020318_Hurghada SECAP_FINAL

This project is funded
by the European Union
Contract No. ENPI 2012/309-311/EuropAid/132630/C/SER/MULTI
Egypt
City of Hurghada,
Governorate of the Red Sea
Sustainable Energy &
Climate Adaptation Plan
(SECAP)

The document was produced as part of the CES-MED project activities (EuropAid/132630/C/SER/MULTI).
Managed by a Consortium led by Hulla & Co. Human Dynamic KG, and with the active participation of National Authorities
in Egypt and the city of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea. The document was prepared by Consortium of consultants
from Energies Demain and Transitions, with direct support of CES-MED’s experts.

EuropeAid/132630/C/SER/Multi
CLEANER ENERGY SAVING MEDITERRANEAN CITIES
Contract No ENPI 2012/309-311
Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP)
City of Hurghada
Governorate of the Red Sea
- Egypt -
Integral document of the
Sustainable Energy & Climate Action Plan
October 2017

The Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP)
City of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea, Egypt
Transitions Team
Bruno REBELLE – Managing Director, Transitions Consultant, Paris, France
Dr. Mohsen ABOULNAGA – Senior Consultant for SECAP CES-MED – Transition Consultant & Professor of Sustainable
Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
Emilie ESSONO – Energies Demain, France
Sara ALI, Junior Research Assistant, Cairo, Egypt
Governorate of Red Sea Team
Participated and assisted in the preparation and data gathering of the SECAP:
Gen. Abdelfattah TAMMAM, Secretary General of the Governorate of Red Sea,
Ayman SULTAN, Manager of Local Council Department and Coordinator of CES-MED Project at the Governorate of Red
Sea,
Nasr IBRAHIM, Statistics, Monitoring and Management department, Governorate of Red Sea,
Ramy MOHAMMED, Urban Development Dept., Governorate of Red Sea,
Ayman MAHFOUZ, Planning Department, Governorate of red Sea
Kamal SOLIMAN, General Manager, Governorate of Red Sea
Mahfouz MOHAMED, Environmental Administration Manager, Governorate of Red Sea,
Gerges YONAN, Health and Safety Inspector, Labour Force,
Evon FARAH, Electric Engineer, Al-Qanal Electricity Company, MoERE
Amr Ahmed KASSEM, Electric Engineer, Al-Qanal Electricity Company, MoERE
Hany ROBAN, Tourism Management, Governorate of Red Sea
Mohamed MADANY, Guest Relations, Governorate of Red Sea
Ahmed HASSAN, Governorate of Red Sea
Essam MOHRAN, Board Director – Marine Science
HULLA & CO HUMAN DYNAMICS - KG
in Consortium with
PESCARES Italy, HCL Group
Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS)
Associated Consulting Engineers (ACE)
Institute of Communications and Computer Systems of the
National Technical University of Athens (ICCS NTUA)
The Assembly of European Regions (AER)
The EuroMed Cities Network
2

Table of contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................................8
SECTION I: GOVERNORATE CLIMATE AND ENERGY STRATEGY ................................................................................... 10
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................................. 10
2. NATIONAL STRATEGY ......................................................................................................................................... 10
2.1. MAIN AMBITIONS AND FRAMING REGULATIONS ........................................................................................................... 10
2.2. SECTORIAL POLICIES ............................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.1. Energy efficiency in building sector ........................................................................................................... 12
2.2.2. Sustainable Lighting .................................................................................................................................. 12
2.2.3. Renewable energy development ............................................................................................................... 13
2.2.4. National Transport Strategy ..................................................................................................................... 13
2.2.5. Tourism targets ......................................................................................................................................... 14
3. CITY OF HURGHADA: STRATEGIC VISION FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ................................................................ 14
3.1. OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................................................... 14
3.2. STRATEGIC VISION FOR SUSTAINABLE ENERGY .............................................................................................................. 14
3.3. GUIDING PRINCIPLES FOR THE GOVERNORATE’S STRATEGY ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY ........................................................... 15
3.4. CITY OF HURGHADA SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND CLIMATE OBJECTIVES ............................................................................... 16
3.5. CAPACITY REINFORCEMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 18
3.5.1. Training actions......................................................................................................................................... 18
3.5.2. Awareness-raising actions ........................................................................................................................ 18
3.6. ORGANISATIONAL ASPECTS ...................................................................................................................................... 18
3.6.1. Organisational structure to implement the SECAP ................................................................................... 18
3.6.2. Appointment of the elected official tasked with energy ........................................................................... 19
3.6.3. Role of the municipal council .................................................................................................................... 20
3.6.4. Local and national coordination ............................................................................................................... 20
3.6.5. Involvement of stakeholders and citizens ................................................................................................. 20
3.6.6. Citizen awareness promotion plan ............................................................................................................ 20
3.7. BUDGET ............................................................................................................................................................... 21
3.7.1. Foreseen financing sources for the investments within the action plan ................................................... 21
3.7.2. Financing the SECAP.................................................................................................................................. 22
SECTION II: BASELINE EMISSION INVENTORY ............................................................................................................ 23
1. CONSIDERED SCOPE AND METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES ................................................................................. 23
1.1. SOME ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE ................................................................................................................................. 23
1.2. METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE INVENTORY ....................................................................................................... 23
1.2.1. Calculation method ................................................................................................................................... 24
1.2.2. Considered scope ...................................................................................................................................... 24
1.3. DETAILED METHODOLOGY ON EACH SECTOR ................................................................................................................ 25
1.3.1. Common data sets .................................................................................................................................... 25
1.3.2. Emission factors of energetic consumption (IPCC, NREA) ......................................................................... 26
WATER MANAGEMENT ....................................................................................................................................................... 29
2. RESULTS ............................................................................................................................................................. 31
3

2.1. ENERGY CONSUMPTION .......................................................................................................................................... 31
2.2. GHG EMISSIONS .................................................................................................................................................... 32
GHG EMISSIONS IN THE CITY OF LUXOR (2015) ...................................................................................................................... 33
2.3. ZOOM ON MUNICIPAL BUILDING AND SERVICES IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA ........................................................................ 34
2.4. BUSINESS-AS-USUAL SCENARIO ................................................................................................................................ 35
2.5. COMPLETE BEI SPREAD SHEETS – THE CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA ...................................................... 36
SECTION III: SECAP - ACTIONS PLANNED .................................................................................................................... 38
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................................... 38
2. BACKGROUND INFORMATION ........................................................................................................................... 38
3. GOVERNORATE VISION ...................................................................................................................................... 40
4. PLANNED ACTIONS FOR THE CITY OF HURGHADA .............................................................................................. 40
4.1. ACTION ON GOVERNORATE BUILDINGS AND SERVICES ................................................................................................... 42
4.1.1. Municipal buildings ................................................................................................................................... 42
4.1.2. Street lighting............................................................................................................................................ 44
4.1.3. Water delivery ........................................................................................................................................... 46
4.1.4. Solid waste management.......................................................................................................................... 47
4.1.5. City of Hurghada / Governorate fleet ....................................................................................................... 48
4.1.6. Awareness campaign ................................................................................................................................ 49
4.2. ACTION PLAN ON THE CITY OF HURGHADA .................................................................................................................. 50
4.2.1. Transport ................................................................................................................................................... 50
4.2.2. Tourism Sector .......................................................................................................................................... 52
4.2.3. Residential buildings ................................................................................................................................. 55
4.2.4. Tertiary buildings ...................................................................................................................................... 58
4.3. RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................................................... 59
4.3.1. Solar PV ..................................................................................................................................................... 59
4.3.2. Solar heating ............................................................................................................................................. 60
4.3.3. Biogas........................................................................................................................................................ 61
4.3.4. Expected results ........................................................................................................................................ 61
5. CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................................................... 61
SECTION IV: CLIMATE ADAPTATION PLAN ................................................................................................................. 63
1. SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................... 63
2. CURRENT STATUS ANALYSIS .............................................................................................................................. 63
2.1. INTRODUCTION TO CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ............................................................................................................. 63
2.2. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS IN EGYPT ........................................................................................................................ 65
2.2.1. Climate change impacts – Urban areas .................................................................................................... 67
2.2.2. Climate change impacts – Costal zones .................................................................................................... 68
2.2.3. Climate change impacts – Agriculture ...................................................................................................... 69
2.2.4. Climate change impacts – Water .............................................................................................................. 69
2.2.5. Climate change impacts – Ecosystems ...................................................................................................... 69
2.2.6. Climate change impacts – Tourism ........................................................................................................... 70
2.2.7. Climate change impacts – Health ............................................................................................................. 71
3. NATIONAL AND REGIONAL STRATEGY ON CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION ...................................................... 71
4
3.1. THE COMMITMENTS IN PLACE AT THE NATIONAL LEVEL .................................................................................................. 72
3.1.1. The national strategy, its goals and commitments and sectors affected ................................................. 72
3.1.2. Regional strategy and the specificities the region faces ........................................................................... 74

4. CLIMATE DATA AND CLIMATE CHANGE PROJECTIONS ....................................................................................... 75
4.1. CLIMATE OVERVIEW IN HURGHADA ........................................................................................................................... 75
4.2. CLIMATE TRENDS ................................................................................................................................................... 78
4.2.1. Main climate trends .................................................................................................................................. 79
4.2.2. Climate change weather scenarios ........................................................................................................... 80
4.2.3. Climate change risks – Hurghada ............................................................................................................. 81
4.2.4. Adaptation Scoreboard ............................................................................................................................. 82
5. RISK ASSESSMENT AND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 84
6. NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION MEASURES ........................................................ 98
6.1. CLIMATE CHANGE ACTION PLAN - CCAP .................................................................................................................... 98
6.2. ADOPTED MEASURES WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE INDCS ...................................................................................... 99
6.2.1. Adaptation Challenges .............................................................................................................................. 99
6.2.2. Egypt's intended actions to promote resilience ...................................................................................... 100
6.2.3. National Adaptation Action Plan ............................................................................................................ 101
7. ADAPTATION ACTIONS IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA......................................................................................... 102
7.1. PUBLIC HEALTH AND QUALITY OF LIFE ....................................................................................................................... 103
7.1.1. Strategic actions ..................................................................................................................................... 103
7.1.2. Alert / Communication / Education ........................................................................................................ 103
7.1.3. Technical measures ................................................................................................................................. 103
7.2. INFRASTRUCTURE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ 104
7.2.1. Strategic actions ..................................................................................................................................... 104
7.2.2. Alert / Communication / Education ........................................................................................................ 104
7.2.3. Technical measures ................................................................................................................................. 104
7.3. LAND PLANNING, BUILDING MANAGEMENT AD BIODIVERSITY PROTECTION ....................................................................... 105
7.3.1. Strategic .................................................................................................................................................. 105
7.3.2. Education & awareness raising ............................................................................................................... 106
7.3.3. Technical measures ................................................................................................................................. 106
7.4. ADOPTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS PER SECTOR– CITY OF HURGHADA ............................................................................... 106
SECTION V: PROJECT FICHES .................................................................................................................................... 110
1. CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA – PRIORITY ACTION # 1 FOR SECAP ........................................ 110
2.CITY OF HURGHADA (GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA) – PRIORITY ACTION #2 FOR SECAP ........................................ 119
3.CITY OF HURGHADA (GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA) – PRIORITY ACTION # 3 FOR SECAP ........................................ 129
4. CITY OF HURGHADA – GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA PRIORITY ACTION # 4 FOR SECAP ........................................ 140
5.CITY OF HURGHADA – GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA PRIORITY ACTION # 5 FOR SECAP .......................................... 149
6.GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA, HURGHADA – PRIORITY ACTION # 6 FOR SECAP ...................................................... 160
7.CITY OF HURGHADA – GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA PRIORITY ACTION # 7 FOR SECAP .......................................... 171
8.CITY OF HURGHADA – GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA – PRIORITY ACTION # 8 FOR SECAP ....................................... 179
SECTION VI: CITIZENS AWARENESS PROMOTION PLAN ........................................................................................... 188
1. PREPARING AND INCLUDING THE “AWARENESS RAISING ACTIONS” COMPONENT IN THE SECAP ....................... 188
2.PREPARATION OF A COMMUNITY AWARENESS PROMOTIONAL PLAN (CAPP) ..................................................... 190
2.1.TEMPLATE 1- SITUATION ANALYSIS OF HURGHADA ........................................................................................................... 190
5

2.1.1.Template Two- Communication Plan 2.1.1 Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to
Specific/Pilot Project: Energy .................................................................................................................................. 194
2.1.2.Template 2 - Communication Plan 2.1.2 Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to
Specific/Pilot Project: Environment ......................................................................................................................... 196
2.2.TEMPLATE 2 - COMMUNICATION PLAN 2.2 PROPOSED COMMUNICATION OR AWARENESS RAISING ACTION RELATED TO
SPECIFIC/PILOT PROJECT: ENERGY ...................................................................................................................................... 198
2.3.TEMPLATE TWO- COMMUNICATION PLAN 2.3 PROPOSED COMMUNICATION OR AWARENESS RAISING ACTION RELATED TO
SPECIFIC/PILOT PROJECT: ENERGY ...................................................................................................................................... 200
2.4. TEMPLATE 2 - COMMUNICATION PLAN 2.4 PROPOSED COMMUNICATION OR AWARENESS RAISING ACTION RELATED TO
SPECIFIC/PILOT PROJECT: ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................................. 202
3.1. TEMPLATE 3.1 - IDENTIFICATION OF CAPP CAMPAIGN TOPIC RELATED TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY CHALLENGES ....................... 204
3.2. TEMPLATE 3.2 CAPP ACTIVITIES AS RELATED TO SECAP PRIORITY ACTIONS OF HURGHADA .................................................... 207
REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................................ 214
List of Figures
6
FIGURE 1: CALCULATION PRINCIPLE OF THE INVENTORY ................................................................................................................. 24
FIGURE 2: CONSIDERED THEMES IN BEI (%TCO2EQ/YEAR) – CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA 2015 .............................. 25
FIGURE 3: FINAL ENERGY/YEAR (2015) – HURGHADA ................................................................................................................. 31
FIGURE 4: ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER SECTOR AND TYPE OF RESOURCES IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015) .......................................... 32
FIGURE 5: GHG EMISSIONS – HURGHADA (2015) ....................................................................................................................... 33
FIGURE 6: GHG EMISSIONS PER SECTOR AND TYPE OF RESOURCES IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015) ................................................... 33
FIGURE 7: GOVERNORATE ASSETS SERVICES – HURGHADA (2015) ................................................................................................. 34
FIGURE 8: GOVERNORATE ASSETS SERVICES ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND COSTS – HURGHADA (2015) ................................................. 35
FIGURE 9: GHG EMISSIONS IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA – BAU (2015 – 2030)......................................... 36
FIGURE 10: IMPRESSION OF THE CITY OF HURGHADA AND ITS RESORTS – GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA CAPITAL ......................................... 39
FIGURE 11 : SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AND CLIMATE ACTION PLAN (SECAP) FRAMEWORK FOR THE CITY OF HURGHADA ................................ 41
FIGURE 12: SEASONAL (WINTER: DECEMBER – JANUARY – FEBRUARY; SPRING: MARCH – APRIL – MAY; SUMMER: JUNE – JULY – AUGUST;
AUTUMN: SEPTEMBER – OCTOBER – NOVEMBER) MEAN TEMPERATURE (OC, PANELS A-D) AND TOTAL PRECIPITATION (MM PER SEASON,
PANELS E-H) MAPS FOR THE PERIOD 1961 -1990 ............................................................................................................... 64
FIGURE 13: MULTI GLOBAL MODEL ENSEMBLE (MGME) AVERAGE CHANGE IN SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE FOR THE FOUR SEASONS, 2071–
2100 MINUS 1961–1990. ............................................................................................................................................ 64
FIGURE 14: CLASSIFICATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON CITIES............................................................................................... 66
FIGURE 15: CLASSIFICATION CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON CITIES - EGYPT ....................................................................................... 67
FIGURE 16: CLIMATE DATE (MEAN TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION), HURGHADA ......................................................................... 76
FIGURE 17: CLIMATE DATA (HOURS OF SUNSHINE 2016), HURGHADA ............................................................................................ 76
FIGURE 18: CLIMATE DATA - CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA .................................................................................. 77
FIGURE 19: DECADAL TRENDS IN SEASONALLY AVERAGED TEMPERATURES FOR EGYPT AND SURROUNDING AREAS OVER THE PERIOD 1960 TO
2010 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 78
FIGURE 20: CHANGE IN COOL NIGHTS (A,B), WARM NIGHTS (C,D), COOL DAYS (E,F) AND WARM DAYS (G,H) FOR EGYPT OVER THE PERIOD 1960
TO 2003 RELATIVE TO 1961-1990. ................................................................................................................................. 79
FIGURE 21: TOTAL ANNUAL PRECIPITATION FOR EGYPT OVER THE PERIOD 1960 TO 2003 RELATIVE TO 1961-1990 FROM HADEX
(ALEXANDER ET. AL, 2006) ............................................................................................................................................. 80
FIGURE 22: CLIMATE SCENARIOS FOR THE CITY OF HURGHADA 1980-2003, 2050 AND 2080 ............................................................ 81

