 

praise 794, 1673, 1950, 2630 

prank 2502 

pray 727, 1340 

precipice 300, 700, 1107 

prefer 1348 

pregnant 436, 1061, 1268 

prematurely 188 

prepare 54, 534, 713, 924, 1192, 

1240, 1778, 2329 

prescribe 1698 

present 66, 643, 1402, 1683, 1828, 

2004, 2445 

presentiment 17,514 

preserve 1666 

press 321, 986, 1369, 1493,2158, 

2466, 2490 

pretend 316, 922, 1327 

prevent 26 

prey 5 

price 426,2581 

prick 127,491,813,870 

prickle 1198,2608 

priest 2048 

prince 313,849 

prize 2581 

problem 911

procreate 1853 

profligate 20 

prohibit 2481 

prohibition 839 

prominent 727 

promise 1719,2605 

promontory 714 

propeller 1311 

prophet 694, 1728 

propose 459, 1197 

prostitute 1630 

protect 210, 349, 1152, 1185, 1543, 

1996 

protrude 1099, 1285, 1666, 1853 

proudly 794 

proverb 64 

pull 135, 138, 252, 653, 669, 779, 

852, 1390, 1514, 1927, 2353, 

2484, 2567, 2644 

pulp 1487 

pulsate 2218 

pulse 295, 1118 

punish 465, 634 

punishment 181,447 

pupil 1118,2587 

puppy 694, 993 

purpose 76,243, 1372 

purse 372 

pursue 1651 

purulent 1411 

pus 1254,2512 

push 211, 252, 311, 558, 653, 

1461, 1476, 1562,2191,2634 

put 54, 135, 283, 309, 491, 892, 

1282. 1368, 1393, 1453, 1504, 

1537, 1556, 1651, 1666, 1743, 

1861,1927,2128,2338,2471 

put on 1288,1323,1651,2376 

quality 596 

quarrel 1098 

quarter 263 

queen 2033 

queer 344 

question 727,959 


quick 321, 1646,2595 

quiet 96, 234, 255, 330, 436, 1 142, 

1499, 2304 

quite 149, 1632,2521 

quiver 232, 698 

rabid 929 

racer 106 

rack 1707 

radiator 1912 

raft 32, 300, 1234 

rag 408, 858, 1034, 1045, 1077, 

1103, 1424, 1666, 1167, 2173, 

2361,2612 

ragamuffin 2361 

rain 417, 1132,2228,2329,2492 

rainbow 944, 1118, 1912 

raise 1666,2342 

range 2134 

rank 278 

rare 998 

rash 1947 

rat 1150 

ravine 717 

raw 581, 1681 

reach 679,839, 910, 1004, 1228, 

1773 

read 64,358 

ready 248, 1175, 1221, 1743 

really 55, 112,415, 1434 

rear 981 

reason 90, 1312,2134,2366,2470 

recall 1022 

recent 1175, 1187,2411 

recoil 215, 1793 

reconcile 1393,1643,1914,2261 

recover 410, 1225 

recovery 1029 

red 215, 774, 1363,2154, 2533, 

2604 

redden 774 

reduce 1597 

refrain 1809 

regards 225 

rein 1666,1800,2599


reindeer 3, 57, 91, 321,364, 434, 

468, 557, 566, 612, 615, 654, 657, 

674, 681, 694, 714, 720, 728, 803, 

840, 1051, 1074, 1249, 1257, 

1280, 1313, 1363, 1381, 1388, 

1393, 1483, 1512, 1519, 1527, 

1552, 1652, 1656, 1668, 1681, 

1722, 2085, 2088, 2096, 2097, 

2098, 2185, 2198, 2210, 2242, 

2354, 2447, 2484, 2495, 2526, 

2599,2603, 2606, 2638, 2645 

rejoice 20 

relative 341, 891, 1040, 1393, 1722, 

2173,2297 

reliable 1719 

rely 1062 

remain 704, 1861 

remainder 704,981 

remember 959, 1022, 1670 

remembrance 694 

remind 1022 

renew 589 

repair 974 

repent 322, 1221 

reply 415 

report 96 

reproach 1306, 1698 

rescue 463, 1853 

resembling 1348 

reserve 986,2479 

resin 35, 1310,2205 

respect 313, 1393, 1993 

respond 64 

responsibility 1062 

rest 253, 981, 1364,2420,2537, 


restaurant 1019 

resurrect 463 

return 328, 1340, 1783,2483 

revenge 1953 

revolt 2256 

revolve 369 

