Psychological Disorders
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<strong>Psychological</strong><br />
<strong>Disorders</strong><br />
A P R E S E N T A T I O N B Y<br />
N U R A F R E E N A M O H A M M A D I S H A K<br />
R A B I A T U L A D A W I A H A Z I Z
What is <strong>Psychological</strong> Disorder?<br />
A psychological disorder, also called a mental illness<br />
or psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental<br />
pattern that causes significant distress or impairment<br />
of personal functioning. Such features may be<br />
persistent, relapsing and remitting, or occur as a<br />
single episode. It refers to a wide range of mental<br />
health conditions that affect your mood, thinking and<br />
behavior.
<strong>Psychological</strong><br />
Disorder 1<br />
P O S T - T R A U M A T I C<br />
S T R E S S D I S O R D E R<br />
( P T S D )
What is PTSD?<br />
01<br />
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental<br />
disorder that can develop after a person is<br />
exposed to a traumatic event, such as sexual<br />
assault, warfare, traffic collisions, or other<br />
threats on a person's life.<br />
Higher risk for suicide and intentional selfharm.<br />
About half of people develop PTSD following<br />
rape.<br />
Children are less likely than adults to develop<br />
PTSD after trauma, especially if they are under<br />
ten years of age.
What causes PTSD?<br />
02<br />
• violent personal assaults, such as sexual assault, mugging or robbery<br />
• witnessing violent deaths<br />
Types of<br />
events that<br />
can lead to<br />
PTSD include:<br />
• military combat<br />
• being held hostage<br />
• prolonged sexual abuse, violence or severe neglect<br />
• natural disasters, such as severe floods, earthquakes or tsunamis<br />
• serious road accidents
03<br />
Symptoms of PTSD<br />
nightmares/flashbacks<br />
/triggered<br />
Symptoms need<br />
to lasts for more<br />
than 3 months<br />
for diagnosis<br />
crowds/driving<br />
RELIVING THE EVENT (RE-<br />
EXPERIENCING)<br />
NEGATIVE CHANGES IN<br />
BELIEF AND FEELINGS<br />
AVOIDANCE OF<br />
SITUATIONS THAT REMIND<br />
YOU OF THAT EVENT<br />
negative mindset<br />
towards others<br />
trouble<br />
concentrating/<br />
sleeping<br />
FEELING KEYED UP<br />
(HYPERAROUSAL)
TREATMENT<br />
PSYCHOTHERAPY<br />
Prolonged Exposure (PE)<br />
Cognitive Processing Therapy<br />
(CPT)<br />
Eye-Movement Desensitization<br />
and Reprocessing (EMDR)<br />
Narrative Exposure Therapy<br />
(NET)<br />
Written Narrative Exposure<br />
Specific cognitive behavioral<br />
therapies (CBTs) for PTSD<br />
ANTIDEPRESSANTS<br />
Antidepressant medications<br />
called SSRIs (selective serotonin<br />
reuptake inhibitors) and SNRIs<br />
(serotonin-norepinephrine<br />
reuptake inhibitors).<br />
Sertraline (Zoloft)<br />
Paroxetine (Paxil)<br />
Fluoxetine (Prozac)<br />
Venlafaxine (Effexor)
<strong>Psychological</strong><br />
Disorder 2<br />
Depression
It can lead to a variety of emotional and physical<br />
problems and can decrease a person’s ability to<br />
function at work and at home.<br />
WHAT IS DEPRESSION?<br />
01<br />
Depression (major depressive disorder) is<br />
a common and serious medical illness that<br />
negatively affects<br />
How you feel<br />
How you think<br />
How you act
What causes depression?<br />
02<br />
PERSONALITY<br />
GENDER/SEXUALITY<br />
MEDICAL<br />
TREATMENTS<br />
Symptoms occurring regularly for two<br />
weeks or longer, and impacting<br />
functional aspects of the person’s life.<br />
SUBSTANCE ABUSE<br />
PERSONAL<br />
PROBLEMS<br />
PSYCHIATRIC<br />
SYNDROMES
TREATMENT<br />
PSYCHOTHERAPY<br />
Psychoanalysis, addressing underlying<br />
psychic conflicts and defenses, has been a<br />
dominant school of psychotherapy and is<br />
still in use.<br />
Systemic therapy/family therapy is<br />
sometimes used, addressing a network of<br />
significant others as well as an individual.<br />
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is<br />
widely used and is based on modifying the<br />
patterns of thought and behavior<br />
associated with a particular disorder.<br />
Antidepressant<br />
MEDICATION<br />
Medication<br />
that treats<br />
depression<br />
Improve the way your brain uses<br />
certain chemicals that control<br />
mood or stress.<br />
You may need to try several<br />
different antidepressant<br />
medicines.<br />
Antidepressants take time –<br />
usually 2 to 4 weeks – to work.<br />
Symptoms such as sleep,<br />
appetite, and concentration<br />
problems improve before mood<br />
lifts.