List of tables
TABLE 1: EMISSION FACTORS USED FOR FOSSIL FUEL AND ELECTRICITY .............................................................................................. 26
TABLE 2: TOTAL WASTE IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015) .......................................................................................................... 29
TABLE 3: NON-ENERGETIC EMISSION PRODUCED FROM ANIMAL IN THE CITY OF HURGADA (2015)........................................................ 30
TABLE 4: FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION/ YEAR ............................................................................................................................ 31
TABLE 5: ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER SECTOR AND PER ENERGY SOURCE IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015)........................................... 32
TABLE 6: GHG EMISSION/ YEAR - HURGHADA ............................................................................................................................. 33
TABLE 7: GHG EMISSIONS PER SECTOR AND ENERGY SECTOR IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015) .......................................................... 34
TABLE 8: ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ANNUAL COST FOR HURGHADA ASSETS................................................................................... 34
TABLE 9: ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER SECTOR AND PER ENERGY IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015)...................................................... 35
TABLE 10: RANKING OF CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITIES IN EGYPT (OECD) .................................................................................. 71
TABLE 11: SCENARIO DAY (1 JULY) – CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA ..................................................................... 80
TABLE 12: CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS BY SECTORS – CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA ................................................ 82
TABLE 13: GOVERNORATE’S (MUNICIPALITY’S) SCORE IN THE ADAPTATION CYCLE SPECIFIC STEPS (SECAP TEMPLATE AND JRC GUIDELINES) -
CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA ........................................................................................................... 83
TABLE14: CLIMATE HAZARD TYPES ........................................................................................................................................... 84
TABLE 15: VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS (BASED ON THE FUTURE CITIES ADAPTATION COMPASS TOOL) 1-5 ........................................... 86
TABLE 16: RISK ASSESSMENT (1-3) ........................................................................................................................................... 94
TABLE 17: RISK ASSESSMENT OF RECEPTORS, CITY OF HURGHADA – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA ..................................................... 98
TABLE 18: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR POPULATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA .......................... 106
TABLE 19: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA ............................................... 107
TABLE 20: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR BUILT ENVIRONMENT – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA .......................................... 108
TABLE 21: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR ECONOMY – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA ......................................................... 108
TABLE 22: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA ..................................................... 109
7

Executive Summary
The sustainable energy and climate action plan (SECAP) is a strategic document as well as an operational tool. It defines
a global framework, with quantifiable objectives to be reached by 2030, based on emissions reference inventory (BEI)
and the detailed assessment of energy consumption for the City of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea, Egypt.
The SECAP for Hurghada was developed as part of the CES-MED (Cleaner Energy Saving Mediterranean Cities) project,
funded by the European Union. The CES MED project aims to support the cities in developing their SECAP in resonance
with the already existing strategies for the participating cities and governorates. This SECAP – CES-MED project is
pursued and coordinated with the National Committee of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFAs) – National Focal Point,
in collaboration with the Ministry of Local Development (MoLD) and in close coordination with the Governorate of the
Red Sea and key directorates of the concerned ministries in the Governorate.
The SECAP structure document includes four sections:
Section I:
Section II:
Section III:
Section IV:
Governorate Climate and Energy Strategy
Baseline Emission Inventory
Actions Planned
Climate Adaptation
Section I: Governorate climate and energy strategy
This section presents the national strategy and the main ambitions and framing regulations. It highlights the sectorial
policies, mainly the energy efficiency in the building sector, including sustainable lighting, renewable energy
development as well as the national transport strategy and the tourism targets. It also highlights the strategic vision for
sustainable energy of the Governorate of Red Sea and the City of Hurghada. In addition, it presents the Governorate’s
current situation and analyses future opportunities regarding their strategic plans. The section also showcases the
guiding principles for the municipal strategy on sustainable energy and the vision and objectives of the City of Hurghada
addressing the short-term objectives 2020 and the medium-term and long-term objectives 2030. Moreover, it exhibits
the capacity reinforcement in terms of training actions and awareness-raising actions. Finally, this section establishes
the organisational aspects, mainly: a) the organisational structure to implement the SECAP; b) the role of the municipal
council; c) Local and national coordination; d) Citizens Awareness Promotion Plan (CAPP) to educate and inform the
local population and stakeholders by the Governorate of the Red Sea and the CES-MED team; e) budget and foreseen
financing sources for the investments within the action plan; and f) financing the SECAP.
Section II: Baseline Emission Inventory
This section of the SECAP presents the Baseline Emission Inventory (BEI) of the City of Hurghada, Governorate of Red
Sea, Egypt. The BEI, which is part of the preparation for the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP), is based
on calculation and not measurements. It includes the scope and methodological principles of the Greenhouse Gases
(GHG) emissions of the City of Hurghada based on data collection from the Governorate of Red Sea and many other
national and governmental entities. The BEI covers many sectors such as: a) Residential buildings; b) Tertiary buildings
and Public lighting; c) Industry; d) Transport; e) Waste and water management; f) Agriculture (crops, animal production
and fishing); and g) Tourism. This section also depicts the results of energy consumption and GHG emissions for these
sectors. Results indicated that Transport and Tourism sectors are the highest sectors in terms of annual energy
consumption and GHG emissions, with 1,303 GWh/year (39%) and 1,196 GWh/year (36%) of the total annual
consumption of 3,338 GWh/year and 26% and 37% contribution in the GHG emissions respectively, followed by the
Residential and Tertiary sectors (16% and 12% in terms of GHG emissions). In addition, it highlights the Governorate
assets and energy consumption and GHG emissions (Governorate buildings, Governorate fleet and water and waste
management). Finally, it presents the BAU scenario forecasts and the important rise of emissions from 2015 till 2020
and stabilisation till 2030.
8

Section III: Actions Planned
This section presents the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan that has been developed by the Governorate of
the Red Sea in coordination with the Transitions Team. The current action plan will result in achieving a 27% reduction
in GHG emission compared to the business as usual scenario in 2030 for the concerned sectors where emissions would
reach 1,727 ktons CO2eq/year.
The proposed actions have been designed on the basis of the baseline emission and energy consumption inventory.
This section is structured in three parts: a) Background information, including a brief overview of basic information for
the city of Hurghada; b) Governorate buildings and services and presenting the activities that fall under the direct
responsibility of the Governorate of Red Sea (the buildings it manages and the services it implements as part of its core
competencies); and c) the action plans on the City of Hurghada – including presentation of activities that can be run by
stakeholders independently from the Governorate, but need to be stimulated and steered by the Governorate services
in order to ensure everyone is acting within a consistent plan. In addition, this section highlights the priority actions for
the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea as follows:
Priority Action #1 – Transport: Urban Sustainable Mobility Master Plan
Priority Action #2 – Tourism: Sustainable Green Boats
Priority Action #3 – Tourism: Green and Sustainable Hotels and Resorts
Priority Action #4 – Sustainable Approach for Governorate Buildings
Priority Action #5 – Sustainable Approach for Residential Buildings
Priority Action #6 – Solar Energy Development
Priority Action #7 – Green City Awareness Unit
Section IV: Climate Adaptation
This chapter aims to provide the Governorate of the Red Sea’s (Municipality) Climate Adaptation Strategy, based on the
city’s vulnerability to climate change, climate risk assessment and climate adaptation actions adopted. The proposed
structure of this section has been developed based on extensive literature review. This section gives an introduction to
climate change impacts, particularly in Mediterranean countries with emphasis on Egypt, mainly urban areas, costal
zones, agriculture, water and ecosystems, health and Tourism. It also highlights the national and regional strategy on
Climate Change Adaptation (CCA). This is followed by a sub-section dedicated to climate data feeding in estimations of
the climate change impacts in the future, as well the evolution of the climate conditions in the area (temperature
increase, rainfalls etc.). In addition, the adaptation scoreboard including a self-assessment from the Governorate of Red
Sea against the standard adaptation scoreboard in the SECAP template is also presented. This section also focuses on
the climate data and climate change projections with a climate overview in Hurghada, highlighting the main climate
trends. It highlights the climate change risks by sectors in the City of Hurghada and the Governorate’s score in the
adaptation cycle specific steps. Section IV also presents the risk analysis and vulnerability assessment conducted, based
on the Future Cities Adaptation Compass tool, as well as suggested templates for the risk assessment of the City of
Hurghada. It also depicts the National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures, including the Climate
Change Action Plan (CCAP) and adopted measures within the framework of the INDCs - based on adaptation challenges
in the agricultural sector, costal zones, and health and energy sectors - are presented. Furthermore, this section sheds
lights on the national adaptation action plan, mainly in coastal zones, water resources and irrigation as well as
agricultural, health, tourism, building and energy sectors. Finally, it highlights the proposed adaptation actions in the
City of Hurghada in terms of strategic actions.
9

Section I: Governorate climate and energy strategy
1. Introduction
The Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP) is a strategic document as well as an operational tool. It defines
a global framework, with quantifiable objectives to be reached by 2030, based on emissions reference inventory (BEI)
and the detailed assessment of energy consumption.
Before providing a detailed account of the concrete measures undertaken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and
promote the development of sustainable energy, it is essential to describe the overall Governorate strategy and its
connection with the national energy transition and climate change mitigation policies. Being mostly dependant on
imported energy, Egypt will benefit from converging efforts to reduce energy consumption in all sectors and develop
energy production from all renewable sources available.
2. National strategy
2.1. Main ambitions and framing regulations
At the national level, there are many initiatives, policies, guidelines, programs and projects that have been designed
and implemented by the Egyptian government with the support of public institutions, international funders, nongovernmental
organizations and the private sector.
Egypt developed its sustainable energy policy road map with the aim to increase the operating and technical efficiency
of distribution utilities, improve energy conservation and load management and diversify the sources of the regional
electricity supply. The goals of this roadmap are threefold:
1. 22% of total electricity consumption sourced from renewables by 2022.
2. 20% of total new electricity generation from renewables by 2020. Of this 20%, 63% is from wind, 2% Solar, 10%
CSP, and 25% Hydro.
3. 80% of electricity demand from local generation (of all fuels) by 2020. It was 88.4% in 2015.
The Egyptian Government has set plans to increase the share of Renewable Energies (RE) in its electricity supply from
the current 9% to 20% by 2020. Many laws, by-laws, regulations and decrees have been developed and endorsed. Given
that RE only made up 2% of the total energy mix in 2012, and that Energy Efficiency (EE) measures were not yet deployed
at a large scale, the targets are ambitious, indicating a strong political will to reduce the energy consumption.
In accordance with this ambition, the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Comprehensive Law (EG-REEEL) No. 203
of year 2014 has been developed to promote RE self-consumption, which has a comprehensive basis for supporting
schemes and incentives and promotes the use of renewable energy. The EG-REEEL is a unique law made specifically for
the MENA region, since it is a dedicated and comprehensive law with incentives for the private sector to invest in RE.
This law proved that REEE has been effective in increasing renewable power capacity and has put the country on track
to meet its RE target of 20% by 2020. The New and Renewable Energy Agency (NREA) has been actively promoting largescale
wind and solar energy projects for a long period, but not small-scale RE projects until recently 1 . In 2017, an
initiative for solar energy projects to include small scale was launched by the NREA.
In the last two years, several Net-metering and Feed-in-tariff incentives were announced and have led to the
construction of roughly 6,000 rooftop PV systems in remote areas, which also contribute to environmental protection
and achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The EG-REEEL allowed the private sector to have 720 MW of RE
1
Elkhayt, M. 2016. The Egyptian Perspective: The Status Quo of Renewable Energies and the Framework of Energy-Governance, Ch. 1; “A Guide to
Renewable Energy in Egypt and Jordan: Current Situation and Future Potentials.” ISBN: 978‐9957-484-62-0, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung. Available at:
www.fes-jordan.org/ (Accessed: 31.08.2016).
10