rheumatism 151 

rib 1538 

rich 2380,2401 

riddle 1022, 1469 

ride 993, 1333 

ridge 659, 1386 

right 20, 733, 890, 1227, 1645, 1822, 


ring 359, 628, 866, 888, 1087, 1279, 

1781, 1965, 2445 

riot 22 

rip up 2637 

ripen 671 

rise 1099, 1707 

rising 408 

ritual 1367 

river 82,217, 1655, 1911,2236 

riverbank 300, 700, 1598, 1655, 

1677, 1849, 1892, 2078, 2087, 

2194, 2633 

river-bed 1655, 1919 

river-mouth 74, 1655 

road 347,608,662,2065 

roam 796, 1333, 1783,2065 

roar 1074 

roast 1791, 1986,2263 

rob 1263, 1537, 1766,2491 

rock 601, 748, 1758, 2125, 2264, 

2530,2538 

rod 356, 577 

roe 1047, 1459 

rogue 1941 

roll 215,820, 1781,2155 

roof 1450 

room 2089 

root 653, 1007, 1015, 1047, 1078, 

1240, 1557, 2087, 2158, 2265, 

2618 

root out 289,2087 

rope 546, 723, 1323, 1472, 1483, 

1486, 1804, 1886, 2069, 2391 

rose 2219 

rot 1254, 1560, 1852 

rouble 187,1781,2258 

rough 94, 1207, 1214, 1520,2270 

round 918, 1781 

roundabout 1695 

row 205,381, 1259, 1393,2442,


rub 215, 879, 1353, 1526, 1940 

rubbish 858 

ruff 1592 

ruffle 998 

rug 1485 

ruin 2021 

rumour 67 

run 407, 640, 898, 994, 1621, 1759, 

1793, 1804, 1830, 1921, 1925, 

1983,2185,2218 

run into 640 

runner 357, 1856 

rush 217, 251, 793, 850, 1009, 1020, 

1515, 1928 

Russian 89, 673, 770, 1113, 1515, 


rust 130,966 

rustle 2186,2351 

sable 1515 

sack 354,934, 1111, 1493,2258 

sad 1760 

saddle 1639,2603 

safe 436,463, 1643 

sag 1380, 1489 

sale 2380 

saline 2373 

saliva 1310,2260 

salt 1076, 1547,2268 

same 604,891,2366,2574 

sand 1112, 1511, 1661,2264 

sap 581,2118 

satisfy 463,656, 1663 

saturate 1784 

saucepan 544 

saucer 229 

save 349, 1853,2491 

saw 488, 1675,2118 

say 64,415, 1267, 1392, 1617 

scab 707 

scale 69 

scales 1707,1982,2603 

scarf 522, 1393, 1492 

scary 575 

Index of meanings 489 

scatter 21, 998, 1918 

school 2224,2526 

scissors 74, 1531 

scold 67,560,2214 

scoop 1014, 1576, 1739 

scorch 2275 

scrape 21, 1471, 2101 

scraper 97, 343, 797 

scratch 21, 97, 637, 877, 879, 1737, 

2090 

scream 928 

screw 2227 

scrotum 1292 

scull 899 

scum 1057,2432 

sea 35, 335 

sea-horse 290 

seal 1431,1761 

seamstress 545 

seat 1282,2122 

secret 96,487,2479 

secretary 1454 

see 679,694,959, 1232, 1470, 1617, 

2632 

seek 1443,2587 

seem 1255 

seer 2632 

seine-net 1109, 1739,2127 

seize 1197 

self 415,2136 

sell 133,1872,2380 

send 361, 643, 1027, 1762, 1844, 

1870 

senseless 436 

separate 87, 300, 304, 585, 998, 

1067, 1094, 1423, 1570, 1870 

September 69, 722 

sergeant 2315 

servant 1480, 1821, 1993,2502 

serve 1993,2249 

service 1672 

setup 1556,1743 

settle 1450, 1634,2258 

settlement 1911 

seven 1911


sew 167,545,580, 1801,2296 

shabby 2113 

shadow 28, 694, 891, 892, 1430, 

1456, 1674, 1996 

shaft 1503 

shaggy 1034, 1044, 1378 

shake 556,653, 1063, 1129, 1330, 

1439 

shallow 681, 1545 

shaman 64, 96, 1063, 1097, 2159, 


shamanize 628, 1063,2159,2579 

shamanism 1063 

shame 1645 

share 1613,1725,2024 

sharp 173,321,362, 1313, 1341, 

1597 

sharpen 321, 362, 637, 1198, 1597, 


shave 947, 1066, 1406,2208 

shavings 843, 1070, 1190, 1631, 

2182 

