Virginia Curriculum Catalog

Virginia Experience • U.S. History II • ©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Page 2
Virginia Experience • U.S. History II • ©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Page 7
Virginia Experience • U.S. History II • ©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Page 5
Virginia Experience • U.S. History II • ©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Page 1
Virginia Experience • U.S. History II • ©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Page 3
Virginia Experience • U.S. History II • ©Carole Marsh/Gallopade • www.gallopade.com • Page 4
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Building the Transcontinental RailroadThe Weeping Time
When I Grow Up, I Want to Be a Cowboy
It was a race to see who could be the fastest to the finish line. Spikes were driven into
How
the
would you like to be sold like livestock, as if you were a mule? No one would,
Many former slaves left the South and moved west to work on ranches in Texas after
ground; tracks were laid across mountains and plains. It was a project that would change
of course, but it happened…
the Civil War. Driving cattle was a difficult job. It was lonely, dirty, and sometimes
America forever…
dangerous. Imagine how the “Help-Wanted” advertisement might have read...
In 1859 on a racetrack in Savannah, Georgia, the largest sale of slaves ever held in
The construction of the Transcontinental Railroad was one of the greatest
Help Wanted: Cowboys
the United States took place. On two rainy days, about 430 men, women, and children
technological accomplishments in America’s history. Construction started after the
$1 a Day
were sold to the highest bidder.
Civil War ended in order to extend existing tracks in the Great Plains over the western
Attention: Young Men, 15 to 25 years old
mountains, plains, deserts, and rivers. Only then could someone easily and quickly travel Pierce Butler, a plantation owner, had wasted his inheritance on an expensive Twelve cowhands are needed to herd 3,000 longhorn cattle. We’ll travel on horseback,
from the eastern United States to the West. 5
lifestyle. His land and buildings were sold to pay some of his bills, 3but he still owed more
10 to 15 miles a day for two months. We’ll follow the Chisholm Trail. You must be a
money. He needed to sell many of his
Without an unbroken rail route to the
slaves to get out of debt.
good rider and able to rope a calf while riding your horse. You must be willing to herd
Pacific Coast, the trip from the East lasted several
across deep water. The boss will provide lunch and dinner at the chuck wagon. Be
months. It was difficult, expensive, and sometimes
The major slave auction was prepared to take a two-hour turn each night watching the cattle. Singers and storytellers
dangerous. Many people instead chose to take
advertised widely for weeks and drew
are encouraged to apply.
a ship south around the tip of South America
huge crowds to Savannah. Butler had
and then north. But that approach also required
his slaves brought to the racetrack, where
several months and was costly.
they stayed in shacks or horse stalls for Driving a herd of cattle was not easy! Keeping the cattle moving in the right
days or weeks until the sale began. direction could be dangerous.
It didn’t take much to spook
Two railroad companies would start racing
One observer said, “It is a dreadful a Texas longhorn. A loud
toward each other from northern California to
affair….” Not all families were sold noise, like thunder, might
eastern Nebraska. The Central Pacific started
together. Parents and children were cause a stampede. Imagine
laying track from west to east, while the Union
soon parted. So were brothers and 3,000 cattle running on
Pacific built from east to west. The companies
sisters. That observer asked, “Can such the open plain, trampling
competed to be the first to reach Promontory
a system [slavery] endure?” And yet everything he in their path! You’d
Point, Utah, where their tracks would joint!
added, “Slavery is better for them and have to round them up again.
for us….”
Sometimes a cowboy could
Building the railroad was difficult for both companies. The Central Pacific had to
keep them calm by singing.
lay track through the Rocky Mountains. Workers blasted through rock with dynamite Surely, the men, women, boys, and girls standing in the rain that day disagreed.
and built tunnels to make room for the railroad. The Union Pacific’s work was less Many tried hard to be purchased by “good” masters. They showed off their teeth or
There were other dangers.
challenging because it was building across flat prairies. The railroad companies lay an muscles. Others just sat sadly in the rain.