capacities under construction, resulting from the establishment of merchants’ IPP scheme. The REEEL addresses three
main issues:
1. Establishment of new RE installations and grid connections, including ‘net metering’, which was endorsed in
September 2014 by the Feed-in-Tariff Law.
2. Egypt’s Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Fund (EG-REEEF) has been established in 2012, but not funded.
3. Tax and Customs regulations have been under review since the 3 rd Quarter of 2016.
Egypt has developed an Energy Efficiency Plan in the Electricity Sector to save 5,566 GWH between 2012 and 2015,
mainly by measures in the lighting sector, including:
−
−
−
The first phase: Change to high efficiency lighting in the household sector planning the distribution of 60 million
bulbs to saved 3,320 GWH,
The second phase: programme of energy efficiency standards and labelling for household appliances. This
saved 1,663 GWH, and;
Energy saving in street lighting of 1,200 GWH; supported by the Association of Energy Efficiency Engineers
(AEEE).
The Egyptian Government adopted a strategic EE roadmap. Additionally, the new energy prices policy takes into account
the low income of a large proportion of the population as well as the competitiveness of industry, with the hopes of not
jeopardising their supply.
It is important to notice that Egypt acknowledges the key role that local authorities are playing and will continue to play
in the necessary energy transition the country should go through. As a sign of this attention paid to local authorities,
the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE), in collaboration with the Ministry of Local Development
(MoLD), took the lead in promoting the development of a Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan in the Governorate
of Hurghada.
The Egyptian Cabinet adopted an institutional strategy for energy efficiency, with the aim to establish bundles of
decentralised Energy Efficiency Offices (EEOs) in energy-intensive sectors. These EEOs will be responsible for achieving
sector-specific energy efficiency indicators. The EEO of the Ministerial Council for Energy Issues (MCEI) is responsible
for drawing up energy efficiency governmental policies and for coordinating energy efficiency measures across sectors.
Following the model of the Arabic energy efficiency guidelines, the MoERE approved and adopted a National Action
Plan that provides an increase of approximately 10% in energy efficiency in the electricity sector. Also, Egypt has
developed a strategy for renewable energy covering 7 objectives. These strategic objectives will lead to the increase of
the shares of solar energy, wind energy and hydroelectricity to 26,000 MW. The Egyptian Government has also
developed a plan for improving Energy Efficiency in the electricity sector to save electricity by 5,566 GWh from the total
generated power in 2015. In addition, Egypt has set a target for wind energy.
The National Renewable Energy Action Plan (NREAP) was developed and finalised in March 2015. Furthermore, Egypt
is planning to produce 20% of its total energy generation out of renewable energy sources (9,500 MW), including:
− 12% will be produced by wind energy (7200 MW),
−
−
2.2% solar energy, (2300 MW), and;
5.8% hydroelectricity.
The Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (MoPMRs) and MoERE are working on a National Energy Database
with the support of the EU funded REEEP project 2 . The MoPMRs developed an indicators’ database in each utility, but
not yet on the national level, GHG emission per factory is part of the database.
Egypt’s National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP): This programme, specifically targets energy efficiency in the
Electricity Sector. The NEEAP has been considered, so far, as the main umbrella regarding Energy Efficiency (EE) at the
national level, but more plans and support are needed. The NEEAP follows the energy saving targets that were set in
the Energy Strategy 2007-2030, to reduce electricity consumption. In early 2014, the Egyptian Supreme Energy Council
2
For information: http://www.reeep.org/egypt-2012/ - http://www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/EG.
11

(ESEC) as per its Decree No. 9/11/05/12 and Energy Efficiency Unit (EEU) at the Cabinet developed a national plan to
save energy in electricity and energy sectors. This National Plan was sent to all stakeholders to coordinate efforts such
as MoEnv, MoHUUD, MoTm and MoLD. The national target is to lower the primary energy consumption by 5% every
year. The NEEAP provides a comprehensive assessment of EE guidelines and projects for 2012-2015, which demonstrate
that savings achieved grew up from 222.62 GWh in 2012 (less than 1%) to 5,565.69 GWh in 2015 (close to 5%) (based
on 112,162.8 GWh average consumption per year) 3 . Considering current and projected total electricity consumption
(until 2020) at current electricity prices, the target’s achievement would result in energy savings of at least $55 M/year
and a reduction of 285,000 tCO2 eq. per year.
Considering current and projected total electricity consumption (until 2020), in current electricity prices, the target’s
achievement would result in energy savings of approximately 384 GWh/year by 2020. This would lead to savings of at
least $55 M/year in total electricity costs in Egypt and a reduction of 285,000 tons per year in CO2 emissions.
2.2. Sectorial Policies
2.2.1. Energy efficiency in building sector
Energy Efficiency in the Construction Sector in the Mediterranean (EECS-MED), a project funded by EU, has developed
guidelines and recommendations for the MENA region (January 2015).
The guidelines and recommendations focus on issues such as the political leadership perspective; the boardroom
perspective; outdoor lighting; and public procurement and planning.
The UNDP developed two projects in the EE sector:
− Improving Energy Efficiency for Lighting and Building Appliances. The project started in 2011 and will be
completed in 2017. The leading Egyptian partners are MoERE, NREA, Egyptian Electricity Holding Company
(EEHC), Egyptian Authorization for Standards (EAS), and;
− “Waty El Watt” campaign (meaning lower your watt usage). The project started in 2015, and more data is
available at the UNDP 2015 Achievement Report 4 .
The Egyptian National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP) is the result of regional and international efforts known
as “End-use electricity efficiency improvement and conservation guideline”, a MED-ENEC EU funded project. This plan
aims to achieve an initial target, specified in the National Energy Strategy, of a 5% reduction in electricity consumption
by 2020. The plan is consistent with regional and international efforts known as the “Arab End Use Electricity Efficiency
Improvement and Conversation Guidelines” which were approved by the Arab Ministerial Council of Electricity in 2010.
Egypt revised its strategic approach towards its energy resources and their use, which was launched in 2016 to meet
Egypt’s Vision 2030 and to Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030. One aspect of this new approach will be to
significantly accelerate the adoption and implementation of energy efficiency and sustainability measures, as well as
investments in carbon emission reduction targets.
2.2.2. Sustainable Lighting
In Egypt, lighting is consuming an average of 28-30% of produced electrical energy with an annual average increase of
10 to 11% during the past two years (2013 and 2014). This consumption’s increase rate in the past 10 years was 7.2%.
According to a study by MED-ENEC, almost doubling the existing generation capacity from 27 GW (2010) to 50 GW by
2020 will be required and probably another 120 GW by 2050, if this consumption pattern continues as business as usual.
Families and businesses already suffered hours of daily blackouts in some areas in 2013 and early 2014.
MED-ENEC has also developed procurement and planning for public street lighting that includes conditions of tenders,
tender forms and other details. Egypt is considered a pioneer in applying for large tenders for EE street lighting in 2010:
360,000 street lighting poles using high lumen HPS lamps and electronic gear were installed. The next step is replacing
3
NEEAP Egypt published at RCREEE - Available at: www.rcreee.org/.
4
UNDP – available at http://www.eg.undp.org/ (Accessed: 20.08.2016).
12

5 million magnetic ballasts with digital dimmable ballasts until 2016. Street lighting is consuming 2,400 GWh at the
present stage and is expected to save up to 1,200 GWh implementing the NEEAP and using smart lighting harvesting
technologies.
As part of the 2012 National Energy Efficiency Action Plan (NEEAP), the Egyptian government proposed concentrated
activities in this field. If EE in lighting would be implemented, more than 10 per cent of the power capacity would not
be needed and blackouts would be decreased. Energy efficient lighting design often produces savings between 50% and
80%.
2.2.3. Renewable energy development
According to the Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE), 54 GW of new installed capacity (conventional
and renewables) is needed by 2022, and on-going reforms in the regulatory framework and subsidies would create large
opportunities for the private sector 5 .
In March 2015, the Ministry of ERE highlighted the main challenges as follows:
−
−
Electricity demand growth is exceptionally high (6 % p.a.),
Power generation deficit (6 GW needed annually by 2022), and
− Energy subsidies had reached 7% of GDP in 2013/ 2014, but it has been lowered in 2016.
Today, any local authority can adopt incentives for energy efficiency and the development of renewable energy
according to the regulations already in place in Egypt according to Law No. 203 of 2014, Law No. 87 of 2015, and Law
No. 230 of 2016. Local authorities can also develop information tools to stimulate the local or regional market of energy
efficiency and renewable energy development in their city.
2.2.4. National Transport Strategy
In Egypt, the transport sector is a major consumer of fossil fuels, therefore, contributes a significant share of greenhouse
gases (GHGs). The Ministry of Transport (MoTr) developed a model freight transport (MFT) strategy in close
collaboration with the Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA), considered to be a world-class multimodal
transport infrastructure and management strategy.
Egypt’s Transport Master Plan is under development to reach the Egypt SD strategy 2030. The MFT corridor in MINTS
has identified many projects to support the MFT from 2012–2027. The MFT corridor in the MINTS projects represents
development in all transportation modes (Ports, River, Railways, Roads, and Logistics) in order to support Egypt’s MFT
Strategy. The Suez Canal Corridor new master plan is under development to support Egypt’s MFT strategy and to
develop Regional MFT cooperation 6 .
In 2012, a transport master plan has been also developed between the MoTr and JICA on a comprehensive nationwide
system. The objective of this joint plan is to realize economically efficient transport, to promote modal shift and to
materialize reliable, competitive and safe transport modes.
The study encompasses:
• Conducting surveys and an analysis of the current condition in the transport sector,
• Pursing nationwide transport/ traffic analysis,
• Undertaking socio-economic survey and forecast up to 2027, and
• Reformulating the strategy and policies for nationwide transport system 7 .
5
http://www.moee.gov.eg/english_new/Presentations/EEDC.pdf/ (Accessed: 16.08.2016).
6
Transport Sector the way forward, Ministry of Transport. http://www.comcec.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/COMCEC_EGYPT.pdf
7
Mints – MISR National Transport Study, the comprehensive study on the Master Plan for Nationwide Transport system, Egypt, Final Report, March
2012, JICA - available at: http://www.open_JICAreport.JICA.go.jp/pdf/12057584.pdf
13

One can notice that these strategic directions don’t cover urban mobility issues (although some elements of it are
dedicated to the development of the subway in Cairo).
2.2.5. Tourism targets
In terms of Tourism, the Ministry of Tourism (MoTm) set ambitious goals in 2013 to increase the hotel rooms’ capacity
to 300,000, so as to accommodate 14 million visitors by 2020. With this target, the number of rooms will increase, and
so the needed energy supply for them to operate. It is noticeable that when setting ambitious goals for the development
of the sector, no complementary objectives were set to ensure that this development would not harm the environment
both locally and globally.
This means that the Governorate of Red Sea has room to “invent a new model” where tourism will be a strong economic
driver, while at the same time contributing to protect the local environment as well as mitigating climate change.
3. City of Hurghada: strategic vision for sustainable energy
3.1. Objectives
CES-MED aims to develop the SECAP in resonance with the already existing strategies, if any, for the participating cities
and governorates. Hence, it is essential to define the main dimensions prioritised by each municipality/Governorate for
a more appropriate SECAP.
3.2. Strategic vision for sustainable energy
The purpose of this section is to clarify the City of Hurghada strategy towards sustainable energy. Since there have been
years of turmoil due to the political climate, a development strategy for the Governorate was not been clearly defined
until 2015. However, some orientation was recently promoted under the leadership of the Governor of the Red Sea,
who proposed a strategy to green the City of Hurghada and make it a world-class responsible tourism destination.
The very long-term objective is to promote a carbon neutral city, through significant efforts in reducing energy
consumption, promoting a shift from fossil fuels towards renewable energy, and developing an ambitious compensation
programme through the increase of green areas by planting more trees along roads, the development of green parks in
the urban areas that would provide fresher areas and contribute to improving air quality. The Governorate’s authorities
are conscious of the many benefits a “Green Hurghada” would bring in terms of attractiveness to the City for the many
tourists willing to enjoy not only wonderful scuba diving sites, but also a pleasant urban area along the coast of Red Sea
to relax and rest in a clean environment.
Indeed, tourism in the city of Hurghada is one of the foremost sectors that would need to be addressed as it holds the
second place in energy consumption with 36% of the total consumption translated to 1,196 GWh/year after transport.
The city of Hurghada is visited by almost 4 million persons per year. In 2015, hotel occupancy in Hurghada reached 62 %
(compared to 5% at the Governorate level). The city counts 150 hotels and resorts representing 44,400 rooms (2016).
Notably, some of these resorts have solar water heaters on their roofs, but most of these systems are not functional.
These hotels and resorts consumed 683,082 MWh/year in 2015. In addition, there are 451 boats used for leisure and
diving activities. The tourism sector is measured as the first GHG emitter in Hurghada with 37% of the total emissions
translated to 491 k teCO2/year. The importance of tourist transportation is very significant, both for transit from
airports to hotels and for sea tours and scuba diving tours. Lastly, hotels produce 150 tons of solid waste daily to be
added to the 200 to 300 tons of the daily domestic waste (i.e. from residents and local activities set aside tourisms),
which is all put into a landfill.
The Governorate of the Red Sea plans to develop projects to address these challenges in order to promote a sustainable
tourism that significantly reduces tourism’s impact on the local environment and global climate.
14

To mobilize all stakeholders in and around the City of Hurghada, the Governorate of the Red Sea is planning to raise
awareness on the climate risks, adaptation challenges and possible actions to speed up the energy transition towards
clean and sustainable solutions.
A very special effort will be made for tourism infrastructures: not only hotels and resorts, but also the seaports and the
diving and sea touring boats, which require a significant upgrading process to reduce energy consumption and GHG
emissions.
On top of all efforts to promote energy conservation and efficiency, the Governorate plans to expand the natural gas
network to supply all hotels in the northern part of the city of Hurghada, supporting fuel substitution by the less emitting
natural gas. Beyond this first step, it intends to increase the share of renewable energy sources and upgrade the current
solar power plants in the southern region to be fully operated all day to reduce the use of fossil fuel.
In 2017, the SECAP could be the roadmap for the Governorate of Red Sea and the City of Hurghada to integrate
sustainable energy development (energy efficiency and renewable energy) into their short-term and medium-term
strategic objectives with a target of reducing greenhouse gas emission to counterbalance climate change risks and
adapting to already visible impacts of this climate change, contributing to establish the City of Hurghada as a sustainable
tourism destination.
Participation in the CES-MED project enables the Governorate of Red Sea and the City of Hurghada to:
- Conceive, develop and refer to SECAP by sector, including energy efficiency in public and private buildings, public
lighting, etc., and to specify which investments will be undertaken in order to reach consumption reduction
objectives and to calculate financial profitability of such investments;
- Have access to a trained and mobilised team in the domain of clean energy and climate adaptation,
- Have access to reference documents, developed according to a reference methodology, that facilitate the
exchange of experience with other countries in the region and the EU;
- Share and acquire experiences as well as actively participate in international discussions, supported by the EU,
on renewable energy and GHG emissions reductions at the local level by having access to a platform such as the
Covenant of Mayors (CoM);
- Replicate successful projects implemented by other municipalities; and
- Search for climate change adaptation and sustainable development funding from various sources.
In addition, membership in the CoM provides leverage for the transmission of knowledge and good practices. It is also
a forum to capitalise on the lessons learnt from the past experiences of other municipalities that have implemented
SECAPs.
3.3. Guiding principles for the Governorate’s strategy on sustainable energy
The Governorate adopted fundamental principles that aim to integrate sustainable development into all decisionmaking
processes related to local development. The Governorate of the Red Sea and the City of Hurghada systematically
considers these principles when taking into consideration future actions, programmes or development plans and their
energy implications:
- Ensure energy consumption reduction and the integration of renewable energy development into all activities
and projects taking place in its territory in order to reduce fossil-based energy consumption;
- Promote energy cost-benefit analyses (including cost of externalities) in on-going and future projects;
- Set an example in terms of responsible energy management, especially by promoting concrete initiatives in
energy efficiency and energy conservation, research and innovation towards sustainable practices, efficient
and climate friendly infrastructure development, etc.;
- Partnerships: encourage citizens, private sector, NGO participation in the development and management of
energy resources and renewables in the municipality; and
15