shawl 2131 

she 2474 

sheath 135,300,1651 

shed 214, 1084, 1572 

shelter 2374 

shell 1512 

shield 1881 

shin 216, 1085, 1486 

shin-bone 940,2153 

shine 199,1860,2066 

shirt 2116 

shiver 1063 

shoal 681, 1545,2264 

shock 1921,2339 

shoe 804, 1323, 1592,2183,2351 

shoot 18,286,417,779,1911, 

1932, 2045,2134, 2410 

shop 1139 

short 33, 290, 1255, 1272, 1313, 

1858, 2342, 2361 

shorten 1272,1858,2361 

short-sighted 2644 

shot 396 

shoulder 454, 729, 1785,2211 

shoulder-blade 1785 

shout 61, 1696 

shove 2355 

shovel 141, 1618 

shovel up 2025 

show 694, 838, 1194, 1698, 2390 

show up 1526 

shrew-mouse 689 

shrivel 321 

shroud 892 

shrub 1370,1919,2269 

shudder 1063 

shut 2514 

shy 1393,1645,1993,2102 

sibling 126,450, 1393 

sickly 1006 

side 662, 669, 998, 1147, 1228, 1393, 

1507, 1538, 1964,2123,2606 

sigh 689, 1112 

sight 1996 

sign 155,199,200,679 

silence 1142 

silk 2220 

silver 1860,2206 

similar 1175 

similarity 1240 

simple 1157,1960,2400 

sin 17,67, 1357, 1367 

since 943,2411 

sinew 216, 237, 580, 2296 

sing 651, 1659 

sink 62,287, 371, 1743 

sister 139,432,450,482,511,644, 

1393, 1722 

sister-in-law 477, 482, 2350 

sit 1282,2122,2155,2638 

six 1147, 1263, 1393 

skeleton 53 

ski 529, 832, 879, 1270, 1592, 1981 

skilful 223,876 

skim 820 

skin 21,24, 140,216, 341,481,978, 

1019, 1081, 1094, 1254, 1364, 

1406, 1444, 1486, 1521, 1553,

1639, 1643, 1657, 1668, 2018, 

2070, 2373, 2263, 2288, 2341, 

2459, 2467, 2569 

skull 689,860 

sky 944,2329 

slaughter 1939 

slave 1821 

sledge 68, 91, 124,229, 584, 620, 

773,804, 1081, 1199, 1382, 1450, 

1474, 1481, 1702, 1800, 1902, 

2048, 2360, 2433,2471,2540 

sleep 28, 140, 709, 1142, 2342, 2412 

sleepy 2079 

sleeve 593,930, 1137, 1551, 1912, 

1951 

slide 287, 1844 

slip 1781, 1849, 1918 

slipper 2293 

slippery 1781, 1849 

slope 314, 793, 1005, 1660, 1781, 

2153 

slot 768, 1005, 1124 

slow 330, 338, 997, 1006, 1499, 


sludge 2635 

sly 1729 

small 556,798, 1118, 1634, 1782, 

2278, 2286 

smallpox 313, 1712 

smart 173,924, 1133, 1528 

smear 1037,1173,1218 

smell 561,614, 1177, 1643, 1784 

smile 563, 1445, 1473 

smoke 638, 859, 995, 1014, 1110, 

1112, 1510, 1511,2263,2395 

smooth 434, 1460, 1849,2115,2137 

smoulder 1912 

snack 195 

snag 283, 1015, 1989 

snake 290 

snare 1504 

snatch 2491 

sneak 96,2193 

sneeze 208 

snipe 865,955, 1525, 1741, 1814 


snore 714 

snort 419, 1742 

snow 235,291, 405, 509,657,921, 

986, 1439, 1568, 1889, 1926, 


snow-crust 221 

snow-drift 235 

snow-flake 2137 

snow-frost 235 

snowstorm 512 

snuff 1471 

so 2002,2366,2424 

sob 246, 322 

sock 496,2612 

soft 798, 1055, 1251, 1314, 1643, 

1926,2072, 2331 

soften 1251,1926 

soil 215,485, 1104,2403 

soldier 984, 2647 

sole 114,1592 

some 436 

somebody 826 

somehow 1617,2039 

somersault 19, 689 

something 1028,1617,1692,2159 

sometimes 543, 589, 611, 784 

somewhere 1194, 1964 

son 99, 624, 855 

song 64, 651 

son-in-law 1337, 1831, 1930 

soon 492, 1175, 1179, 1187, 1646, 


sore 707 

sorrow 271, 728, 1378 

sorry 210, 727, 728, 789 

sort 2039 

soul 28,828,891, 1459,2404 

sound 211,321, 1021, 1938,2050, 

