Personality

personality
PGA101
SEMESTER 1 2017/2018
LEARNER AND LEARNING NEEDS
BY
NUR ALYA NADHIRAH BINTI ROSLI 139657
NUR ZARITH SOFEA BINTI MOHD ZAKUAN 139666
AZRA ZAFIERA ABDUL RAZIEF 139633

PERSONALITY IS ALSO AN
PERSONALITY IS DEFINED
AS THE SET OF HABITUAL
INDIVIDUAL’S
BEHAVIORS, COGNITIONS
CHARACTERISTIC
PATTERN OF THINKING,
AND EMOTIONAL
FEELING, AND ACTING,
PATTERNS THAT EVOLVE
FROM BIOLOGICAL AND
ACROSS TIME AND
SITUATIONS.
ENVIRONMENTAL
FACTORS
PERSONALITY EMBRACES MOODS, ATTITUDES, AND
OPINIONS AND IS MOST CLEARLY EXPRESSED IN
INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER PEOPLE. IT INCLUDES
BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS, BOTH INHERENT AND
ACQUIRED, THAT DISTINGUISH ONE PERSON FROM
ANOTHER AND THAT CAN BE OBSERVED IN PEOPLE’S
RELATIONS TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND TO THE SOCIAL
GROUP.

F O U R
THEORIES
OF
PERSONALITY
Theories of personality focus on
motivation and psychological
interactions with one's environment.

P S Y C H O D Y N A M I C
P E R S P E C T I V E
#1
Sigmund Freud
(1856-1939)
IN HIS CLINICAL PRACTICE,FREUD ENCOUNTERED PATIENTS
SUFFERING FROM NERVOUS DISORDERS. THEIR COMPLAINTS
COULD NOT BE EXPLAINED IN TERMS OF PURELY PHYSICAL
CAUSES.
FREUD’S CLINICAL EXPERIENCE LED HIM TO DEVELOP THE
FIRST COMPREHENSIVE THEORY OF PERSONALITY, WHICH
INCLUDED THE CONSCIOUS AND UNCONSCIOUS MIND,
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES, AND DEFENSE MECHANISMS.

THE CONSCIOUS & UNCONSCIOUS MIND
S I G M U N D F R E U D B E L I E V E D T H A T B E H A V I O R A N D P E R S O N A L I T Y W E R E
D E R I V E D F R O M T H E C O N S T A N T A N D U N I Q U E I N T E R A C T I O N O F
C O N F L I C T I N G P S Y C H O L O G I C A L F O R C E S T H A T O P E R A T E A T T H R E E
D I F F E R E N T L E V E L S O F A W A R E N E S S : T H E P R E C O N S C I O U S , T H E
C O N S C I O U S , A N D T H E U N C O N S C I O U S .
The preconscious: anything that could potentially be brought into the
conscious mind.
The conscious mind: the thoughts, memories, feelings, and wishes of
which we are aware at any given moment. This is the aspect of our
mental processing that we can think and talk about rationally. A part
of this includes our memory, which is not always part of consciousness
but can be retrieved easily at any time and brought into our
awareness.
The unconscious mind: a reservoir of feelings, thoughts, urges, and
memories that outside of our conscious awareness. Most of the
contents of the unconscious are unacceptable or unpleasant - feelings
of pain, anxiety, or conflict. According to Freud, the unconscious
continues to influence our behavior and experience, even though we
are unaware of these underlying influences.

ID,
&
EGO
SUPEREGO
EGO
ID
- MOSTLY CONSCIOUS
-THE "EXECUTIVE"
- 100% UNCONSCIOUS
- DEMANDS IMMEDIATE
- REALITY PRINCIPLE:
GRATIFICATION
CONSCIOUS MIND OR
- PLEASURE PRINCIPLE:
GAIN PLEASURE, AVOID
THE "SELF", BALANCES
DEMANDS OF ID,
PAIN, REDUCE TENSION
SUPEREGO & REALITY
SUPEREGO
- MOSTLY
UNCONSCIOUS
- YOUR CONSCIENCE
- MORAL PRINCIPLE:
MUST NEVER DO
WRONG, GUILT

defense
mechanisms
Defense mechanisms are psychological strategies that
are unconsciously used to protect a person from
anxiety arising from unacceptable thoughts or
feelings. There are a large number of defense
mechanisms; these are the main ones:
- repression
- regression
- reaction formation
-rationalization
- projection
- displacement
- sublimation

PSYCHOSEXUAL
T H E
STAGES
Freud believed that the nature of the conflicts among
the id, ego, and superego change over time as a person
grows from child to adult. Specifically, he maintained
that these conflicts progress through a series of five
basic stages, each with a different focus: oral, anal,
phallic, latency, and genital. He called his idea the
psychosexual theory of development, with each
psychosexual stage directly related to a different
physical center of pleasure.
Across these five stages, the child is presented with different
conflicts between their biological drives (id) and their social
and moral conscience (supereg0) because their biological
pleasure-seeking urges focus on different areas of the body
(what Freud called “erogenous zones”). The child’s ability to
resolve these internal conflicts determines their future ability
to cope and function as an adult. Failure to resolve a stage
can lead one to become fixated in that stage, leading to
unhealthy personality traits; successful resolution of the
stages leads to a healthy adult.

