presentation

Kaïs S.P.A.
Devidas Buinauskas
Lorenzo Cocchi
Roos de Jong
Florian Zirkzee
AR0079 Housing under the Himalaya
Initiated by The Dagpo Fund
Supervisors: Henri van Bennekom, Nelson Mota and Roel van de Pas

1950
People’s republic of China
invades Tibet
FOOD
FOOD
FOOD
Before 1959
Tibetan monasteries were owners Before 1959 of most of the land. The farmers
and villagers were living in serfdom
Tibetan monasteries were owners of most of the land. The farmers and villagers were living in serfdom

Plot A
1960
Redistributation Before of 1960 monasteries
End of serfdom
Redistribution
and
of monasteries
deviding land
End of serfdom and deviding land among the villagers

from 115.000 monks to 5.000 monks
1960
Redistributation Before of 1962 monasteries
End of serfdom
Demolition
and
of monasteries
deviding land
Amount of monks decreases quickly, a lot of monks flee

1883
The amount of monks slowly grows again

2004
The Dagpo Shedrub Ling monastery is rebuilt near Kaïs, but in a totally different context than the original
monastery in Tibet

How can we improve the lifespan of the
monastery compound?
How can we design a sustainable future for it?

comfort & safety sustainability & energy efficiency co-exsistence & cohesion
Design issues

comfort & safety
Design issues

Current condition monastery

not earthquake proof
Current condition monastery

single glazing
Current condition monastery

no insulation
Current condition monastery

no heating system
Current Condition condition monastery

Current condition monastery
no sewage filter
polluted water into the Beas river

ad condition of concrete
Current condition monastery

Electricity
Current condition monastery

No electricity
Current condition monastery

Strategy
for comfort and safety
Level of comfort and safety

Strategy
for comfort and safety
Every step does not
contradict the next
steps
steps
0 1 2 3 4 5
Level of comfort and safety

Strategy
for comfort and safety
safety
steps
0 1 2 3 4 5
Level of comfort and safety

Strategy
for comfort and safety
window shutter
steps
0 1 2 3 4 5
Level of comfort and safety

Strategy
for comfort and safety
insulation
steps
0 1 2 3 4 5
Level of comfort and safety

Strategy
for comfort and safety
heating
steps
0 1 2 3 4 5
Level of comfort and safety

Strategy
for comfort and safety
re-use
steps
0 1 2 3 4 5
Level of comfort and safety

Step 1
safety against earthquakes
rooms support more than 12 tons
costs of one unit is 10.000 euros

Step 2
shutters for windows
the thermal resistance of the opening (R value)
goes from 0.18 m 2 K/W up to 0. 43 m 2 K/W

Step 3
internal insulation
the thermal resistance of the opening (R value)
goes from 0.32 m 2 K/W up to 5. 18 m 2 K/W

Step 4
Heating system with air

Step 5
Demolition and re-use

comfort & safety
Design issue

Design issue
comfort & safety
sustainability & energy efficiency

Sustainability
in India and the world
New building methods and materials
building method with a large carbon footprint
short lifespan; not weather and earthquake proof
no smart use of pasive solutions for indoor climate

Sustainability
in India and the world
No waste management
often burned next to the road
pollute the environment

Sustainability
in India and the world
No sewage system
sewage flows often immediately in the rivers
polluting the rivers and environment

Sustainable design
in the area
What is required for a sustainable design near Kaïs, Himachal Pradesh?
energy, water, waste,
(building) materials,
sewage and cooking
closed cycles as much as
possible
‘clean’ in and output
affordable can be built by locals long term occupancy that is
cultural reponsive

Vernacular and modern architecture
in Kullu Valley
vernacular architecture
modern architecture

Vernacular architecture

Vernacular architecture
components
Materials
stone and wood
Building construction (kath khuni)
wooden structure filled with stones
Organisation (verandah)
wooden lightweight construction
around the mass

