The Public Policy Cycle
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THE PUBLIC POLICY CYCLE<br />
AGENDA SETTING FORMULATION,<br />
IMPLEMENTATION & EVALUATION<br />
By:<br />
Tan Sri Dr. Zulkurnain Awang<br />
PhD.TS.<br />
1<br />
drzulkurnain@gmail.com
DEFINITION<br />
A Purposive and Consistent Course of Action<br />
Produce as a response to a PERCEIVED PROBLEM /<br />
OPPORTUNITY of constituency, formulated by a<br />
specific and enforced by a public agency.<br />
2
SOME DEFINITION OF PUBLIC POLICY<br />
1 What government<br />
does and don’t<br />
2<br />
Course of action<br />
adopted and pursued<br />
by a government<br />
3 <strong>The</strong> way resources are<br />
produce, distributed, allocated,<br />
consume and manage to<br />
archive a particular goals<br />
within society<br />
3
PUBLIC POLICY FRAMEWORK<br />
PUBLIC POLICY INITIATIVES<br />
PUBLIC POLICY FORMULATION<br />
PUBLIC POLICY DECISION<br />
PUBLIC POLICY EXECUTION/IMPLEMENTATION<br />
PUBLIC<br />
FEEDBACK<br />
4
PUBLIC POLICY CYCLE<br />
Improvement<br />
Problem<br />
Identification<br />
Agenda Setting<br />
<strong>Policy</strong><br />
Evaluation<br />
<strong>Policy</strong><br />
Formulation<br />
<strong>Public</strong> <strong>Policy</strong> Process<br />
<strong>Policy</strong><br />
Implementation<br />
<strong>Policy</strong> Adoption /<br />
Legitimation<br />
5
DETERMINANTS OF POLICY FORMULATION<br />
PAST PRESENT FUTURE<br />
• Constitutional / Legal<br />
• Racial Harmony<br />
• National Integration<br />
POLITICAL<br />
• Market Demand<br />
• Globalization<br />
• Vision 2020<br />
• Economic Equity<br />
• TN50<br />
TECHNOLOGICAL<br />
ECONOMICS<br />
• Development of ICT SOCIO-CULTURAL • Religion<br />
• Values<br />
• Language<br />
• National Identity<br />
• Spiritual Guidance<br />
6
DECISION MAKERS<br />
PUBLIC<br />
Private Sector<br />
International<br />
Organization<br />
Agencies<br />
Others<br />
Federal<br />
Governments<br />
State<br />
Governments<br />
Local<br />
Authorities<br />
NGO<br />
PUBLIC<br />
7
INSTRUMENTS OF PUBLIC POLICY IN MALAYSIA<br />
Others<br />
Constitution<br />
/Laws and<br />
rules<br />
International<br />
Policies<br />
Yearly<br />
Budget<br />
VISION 2020 /<br />
OTHER VISION<br />
Organization<br />
Strategic<br />
Plans and<br />
Policies<br />
Specific<br />
Policies Eg:<br />
GTP, ETP<br />
5 Years<br />
Plans/Pers<br />
pective<br />
Plans<br />
8
ISSUES / OPPURTUNITIES IDENTIFICATION<br />
Administrative<br />
Dimension<br />
Environment<br />
Economic<br />
Dimension<br />
Security<br />
Community<br />
Dimension<br />
CorrectionIns<br />
titutional<br />
Dimension<br />
Distributive<br />
9
PROBLEMS<br />
1<br />
Inadequate understanding of the problem<br />
2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
Disjointed <strong>Policy</strong> : Weaknesses in understanding<br />
linkages of determinants<br />
Little, attention to the negative impact<br />
Implementation weaknesses<br />
Change and unchanged<br />
10
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION<br />
Training<br />
Attitude<br />
Corruption<br />
Facilities<br />
Bad Drivers<br />
Inadequate<br />
Enforcement<br />
Accident<br />
Not respecting<br />
the law<br />
Inadequate<br />
Punishment<br />
Traffic<br />
Offences<br />
Economic and<br />
financial losses<br />
Poor Facilities<br />
National image<br />
Reward<br />
System<br />
11<br />
Image of<br />
enforcement<br />
agency
PUBLIC POLICY CHALLENGES<br />
1<br />
Internationalization<br />
2<br />
Open Society<br />
3 Education /High<br />
Expectation<br />
4<br />
Conflicting Demand<br />
12
PUBLIC POLICY ISSUES<br />
Globalization<br />
Openness<br />
(Paradigm of<br />
Openess)<br />
Liberalization<br />
Corporate<br />
Governance<br />
Civil Society<br />
Good of<br />
Paper<br />
Environment<br />
Dichotomy –<br />
Rich & Poor<br />
Over<br />
Politicized<br />
13
THE CHALLENGES<br />
1<br />
Identifying the problems /<br />
Potential problems /<br />
Issues / Opportunities<br />
2<br />
Problem of accessing the<br />
consequences of all<br />
options<br />
3 To relate the<br />
consequences to values<br />
(economic, social,<br />
political)<br />
4<br />
Conflict of interest<br />
5<br />
Corruption<br />
14
PUBLIC POLICY PRIORITY PYRAMID<br />
FOOD<br />
SECURITY<br />
SHELTER<br />
OTHERS<br />
E.g. Education, Transport & Communication<br />
15
THANK<br />
YOU<br />
16<br />
drzulkurnain@gmail.com
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