The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia

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337. Interview with an agent, U.S. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, New Haven, Conn., May 3 - 1972. 338. Interview with Western dir)lomatic official, Vientiane, Laos, August 1971; interview with Third World diplomatic official, Vientiane, Laos, August 1971 (this account of the incident has been corroborat(-.d by reports received by the U.S. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs [Interview with an agent, U.S. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, New Haven, Connecticut, November 18, 19711) -, interview with a Laotian political observer, Vientiane, Laos, August 1971. 339. Interview with a Laotian political observer, Vientiane, Laos, August 1971. 340. Lao Presse (Vientiane: Ministry of Information, #1566/71), September 6, 1971. 341. Interview with an agent, U.S. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, Southeast Asia, September 1971. 342. Ibid. 343. Hamilton-Paterson, The Greedy War, p. 194. 344. Far Eastern Economic Review, December 4, 1971, pp. 40-41. 345. In its July 19, 1971, issue, Newsweek maga7ine hinted that the United States had used its "other means of persuasion" to force Gen. Ouane Rattikone into retirement. This suggestion is based only on the imagination of Newsweek's New York editorial staff. According to the Vientiane press corps, Newsweek cabled its Vientiane corresnondent for confirmation of this story and he replied that Ouane's retirement had been planned for over a year (which it was). Reliable diplomatic sources in Vientiane found Newsweek's suggestion absurd and General Ouane himself flatly denied that there had been any pressure on him to retire (Newsweek, July 19, 1971, pp. 23- 24). 346. Interview with Gen. Ouane Rattikone, Vientiane, Laos, September 1, 1971.
The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia 8 What Can Be Done? 1. In 1965 there were 57,199 known addicts. Using standard conversion ratios for years past, this yields an estimated addict population of 150,000. (Bureau of Narcotics, U.S. Treasury Department, Traffic in Opium and Other Dangerous Drugs for the Year Ending Dec-ember 31, 1965 [Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1966], p. 45.) 2. Statement of John E. Ingersoll, Director, U.S. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, U.S. Department of Justice, before the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, New York City, February 24, 1972, p. 5. 3. In May 1970 one research organization reported: "Until recently, middle-class drug users almost always stayed away from heroin. In the last year there has been a sizeable increase in various parts of the country in the number of middle-class drug users who are willing to try heroin. . . . It is reasonable to expect that within a few years in any community of heavy drug users a noticeable percent will try heroin, and some smaller percent will become addicted." (Max Singer, Project Leader, Policy Concerning Drug Abuse in New York State [CrotononHudson, N.Y.: Hudson Institute, May 31, 1970] 1, 27.) 4. The New York Times, June 11, 1971, p. 1. 5. ]bid., July 23, 1971, p. 1. 6. Singer, Policy Concerning Drug Abuse in New York State, p. 61. One Congressional study group estimated that the national total for property stolen by heroin addicts was $7.5 million a day, or $2.7 billion a year. (Morgan F. Murphy and Robert H. Steele, The World Heroin Problem, 92nd Cong., Ist sess. [Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, May 1971], erratum sheet p. 4.) 7. In 1969 the British government reported to the U.N. that there were 2,782 known addicts during the year 1968. Reliable sources in Great Britain feel that there may be as many as twice that number of practicing addicts who maintain their habits buying from registered addicts or regular pushers. (Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, "Report to the United Nations," mimeographed [London, 1969], p. 5.) 8. Whitman Knapp, Chairman, Commission to Investigate Alleged Police Corruption, "Interim Report on Investigative Phase," Xeroxed (New York; July 1971 ), p. 4; The New York Times, October 28, 197 1, p. 1. In 1968, thirty-two agents of the U.S. Bureau of Narcotics were forced to resign after a Justice Department investigation showed that they were selling confiscated heroin and accepting bribes from known traffickers (ibid., December 14, 1968, p. 1). 9. The New York Times, June 18, 1971. 10. Before the eradication of illicit opium production can become completely effective, illicit poppy fields in Afghanistan and Pakistan would have to be eliminated. Together these two nations account for about 24 percent of the world's illicit opium production. Although only small quantities of South Asian opium get beyond local markets, it is quite possible that Afghanistan and Pakistan might become America's major source of opiates if production in Southeast Asia were eradicated. There is also a possibility that opium might be diverted from legal Iranian and Indian production to supply American markets once Southeast Asia's illicit production is eliminated. In this case, it would probably be wise to urge these governments to eliminate legal opium production (Murphy and Steele, The World Heroin Problem, p. 17; The New York Times, July 1, 1971, p. 1). Once legal production in India and Iran is abolished, the international pharmaceutical industry will have to find an alternate source of opium for the production of medical morphine, one of the best pain killers known to modern medicine. The Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China have been able to produce opium for medical purposes without significant diversion, and they could become an alternate source of supply. Also, the
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Introduction: The Consequences of C
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Heroin: The History of a "Miracle D
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Heroin: The History of a "Miracle D
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The Logistics of Heroin supersonic
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Sicily: Home of the Mafia The Polit
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The Mafia in America The Politics o
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The Mafia Restored: Fighters for De
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The Mafia Restored: Fighters for De
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Luciano Organizes the Postwar Heroi
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Marseille: America's Heroin Laborat
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Genesis The Politics of Heroin in S
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From Underworld to Underground From