2416 

soup 249,639,760, 1946 

sour 1547,1852,2616 

source 574,631, 1014, 1117,2228 

South 199, 661, 662, 1911, 1912, 

2118 

Soviet 2302


space 470,2222,2601 

spade 405,1059 

spare 1348 

spark 1885 

sparkle 1860 

spawn 402 

speak 64, 1083, 1175, 1367, 1392, 

1789, 1801,2050 

spear 336, 689, 988 

speckled 1191 

spectacles 694, 1275, 1584, 


speech 64 

speed 321 

spellbound 1766 

spend 449, 1142, 1565 

spherical 1285 

spider 129, 1275,2359 

spike 311 

spill 51,556 

spin 706, 1472, 1963,2144 

spine 1591 

spirit 139,429, 436, 677, 694,707, 

879, 1112, 1155, 1784, 2007 

spit 365, 2056, 2222, 2260, 2264, 

2493 

spiteful 1870 

splash 1250,1751,1783,1899 

spleen 983 

splinter 1070,2528 

split 585, 858, 877, 1310, 1653, 

2270 

spoil 689, 1126, 1254, 1378,2600 

spoon 50,69,313, 1019, 1111,2074, 


spot 216, 1859,2476 

spout 2153 

spray 286,295,371, 1083 

spread 54,491,787,998, 1752, 

1853 

spring 221, 235, 298, 320, 1436, 

1882, 1912, 2239, 2291 

sprinkle 556 

spurt 2613 

squat 2149 

squeak 369, 1522,2352 

squeal 1564 

squeeze 538,1493,2358,2504 

squelch 1877 

squint 1393,2644 

squirrel 269,697,2118,2393 

stab 813 

staff 622, 2438 

stagger 1539 

stain 484, 1040 

stairs 1839 

stake 1865, 1902 

stalk 1316 

stallion 1656 

stammer 549 

stamp 1208, 1793,2416 

stand 195,550,1394,1666,2336 

stand up 1666 

star 199,313, 1124, 1724, 1860 

stare 427,2632 

start 1335,2497 

startle 1063, 1435 

starve 2449 

stay 436, 704,981 

steal 1625,1675,1766,2525 

steel 1070 

steep 33, 920, 1340, 1892 

steer 659, 1002 

step 408,491, 1666, 1839, 1911, 


step-father 1080 

step-mother 451, 1080, 1136 

stern 899 

stick 558, 618, 640,795,839, 945, 

1081, 1386, 1388, 1466, 1483, 

1514, 1517, 1612, 1622, 1631, 

1666, 1726, 1735, 1798, 2118, 

2202, 2328, 2454, 2493, 2498, 


stiff 2281 

still 90, 112, 373, 884, 2336, 2563 

sting 2086, 2616 

stingy 321, 1341,2421,2611 

stink 1378 

stir 311,653,805, 1511,2258

stirrup 408, 1666,2603 

stitch 1781 

stocking 183,436,1323,1592,1913, 

2344 

stockman 487 

stole 2087 

stomach 848, 1040, 1061, 1118, 

1242, 1268, 1417, 1455, 1459, 

1780,1958,2152 

stone 300, 303, 676, 887, 1178, 

1274,1302,1758,2101,2264 

stool 2122 

stoop 530, 1509 

stop 1, 26, 546, 640, 1542, 2283 

storm 97,2158,2452 

story 1312,1392 

stove 367, 1070 

straddle 91 

straight 577,659,890, 1632 

straighten 290, 659, 769, 787, 886, 

2137 

strain 1066 

straits 1457 

strange 585, 1146, 1394, 1729 

stranger 2340 

strangle 2107 

strap 52, 1199, 1364, 1639, 2398, 

2458, 2484, 2577 

straw 649,2510 

stream 653, 1112, 1356, 1655, 1788, 

2228, 2613 

street 1450 

strength 2452,2609 

strengthen 555,1643,2452,2569 

stretch 138, 290, 1194, 1783,2137, 

2329, 2607 

strike 359, 653, 879, 1066, 1428, 

1726, 1899,2150 

string 421, 1288, 1389, 1481,2293 

strip 21 

stripe 1459 

stroke 1249, 1460 

stroll 537 

strong 329, 379, 555, 711, 742, 1493, 

2020, 2230, 2452, 2569. 2609 


stub 653 

stubborn 1492,2144,2580 

stuck 132,2454 

student 2526 

study 811 

stuff 2022 

stumble 27, 227, 2086 

stump 462, 856 

stupid 40, 1126, 1617, 1810,2443 

substance 681 