PSYCHOLOGICAL<br />
DISORDER 3<br />
BIPOLAR<br />
DISORDER
What is Bipolar disorder?<br />
Bipolar disorder, also known as manicdepressive<br />
illness, is a brain disorder that<br />
causes unusual shifts in mood, energy, activity<br />
levels, and the ability to carry out day-to-day<br />
tasks. There are four basic types of bipolar<br />
disorder; all of them involve clear changes in<br />
mood, energy, and activity levels
01<br />
Causes of bipolar<br />
disorder<br />
Hormonal problems: Hormonal<br />
imbalances might trigger or<br />
cause bipolar disorder.<br />
Environmental factors: Abuse,<br />
mental stress, a "significant<br />
loss," or some other traumatic<br />
event may contribute to or<br />
trigger bipolar disorder.
TREATMENT FOR BIPOLAR<br />
DISORDER<br />
Three main classes of medication:<br />
mood stabilizers, antipsychotics,<br />
and, while their safety and<br />
effectiveness for the condition are<br />
sometimes controversial,<br />
antidepressants.
PSYCHOLOGICAL<br />
DISORDER 4<br />
DISSOCIATIVE<br />
AMNESIA
What is Dissociative Amnesia?<br />
one of a group of conditions called<br />
dissociative disorders. Dissociative<br />
disorders are mental illnesses that<br />
involve disruptions or breakdowns of<br />
memory, consciousness, awareness,<br />
identity, and/or perception.
02<br />
Causes of dissociative amnesia<br />
Dissociative amnesia has been linked to<br />
overwhelming stress, which may be caused by<br />
traumatic events such as war, abuse, accidents,<br />
or disasters. The person may have suffered the<br />
trauma or just witnessed it
03<br />
Symtoms of<br />
Dissociative<br />
Amnesia<br />
The primary symptom of<br />
dissociative amnesia is the<br />
sudden inability to<br />
remember past experiences<br />
or personal information.<br />
Some people with this<br />
disorder also might appear<br />
confused and suffer from<br />
depression and/or anxiety.
04<br />
Treatment for dissociative<br />
disorder<br />
If symptoms of dissociative amnesia are present, the<br />
doctor will begin an evaluation by performing a complete<br />
medical history and physical exam. Although there are no<br />
lab tests to specifically diagnose dissociative disorders,<br />
the doctor might use various diagnostic tests, such as as<br />
neuroimaging, electroencephalograms (EEGs), or blood<br />
tests, to rule out neurological or other illnesses or<br />
medication side effects as the cause of the symptoms.<br />
Certain conditions, including brain diseases, head injuries,<br />
drug and alcohol intoxication, and sleep deprivation, can<br />
lead to symptoms similar to those of dissociative disorders,<br />
including amnesia.
DISSOCIATIVE<br />
AMNESIA
isaac newton<br />
The scientist who explained<br />
gravity and had the Laws of<br />
Motion named after himself,<br />
Isaac Newton was known to<br />
have suffered from bipolar<br />
disorder and possible<br />
depression.
Beethoven<br />
While Beethoven is wellknown<br />
for being a deaf<br />
composer and coming up<br />
with masterpieces such as<br />
Fur Elise, he also suffered<br />
from bipolar disorder and<br />
depression
Abraham lincoln<br />
The 16th president of the<br />
United States suffered from<br />
depression and anxiety<br />
attacks
Jim Carrey<br />
This actor and comedian<br />
suffers from depression
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