- Educate and inform the local population and actors about the new municipal vision in favour of energy
efficiency and renewables.
3.4. City of Hurghada sustainable energy and climate objectives
Keeping in mind its specific values and the local context, the City of Hurghada develops a strategy consistent with Egypt’s
Vision 2030, energy strategy 2035 and the Sustainable Development Strategy 2030. This strategy is structured around
two levers:
- Reduce energy consumption in all sectors through energy conservation and efficiency, in order to provide
better services while reducing costs and impacts; and
- Promote energy production from locally available renewable resources in order to cover, as far as possible,
energy needs from these decarbonised sources.
This strategy will help the Governorate to reduce its dependency on energy imports from outside its territory, reducing
its financial needs to fund these imports. The strategy will also generate additional resources within the Governorate
boundaries through energy production from local and renewable resources. All of the activities will have to include an
energy consumption reduction component and, when possible, an appropriate renewable energy development
component. While contributing to the protection of the national and global environment (reducing GHG emission to
mitigate climate change), these measures also strive to protect the local environment (air and water quality, cleanliness
and soil protection).
In conformity with current regulations, the Governorate desires to promote a mix of incentive and coercive measures.
These measures are obviously in accordance with the municipal code and public policies that favour local development
and the protection of energy resources and the environment.
As energy consumption and production is dependent on many stakeholders within a given territory, the strategy needs
to include all of the concerned actors: public services, local entrepreneurs and companies, including tourism operators,
citizen groups, etc. On-going information and awareness raising actions must lead to the strengthening of energy
consumption reduction commitments and increasing the production of local renewable energy by stakeholders
operating in the Governorate of Red Sea and the City of Hurghada.
The Governorate of Red Sea adopted the following strategic objectives within the framework of its Sustainable Energy
and Climate Action Plan (SECAP):
1. Reinforce and promote energy efficiency in municipal property, public infrastructure and other local activities.
2. Promote the integration of energy efficiency and renewables into public and private housing construction
projects in the municipality.
3. Integrate the development of energy efficiency and renewable energy into the Governorate (municipal)
sustainable development plan (job creation, local energy efficiency and renewables market, market for local
services, etc.).
4. Engage all stakeholders in the territory to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy development. More
specifically, engage with all tourism operators to ensure they contribute to the necessary energy transition and
highlight the many benefits they will get from this transformation.
5. Develop partnerships with all providers that are favourable to the implementation of the SECAP.
6. Inform the public about the true cost of energy and make known the incentives and initiatives that encourage
energy conservation and efficiency.
7. Create energy conservation and efficiency measures, renewable energy development and environmental
protection communication plans that target the local population and the socio-professional categories present
in the territory of the city of Hurghada.
8. Reduce energy needs during peak periods by managing electricity demand and by changing energy and gas
consumption behaviours and habits.
16

9. Coordinate with the government on the national strategy and energy efficiency and renewable energy action
plan, as well as on the review of the municipal sustainable energy action plan.
The primary objectives of the City of Hurghada are:
Short-term objectives 2020
- Reduce energy consumption across the board by around 10% to 15%
- Reduce GHG emission by 10% in 2020, compared to the business as usual scenario (2015 baseline)
Medium-term and long-term objectives 2030
- Boost efforts to reduce energy consumption and improve efficiency resulting in a continuous trend of
improvement in energy intensity (energy consumption compared to gross development product),
- Continue reducing GHG emission with the objective of reaching at least a reduction of 27% by 2030 and if
possible going to 30% reduction compared to the BAU scenario. Such an effort will place the City of Hurghada
in the appropriate trajectory to match the collective target agreed at COP 21 end of 2015 and known as the
Paris Agreement,
- Improve quality of life in Hurghada and optimise service delivery to inhabitants and all stakeholders in order to
speed the energy transition towards sustainable development,
- Develop renewable energy production capacities in and around the city, as well as in the southern region of the
Governorate:
o Increase the installed capacity of about 13.03 MWp to generate electricity from renewable energy
sources, including:
• Expand the public street lighting from 27 kWp from solar energy stretching along 3.00 km and
using LED lamps to 100 kWp,
• 5 MWp solar power plant in Marsa Alam to be 10 MW,
• 5 MWp solar power plant in Al-Shalateen o be 20 MW,
• 1 MWp solar Power plant in Halayeb to be 5 MW, and
• Upgrade the current 2 MWp solar power plant in Abou Ramad to 5 MWp.
o Raise the Solar power capacity supply electricity for local residents’ settlements in Arab Saleh, the
southern region from 250 kWp to 500 kWp.
- Anticipate risks and adapt to climate change:
o Establish an observatory to monitor rainfall patterns and temperature increase and develop a database
for all changes in the climate in coordination with the National Weather Authority (NWA) and Hurghada
international airports,
o Set up a vertical communication mechanism to response to extreme events and disasters,
o Transfer citizens living in areas at risk to new houses in safer areas away from the storms’ known paths,
and;
o Build water dams to collect the storms rainwater upon occurring to lessen floods’ impacts.
- Doing so, strengthens the City of Hurghada attractiveness, positioning the city as an example of responsible
marine tourism.
Note that the CES-MED project produced two national reports to be used as reference documents for the Governorates
implementing their SECAP.
• Funding sources for energy efficiency and renewable energy development in local municipalities, to assist
developers seeking to finance their projects, and
17

• Institutional and regulatory analysis of energy efficiency and renewable energy development at the municipal
level texts related to legislation that promotes investment in the energy efficiency and renewable energy
sectors.
3.5. Capacity reinforcement
3.5.1. Training actions
There are huge needs in terms of training and capacity building on energy issues in all sectors and all types of institutions
and stakeholders. This is particularly true in the Governorate’s services, where key players need to enhance their skills
to ensure a better management of the issue. Various initiatives are now taking place to provide technical support and
training.
For instance, RCREEE launched the programme “Certified Energy Management Programme - CEMP” to train energy
professionals. This programme is the 1 st pilot in Egypt, developed in coordination with GIZ to address clause No.48:
enhance energy efficiency to fulfil the requirements of the Egyptian electricity Law No.87 of 2015, where large users
above 500 kW of connecting capacity to assign energy professionals for energy efficiency with reporting responsibilities
and regulation (articles 64-67) 8 .
Also, the German Chamber of Commerce is offering training programmes in energy saving and energy efficiency. In
addition, the Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (MoPMRs) conducted four training programmes between
2014 and 2015 (each 5 days) on energy saving and energy efficiency (EE) to train senior energy managers and deputy
energy managers, and to provide them with knowledge, skills and certify them to manage energy efficiency in the
administrative buildings of the Ministry.
Moreover, JICA offered and conducted training programmes on EE to government officials between 2015 and 2017.
However, needs are by large surpassing the offer and international funding agencies should be invited to support more
initiatives of this type.
It will be important to see how the City of Hurghada and the Governorate’s services can benefit from such trainings in
order to ensure that their services are up for the mission they will have to deliver.
3.5.2. Awareness-raising actions
Awareness and communication are indispensable tools for the dissemination of good practices, to help reduce energy
consumption on a day-to-day basis. The Governorate of Red Sea needs to develop robust campaigns all across the City
of Hurghada and the Governorate on this issue. One could recognise that the Governorate of Red Sea has other major
priorities to address. However, Governorates concerned with energy management on their territory and benefiting from
a direct connection with their constituencies are the right institutions to develop awareness activities.
3.6. Organisational aspects
3.6.1. Organisational structure to implement the SECAP
In order to implement the SECAP, the Governorate should secure its Sustainable Energy Activity Unit (SEAU). The SEAU
will be in charge of all the Governorate’s energy related questions. This unit is planned to be an autonomous Unit in the
Governorate of Red Sea, coordinating with the Governorate’s Strategic Planning Unit. Also, the Unit will be directly in
connection with the NREA to ensure the sustainable energy strategy is deeply embedded in the strategic development
plans of the City of Hurghada.
This unit will have to develop specific energy projects, assemble financial packages, establish partnerships and
accompany the project at the political, technical and administrative level. Members of the SEAU will be selected and
appointed by the City of Hurghada and the Governorate during the first stages of the SECAP’s implementation, with the
8
RCREEE at: www.rcreee.org/ - (Accessed: 29.07. 2016).
18

technical support of CES-MED, if required.
Team members must be available during working hours. To maintain a reasonable workload, all new or additional tasks
allocated to members must be balanced by delegating existing tasks to other colleagues. Team stability is a condition
for the longevity and continuity of the SECAP’s implementation. The replacement of any team member may affect the
implementation process and diminish overall team capacity through lost experience and time spent finding a
replacement. In order to prepare for a replacement, any departure from the team must be planned for by training and
reinforcing the skills of future members.
To support the SECAP implementation and its permanent improvement and refinement, the team will identify external
actors with specific expertise, such as university researchers, companies or NGOs that could help strengthen the
dynamic of the SECAP. The implication of specialised researchers can contribute to the development of projects through
studies and the integration and transferability of new technologies. Working as a team, the Unit and its advisers must
ensure the coherence of the overall Governorate’s policy and all energy related projects’ design and implementation.
The team’s missions include:
• Educating users about the implementation of the Governorate’s policy on sustainable energy,
• Training the technical personnel in charge of the different services, including to ensure adequate maintenance
of renewable energy facilities, and
• Organising reporting on progress made and communicating the results of implemented actions to municipal
personnel, city’s inhabitants and stakeholders.
The energy team’s role also includes:
• Tracking energy consumption in municipal buildings, identifying problems and proposing solutions by reviewing
how buildings are used and whether they require renovations,
• Ensuring the maintenance of facilities,
• Working on the interaction between users and facilities. Listening to users and considering them as partners
since they are first hand observers of what occurs in buildings and with services delivered,
• Carrying out technical studies and developing requirement specifications in order to choose materials best
suited for buildings and overall energy efficiency.
3.6.2. Appointment of the elected official tasked with energy
Among municipal elected officials, it is critical that there is an elected official in charge of sustainable energy. This sends
a strong political signal of the municipality’s political will to local, regional and national authorities and gives political
visibility to energy management at the international level (Covenant of Mayors – CoM).
The elected official in charge of energy is appointed to:
• Demonstrate the political will of the municipality,
• Give political visibility to energy management,
• Provide direction to facilitate the development of partnerships with national and global institutions,
• Manage transversal issues related to the energy transition.
Through the dynamism of the elected official in charge of energy and the sustainable energy team, energy management
must progressively occupy a greater role in the different sectors that fall under the municipality’s responsibility.
The dedicated elected official must work in collaboration with other elected officials and with the technical head of
energy. He/she is the spokesperson for all subjects related to energy policy and municipal property and must be
attentive to city personnel and users. He/she must provide momentum for the SECAP’s implementation. He/she also
ensures the:
• Creation of inter-thematic connections and the integration of energy management into all City’s projects and
actions,
19

20
• Facilitation of information sharing (completed tasks, projects, etc.) among different services, municipal
departments and external actors, and
• Communication with diverse audiences on energy management.
3.6.3. Role of the municipal council
The main responsibilities of the municipal council are:
• Providing guidance by setting priorities and objectives for the Governorate’s energy policy;
• Integrating the action plan into budget planning process and prioritising/ensuring its implementation;
• Validating the completion of the actions and managing the budget;
• Proposing new actions and integrating them into the action plan; and
• Adapting the objectives and action plans to the evolution of the projects as well as human and financial
capacities;
• Delegating and assigning tasks to implement the SECAP.
3.6.4. Local and national coordination
The municipality should build relationships with regional actors that have a role to play in the exploitation, study and
analysis, management and use of energy resources within the territory. These include various public institutions and
administrations, local agencies and organisations, industries, public and private enterprises, universities and research
centres and civil society actors (NGOs, neighbourhood councils, etc.).
3.6.5. Involvement of stakeholders and citizens
The municipality adopted a participative approach during the elaboration phase of the SECAP. In addition, its
implementation phase engages all of the stakeholders including: institutions, professional organizations, socioeconomic
actors, NGOs, local councils, etc. The consultation and exchange meeting contributes to and enhances the
SECAP by incorporating stakeholders’ opinions, criticisms and propositions. Stakeholder participation is a measurement
of the SECAP’s successful implementation.
To ensure the success of the project’s implementation within the framework of the sustainable energy strategy, certain
capacity reinforcement and awareness-raising actions for different sectors of the local population must be carried out.
These include:
• Lectures: organizing and facilitating a series of conferences and lectures given by professionals and experts.
These meetings are meant for a diverse audience: local authorities, enterprises and the general public. The
main objective is to educate local actors and encourage them to take action, and
• Workshops: holding thematic workshops on sustainable energy (energy consumption reduction, energy
efficiency and renewable energies) that enrich municipal personnel’s knowledge on the subject and, thus,
facilitate the SECAP’s implementation.
3.6.6. Citizen awareness promotion plan
The elaboration of the «Citizen Awareness Promotion Plan - CAPP» is meant to educate and inform the local population
and stakeholders. It allows all actors to be involved in and contribute to the SECAP’s implementation. It could encompass
several actions, including:
• The creation of a permanent municipal information point;
• The organisation of an open house;
• The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers;
• The distribution of brochures and posters; and
• The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability as well as local success
stories. This would include:

- Information on national energy policies and local implications;
- The prevailing energy conditions in the Governorate (municipality);
- The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable
energy strategy and the SECAP; and
- Successful projects in national and international municipalities, notably in municipalities that are
members of the CoM.
The Governorate’s information and awareness raising actions contribute to demand creation in the sustainable energy
market. To create supply, similar actions that support the local economic fabric should be undertaken. To promote the
local economy, the Governorate will organize meetings to exchange with different socio-economic actors. As part of its
SECAP and sustainable development strategy 2030, these meetings enable the City of Hurghada to ensure that the
supply of skills within its territory responds to existing, or future, demand. The elaboration of a regional skills directory
(within the City and its neighbouring territories), which includes the renewable energy and energy efficiency sectors,
gives visibility to the skills and actors present in the Governorate.
3.7. Budget
In its annual budget, the Governorate should undertake certain sustainable energy priority actions and initiate
communication campaigns that inform and educate all of the stakeholders. Access to national and international
financing will help assure the SECAP’s success by tapping into funds that support the implementation of its activities.
3.7.1. Foreseen financing sources for the investments within the action plan
3.7.1.1 Financing from the national energy efficiency programme and renewable energies
Governorates, through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MoFAs) and Ministry of Investment and International
Cooperation (MoIIC), can get direct access to funding agencies, but also can count on the support of additional resources
coming from funding agencies through the Governorate Development and Lending Fund which connects Egypt’s
negotiated supports with the municipalities presenting specific projects.
Egypt is one of the nations receiving the highest level of aid. The international community offers grants and loans to
Egypt’s Government. Entities that provide aid can be categorized in seven groups: Arab nations, the European Union,
the United States, Japan, as well as international institutions - IFIs (including agencies of the UN system), European
countries and the Gulf States 9 .
3.7.1.2 Funding the energy sector
Throughout the modern history of Egypt, most energy projects have been funded by international aid. Aid usually comes
from donors seeking to improve the security and stability of the Egyptian energy sector. The EU, Germany, Italy, France,
Greece, Spain, the Word Bank and the IMF have provided support to reform the institutions and regulations in the
sector.
Some new grants for sustainable energy and sustainability actions include the EU’s SUDEP grant for local governments
and municipalities, as well as the Word Bank’s recently created Trust Fund programme, a funding assistance mechanism.
The European Union, along with the Word Bank Group – International Finance Corporation (IFC), issued programmes
for knowledge products and grants for the fiscal year 2016 focusing on municipal services, energy, water and solid waste
management.
3.7.1.3 Energy Efficiency Fund
Legal basis for Energy Efficiency (EE) and Energy Savings (ES) targets in Egypt are based on a drafted law and National
Energy Efficiency Strategy (NEES) 2000; savings are anticipated to be 15% by 2030 10 . According to MED-ENEC report, EE
9
The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx -
(Accessed on: 14.08.2017)
10
Energy Efficiency Building Code, a Roadmap for Implementation in the MENA Region, September 2013, MED-ENEC – (Accessed: 20.08.2016).
21

in the building sector in the MENA region is primarily funded through governments and the international donor
community but less funding is offered by local commercial banks.
3.7.1.4 Application and awarding process
Each grant has a unique set of requirements and application process. Generally, however, the first step includes the
submission of concept notes and after an initial agreement, the potential beneficiaries submit a full proposal. Most
often, grants are awarded based on the number of people, who will benefit from such grant as well as the sustainability
and lasting impact of the proposed project.
3.7.2. Financing the SECAP
The Governorate should identify all of the potential funding sources for the investments to be made within the
framework of the SECAP. One of the principle issues for a successful strategy is the Governorate’s ability to finance
ambitious energy management and renewable energy projects. The traditional systems of public and private funding
may not be able to adapt to the new projects that come out of the SECAP. As a result, new and innovative finance
mechanisms will be needed.
It will be necessary to innovate by mixing loans, subsidies, third party financing, cooperative solutions and private funds,
etc.
Guaranteeing the funding of the SECAP’s actions is the most critical step. The Governorate cannot finance the entirety
of its SECAP from its annual budget and will have to turn towards external funding at the national and international
level.
There are additional benefits to attracting external funding, including:
• The involvement of various actors in the SECAP’s implementation helps to create a local, or even regional,
sustainable energy market where actors can participate as suppliers, installers or users,
• The engagement of local actors is a gage for the socio-economic integration of sustainable energy,
• The cooperation with international backers gives more visibility to local actions and attracts greater investment
and funding in case of success. It also encourages local deciders to support the projects and actions undertaken
in the framework of the SECAP.
22

Section II: Baseline Emission Inventory
Summary
This section presents the Baseline Emission Inventory (BEI) of the city of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea, Egypt. The
BEI is part of the preparation for the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan (SECAP).
The BEI is based on calculation, not a measure. It includes the scope and methodological principles of the Greenhouse
Gases (GHG) emissions of the City of Hurghada based on data collected from the Governorate of the Red Sea and many
other governmental entities.
The BEI covers sectors such as: a) Residential buildings; b) Tertiary buildings and Public lighting; c) Industry; d) Transport;
e) Waste and water management; f) Agriculture (crops, animal production and fishing); g) Tourism; and h) Renewable
energy.
This section also depicts the results of energy consumption and GHG emissions for the sectors mentioned above. In
addition, it highlights the Governorate’s assets and energy consumption (Governorate building, Governorate fleet and
water and waste management). Finally, it presents the BAU scenario forecasts and important rise of emissions from
2015 till 2020 and stabilisation till 2030 for the City of Hurghada, Governorate of the Red Sea.
1. Considered scope and methodological principles
1.1. Some orders of magnitude
To apprehend the results of this Baseline Emissions Inventory (BEI), it is useful to understand the greenhouse gases
(GHG) emissions orders of magnitude in the world and in Egypt.
• World human GHG emissions: 53 billion tCO2eq/year
• World human GHG emissions per capita: 7.55 teqCO 2/year
• Egypt’s GHG emissions in 2012: 295 million tCO2eq/year
• Egypt’s population in 2012: 85,660,902 inhabitants
• Egypt’s GHG emissions per capita in 2012: 3.44 tCO 2eq/ year
These average values are valid for the whole Egypt, including the city of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea. In the two
cities studied by the BEI-SECAP team*, the average GHG emissions per capita is aligned with the national ratio for the
city of Luxor, but significantly higher for the City of Hurghada (34% higher than the national average). This result for the
City of Hurghada is due to the importance of the tourism sector.
Knowing that the IPCC set a target of dividing the global human GHG emissions in half, currently reaching an average of
7.55 tCO2eq/ capita/ year, we observe that emissions of Egyptian citizens at 3.44 tCO2eq/ capita/ year are already near
the target (3.5 tCO2eq/ capita/year). However, Egyptians’ GHG emissions tend to increase and could exceed this limit
in the coming years due to the rapid development currently underway. This is another reason why Egyptian cities need
to develop strategic plans to reduce their energy consumption and GHG emissions.
1.2. Methodological principles of the inventory
The methodological principles of an inventory are the following:
• Emissions are assigned to energy consumers;
23

• Inventories must be addible: For example, if all localities of the governorate make their inventory, the sum of
inventories equals the governorate inventory; and
• A recent reference year: 2015, to describe a territory evolving rapidly.
1.2.1. Calculation method
The BEI is a calculation, not a measure. In order to get a complete consumption and emissions inventory, we used several
statistical data from reliable sources (electricity distribution, building surface, energy bills for public buildings, etc.), on
which calculation hypothesis were applied when necessary (energy costs, unitary consumption of buildings, etc.), to
obtain energy consumptions (all sectors) and non-energetic emissions (waste, water, agriculture).
Figure 1: Calculation principle of the inventory
This simplified calculation approach is likely to be tainted by various uncertainties:
• Structural and activity data: low uncertainty
• Hypothesis: medium to high uncertainty
• Emission factors: low to medium uncertainty
1.2.2. Considered scope
Developing this BEI, we judged necessary to include the following sectors, but could not find a sufficient hypothesis or
structural data on stroke out sub topics.
24

Figure 2: Considered themes in BEI (%tCO2eq/year) – City of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea 2015
Compared to the Covenant of Mayors (CoM) recommendations for SECAPs:
• Non-energetic and energetic GHG emissions for waste management, energetic GHG emissions for water and
wastewater management (pumping, treatment, etc.) were taken into account as the two cities (Hurghada and
Luxor) can plan actions on both of these topics; and
• Non-energetic emissions of industrial activities (refrigerant leakage of buildings and vehicles) were not taken
into account, as information on these topics wasn’t sufficient. Note that these topics are not mandatory
according to the CoM.
Additionally, it is important to understand what the tertiary buildings are. These are namely all buildings that are neither
residential, nor for industrial or agricultural use. For example, stores, offices, banks, hospitals, logistical warehouses,
sports and leisure facilities, and other private services buildings.
1.3. Detailed methodology on each sector
An Excel spreadsheet file was created to gather all data collected from the Governorate of Red Sea, specifically for the
City of Hurghada (administrative borders) stating each source, year of reference and calculations made. This file allows
data crunching to calculate GHG emissions from information related to energy consumption.
1.3.1. Common data sets
1.3.1.1 Population statistics
Population statistics are coming from Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS).
2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Egypt 80 442 443 82 040 994 83 787 634 85 660 902 87 613 909 89 579 670 91 508 084
Gov. of Red Sea 324 714 344 384 365 342 388 852 413 192 443 728 472 203
City of Hurghada 180 997 203 978 216 747 230 315 247 336 263 209 279 684
In 2015, the population of the City of Hurghada was 279,684 inhabitants, which is about 0.3% of Egypt’s total population.
1.3.1.2 Employment statistics
The employment figures are typical of Hurghada activities. Tourism is the main sector, with more than 33,000 jobs. So,
to take into consideration this specificity, a specific part was created in the BEI.
Number of Employed Persons (Private, NGO, Gov.)
Manufacturing Agro-food Tourism Total
Egypt (2012) 3,285,249 (2) 7,991,148 (2) 1,410,000 (2) 29,596,846 (1)
Egypt (2009) 3,104,720 (2) 7,252,829 (2) 1,620,000 (2) 25,448,525 (1)
City of Hurghada* 313 (3) 225 (3) 33,238 (3) 129,058 (3)
* The data for the City of Hurghada represent the year 2015
(1) CAPMAS
(2) Egypt country report for the 2014 ministerial conference on youth employment
(3) Hurghada Labour Force directorate
25

1.3.1.3 Energy demands in Egypt per sector and energy
Sector
Coal
Ktons
LPG
Ktons
Gasoline
Ktons
Jet Fuel
Ktons
Kerosene
Ktons
Diesel
Ktons
Fuel oil
Other
Gas
Mm 3
Electricity
MWh
Industry 300 22 1.0 3,110 2,299 13,818 37,320
Transports 5,927 628 3,697 286 498 441
Residential 4,135 3.3 1,734 61,962
Agriculture 0.4 771 6,310
Other 5,123 86 1,166 5,503 37,552
Total 300 4,157 5,927 628 4.7 12,701 2,671 1,166 21,553 143,585
One of the key reports used for producing this BEI is the Energy balance report 2013-2014 published by CAPMAS (ref:
EGY GEN07). One of its tables describes the final consumption of petroleum products, natural gas and electricity for
2013-2014 per domain of activity (Industry, Transport, Residential, Agriculture and others). It will often be referred to
the above table in the following chapters, to ensure data coherence or to complete lack of data using national ratio per
capita or more adapted units (Land surface area).
1.3.2. Emission factors of energetic consumption (IPCC, NREA)
The emission factors used for fossil fuels are those of the Covenant of Mayors Guidelines (IPCC methodology). The
emission factor for electricity is a local factor directly communicated by Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy
(MoERE) and the New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA), and it includes wind and solar energy production. For
information, in the city of Hurghada, there is one Wind Farm with a total power capacity of 5.2 MW and an annual
production of 4,628 MWh/year.
TABLE 1: EMISSION FACTORS USED FOR FOSSIL FUEL AND ELECTRICITY
26
Energy CO2eq/ final energy Source
Electricity
Natural Gas
LPG
Heating Oil
Diesel
Transports excepted
Gasoline
Transports excepted
Diesel for Transports
Gasoline for
Transports
Lignite
Coal
Other Fossil Fuel
Local emission factor calculated taking into
54
8 kgCO2eq/MWh account of the national EF (550
KgCO2eq/MWh) and the Wind Farm production
(4,628 MWh/year)
20
kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
2
22
kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
7
26
kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
8
26
8
kgCO2eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
25
kgCO2eq/MWh
0
Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
27
kgCO2eq/MWh
6
Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
25
kgCO2eq/MWh
8
Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
36
5 kgCO2 eq/MWh Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
34
kgCO2eq/MWh
9
Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines
38
kgCO2eq/MWh
2
Covenant of mayors reporting guidelines

1.3.2.1 Residential buildings
In the city Hurghada, 60% of buildings are connected to the natural gas grid (Governorate of Red Sea). Thus 54,455
Residential buildings, 72 commercial buildings and 38 hotels consume natural gas, with data regarding natural gas
consumption amounting to 8,000,000 Cubic meters (87 GWh/year). The natural gas grid is still under development and
designed to reach a connection rate of 80% by the end of 2017. Therefore, consumption of natural gas is estimated
using the Hurghada ratio of natural gas consumption per building. Electricity consumption and natural gas consumption
are provided by the Governorate of Red Sea (Supply and Internal Trade Directorate).
No data about Solar Energy consumption has been collected, this issue was discussed with the Governorate of Red Sea
Coordinator and this energy source is marginal in residential buildings. Thus, no solar consumption is considered in the
BEI for residential buildings.
The Governorate’s services provided the annual consumption per energy source:
Value provided Method Final value
Electricity
257,782 MWh/y
257 GWh/y
Natural gas 8,000,000 m 3 Consistent value
87 GWh/y
Liquid gas 494,026 cylinder 96 GWh/y
Gasoline 480 litres/y 4 MWh/y
Solar energy Not provided Marginal consumption 0 GWh/y
*Refrigerant leakages of residential buildings have not been considered in the BEI.
1.3.2.2 Tertiary buildings and Public lighting
Tertiary buildings are considered in two different categories: buildings owned and managed by the Governorate and
other buildings (shops, offices, public administration buildings - different from Governorate ones, hotels, restaurants,
banks and other service industries, health centres and hospitals, sport or cultural facilities, and leisure equipment’s,
etc.). Public lighting is considered on its own, as it can be subject of specific action. The energy consumption for public
buildings and public lighting has been provided by Governorate services. However, noting that public lighting
consumption is high due to all night lighting of tourist amusement, leisure activities and commercial streets.
Consumption
All Governorate’s buildings in the City of Hurghada
Street lighting
2,604 MWh/year
10,984 MWh/year
For other tertiary buildings (except Hotels, which are considered to be in the tourism sector), consumption was directly
provided for electricity. For LPG, a ratio was applied considering the governorate generic data for energy consumption
in “other use”.
Value provided Method Final value
Electricity 273,510 MWh/y Primary data 273,510 MWh/y
Liquid gas 70,680 Cylinders Ratio from “other use” 29,347 MWh/y
*Refrigerant leakages of tertiary buildings have not been considered in the BEI
27