successfully 2498 

such 2366,2424 

suck 614,2258 

suddenly 70, 90, 112, 116, 452, 

1692,1863,2334, 2544,2561 

suffer 98,247, 1100, 1298, 1542 

sufficient 890 

suffocate 841, 1260 

sugar 2177 

suitable 1029, 1106 

sullenly 2590 

summer 792, 1048, 1912 

sun 671,685,944, 1912 

sun-beam 1912 

sunrise 671 

sunset 62,671 

superfluous 1348 

supply 2436 

support 124,2438 

sure 1422,2005 

surface 1911,2060 

surname 1454 

surprise 55,385, 1146, 1241, 1729 

surreptitious 96 

surround 449,706, 1781, 1804 

survive 1853 

suspicious 17,485 

swallow 62, 438, 2538 

swamp 28, 144, 177, 1468, 1525 

swear 1900, 1912,2579 

sweat 1912,2635 

sweep 801, 1218, 1471, 1921, 1948, 

2146, 2417, 2432 

swell 151, 774, 802, 909, 1868, 

1869, 1921


swim 402, 653 

swing 402, 653, 801, 1123, 1360, 

1726,2038,2530 

syllable 64 

sympathise 253 

syphilis 485, 1113 

table 2137,2321 

taiga 724, 1325 

tail 839, 1002 

take 287, 417, 793, 877, 1094, 1183, 

1197, 1335, 1537, 1625, 1675, 

1853, 1870, 2025, 2065, 2258, 

2338, 2453,2471,2491,2567 

take off 796, 1107, 1853 

tale 297, 903 

talk 64, 1392, 1990,2578,2619 

talk into 811,815 

tall 53, 1911 

tambourine 628, 1063 

tan 1841 

task 1993 

tassel 1417,1459,2596 

taste 317, 772, 1177, 1365, 1727, 

2260 

tax 1512 

tea 195,1912,2432 

teach 634, 811, 2526 

teacher 2526 

tea-pot 2142 

tear 21,694,858, 947, 1038, 1514, 

2068, 2361,2509, 2587 

tease 67,395,2502 

tedious 979, 1069 

teenager 313 

teeth 1189 

tell 1392, 1938 

temper 2000 

temple 1118 

ten 824 

tend 1443 

tender 255 

tent 1732 

terrible 575, 596, 1987 

terrify 1435 

testicle 927, 1656, 1781 

thank 747, 1950,2308 

that 65,2366,2411,2470 

thaw 35,405, 1211, 1361 

then 2366,2642 

there 65, 415, 586, 1719, 2366, 

2400, 2411 

they 2366, 2425, 2474 

thick 182, 590, 909, 1010, 1553, 

2269, 2434 

thicken 2434 

thicket 1370,2114 

thief 1625, 1766 

thigh 216,981, 1538 

thigh-bone 695 

thimble 1481 

thin 321,481,681,775,844,1378, 

1428,2066, 2072, 2464,2507 

thing 2406 

think 20,358 

thirst 1659,2351,2449 

thirty 2234 

this 415, 458, 1228, 2366, 2400, 

2411,2470 

thorn 1184, 1503, 1184 

thou 2410 

though 2422 

thought 358 

thread 580,654, 809, 1340, 2143, 


threaten 2106 

three 619 

throat 2449 

throb 2218 

throng 891 

through 669, 768, 1384 

throw 18, 51,417, 500, 680, 793, 

986, 1762, 1781, 1911,2338 

thrust 1288, 1341 

thumb 313,2359 

thump 1305,2359 

thunder 501,679, 1279 

thunderstorm 679, 1279 

thyme 2048 

tickle 1737

tidy 663, 713, 1927 

tie 304, 546, 697, 880, 1743, 1920, 


tight 338,2569 

tighten 138,338,852,1493 

till 839, 1187, 1200 

time 609, 890, 1028, 1339, 1705, 

1880,2120, 2366, 2562,2642 

timid 425 

tin 206, 1629, 1926 

tinder 1735,2469 

tinkle 1087 

tip 1486 

tipsy 689 

tired 414,2537,2640 

tiring 979, 1006, 1126, 2079, 2537 

to 124 

to and fro 1393, 1862,2565 

tobacco 1510, 1890, 2137, 2367, 


today 199,578,2188 

toe 1793,2359 

together 604, 713, 809, 1393, 2155, 

2269 

toilet 465, 724, 1927 

tolerate 2407 

tomb 1117, 1615 

tombstone 1911 

tomorrow 578,673, 1585, 1666 

tongue 64,2619 

too 112,471,1004,2574 