Vernacular architecture
materials
Local resources
low carbon footprint
Sustainability
No processing of the materials in a factory
Not a long distance of transport to the site
Wood as a renewable source
Materials
stone and wood

Vernacular architecture
construction
earthquake proof
thermal mass
Durability and comfort
Building construction (kath khuni)
wooden structure filled with stones
the wooden beams and stones can move relative
to each other, so that the forces will be absorbed
during an earthquake
The thermal mass keeps the indoor temperature
warmer in winter and cooler in summer

Vernacular architecture
Organisation
‘in between space’
public and private
bufferzone
Spacing and comfort
Organisation (verandah)
wooden lightweight construction
around the mass
the upperfloor is private, related to the household
(washing storage), while the ground floor is a
semi-public space where people sit and meet.
the verandah is used as bufferzone to store hay
(food for the cattle) and wood (for cooking), it
keeps the indoor space warm

Modern architecture

Modern architecture
incremental modularity
incrementality and flexibility

How can the set of principles, inspired by
vernacular and modern architecture of the area, be
translated into a new sustainable design?

Strategy
for sustainable design
comfort and safety
1. Comfort and safety
thermal mass
keeps the indoor climate stable
light weight verandah
can be adjusted, depending on
weather and season

Strategy
for sustainable design
comfort and safety
sustainability and efficiency
2. Sustainability and energy efficiency
thermal mass
keeps the indoor climate hot in
winter and cool in summer
roof
produces hot water, heated air and
eventual electricity
thermal mass
gabion wall filled with rubble

Strategy
for sustainable design
comfort and safety
sustainability and efficiency
flexibility
3. Flexibility
thermal mass
living area
fixed structure contains the pipes
for water, ventilation and heated air.
light weight verandah
service space of the building
can be adjusted depended on
preference and activities

Components of module
roof

Components of module
thermal mass

Components of module
verandah

Components of module
facade

Floor plan of a house
ground floor

Floor plan of a house
ground floor

Flexibility
different configurations ans program

N
E
W
S

CEMENT
CEMENT

CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT

CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
CEMENT
1

CEMENT
CEMENT

CEMEN
CEMENT
CEMENT

closet
sink
gas cooking stove
shower
toilet
CEMEN
CEMENT
CEMENT

Day temperature around
30 Celcius degrees
Climate
summer
The solar heatpipes
to heat up warm
tapwater and PV
panels to mainly
generate electricity
for the solar air heater
fan.
Fan to cool the building
The high sun during the summer
runs along the building to
prevent heating up the thermal
mass.
Ground heat exchanger
to cool the warm
outside air to 14
Celsius degrees
through pipes in the
earth.
air that blows
through the building
to ventilate

Day temperature around 0
Celcius degrees
Climate
winter
Fan to warm up
the building
warm tap water
electricity
heated air
Inlet for the fan
to reheat the
cooled down air.
The low sun during the
winter radiates through
the facade and heats up
the thermal mass.
Ground heat exchanger to
warm the cold outside air to 14
Celsius degrees through pipes
in the earth.

Climate
air heating
State bank in
Shimla
(2h drive from
Kais)
Newly
designed
module
New Dagpo
school living quarters
Renovated school
Surface area 1650m 2 130m 2 270m 2 600m 2
heated surface
area
solar collector
surface are
ratio between solar
collector and
heated surface
area
m 2 9.5m 2 16m 2 17m 2
560m 2 140m 2 235m 2 250m 2
6.7% 6.7% 6.7% 6.7%

Water
Hot tapwater tank to
store 3200 L water at 60
Celsius degrees.
The solar heatpipes to
heat up warm tapwater.
fresh
water
pipe
Rain water tank 20000 L to flush
toilets with a buffer for a month of
flushings with for 40 people
Biodigester to produce and
store biogas for cooking
and fuel for the emergency
backup generator.
Helofyt system to clean
the residu of the biogas
tank to clean water and
let it back into the nature.