#2
Abraham Maslow
(1908-1970)
Carl Roger
(1902-1987)
HUMANISTIC
PERSPECTIVE
By the 1960s, psychologists became
discontented with Freud’s negativity
and the mechanistic psychology of the
behaviorists. They focus on people’s
unique capacity for choice, responsibility,
and growth. They stress the positive,
healthy aspect of personality and the
uniqueness of the individual.

SELF-ACTUALIZING PERSON
MASLOW PROPOSED THAT
WE AS INDIVIDUALS ARE
MOTIVATED BY A
HIERARCHY OF NEEDS.
BEGINNING WITH
PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS, WE
TRY TO REACH THE STATE
OF SELF ACTUALIZATION—
FULFILLING
OUR POTENTIAL.
GROWTH AND FULFILLMENT
ROGERS BELIEVED IN AN INDIVIDUAL'S SELF ACTUALIZATION
TENDENCIES. HE SAID THAT UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD
IS AN ATTITUDE OF ACCEPTANCE OF OTHERS DESPITE THEIR
FAILINGS.

Carl Jung
(1875 - 1961)
THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE
This perspective was developed by Carl Jung and Albert
Bandura. It views behaviour as influenced by the
interaction between persons and the social context.
Albert Bandura
(1925)
#3

Reciprocal determinism of Behaviours, Cognition and Environment
Bandura proposed that what we think of as personality
is a product of this self-system. Self-system is a set of
cognitive processes by which a person observes,
evaluates, and regulates his/her behavior.
Children observe behavior of models (such as parents)
in their social environment. Particularly if they are
reinforced, children will imitate these behaviors,
incorporating them into personality.
Bandura also proposed that people observe their own
behavior and judge its effectiveness or self-efficacy
which is a judgment of one’s effectiveness in dealing
with particular situations.

In his theory of personality, Carl Jung distinguishes two different
attitude types: Introverts, which are those people who receive
stimulation from within, and extroverts, which are those who
receive their stimulation from the environment.
For Carl Jung, there were four functions that, when combined
with one of his two attitudes, formed the eight different
personality types.
16
PERSONALITIES
ON THE LINK ABOVE TO FIND OUT YOUR
CLICK
TYPES DEFINED BY CARL JUNG
PERSONALITY
BY TAKING THE 16 PERSONALITIES TEST!

TRAITS
The trait approach to
THEORY
personality is focused
on differences
between individuals.
Raymond Cattell
(1905 - 1998)
The combination
and interaction of
various traits form
a personality that is
unique to each
individual. Trait
theory is focused on
identifying and
measuring these
individual
personality
characteristics.
#4
Hans Eysenck
(1916 - 1997)

Both Cattell’s and Eysenck’s theory have been the subject
of considerable research. This has led some theorists to
believe that Cattell focused on too many traits, while
Eysenck focused on too few. As a result, a new trait theory
often referred to as the "Big Five" theory emerged.
This five-factor model of personality represents five core
traits that interact to form human personality. While
researchers often disagree about the exact labels for each
dimension, the following are described most commonly:
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
Neuroticism
Openness

FACTORS INFLUENCING PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
Early Experience
Most of the theorists
of personality think
that personality
development is a
continuous
process.
Genetic Factors
Almost all theorists
consider heredity as a
major determinant of
personality. Some like
Freud, view personality
as purely biological.
Primary Groups
While explaining
personality
development family is
found to play a critical
role.
Culture
People living in one
culture often share similar
practices, beliefs and
values. The child is
expected to learn to
behave in the manner
expected by the culture.

paranoid
schizoid
schizotypal
anti-social
borderline
histrionic
CLUSTER A
(SUSPICIOUS)
avoidant
narcissistic
CLUSTER B
(EMOTIONAL & IMPULSIVE)
dependant
obsessive
compulsive
CLUSTER C
(ANXIOUS)
PERSONALITY
DISORDER
A personality disorder is a type of mental
disorder in which you have a rigid and
unhealthy pattern of thinking, functioning
and behaving. A person with a personality
disorder has trouble perceiving and relating
to situations and people.

Cluster A
Cluster B
Cluster C

thank you!