tool 1427 

tooth 23, 1031, 1189,2135,2430 

top 314, 689, 1649, 1781, 1911, 

2197 

torture 98, 734, 1542 

toss 1928 

touch 102, 215, 1043, 1177, 

1249, 1737, 2079, 2502, 2634 

tousle 947 

towards 998 

towel 1340 

town 532,2118 

trace 1699 

trade 1197 


trail 191 

train 1946,2198,2497,2638 

trample 1666,2416,2490 

translate 2441 

transparent 199,1926,2066 

trap 259, 752, 846, 1286, 1504, 1666, 

1743,2169, 2237, 2513,2596 

travel 1290 

tray 1116,2197 

treat 1643 

tree 43, 200, 283, 362, 611, 669, 703, 

739, 774, 924, 1328, 1631, 1707, 

2118, 2369 

tree: alder 215, 1722 

tree: aspen 551 

tree: birch 620, 1163, 1860 

tree: bird-cherry 256 

tree: cedar 2271 

tree: larch 1612, 1669, 1681, 2620 

tree: mountain ash 2110 

tree: poplar 1270, 1490, 1592,2045 

tree: willow 215, 770, 875, 1370, 

1529, 1669, 2459, 2593 

tremble 1006, 1063, 1129, 1742 

triangle 619 

tribe 1007, 1642 

tribute 1346 

trick 1263, 1340, 1730 

trigger 120,286 

trill 244 

trim 2126 

trimming 1248 

tripod 686 

trivet 2370 

trodden 191 

troops 822 

trot 1496, 1759, 1800 

trouble 152 

trough 906 

trousers 24, 1575, 1705,1893, 

1966, 2012,2173,2341,2487 

true 358, 1719 

trumpet 2472 

trunk 1015,2337 

truth 1719


try 440, 495, 577, 911, 1105, 

1177, 1308, 1718,2141,2362 

tsar 313, 1912 

tube 1649,2468 

tuberculosis 668 

tug 779 

tumble 2150 

tumour 802 

tundra 264, 329, 722, 1719, 1985, 

2118, 2236 

Tungus 36,220,2620 

turbid 1329 

turn 33, 216, 697, 706, 784, 1156, 

1781,2394, 2600 

turn into 924 

turned-up 1380 

tusk 2058 

twelfth 504 

twenty 824, 1911 

twig 1370, 1520 

twilight 1398 

twinkle 330, 1860 

twin 809 

twirl 2078 

twist 227, 1472, 1526, 1762, 1963 

twitter 352 

two 104,809,2578 

typhus 2363 

ugly 1529 

unable 217, 1100 

unbearable 217 

unbraided 2610 

uncle 189, 313,403, 595, 1393, 2037 

uncomfortable 1645 

under 33, 1651 

underpants 1575 

understand 20, 1022, 1124, 1335, 

1636 

underwear 300, 1393 

undo 877 

undress 16,436,1303,2329 

uneven 879, 1394 

unfriendly 485 

unhappy 2372 

unhinged 1927 

uninhabited 2329 

united 2269 

Universe 944 

universe 1047,2329 

unknown 436 

unload 120,436 

unlock 1717 

unmarried 855 

unmercifully 257 

unnecessary 1348 

unpleasant 2079 

unprepossessing 1529 

unroll 787 

unstuck 1514 

untidy 485 

untie 643, 1853,2610 

until 124 

unwell 53 

unwilling 2351 

unwind 2137 

up 217, 1911 

uphill 217 

upper 1911 

upset 1250 

upstream 1911 

upwards 1707 

urinate 1346, 1686, 1745, 1921,2512 

urine 1745,2512 

use 463,436, 528, 1617 

usually 604 

uterial 1459 

uterus 1577 

uvula 2620 

vagina 1378 

vagrant 819,2329 

vain 388, 1255, 1617, 2028, 2329, 

2371 

valley 264, 1787 

vanish 1542 

various 1566 

veil 1340 

vein 249, 1040 

vengeance 1393

ventilate 1846 

ventricle 1040 

vertebrae 10, 216, 314, 623, 1492, 

1529,1613 

very 49,313,471,1351,1623,2039 

vessel 327, 719, 1583 

vestige 2143 

victory 33 

violent 1099,2326 

visible 679 

visit 215, 533, 1177, 1212,2634 

visitor 1480 

vivid 2218 

vodka 89, 1113, 1378, 1547,2553 

voice 74, 529, 1199 

vomit 1459, 1569 

voracious 2449 

vulva 1875 