1.3.2.3 Industry
Hurghada is a city with very few industrial activities. Consumption was directly provided for electricity. Other
consumptions are calculated using ratios from national data.
Value provided Method Final value
Electricity 2,247 MWh/y Primary data 2,247 MWh/y
Natural gas Not provided 9,054 MWh/y
Liquid gas
Not provided
18 MWh/y
Diesel and gasoline Not provided 2,375 MWh/y
Ratio from national data
Coal Not provided 142 MWh/y
Other Not provided 1,684 MWh/y
1.3.2.4 Transport
Non-energetic emissions have not been considered in the BEI
Gasoline and diesel data on the Governorate’s (Municipal) fleet fuel consumption was provided by the Governorate’s
services and was considered consistent.
Volume
Energy equivalent
Gasoline 29,395 litres/year 270 MWh/year
Diesel 157,582 litres/year 1,503 MWh/year
Total consumptions of gasoline and fuel were provided by the Governorate of Red Sea and were considered consistent.
Volume
Energy equivalent
Gasoline 70,842,600 litres/year 399,902 MWh/year
Diesel 94,509,000 litres/year 901,212 MWh/year
- Refrigerant leakages of vehicles have not been considered in the BEI.
1.3.2.5 Waste and water management
Waste management
The Governorate of the Red Sea provided water and waste data. Electricity and Diesel consumptions for waste
treatment and transport were provided and considered consistent.
Water and waste data was provided by Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association (HEPCA),
which is coordinated by and managed under the Governorate of Red Sea.
We used the IPCC Waste Model Tool (ref. LUX_WWM1) to calculate the emissions of solid waste treatment using the
following hypothesis and data.
28

Volume
Energy equivalent
Diesel consumption of Waste Transport 525,333 litres/year 5,009 MWh/year
Gasoline consumption of Waste Transport 18,857 litres/year 173 MWh/year
Diesel consumption in Waste Treatment 6,879 litres/year 66 MWh/year
Electricity consumption in Waste Treatment
2,132 MWh/year
The amount of solid waste collected excluding tourist waste reaches 38,857.14 tons/year (according to HEPCA services).
Regarding composition of waste, the Governorate of Red Sea was applied to estimate tons of organic waste, paper and
cardboard and other domestic waste.
Regarding the composition of this waste, the Governorate of Red Sea estimated the tons of organic waste, paper and
cardboard and other domestic waste.
TABLE 2: TOTAL WASTE IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015)
Type of waste Percentage of total (%)
Organic waste 31.90 %
Plastic paper 19.40 %
Cardboard 18.24 %
Non-organic 12.25 %
Glass 5.32 %
Paper 2.96 %
Metal Cans 2.27 %
Plastic 4.00 %
Metal 2.21%
Other 1.76%
Because of the lack of historical data, the ratio of waste production per capita, and waste composition are thought to
be stable.
- In the city of Hurghada, all the waste is going to landfill without methane capture.
- The IPCC default value are used for DOC and Methane generation rate constant (k)
Water management
Electricity and Diesel consumption for water management is provided by the Governorate of Red Sea (2015), 2,386
MWh and 66 MWh respectively. These values were considered consistent and supposed to include pumping,
distribution and energy used for wastewater treatment.
For non-energetic emissions quantity of treated wastewater was provided: 11,520 M 3 /day, the emission factor for waste
water treatment of Base Carbon method is applied (0,262 KeqCO2/m 3 ).
29

1.3.2.6 Agriculture
Fuel and electricity consumptions were provided by the Governorate of Red Sea and are considered consistent
(4,535,700 litres of gasoline, 1,482,000 litres of Diesel and 20 MWh of electricity).
For non-energetic emissions (CH4), emission factors are directly taken from the national emissions inventory or
estimated from it and applied to the local number of animals.
N2O non-energetic emissions: data for Egypt were not available therefore we applied the ratio per hectare (ha) of crops
used in CES-MED BEI for Algeria.
TABLE 3: NON-ENERGETIC EMISSION PRODUCED FROM ANIMAL IN THE CITY OF HURGADA (2015)
Number of Animals
in kgCH4/animal/y
Manure Management Enteric Fermentation
Dairy Cows 8,240 2 40
Goats 1,032 0 5
Sheep 1,184 0 5
Camels 88 2 46
Horses 26 2 18
Poultry 55,568 0 0
Mules and Asses 14 1 10
Buffalos 631 4-5 55*
* Emissions from livestock and animal manure IPCC
Available at: http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_10_Ch10_Livestock.pdf
1.3.2.7 Tourism
The Governorate of the Red Sea provided data for fuel and electricity consumption from hotels. According to the
Governorate, 60% of hotels are using solar thermal boilers, however, after verification on the ground this information
was considered unreliable. Only few hotels have SWH and even fewer of them are functional. Simulations with the
TECSOL website allowed estimating a production ratio of 0,465 MWh/hotel room. There are no solar thermal sources
registered, but very few SWH collectors were installed on top of some hotels, but not a significant amount. Hotel waste
production was provided by the governorate through Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association
(HEPCA), which is coordinated and managed under the Governorate of the Red Sea. Electricity and Diesel consumption
for waste treatment and transport were provided and considered consistent.
Energy equivalent
Diesel and gasoline consumption in resorts
Gas consumption in resorts
Electricity consumption in resorts
Diesel consumption in transport systems
Gasoline consumption in transport systems
Diesel consumption of Waste Transport
Gasoline consumption of Waste Transport
Electricity consumption in Waste Treatment
281,850 MWh/year
195,850 MWh/year
653,939 MWh/year
43,214 MWh/year
7,278 MWh/year
2,505 MWh/year
130 MWh/year
29,143 MWh/year
Land transport consumption is an estimation based on the number of vehicles registered in the tourist sector and an
average trip distance of 38 km provided by Governorate of the Red Sea.
30

Air transport was estimated from the number of aircrafts’ movements in Hurghada airport applying the Landing and
Take Off emission factor from EMEP/EEA emission inventory guidebook 2013.
Note: Although Hurghada airport is located inside Hurghada geographic scope, the Governorate has no real capacity to act on this
sector. So, consumption and emission of airport were not included in total figures and graphics for the BEI. For information, energy
consumption due to landing and take-off are estimated to be around 219 GWh and emissions reached 54 kteqCO 2/year.
2. Results
2.1. Energy consumption
The total energy consumption in the city of Hurghada is estimated to be 3,338 GWh Final Energy/year in 2015,
equivalent to 11.9 MWh/person/year. This rate is considered very high, due to the importance of the tourism sector. If
tourism consumptions were not considered, energy consumption would go down to 7.65 MWh/person/year. This
figure is still quite high, as in the case of the city of Hurghada, it was impossible to get a separate accounting of some
transport sector consumptions linked to tourism activities. The lack of details in the available data did not allow for such
a breakdown.
Table 4 and Figure 3 show the distribution of final energy consumption among sectors.
TABLE 4: FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION/ YEAR
GWh/year
Residential building 441
2%
Tertiary buildings inc. Governorate buildings. 305
13%
Public Lighting 11
Industry 16
36%
9%
1%
Transport 1 303
Water, Waste 10
39%
Tourism 1 196
Agriculture* 56
* includes crops, animal production and fishing
Figure 3: Final Energy/year (2015) – Hurghada
The consumptions of the Governorate’s buildings (in the city of Hurghada) are included here under tertiary buildings,
although it is detailed in the dedicated chapter and in the BEI Excel spreadsheets.
If we look more precisely and analyse consumption per energy source and sector, we realise that the main demand in
energy sources are fuels for transport and electricity for buildings, especially residential buildings (Table 5 and 6). Note
also the important fuels’ consumption in hotels (tourism).
31

1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
800,000
600,000
400,000
200,000
0
Electricity LPG Gas-oil Gasoline Solar Natural Gas Other energy
Figure 4: Energy consumption per sector and type of resources in the city of Hurghada (2015)
TABLE 5: ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER SECTOR AND PER ENERGY SOURCE IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015)
GWH EF/year Electricity LPG Diesel Gasoline Solar Natural Gas Other energy
Residential building 258 96 0 0 0 87 0
Tertiary building (inc.
governorate) 276 29 0 0 0 0 0
Public Lighting 11 0 0 0 0 0 0
Industry 2 0 2 0 0 9 2
Transport 0 0 903 400 0 0 0
Water, Waste 5 0 5 0 0 0 0
Tourism 683 0 46 259 12 196 0
Residential building 0 0 14 42 0 0 0
Total 1 ,235 125 970 701 12 292 2
Note that operational electricity losses (usual losses from normal operation) have not been highlighted in this energy inventory to
comply with the Covenant of Mayors tables, but the GHG Protocol emission factor used considers it.
Energy consumption from the tourism sector includes the following items:
• Electricity and natural gas used in hotels, resorts, diving centres and other leisure facilities. The details of such
consumptions were provided by the Governorate’s services,
• Diesel and gasoline used in hotels for water heating (swimming pools and sanitary uses). This figure has been
estimated from a sample of hotels (1t/day in 50 per cent of hotels),
• Diesel and fuel used in diving and cruise boats (detailed provided by Governorate services), and
• Solar heating used in some hotels (Governorate’s estimates).
2.2. GHG emissions
Global GHG emissions of the city of Hurghada are estimated to be 1,338 ktCO2eq/year in 2015, equivalent to 4.78
tCO2eq/person/year (equivalent to 25,700 km drive by car). This is significantly higher than the average emissions per
person in Egypt (3.44 tCO2eq/person/year), which is mainly due to the high weight of the tourism sector. Without the
specific emissions of this sector, the emission rate falls at 3.0 tCO2eq/person/year, which is lower than the Egyptian
32

average. Although, this figure still contains some emissions from tourist activities (goods transport and public transport)
that couldn’t be isolated from inhabitants’ transports emissions.
Figure 5: GHG emissions – Hurghada (2015)
TABLE 6: GHG EMISSION/ YEAR - HURGHADA kteqCO2/year
7%
Residential building 215
16%
Tertiary buildings (inc. municipal) 158
Public Lighting 6
36%
12%
Industry 4
0%
Transport 352
Water, Waste 23
Tourism 491
2%
26%
* Due to animal production and fishing
Agriculture* 88
In this chart, Governorate buildings’ consumptions are included under tertiary buildings, although being detailed in the
dedicated chapter and in the BEI Excel spreadsheets. The emission factors used for fossil fuel are those of the Covenant
of Mayors Guidelines (IPCC methodology).
The emission factor for electricity is the local factor that takes into account the Egyptian factor communicated by the
NREA (the New and Renewable Energy Authority) and the production of the wind farm of Hurghada (4,628 MWh/year).
Calculation: [1,235 GWh (total electricity) – 4.6 GWh (wind prod.)] x 550 kg/MWH (FE Egypt) + [4,628 (Wind prod.) x 0
kg/MWH (FE wind)] / 1,235 GWh (total electricity) = 547.938 kg/MWh
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
Residential
building
Tertiary (inc
municipal)
Public
Lighting
Industry Transport Water,
Waste
Tourism
Agriculture
Electricity LPG Fuels Natural Gas Other Non energetic
Figure 6: GHG emissions per sector and type of resources in the city of Hurghada (2015)
33

TABLE 7: GHG EMISSIONS PER SECTOR AND ENERGY SECTOR IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015)
Fuels
tCO2eq/ year Electricity LPG
Natural Gas
Gasoline & diesel
Other Non-energetic
Residential building 141,249 21,895 1 52,072 0 0
Tertiary (inc. municipal) 151,293 6,662 3 0 0 0
Public Lighting 6,019 0 0 0 0 0
Industry 1,231 4 637 1,829 693 0
Transport 0 0 351,745 1 0 0
Water, Waste 2,476 0 1,421 0 0 19,418
Tourism 374,287 0 77,066 39,562 0 0
Agriculture 11 0 14,219 0 0 74,214
Total 676,566 28,561 445,577 93,464 693 93,632
2.3. Zoom on municipal building and services in the city of Hurghada
The energy consumption of municipal buildings and services (public lighting, fleet, water and waste management) in
the city of Hurghada reached 25.2 GWh FE/year in 2015, about 0,7 per cent of the total consumption of the city. The
total GHG emissions from municipal energy consumptions are
31.2 ktCO2eq/year, about 2.3% of all city emissions. Public lighting and Water and Waste management are the main
source of GHG emissions of the governorate’s services. It also constitutes a very important energy consumption level
and represents huge expenses for the city. The following chart (Figure 7) shows the distribution of consumption and
costs among different services. The costs have been estimated using average energy costs as shown in Figure 8.
TABLE 8: ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ANNUAL COST FOR HURGHADA ASSETS
Municipal Services GWh/year TeqCO 2 K EGP
10%
Municipal buildings 2.6 1,429 1,930
Public lighting 11.0 6,019 8,128
Municipal Fleet 1.8 484 656
Water and Waste management 9.8 3,897 5,302
39%
7%
44%
Figure 7: Governorate Assets Services – Hurghada (2015)
Municipal buildings’ consumption is included under tertiary buildings, although it is detailed in the dedicated section
and in the BEI Excel file.
34

Energy consumption in GWh
12.0
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
Annual cost in kEGP
0.0
Municipal building Public lighting Municipal Fleet Water and Waste
management
0
GWh/an
EGP
Figure 8: Governorate Assets Services Energy Consumption and Costs – Hurghada (2015)
2.4. Business-As-Usual scenario
Starting from present data, the BAU reference scenario projects the evolution of energy and emission levels forward to
the target year (2030), under the hypothesis of continuing current trends in population, economy, technology and
human behaviour, without the implementation of additional emission reduction actions. Thus, a BAU coefficient was
calculated for Egypt by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission. For each year this coefficient
represents the multiplication factor to reach emission of year 2030. The BAU scenario of the city of Hurghada forecasts
an important rise of emission until 2020 (+34%), and then a stabilisation until 2030 (- 4%). Table 9 and Chart 9 present
BAU scenarios for 2015-2029.
TABLE 9: ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER SECTOR AND PER ENERGY IN THE CITY OF HURGHADA (2015)
KteCO2 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
Coeff 1;29 1.22 1.15 1.08 1.02 0.96 0.97 0.97 0.98 0.98 0.99 0.99 0.99 1 1
Residential 215 228 241 257 272 289 286 286 283 283 280 280 280 278 278
Tertiary 158 167 177 188 199 212 210 210 207 207 205 205 205 203 203
Pub. Lighting 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
Industry 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
Transport 352 372 395 421 445 473 468 468 464 464 459 459 459 454 454
Water, Waste 23 25 26 28 29 31 31 31 31 31 30 30 30 30 30
Tourism 491 519 551 586 621 660 653 653 646 646 640 640 640 633 633
Agriculture 88 94 99 106 112 119 118 118 116 116 115 115 115 114 114
1339 1416 1502 1599 1693 1799 1780 1780 1762 1762 1745 1745 1745 1727 1727
35