Rattlesnakes, cattle thieves, and
average of 1 mile of track a day.
What happened next? New owners and their new slaves left together. Champagne hostile Indians topped the list. A
On on May 10, 1869, the Central Pacific and Union Pacific crews met at bottles were popped to celebrate the $303,850 made from the sale.
common cause of death for a cowboy was being dragged by his horse after falling off.
Promontory Point. The last spike nailed into the track was made of gold! News of the
The rain stopped. Africans who had been kidnapped and brought against their will Most of the day, you would ride alongside the cattle alone. After the evening meal,
completied Transcontinental Railroad spread quickly, and Americans celebrated the
to work in the fields or do household chores would continue to work hard. you’d sit around the fire and tell stories. Then you’d grab your blanket and get some
joining of East and West.
sleep. Your buddy would wake you when it was your turn at watch.
One day, the terrible practice of slavery would come to an end in America, but not
The creation of the railroad changed the United States forever! Americans could on this day at a racetrack in Savannah.
travel from the East to the West in only a few days and for as little as $150 for a nice seat.
The “Wild” West attracted many new settlers, bustling towns, and settlements along the
Higher-Order Thinking
railroad tracks.
Higher-Order Thinking
Develop a logical argument as to why men would want to become cowboys, since it was
Higher-Order Thinking
What can you conclude about the observer’s point of view of slavery? Cite evidence from
a pretty difficult life.
What effects did the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad have on life in America? the text to support your answer.
Cite evidence from the text that is stated explicitly or inferred.
Tech Tools
Incorporate classroom and “Build Your Own Tech” technology
into your Social Studies instruction with ideas, tips, and links for
integrating research, blogs, flashcards, videos, and more into
instruction and assessments.
Enrichment Pack
Engage students with broad word and world knowledge through
robust reading passages that help them comprehend challenging
material with higher-order thinking and prompts to encourage
class or small group discussion or to inspire writing assignments.
7
The Invention of Paper Living in the Wild, Wild West Recipe for a GREAT Map!
Did you know that Benjamin Franklin was the first paper
The few wooden buildings lining the dirt road didn’t look like much. They had signs like Just as a recipe combines parts to make a whole dish, so does a map include many
merchant in America? Or that he helped start paper mills in
“General Store,” “Blacksmith,” and “Hotel.” The Wild West town looked more like a important pieces to give you the big picture…
Virginia? Let’s learn about the history of paper…
dusty row of barns than a bustling city…
A map is a very important geographic tool that shows
Paper is everywhere in a modern society. Just a few of
The towns of the Wild West may have been small and simple, but they were the detailed information about an area. The area can be as small
the ways different types of paper products are used include
center of a pioneer’s life. Just about every Wild West town featured the same businesses
as your classroom or as big as the entire Earth! A map may
writing paper, gift wrap, book pages, Kleenex, and paper
that were important to pioneer life:
show roads, landmarks, routes for transportation, and different
money. Paper is a vital resource for the United States and
for the entire world!
1
Blacksmith and stables: Since horses were the 4
landforms such as mountains and rivers.
main type of transportation, each Wild West town
There are four main parts to a map you need to remember:
It is believed the world’s first paper was created by
needed a blacksmith who could make shoes for
the ancient Egyptians. They used strips from a papyrus
the map title, map key, scale, and compass rose.
the horses, and a stable where horses were fed
plant. These strips were moistened and then made into
and watered.
The map title tells what this map displays. A map key or map legend is a chart that
a criss-cross pattern that the Egyptians pressed into
explains what the symbols on a map mean. On many maps, for example, a black dot
sheets. The word “paper” comes from “papyrus.”
General store: The general store provided the
stands for a city, a star stands for a state’s capital, airplanes stand for airports, and black or
However, the kind of paper the Egyptians made did not
supplies pioneers needed for survival. The stores
yellow lines stand for highways, roads, or
look and feel anything like our paper products of today. Paper that is closest to
were usually very small—the size of an average
streets. The kind of map will determine
modern paper was first made in China nearly 2,000 years ago.
classroom. They carried goods like rugs, cooking
what kind of symbols are needed for the
stoves, candles, hammers, and children’s toys.
map legend.