wade 424,653,819 

wail 1696 

waist 100,309,730,2636 

wait 1174 

wake 1177 

walk 6, 347, 408, 642, 680, 806, 

1004, 1099, 1251, 1263, 1333, 

1439, 1590, 1653, 1676, 1695, 

1830, 2065,2253,2338 

wall 300, 1538,2202,2318 

walrus 1659 

wander 2289 

want 459,2079,2418 

war 822, 984, 2207 

ward 463 

warm 405,1048, 1211,1438,1912 

wart 1806,2445,2650 

wash 21, 1077 

wasp 2430 

waste 2507 

watch 2632 

water 1014, 1132, 1142, 1659, 1911, 

2603 

water-rat 313 

wave 94,1034,1273, 1731,2445, 

2502,2541,2633 


way 347, 415,2108, 2496, 2498 

we 1238, 1462 

weak 112, 1314, 1387, 1412, 1499, 

2066, 2276 

wealth 2401 

weapon 1561 

wear 670, 1091, 1353, 1651,2484 

weasel 41,351 

weather 434, 436, 2329, 2546 

weave 1472 

wed 1288 

wedding 1071, 1074,2287 

wedge 565,1485 

week 1397 

weight 485,2341 

well 13, 1643 

West 449,671, 1911,2123 

wet 476, 1658, 1681 

what 1018, 1028, 1289, 1464, 1964, 

2039, 2470 

when 65,1964 

where 1964,2039 

whet 1341 

whetstone 637 

which 1964 

while 442 

whim 783 

whine 2477 

whip 969 

whirligig 1781 

whirlpool 706, 1655, 1781, 1783, 


whirlwind 331 

whisper 96 

whistle 359 

white 654, 1388, 1764, 1837, 

1860, 2299 

whiten 1388, 1860 

who 826 

whole 309, 1544 

whose 826 

why 1028,1506, 1743, 2039,2366, 

2400, 2470 

wide 1359,2137,2601 

widen 2137,2601


widow 1831 

widower 1703,1831 

width 2124,2601 

wife 109,433,451,477,1089,1236, 

1249,1337,1393,2071,2316 

wild 701, 1126,2329 

will 313, 1665 

win 33,951, 1071, 1911,2504 

wind 561, 697, 2087, 2090, 2412, 

2622 

window 657, 1608, 1860, 2165, 

2197, 2215 

wine 1378,2553,2616 

wing 1797,2426,2502 

wink 28, 694 

winner 505 

winter 245, 1358, 1882,2000,2118, 

2603 

wipe 1250, 1774 

wise 358, 1301, 1670 

wish 495, 1155, 1643 

witchcraft 2579 

withers 409 

without 324, 1018 

witty 436 

wizard 64 

wolf 408, 770, 1512, 1987, 2037, 

2163 

wolverine 122, 209, 591, 1433, 


woman 358, 467, 703, 1248, 

1666,1722,1871,2316 

wonderful 20, 385 

wood 557, 638, 774, 950, 1070, 

1577,2092,2166 

woollen 2221 

word 64 

work 216, 1028, 1319, 1406, 1686, 

1993, 2006, 2218, 2445, 2502, 


worker 223, 1821,2474,2502,2511 

world 28, 33, 77, 608, 1432, 1860, 

1911,2329 

worm 597,781,878,882 

worry 1459 

worsen 485 

worth 657,710, 1862 

wound 698, 707, 1125, 1979,2303, 

2608 

wrap 1535, 1804 

wrestle 2030 

wrinkle 1526,2296 

wrist 160,999 

write 1454,2296 

writer 1454 

writhe 653 

wry 1123 

Yakut 566,649,2007 

yard 408, 1304, 1450, 1666 

yawn 74 

year 527, 673, 1321, 1393, 1851, 

2329, 2411,2606, 2642 

yellow 774, 1524, 1791,2154,2265, 


yes 401,1610,2366 

yesterday 140, 578, 1416, 1666, 

2412 

yet 373, 2574 

yolk 1524 

you 2423 

young 33, 100,450, 624, 860, 1577 

youth 100,1577 

Yukaghir 675, 2265, 2620 

yurt 753, 981, 1450, 1471, 1666, 

2118,2123,2527, 2620 

zealous 958 

zenith 944 

zigzag 227

Language index 

Chukchi 190, 566, 626, 867, 1182, 

1229, 1425,2023,2581,2647 

Eskimo 1266 

Even 22, 29, 30, 56, 57, 66, 114, 

116, 119, 129, 137, 144, 146, 151, 

160, 166, 167, 194, 223, 259, 269, 

282, 306, 343, 370, 377, 379, 389, 

432, 435, 450, 468, 489, 506, 524, 