N E E D E D
Cooking
Electricity
Heating
organic waste
Single house
Energy efficiency
15 m3 gas per year
1000 kWh per year
P R O D U C I N G
Biogas toilet produces 43,8
m3 biogas per year, which
is enough to cook on for a
year.
Day: solarpower during
the day. Mainly to let the
fan run of the heating
system. Surpluss energy is
being sold to the grid for 5
Rupee per unit.
Thermal mass principle to
heat the building in the
winter from stored heat in
mass and to cool the
building in the summer
with the stored cold in the
mass.
Night: hydropower from
the grid.
Heat pipes to produce hot
water for showering which
will be stored in the 500
Liters boiler.
Backup: biogas generator
to produce energy during
power outage of the grid
or when there is not
enough sun to gain
electricity from the
solarpanels.
Ground heat exchanger to
lead air through the
ground to get a constant
air temperature of 14
Celsius degrees.
SINGLE
MODULE
3 people
2 rooms
5x5x3m
Solar air heating system to
heat up air with the solar
panels and blow throught
the buildings.

N E E D E D
Cooking
Electricity
Heating
waste
Village
Energy efficiency
250 m3 gas per year
16.000 kWh per year
P R O D U C I N G
Biogas toilet produces 730
m3 biogas per year.
Day: solarpower during
the day. Mainly to let the
fan run of the heating
system. Surpluss energy is
being sold to the grid for 5
Rupee per unit.
Thermal mass principle to
heat the building in the
winter from stored heat in
mass and to cool the
building in the summer
with the stored cold in the
mass.
Waste burner able to burn
10kg per hour and get in
return heated up water at a
boiling point
Helofyt field of 160 m2 to
clean the residu of the
biogas toilet into clean
water.
Night: hydropower from
the grid.
Heat pipes to produce hot
water for showering which
will be stored in the 500
Liters boiler.
Backup: biogas generator
to produce energy during
power outage of the grid
or when there is not
enough sun to gain
electricity from the
solarpanels.
Central heat storage to
store 10.000 Liters warm
water on 60 Celsius.
50 people
Solar air heating system to
heat up air with the solar
panels and blow through
the buildings.
VILLAGE

ut sustainability does not exist without people

Design issue
comfort & safety
sustainable design

comfort & safety sustainable design co-existence & cohesion
Design issue

Context
of the Dagpo Shedrung Ling monastery
2004
the tibetan monastery is built in a
new context; Kaïs

Context
of the Dagpo Shedrung Ling monastery
2004 - 2013
the school program is for monks
and villagers

Context
of the Dagpo Shedrung Ling monastery
from 2013
the monastery is introvert
economic relationship between monks and villagers

Context
of the Dagpo Shedrung Ling monastery
introverse monastery
unintended the monastery shows its
back to the surroundings

Strategy
for co-existence and cohesion
Line
connection

Strategy
for co-existence and cohesion
Line
connection
Surfaces
public relation

Strategy
for co-existence and cohesion
Line
connection
Surfaces
public relation
Volumes
public services

Line
connection

Line
connection

1. clearly visible path
2. connect villages with the monastery
3. intersect plot A and B
Line
connection

Surfaces
public relation
Monks
masters, senior, juniors and
little monks
teachers
of the monastery
Villagers
adults and children

Surfaces
public relation
Monks
masters, senior, juniors and
little monks
teachers
of the monastery
Villagers
adults and children
plot B
hidden between the trees
safer
more private
plot A
Next to the street and in front of monastery
more public

Surfaces
public relation
Playing garden
Public square

Medical post
providing health care
Volumes
public services

Medical post underneath the school
Volumes
public services

Bath house
providing hot water
Volumes
public services

Hot spring in Vashist

waste plant
waste management
Volumes
public services

Waste burn in front of the monastery

comfort & safety sustainable design co-existence & cohesion
Design issue

Kais S.P.A.