The Chinese did not experiment with paper for writing. Instead, they needed
a different kind of paper to make clothing and blankets!
Church: The church was the center of town. It
Many maps also have a compass
was a place where settlers could worship and
The Chinese created paper by boiling plants until they became pulp. The
rose, which is a tool that shows
talk with their neighbors. A pastor might have to
pulp would then be sifted through a screen.
directions. The cardinal directions
travel to several different towns to preach—all in
are north, south, east, and west. The
Next, the pulp would harden and dry. The sheets of pulp would be lifted one day!
intermediate directions are the points
from the screen to be used as paper. This paper was very thick and would not
bend like the paper we use today. It was not very smooth, either.
Hotel: The hotel was important for visitors. Since most pioneer houses were one-room
in between the cardinal directions:
log cabins, they did not have room for guests. The hotel room might cost 50 cents per
northeast, northwest, southeast, and
When they wanted to write, the Chinese would scratch or chisel on night, plus 50 cents for lunch and dinner!
southwest.
wood, bamboo, or stone.
Most maps will also have a scale.
Lumberyard/sawmill: Lumberyards were important businesses in prairie towns where
there weren’t many trees to cut down. Pioneers got wood from the lumberyard to
A map scale is a tool that compares distance on a map to the actual distance on Earth. The
build their cabins. Sawmills were important because they cut wood much faster than scale helps the person reading the map figure out real-life distances. For example, suppose
pioneers could cut by hand.
there is a map on which 1 inch represents 1 mile. If two places on that map are 5 inches
Higher-Order Thinking
apart, that means they are 5 miles apart on Earth.
The text says the Chinese used wood, bamboo, or stone for writing. What about School: Wild West towns usually had small, one-room schoolhouses. Students from
writing on those materials might motivate the Chinese to experiment with other kinds ages of 6 to 16 would all learn together from one teacher. Their subjects included reading,
materials?
writing, and arithmetic.
Papyrus
Higher-Order Thinking
Give the four main parts of a map and explain why each is important in understanding
Higher-Order Thinking
how to read a map.
Business tycoon Harvey Firestone once said, “The way of the pioneer is always rough.”
He was referring to business pioneers, but use specific examples from the text and explain
how a real pioneer’s life was a rough one.
Graphic Organizers
Includes over 20 printable or projectable ready-to-use graphic
organizers to increase student comprehension. Students understand
concepts and connections.
Additional Features
• Students can complete their work directly online and use digital
annotation tools.
• The Read Aloud feature supports comprehension and fluency
by having the text spoken aloud while students follow aloud.
TEACHING
TOOLS
From day one, teachers have a comprehensive program
that will prepare every student at every level. Our extensive
teacher materials make it easy to build your daily
lesson plan.
Teaching Tools are organized to match Student Book units
and chapters, making it simple to access the resources
you want to use. Teaching Tools enhance instruction while
easing the burden of your time. You get exactly what you
need when you need it.
K-C&E | Print + DIGITAL
21st Century Skills — Projects and Performance Tasks
Activities can be used as part of an ongoing collaborative
process throughout a unit or as a capstone project at
the end of a unit combining Social Studies content and
essential information into a higher-order thinking activity
or assignment. Each project is easily adaptable to be as
simple or elaborate as desired for your class.
MULTIMEDIA
RESOURCES
Strategically selected resources go beyond the classroom to
engage students with primary and secondary sources. These
enhance lessons and illustrate key concepts with each source
broken down by chapter to save you time.
K-C&E | DIGITAL
Varied Formats
• Photographs
• Diagrams
• Infographics
• Political cartoons
• Paintings
• Videos
• Primary Sources
• Internet Links
Enhanced Learning
• Boost Creativity
• Encourage student
engagement and
collaboration
• Creative alternatives for
learning about specific
topics
• Videos help explain complex
ideas
• Assign as homework or inclass
review
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