2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
Agriculture
Tourism
Water, Waste
Transport
Industry
Public Lighting
Tertiary (inc municipal)
Residential building
200
0
201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026202720282029
Figure 9: GHG emissions in the City of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea – BAU (2015 – 2030)
2.5. Complete BEI spread sheets – the city of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea
Energy consumption in MWh Final energy / year in 2015
Non
municipal
Municipal
assets
Electricity
Liquid
gas
Diesel Gasoline Coal
Natural
Gas
Other
fossil
fuel
Solar
thermal
Tertiary buildings 273 510 29 347 0 302 857
Residential buildings 257 782 96 453 4 87 044 441 283
Industry 2 247 18 2 375 142 9 054 1 684 0 15 520
Agriculture 20 14 132 41 728 0 55 880
Transport 0 0 901 212 399 902 3 0 1 301 117
Tourism 683 082 45 716 259 258 195 850 12 388 1 196 294
Total 1 216 641 125 818 963 435 700 893 142 291 951 1 684 12 388 3 312 951
Municipal buildings 2 604 9 2 613
Public lighting 10 984 0 0 10 984
Waste 2 132 0 5 075 173 7 381
Water 2 386 0 66 2 452
Municipal Fleet 0 0 1 503 270 1 773
Total 18 601 0 6 653 444 0 0 0 0 25 203
Total 1 234 747 125 818 970 088 701 337 142 291 951 1 684 12 388 3 338 154
Total
36

GHG emissions in tCO 2eq/year in 2015
Non
municipal
Municipal
assets
Electricity
Liquid
gas
Diesel Gasoline Coal
Natural
gas
Other
fossil
fuel
Non
energetic
Tertiary buildings 149 866 6 662 0 156 528
Residential buildings 141 248 21 895 1 52 072 0 215 216
Industry 1 231 4 637 49 1 829 643 0 4 394
Agriculture 11 3 787 10 432 0 0 74 214 88 444
Transport 0 0 248 771 102 975 0 1 0 0 351 746
Tourism 374 286 12 252 64 815 39 562 490 914
Total 666 643 28 561 265 446 178 222 49 93 463 643 74 214 1 307 242
Municipal buildings 1 427 3 1 429
Public lighting 6 019 6 019
Waste 1 168 1 360 43 19 418 21 990
Water 1 307 18 0 1 325
Municipal Fleet 415 70 484
Total 9 921 0 1 795 113 0 0 0 19 418 31 347
Total 676 556 28 561 267 241 178 335 49 93 463 643 93 632 1 338 491
Total
37

Section III: SECAP - Actions Planned
1. Executive Summary
This section presents the Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plan that has been developed by the City of Hurghada,
Governorate of Red Sea in coordination with Transitions Team – CES-MED. The proposed actions have been designed
on the basis of the baseline emission and energy consumption inventory.
This section is structured in three parts:
• Background information – Very brief overview of basic information on the city of Hurghada,
• Governorate buildings and services – Presentation of activities that fall under the direct responsibility of the
Governorate of Red Sea within the boundaries of the City of Hurghada (the buildings it manages and the
services it implements as part of its core competencies), and
• Action plan of the City of Hurghada – Presentation of activities that can be run by stakeholders independently
from the Governorate’s authority, but need to be stimulated and steered by Governorate’s services in order
to ensure everyone is acting within a consistent plan.
2. Background information
Red Sea Governorate’s population 472,203 Population in Hurghada 279,684
Governorate area 203,685 Km 2 Municipality area 111 Km 2
Inhabited area 27,300 Km 2 Governor of the Red Sea
Mass populated area 1,284 Km 2
Minister Ahmed Abdallah
Energy and GHG emission in the City of Hurghada
Electricity consumption 1,235 GWh/yr Electricity per capita 4,415 MWh/yr
Energy consumption 3,338 GWh/yr Energy per capita 11.9 MWh/yr
GHG emission/ year 1,338 ktCO2eq GHG per capita 4.78 tCO2eq
The City of Hurghada, under the jurisdiction of the Governorate of the Red Sea, is located on the western coast of the
Red Sea, east of Egypt and it is stretched over 40 Km long coast of the Red Sea. It is the main and focal city of the
Governorate of the Red Sea and its capital.
The Governorate of Red Sea is considered one of the largest governorates in Egypt (the second largest after the New
Valley Governorate - El Wādī El Ǧedīd). It is rich in flora and fauna and is located between the Nile river and the Red Sea,
bounded by the Suez Governorate from the north, the Red Sea from the east, the governorates of Aswan, Sohag, Qena,
Asyut, Al Minya, Beni Suef from the west and Sudan’s Red Sea state from the south. The governorate has a beach of
2
1,080 Km and a total area of 203,685 KmP P. In addition to the city of Hurghada, the governorate consists of five small
towns: Ras Ghareb (on the northern side), Safaga, Qusier, Marsa Alam, and Al-Shalateen and Halayeb (on the southern
side).
Hurghada is located on the western coast of the Red Sea, 500 Km south east of Cairo bounded by Ras Ghareb from the
north, Safaga from the south-east, and both Sohag and Asyut from the south west. The city is located at 27.2579° N,
33.8116° E and at an elevation of 11 meters above sea level.
According to the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) in Egypt, the total population of the
38

Governorate of the Red Sea in 2015 was 472,203, whereas Hurghada has 279,684 representing about 59% of the
governorate’s total population and forming 0.31% of Egypt’s total population (2015).
The name ‘Hurghada - Al Ghardaka’ comes from a plant named in Arabic ‏,الغردق which is ‘Nitraria Retusa’ that is widely
grown in the region. The area of cultivating this plant was the meeting point of all fishermen since the old ages. The
city was founded in 1909 as a small town developed by British engineers engaged in oil exploration. In 1920, a small
town was already established. Starting in 1980, the City of Hurghada has developed to become an internationally
distinguished resort and touristic city.
Hurghada is nowadays a large beach resort stretching over more than 40 Km along the Red Sea coast. It is a famous
international tourist destination, renowned for leisure and sport activities such as scuba diving and fishing. It has
numerous dive shops and diving centres (451 diving boats), and world-class hotels and resorts (more than 150 hotels)
with capacity of 45,000 rooms. The unique underwater gardens offshore are some of the finest in the world, justifiably
famous amongst divers. Hurghada’s warm and clear waters are ideal for many varieties of rare fish and coral reefs, with
ultimate visibility that reaches 50 meters down, which may also be observed through glass submarines.
The city of Hurghada is divided into three parts: a) El Ahia and El Helal in the Northern part; b) the old part - El Dahar
including the traditional bazaar and the old town, which is the home to traditional Egyptian coffee shops and souks; and
c) the modern part El Kawsar and Sekalla - the city centre, which encompasses restaurants, bars and nightclubs.
However, Hurghada is a mix between old and new culture. The city boasts hosting the finest hotel chains in Villages
Road and the touristic districts around, like Sahel Hasheesh, and El-Gouna in the south. The city is served by Hurghada
International Airport with direct connections to many cities in Europe. Figure 10 gives an impression of the City of
Hurghada and its resorts along the Red Sea.
Figure 10: Impression of the City of Hurghada and its resorts – Governorate of Red Sea capital
The City’s economy was, in the early days, based on fishing. Hence, this village witnessed a remarkable evolution that
39

changed into one of the most popular tourist attractions in Egypt due to the discovery of its one of a kind, iconic sea
bed that made it a very important scuba-diving destination for divers from all over the world. Also, the city of Hurghada
has a 4 Km pedestrian road called “El Memsha Elseyahy” where the most famous hotels and resorts are located.
3. Governorate vision
The very long-term objective is to promote a carbon-neutral city, through significant efforts in reducing energy
consumption, promoting a shift from fossil fuels towards renewable energy, and developing an ambitious compensation
programme through the increase of green areas by planting more trees along roads, the development of green parks in
the urban areas that would provide fresher areas and contribute to improving air quality. The Governorate’s authorities
are conscious of the many benefits a “Green Hurghada” would bring in terms of attractiveness of the City for the many
tourists willing to enjoy, not only wonderful scuba diving sites but also a pleasant urban area along the Red Sea to relax
and rest in a clean environment.
The Governorate of the Red Sea (Municipality) aims to build and administer the basic structure and public facilities and
provide citizens and tourists with high quality municipal services, while preserving the fragile marine environment,
which represents its main capital for attracting visitors and fuelling local economy.
In accordance with Egypt’s vision and Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030, sustainable development should
be a key driver for the Governorate of the Red Sea and the City of Hurghada. Sound strategic management of basic
resources – energy, soils and water – is essential both to minimise costs for all, to reduce the overall environmental
footprint of the City and the Governorate and preserve the environment locally as well as globally.
4. Planned actions for the City of Hurghada
The Governor of the Red Sea, the City Council of Hurghada and the Governorate’s services are convinced of the necessity
to implement an energy and climate strategy that will contribute to climate mitigation while helping the City of
Hurghada to adapt to the already visible impact of climate change.
Beyond these climate objectives, local authorities are also convinced of the various benefits such strategy would bring:
40
• Reduce expenses generated by energy consumption, and as a consequence allow reallocation of the
Governorate’s resources to public services and equipment,
• Generate new revenues from the production of energy based on local and renewable resources: sun, wind,
and bio-waste,
• Promote a more strategic development of the city taking into account constraints and opportunities brought
by a more sustainable approach of climate and energy challenges,
• Develop a strategy for sustainable tourism while preserving the unique marine environment,
• Upgrade quality of life for all Hurghada inhabitants.
Such objectives can certainly be reached through a comprehensive strategy relying on 3 pillars:
• Reduce energy consumption in all type of energy services (cooling and heating, mobility, industrial needs, and
specific electricity usage for lighting and electric equipment),
• Develop the production of energy from local and renewable resources, and
• Adapt infrastructures and human activities to already visible and foreseeable impacts of climate change in the
region.
The combination of these three pillars will allow an energy and climate transition towards a greener and more
prosperous Hurghada.
To reach these objectives, the Governorate has a key role to play:
• It must implement this two-fold strategy (energy conservation and renewable energy development) in all its
buildings and across all services it manages to show the way and demonstrate the many benefits of this energy

and climate transition,
• It will have to shape the development of equipment and activities with the ultimate objective of setting the
ground for a more energy efficient and a more green and resilient city,
• Lastly, the Governor and his administration will need to raise awareness of all public and mobilise all
stakeholders in the City of Hurghada to engage them to act in favour of this energy and climate transition.
Unless all citizens, all sectors of the tourism industry, all economic players, small industries, services and
fishermen move in the same direction combining energy conservation efforts, development of renewable
energy and climate adaptation, the city of Hurghada will not reach its ambitious objectives.
The Governorate should design the appropriate action plan, then lead, facilitate and monitor its implementation,
highlighting step by step, progress made and benefits for all public.
The best plan is the one, which is actually addressing the key strategic sectors, were a real progress can be achieved. To
pursue so, the SECAP for the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea is established on the baseline emission
inventory (BEI), which clearly identifies those sectors, where specific efforts could actually result in major changes. A
good plan is also a plan that combines different types of actions: kick wins demonstrating direct benefits in
implementing the action plan; symbolic actions bringing visible changes in the daily life of the City of Hurghada’s citizens;
high return on investment action demonstration the business case behind the energy transition; more structural actions
that will only bring results in the long term, but are essential to establishing new trends in energy consumption and
production.
All stakeholders in Hurghada
Tourism
Figure 11: Sustainable energy and climate action plan (SECAP) framework for the City of Hurghada
For the City of Hurghada, the following list of priority actions have been discussed and confirmed by the Governorate
of the Red Sea, mainly H.E. The Governor of Hurghada and Secretary General of the Governorate:
Priority Action #1 – Transport: Urban Sustainable Mobility Master Plan
Priority Action #2 – Tourism: Sustainable Green Boats
Priority Action #3 – Tourism: Green and Sustainable Hotels and Resorts
Priority Action #4 – Sustainable Approach for Governorate Buildings
Priority Action #5 – Sustainable Approach for Residential Buildings
Priority Action #6 – Solar Energy Development
Priority Action #7 – Green City Awareness Unit
41

4.1. Action on Governorate buildings and services
The first priority of the City Council should be to act on its direct perimeter of responsibility: Governorate buildings and
services (street lighting, water distribution & sanitation, waste management) within the City of Hurghada boundaries.
It is only while being an exemplary on its own perimeter that the City Council will be able to promote the mobilisation
of all stakeholders, inviting them to reduce their energy consumption and contribute to the development of renewable
energy capacities. This commitment, to act on its own perimeter, also constitutes a field for investigation to test actions,
assess results and impacts, in order to design appropriate recommendations that could be then proposed to citizens,
companies, and any organizations that will have to act to promote the local energy transition.
The Governorate of Red Sea is providing public services under specific regulations and by-laws enacted and improved
over years in order to render the best services for its citizens, yet more efforts in this direction have been noticed
between 2016 and 2017 to decentralise its activities in line with the Local Development new law under approval.
The energy consumption of the Governorate’s buildings and services (public lighting, fleet, water and waste
management) in the city of Hurghada reaches 25.2 GWh Final Energy/year (2015) forming about 0.7% of the total
consumption of the city. The GHG emissions reach 31.2 k tCO2eq/year, namely 2.3% of the city’s total emissions.
4.1.1. Municipal buildings
4.1.1.1 Current status
The Governorate owns many buildings in different locations of the City of Hurghada for its various offices and venues,
representing a total of 60,000 square meters. It also manages 349,000 square meters of education buildings.
Details of these municipal buildings are as follows:
• 20,000 square meters of offices, including the main Governorate’s buildings,
• 40,000 square meters of offices in Hurghada City Council building,
• 330,000 square meters of 66 schools, and 19,000 square meters College of Education.
The Governorate’s buildings (60,000 square meters) represent a potential 55,000 square meters of roofs to be equipped
with solar PV to generate electricity. Nevertheless, the governorate took early steps in this direction by installing PV
solar plant with 100 panels on the roof of the Governorate’s main building with a production capacity reaching around
25 kWp.
All Governorate’s (Municipal) buildings in the City of Hurghada consume 2,613 MWh/year (2015 reference) forming
10% of the total Governorate services’ consumption and about 25 GWh/year when counting all types of energy. They
also emit 1,429 TeqCO2/year (4.5% of the total Governorate services’ emissions).
On average, in such conditions, electricity consumption in buildings is coming from lighting (20%), cooling and heating
(70%), office equipment (computer, copiers, etc.) and elevators (10%).
The electricity bill for the Governorate’s buildings alone represents 64,485 € per year (2015), an equivalent of EGP
1,355,000.
Lighting (in buildings): Some efforts were made to switch to efficient bulbs such as LED lamps; however, there is still
neither tight control of lighting in buildings, nor efficient management using motion or occupancy sensors. There is a
habit to switching lights on, whatever will be the availability of natural light, even if this natural light is sufficient most
of the time. Hence, raising awareness among the staff and changing habits should be a priority. Beyond changing
behaviour, specific devices (motion and occupancy sensors) can be installed.
Electric equipment: So far electric equipment (computers, copiers, printers, etc.) is basic. Raising awareness is also key
to promote an efficient use of such equipment. Reduction in energy consumption could also come from switching to
more energy efficient devices. It is recommended to shift to green labels state rating equipment currently promoted in
Egypt.
Cooling and heating: Most of the buildings are equipped with AC split systems. Only few offices are under a centralized
42