538, 544, 595, 602, 612, 649, 736, 

745, 748, 799, 803, 807, 832, 836, 

867, 930, 931, 950, 954, 957, 960, 

993, 1081, 1114, 1119, 1134, 1171, 

1189, 1193, 1265, 1297, 1309, 1326, 

1351, 1355, 1446, 1448, 1456, 1469, 

1477, 1519, 1520, 1557, 1579, 1619, 

1659, 1693, 1955, 1968, 1974, 198U 

2008, 2028, 2031, 2035, 2036, 2083, 

2095, 2097, 2098, 2099, 2157, 2162, 

2207, 2328, 2330, 2377, 2416, 2511 

Evenki 330, 938, 1126, 1163, 1186, 

1379, 1639, 2096, 2272, 2340 

Finno-Ugric 35, 139, 221, 284, 309, 

311, 313, 362, 442, 560, 672, 697, 

704, 768, 778, 793, 839, 860, 878, 

997, 1004, 1007, 1015, 1016, 1019, 

1038, 1045, 1129, 1141, 1188, 1253, 

1267, 1302, 1337, 1366, 1375, 1406, 

1493, 1515, 1525, 1539, 1552, 1576, 

1653, 1759, 1762, 1794, 1837, 1948, 

2018, 2091, 2101, 2118, 2150, 2189, 

2273, 2280, 2401, 2599, 2603, 2607 

Finno-Permic 329,449,467,1643 

Finno-Volgaic 806, 824, 1005, 

1040, 1048, 1059, 2579 

Koriak 584 

Modern Mongolian 2272 

Northern-Samoyed 1268, 1577 

Northern-Tungus 141, 356, 486, 

1325, 1405, 1613, 1661, 1720, 1993, 

2007, 2217, 2634, 2645 

Ob-Ugric 945, 1077 

Ostjak 1087,1303,2050 

Permic 1250 

Proto-Altaic 557, 580, 891, 1391, 

1642, 1705 

Proto-Eskimo 509, 1147, 1851, 


Proto-Mongolian 13, 316, 662, 

1328 

Samoyed 71, 114, 430, 659, 892, 

1319, 1393, 1517, 1524, 1719, 1726, 

1739,2048,2065,2204,2578 

Tungus 6, 17, 20, 41, 67, 100, 140, 

234, 287, 291, 300, 316, 347, 351, 

353, 364, 366, 369, 440, 411, 461, 

485, 574, 651, 731, 767, 785, 787, 

798, 843, 861, 935, 998, 1034, 1037,

500 Language index 

1044, 1047, 1074, 1076, 1129, 1137, 

1155, 1175, 1177, 1224, 1236, 1239, 

1255, 1283, 1313, 1323, 1325, 1328, 

1370, 1381, 1388, 1404, 1424, 1428, 

1446, 1450, 1465, 1498, 1538, 1551, 

1560, 1562, 1564, 1575, 1646, 1696, 

1708, 1724, 1781, 1803, 1805, 1821, 

1830, 1847, 1849, 1875, 1912, 1921, 

1927, 1961, 1963, 1985, 2051,2090, 

2096, 2107, 2124, 2137, 2202, 2211, 

2257, 2279, 2296, 2340, 2345, 2351, 

2356, 2358, 2359, 2373, 2374, 2389, 

2395, 2334, 2471, 2476, 2487, 2490, 

2492, 2632,2641 

Uralic 33, 64, 65, 74, 139, 403, 

436, 451, 458, 470, 614,620,671, 

691, 780, 781, 819, 823, 826, 836, 

855, 921, 953, 955, 983, 992, 1018, 

1022, 1085, 1112, 1208, 1221, 1238, 

1321, 1401, 1409, 1439, 1480, 1490, 

1532, 1625, 1685, 1723, 1749, 1758, 

1770, 1772, 1785, 1830, 1851, 1861, 

1866, 1911, 1917, 1938, 1964, 1982, 

2000, 2039, 2050, 2264, 2270, 2366, 

2390, 2410, 2411, 2423, 2470, 2486, 

2568, 2578, 2618, 2632, 2638, 

Yakut 17, 18, 22, 30, 32, 45, 76, 

82, 119, 133, 144, 145, 146, 148, 

150, 154, 155, 159, 179, 181, 184, 

306, 325, 343, 344, 373, 378, 379, 

382, 384, 397, 452, 457, 488, 493, 

559, 630, 795, 815, 848, 860, 861, 

886, 922, 932, 938, 951, 960, 962, 

969, 1001, 1114, 1163, 1193, 1281, 

1297, 1354, 1377, 1596, 1612, 1618, 

1709, 1710, 1969, 1974, 1981, 1995, 

2008, 2028, 2031, 2033, 2088, 2089, 

2120, 2148, 2162, 2168, 2170, 2207, 

2233, 2235, 2240, 2241, 2306, 2329, 

2335, 2406, 2429, 2446, 2457, 2473, 

2495,2506, 2526, 2527, 2548

Trends in Linguistics Documentation 25

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