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Political Bedfellows: 'The Socialis
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The Guerini-Francisci Vendetta The
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After the Fall to warn them that th
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The Decline of the European Heroin
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The Colonial Legacy: Opium for the
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The Royal Thai Opium Monopoly as in
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Burma: Sahibs in the Shan States de
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French Indochina: The Friendly Neig
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The Opium Crisis of 1939-1945 The P
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The Meo of Laos: Politics of the Po
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The Meo of Laos: Politics of the Po
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Opium in the Tai Country: Denouemen
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Into the Postwar Era However, in 19
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Cold War Opium Boom Southeast Asia'
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French Indochina: Opium Espionage a
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The Binh Xuyen: Order and Opium in
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Secret War in Burma: The KMT contin
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Secret War in Burma: The KMT the ne
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Thailand's Opium: The Fruits of Vic
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APPENDIX: Isn't It True That Commun
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South Vietnam: Narcotics in the Nat
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The Politics of Heroin in South Vie
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Tradition and Corruption in Southea
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Diem's Dynasty and the Nhu Bandits
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Diem's Dynasty and the Nhu Bandits
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The New Opium Monopoly placed beyon
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The New Opium Monopoly declared in
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The Thieu-Ky Rivalry The Politics o
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The Thieu-Ky Rivalry battle for luc
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The GI Heroin Epidemic The Politics
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The GI Heroin Epidemic commercial,
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The Opium Airlift Command The Polit
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Thieu Takes Command The Politics of
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The Vietnamese Navy: Up the Creek T
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The Vietnamese Navy: Up the Creek s
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The Vietnamese Army: Marketing the
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The Lower House: Heroin Junkets Vie
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The Khiem Apparatus: All in the Fam
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The Khiem Apparatus: All in the Fam
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The Mafia Comes to Asia The Politic
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The Mafia Comes to Asia fully, stea
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The Consequences of Complicity: A G
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The Consequences of Complicity: A G
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Hong Kong: Heir to the Heroin Traff
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7. The Golden Triangle: Heroin Is O
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Laos: Land of the Poppy Southeast A
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Corsican Aviation Pioneers: "Air Op
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Gen. Phourni Nosavan: "Feudalism Is
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Gen. Phourni Nosavan: "Feudalism Is
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Secret War, Secret Strategy in Laos
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Long Pot Village: Rendezvous with A
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Gen. Ouane Rattikone: The Vientiane
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The CIA in Northwest Laos: Prelude
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Gen. U Ba Thein: Reaping the Whirlw
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Gen. U Ba Thein: Reaping the Whirlw
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The KNIT in Thailand: Guardian at t
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The KNIT in Thailand: Guardian at t
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Battle at Ban Khwan: The Challenge
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Survival of the Fittest officer at
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The Shan Rebellion: The Road to Cha
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Gen. Ouane Rattikone: Winner Takes
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8. What Can Be Done? The Politics o
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Destroy the Narcotics Syndicates Th
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Eliminate illicit Opium Production
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1972: The Year of Decision and brin
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APPENDIX China: The Historical Sett
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China Grows Her Own The Politics of
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The Tarnished Crusades The Politics
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The Tarnished Crusades endured for
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The Tarnished Crusades toward the c
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Glossary The Politics of Heroin in
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20. Ibid. 21. In 1969 Iran resumed
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19. Pantaleone, The Mafia and Polit
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42. Le Provencal, November 14, 1947
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84. Norman Lewis, The Honored Socie
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15. Shlomo Avineri, Karl Marx on Co
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50. Ibid., p. 269. 51. Le Thanh Kho
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