Strategy
for Kais S.P.A.
Border between
monastery and
surroundings
Backyard
Backyard
School
Playground children
Playground children
Public space
Public space
current situation
Mixed program of the school
classes, sleeping rooms, teacher
rooms, playing room, library and
sanitary

Strategy
for Kais S.P.A.
Backyard
Backyard
Playground children
A home
Playground children
A school
Public space
Public space
Different atmospheres
Division of program

Strategy
for Kais S.P.A.
Backyard
Backyard
Playground children
Playground children
Public space
Public space
Different relationship with surroundings
Division of program

Strategy
for Kais S.P.A.
Backyard
Playground children
Public space
A new position, a new home
Different approach in architecture

Masterplan
section

Masterplan
section

Water storage tank 25000 L
functions as a buffer between
the river and the usage.
Masterplan
energy system
Rain water tank 20000 L to
flush toilets with a buffer for a
month.
60 sqm of solar airpanels to heat
up the school building. One shaft
per two rooms
35 sqm of solar heat pipes to
heat up the bath house.
10 sqm of PV panels to mainly
let the fan run.
35 sqm of solar airpanels to
heat up the building through air.
110 sqm of solar heat pipes to
heat up the bath house.
Heat storage tank of 25000 L to warm
up the bath and store warm tap water for
showering
Warm water baths of 6000 L each
Waste management, a furnace
to burn the waste to hight
temperature with a heat
exchanger that heats up water.
60 sqm of solar heat pipes to heat up
the bath house
Biogas tank to turn poop into
usable gas to cook on.
Cold water bath of 12000 L
Helofyt system to clean the residu of the
biogas tank to clean water and let it back
into the nature

Masterplan
energy system
Waste
Rain water
River water
Sun
Burn
Store
Store
Heat
Back-up Back-up
Back-up
Heat Heat
Waste burner with a
capacity of 10 kg per hour
and equipped with a heat
exchanger to heat up
water.
45.000 Liter
Flush
25.000 Liter Solar heatpipes area of
365 m2 with a capacity of
704 kw
Solar panels area of 112
m2 with a capacity of
30.000 kWh per year.
Solar air heating to
produce hot air and
ventilate the building. In
total 95 m2 is needed for
the the new and old
school to heat up.
Store
Fuel 2,8 m3 per hour
75 days of fuel
Toilet flushing amount of
7.200 times
Heat storage tank at 60
Celsius with 25.000 Liters
of volume.
Store
Fuel
Methane gas
Cooking on natural gas
takes 33 m3 per year
2900 m3 natural gas per
year
Biogas tank of 0.5m3
Warm water bath at 45
Celsius. 2 x 6000 liters
Fuel
Clean
Back-up power generator Biogas tank of 0.5m3
Warm water bath at 25
Celsius. 2 x 6000 liters
Clean water

School of the little monks
first floor
0 5 10 15 20

School of the little monks
second floor
0 5 10 15 20

School of the little monks
roof

0,4
School of the little monks
section
2,73
4
0,19
3
2,9 0,8
1,8
0,73
2
4,3

house of the little monks
ground floor
9
1,5 1,3 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,4 1,3
4,6
0,2
18,9
1,2 2,8 0,8 2,5 2,6 2,5 0,8 2,5 2,6 0,5
0,2
4,6

house of the little monks
first floor
9
1 1,5 2,2 1,3 1,4 1,4
4,6
0,2
18,9
1,2
2,6
1,2
2,6
2,1
2,6
1,2
2,6 1,5
1,3
0,2
4,6

house of the little monks
second floor
9
1,5 1,3 1,1 1,1 1,1 1,4 1,3
tank for warm
tap water
1.5x1.5x1.5m
3200 litres
4,7
0,2
18,9
1,2
2,8 0,8 2,5 2,6 2,5 0,8 2,5 1,3 1,3 0,5 0,2
4,6

house of the little monks
section

house of the little monks
section

Kais S.P.A.

Kais S.P.A.
Sustainable Propositions in Architecture