Lecture Notes in Physics

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6 A.B. Borisov et al. 4. T.E. Cowan, A. Hunt, T. Phillips, S. Wilks, M. Perry, C. Brown, W. Fountain, S. Hatchett, J. Johnson, M. Key, T. Parnell, D. Pennington, R. Snavely, Y. Takahashi: Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 903 (2000) 5. A.B. Borisov, X. Song, F. Frigeni, Y. Koshman, Y. Dai, K. Boyer, C.K. Rhodes: J.Phys.B:At.Mol.Opt.Phys.36, 3433 (2003) 6. A.B. Borisov, J. Davis, X. Song, Y. Koshman, Y. Dai, K. Boyer, C.K. Rhodes: J.Phys.B:At.Mol.Opt.Phys.36, L285 (2003) 7. Y. Dai, A.B. Borisov, J.W. Longworth, K. Boyer, C.K. Rhodes: In: Proc. Int. Conf. Electromagnet. Adv. Appl., Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy, 1999, ed. R. Graglia, p. 3 8. Y. Dai, A.B. Borisov, J.W. Longworth, K. Boyer, C.K. Rhodes: Int. J. Mod. Phys. A 18, 4257 (2003) 9. Y. Dai, A.B. Borisov, J.W. Longworth, K. Boyer, C.K. Rhodes: Adv. Stud. Contemp. Math. 10, 149 (2005)
2 High-Intensity Laser–Matter Interaction H. Schwoerer Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany schwoerer@ioq.uni-jena.de 2.1 Lasers Meet Nuclei A visible laser beam can be used to set neutrons free, to induce the fusion between nuclei, or even to fission a nucleus. The energy of one laser photon is about 1 eV, whereas the energy required to fission a uranium nucleus amounts to 10 million electronvolts. How can that be? The trick is that the intensity of the laser light field of today’s most powerful lasers is so high that the interaction of the light with matter is completely dominated by the electromagnetic field rather than by single photons. Or, in other words, the interaction physics has left the regime of classical nonlinear optics and has emerged into the new domain of relativistic optics. We will see that this situation has manifold consequences. Relativistic optics or relativistic interaction between light and matter, even though this phrase is literately not quite correct, starts when the quiver energy of an electron in the light field approaches the energy of its rest mass divided by the square of the speed of light. This occurs at a light intensity of 2×10 18 W/cm 2 (at the wavelength of today’s intense lasers of 800 nm). Today’s ultrashort pulse, high-intensity lasers are capable of generating intensities two orders of magnitude higher than this value. Therefore, experimental laser physics has truly entered this novel regime. The situation in the focus of such a laser can be demonstrated with a simple analogy (see Fig. 2.1): If one focusses all sunlight incident on the earth with a big enough lens onto the tip of a pencil (0.1 cm −2 ), the intensity in that spot would be 10 20 W/cm 2 . In the focus of that laser pulse, the electric field strength is more than 10 11 V/cm, a value almost hundred times higher than the field binding the electron and the proton in the hydrogen atom. The light pressure onto a solid in the laser focus reaches several Gbar. Through directed acceleration of electrons, currents of many TeraA/cm 2 and magnetic fields of several thousand Tesla are generated. And, finally a macroscopic amount of dense matter is heated to millions of degrees. These states of matter and fields of that size exist in stars, in the vicinity of black holes, and in galactic jets. H. Schwoerer: High-Intensity Laser–Matter Interaction, Lect. Notes Phys. 694, 7–23 (2006) www.springerlink.com c○ Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg and European Communities 2006
Page 1 and 2: Lecture Notes in Physics Editorial
Page 3 and 4: Heinrich Schwoerer Joseph Magill Bu
Page 5 and 6: Preface The subject of this book is
Page 7 and 8: Contents Part I Fundamentals and Eq
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Page 13 and 14: List of Contributors Didier Besnard
Page 15 and 16: 1 The Nuclear Era of Laser Interact
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Electron Laser NaI detector Number
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15 Status of Neutron Imaging E.H. L
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