temperature control system. There is still an important margin for improvement to ensure proper management of
heating and cooling. The temperature inside buildings is often too high in cold season and too low in hot season.
According to a study conducted by the MoERE in Egypt for public buildings, if staff was ensuring a more balanced use of
cooling and set sensor temperature for cooling on 24°C - 25°C, energy consumption in such buildings could be cut by
30%.
Knowing that electricity consumption for cooling and heating represents 70% of the public buildings’ electricity
consumption it is strategic to invest on this issue, in two directions: raising awareness of building users and switching to
more efficient devices. The Governorate plans to develop its “Green Municipal Buildings’ Plan – GMBP’’ to enhance
energy efficiency in municipal buildings and to promote renewable energy (including SWH systems). The GMBP should
integrate new sustainability measures and technologies to a green building approach in the city and raise awareness on
the need to save energy and improve energy efficiency in the Governorate buildings.
4.1.1.2 Energy savings / short-term actions (3- to 5-year time frame)
The Municipality is willing to develop initiatives to reduce energy consumption, but a consistent plan needs to be
implemented. More efforts should be done in raising staff awareness on simple change of behaviour to save energy
without significant investment:
- Open curtains and window shutters during daytime to avoid artificial lighting when outside air temperature is
between 22°C and 27°C,
- Keep the inside air temperature between 24°C - 25°C even in hot periods to ensure comfort all year long and
achieve strong cuts in energy consumption,
- Turn off electric equipment at the end of working time or when not actually used, and
- Unplug all electricity cables from wall’s sockets as this could save about 5% of the energy use.
It would be interesting to promote a challenge between services/ units to invite all staff and workers from the
Governorate of Red Sea to make significant efforts in saving energy. The best performing service would be celebrated
as “energy saver/ climate saver’’ and would get a special gratification. The Environmental Awareness Unit (EAU) within
the Governorate Communication Department will promote these activities.
4.1.1.3 Energy-savings / long-term actions (5- to 15-year time frame)
Beyond promoting awareness and behavioural change, it is necessary to develop a clear and comprehensive plan to
replace old devices and equipment and install energy efficient systems that will help reduce electricity consumption.
Ideally, this programme should be implemented, in a first phase, in a small number of buildings (starting with the more
symbolic one: the Governor’s main building or city hall), covering all type of devices and equipment, in order to
concentrate many initiatives on the selected buildings and demonstrate the benefit of these structural changes:
- Switch from AC/Heating reverse systems to central management of heating and cooling, and
- Switch to LED lighting and install motion sensors in offices. This device turns the lights off during un-occupied
periods. This can reduce lighting consumption by 20%-80% depending on the occupancy type of these areas. A
case study, by MoERE and UNDP (Wati Al-watt initiative) conducted in public buildings, including government
buildings in Cairo, demonstrated that a 9.5 million kWh saving per year, equivalent to EGP 5.6 million (€ 265,260)
cut could be easily achieved by installing LED lamps with different wattage. This was carried out in 22 projects in
the first phase at an approximate investment rate per project of EGP 340,910 (€ 16,148), offering a very attractive
return on investment 11 .
The initial projects need to be tightly monitored to register impact on energy consumption reduction to prepare
progressive enlargement to a larger number of targeted building. The design and construction of new buildings need to
follow more stringent rules and new requirements allowing for far better energy performance.
11
Energy efficiency Project – Waty El Watt, UNDP and GEF, available at : http://www.php.eepegypt.org/
43

4.1.1.4 Expected results
Assumptions:
- Staff awareness will result in 10% reduction of all consumption due to behavioural changes. This level of
reduction doesn’t appear to be hard to achieve, as there is currently no precaution at all to avoid
unnecessary electricity usage.
- Working on lighting will cut electricity consumption by 30% of this sector (20% of total electricity).
- Efficient AC devices will cut electricity consumption by 30 % of this sector (70% of total electricity).
Energy in MWh/year
GHG in tCO2eq/year
Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030
Situation in 2030 /
BAU
Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG Cut
All Governorate municipal buildings 2,613 1,429 - 965 - 529 3,371 16 %
Staff awareness campaign (10% cut) - 261 - 143
Switch to LED lighting and sensor systems in
buildings (30% cut)
- 156 - 86
Switching efficient AC devices (30% cut) - 548 - 300
Note: Impact of long-term measures can only be assessed based on average ratio unless the Governorate defines
the level of investment it is prepared to allocate to this topic.
4.1.1.5 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI.
Note that such investment can be made in the first years of the plan to highlight the demonstrative role of Governorate’s
buildings and services.
Staff awareness campaign (10% cut) 30,000 € 3.5 years
Switch to LED lighting and sensor systems in buildings (30% cut) 100,000 € 6 years
Switching to more efficient AC devices (30% cut) 150,000 € 7 years
4.1.2. Street lighting
4.1.2.1 Current status
Public lighting alone consumes 10,984 MWh/y (11GWh FE/yr), less than 1% of the total energy consumption of the city
and is responsible for 6,019 Tons eqCO2/y (0.6% of the total city GHG emissions). This service costs more than 8.1
million EGP per year (394 K€).
Significant efforts have already been made to switch to LED efficient device (more than 30,000 lamps each of 100W) are
in service in the main streets of the city of Hurghada. However, the City still needs a comprehensive plan to significantly
reduce its electricity consumption for public lighting.
4.1.2.2 Long term action plan (5- to 15-year time frame)
Revolving fund to replace old lamps
Informed by the experiments performed in different cities in the Mediterranean region, replacement of old lamps by
modern technologies (LED) appears to be very cost effective. The City of Hurghada already started such a switch, but
further efforts need to be developed.
44

Even if LED lamps cost far more (highest prices reach 400€ per unit) than HPS one, they result in more than 50%
consumption reduction and these LED lamps last 15 years (when HPS have to be replaced every 3 years). This very costefficient
technology also offers a very good quality of light.
The City of Hurghada looks for an initial financial support to feed in a revolving fund dedicated to old lamps’
replacement. The City should set up a specific budget monitoring mechanism and put aside financial resources
preserved due to more efficient lamps replacing old devices. Resources saved will be invested again in lamps’
replacement. This set up could ensure full replacement over time (between 4 and 6 years depending on the initial level
of investment) offering replenishment of the initial investment fund and additional budget availability due to cuts in the
energy bill related to street lighting.
The detailed process for this fund will be established as part of the priority action development.
Street lighting strategic plan
The City of Hurghada would gain from developing a street lighting strategic plan, identifying areas of differentiated
usage, where lighting would be then adapted to the actual needs per specific area.
• Main roads, avenue and city entrances where high intensity lighting should be necessary at least between
sunset and midnight and before sunrise. Note that lighting intensity could be easily reduced, even in these
areas between midnight and few hours before sunrise,
• Secondary streets where reduced lighting intensity ensures safety while cutting energy consumption,
• Specific areas (parks, narrow streets, pedestrian areas, etc.) where motion sensors should be installed to light
up when people are around and avoid lighting when nobody is there.
Such an improvement in urban planning and street infrastructures linked with a tighter management of public demand
should lead to designing a lighting system combining qualitative lighting and reduced energy consumption. This
evolution will require a combination of technical solutions (motion sensors, midnight automatic reduction, etc.) and
social dialogue to improve acceptance of different approaches (i.e. reduced lighting after midnight, appropriate lighting
in narrow streets, parks, etc.).
A possible work plan could unroll as follows:
1. Based on the city development plan, identify 3 or 4 types of streets and areas according to their specific lighting
needs.
2. Organise public consultation to ensure proper acceptance of the new lighting system; propose and collect
ideas to continue improving the plan.
3. Define the appropriate technical solutions for each type and design the implementation program taking into
account priorities per type of area (for example, identifying one specific block of streets, places and avenues
where the new lighting system would be implemented as a show case for the rest of the city).
4. Implement step by step the plan, organising all along the implementation process, a control and assessment
mechanism – including public participation – to continuously improve the system based on performance
assessment of the option adopted. Such monitoring must measure energy consumption reduction and
highlight what it means in budget cuts.
4.1.2.3 Expected results
Assumption:
- Expanding conversion to LED lamps will result in 40% reduction in electricity consumption.
- A strategic lighting management plan with an ambitious target to reduce lighting can provide another 30%
cut (after the initial 20% cut)
45

Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU
Street lighting 10,984 6,019 - 2,648 - 1,451 7,764 19 %
Expand LED deployment (20%) - 1,203 - 659
Street lighting strategic plan (30%) - 1,445 - 792
4.1.2.4 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI
Expand LED deployment (20%) 230,000 € 4 years
Street lighting strategic plan (30%) 118,000 € 1 year
4.1.3. Water delivery
4.1.3.1 Current status
Water and waste services consume 9.8 GWh FE/year representing 3,897 ton eq.CO2/year (second highest main source
of emissions calculated at 32% of the governorate’s services after public lighting - 49%).
Water management alone consumes 2,452 MWh/year most of it being electricity, meaning the cost of EGP 1.75
million/year.
The Governorate’s Water Services secure the production of potable water 4,746,506 cubic meters/year. This amount is
from desalinisation and pumps potable water into the distribution network reaching almost all households.
4.1.3.2 Action to promote
The Governorate services should conduct a detailed assessment of the current status of the water distribution
network and the wastewater treatment process. The return of experience from other cities in the Mediterranean
Region demonstrate that such assessment can help identify areas where even limited investment could lead to
significant energy saving. For example, switching from classical pumps to variable speed devices and high efficiency
equipment might result in cutting electricity consumption by 30% or more. switching from Likewise, establishing a
SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system for monitoring and control could help identifying where the
main problems are and how the water distribution could be optimized, while reducing energy consumption.
Considering the annual budget consumed by the water distribution system, it is worth looking carefully at the design of
the system that could offer a short- to mid-term pay back.
4.1.3.3 Expected results
Energy in MWh/year
Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
GHG in tCO2eq/year Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU
Water delivery 2,452 1,325 - 1,103 - 608 1,709 35 %
Switch to variable power pumps (30%
cut)
- 736 - 405
SCADA system (15% cut) - 367 - 203
46

4.1.3.4 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI.
Switch to variable power pumps 150,000 € 5.5 years
SCADA system 30,000 € 2.5 years
4.1.4. Solid waste management
4.1.4.1 Current status
The solid waste issue gained significant attention in recent years, not only due to its environmental impacts, but also
for its social and economic consequences. Waste management services collect close to 73,000 tons per year in the entire
City of Hurghada. Almost all waste collected gets transferred to the landfill.
There is no reliable data regarding waste composition breakdown in subcategories: bio waste; paper and carton; plastic;
glass and others (mix). Such a detailed breakdown could help with designing a separate waste collection to promote
recycling and reduce transport to the landfill.
The service operates a large number of vehicles consuming diesel. Additionally, waste management requires electricity
(lighting sites, electric equipment). The overall amount of energy consumed for waste treatment represents 7,381 MWh
responsible for 2,572 tEqCO2/y and annual costs exceeding 3.5 million EGP.
Waste in such a context is quite rich in organic matters, hence landfills are a significant source of GHG emission (mainly
methane). Non-energetic emissions from waste represent 19,418 tCO2eq.
4.1.4.2 Possible actions
The Governorate would gain realising a comprehensive assessment of its waste management, with the following
objectives:
- Get a good understanding of the breakdown in different types of waste as a basis to design the most appropriate
model for waste separation in order to sort materials that can be recycled (paper and carton, plastic, metal, glass),
keeping apart organic waste that could be directed for the production of methane through bio-digester, leaving
residual waste only for landfilling,
- Optimize the service with adequate containers for the suitable neighbourhood, and appropriate collection tours
to reduce transport costs,
- Structure recycling chains giving value to material actually wasted and generating additional activities that will
create jobs,
- Specifically explore the benefit of installing bio-digesters units around the City of Hurghada to process bio-waste,
particularly food waste from hotels and resorts, and
- Explore the benefit or recovering methane form the landfill to capture it, hence significantly reducing GHG from
the City of Hurghada.
Additionally, the City of Hurghada, which is very concerned by the need to improve cleanliness of the city to increase its
attractiveness for tourists, would benefit from designing and implementing a plan to raise public awareness on waste
management, to reduce waste generation and develop recycling. A reduction in littering would also help reduce marine
pollution with plastics and debris, and hence would preserve the wonderful coral reef which is a very valuable asset for
responsible tourism development.
4.1.4.3 Expected results
Assumptions:
- Reducing energy consumption by 20% due to waste collection optimization,
- 20% recovery of GHG emission from landfilling,
- Impact of possible bio-digesters development is not considered at this stage, and
47

- Significant additional reduction could be obtained from a radical change in waste management, drastically
reducing the amount of waste going to landfill and producing energy from waste.
Energy in MWh/year
GHG in tCO 2eq/year
Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU
Solid waste 7,381 21,990 - 1,476 - 4,398 30,076 16 %
Energy efficiency 7,381 2,572 - 1,476 - 514
Non-energetic emission 19,418 - 3,884
4.1.4.4 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI.
Energy efficiency 100,000 € 2 years
Non-energetic emission
4.1.5. City of Hurghada / Governorate fleet
To be define
The fleet directly managed by the Governorate of Red Sea represents around 2,670 vehicles and heavy machinery. All
this equipment is pretty aged and lack energy efficiency. It consumes 1,773 MWh/y and it generates 484 tons of
CO2eq/year of GHG emissions.
The City of Hurghada could engage in a comprehensive plan to:
- Continue upgrading the fleet management tool and invest more in people awareness in order to reduce energy
consumption of the fleet as it actually stands, and
- Replace old vehicles with new ones, looking for progressive replacement through leasing to avoid too heavy
investments.
4.1.5.1 Expected results
Assumptions:
- Improved management and awareness lead to a 20% reduction in energy consumption by 2030, and
- Progressive replacement of the fleet will lead to 30% additional reduction by 2030.
Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
Energy in MWh/year
GHG in tCO2eq/year
Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG BAU) Cut / BAU
City of Hurghada Fleet 1,773 484 - 887 - 242 624 39 %
Improve fleet management (20% cut) - 355 - 97
Progressive fleet replacement (30% cut) - 532 - 145
4.1.5.2 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2020 and ROI.
Improve fleet management (20% cut) 20,000 € 3 years
Progressive fleet replacement (30% cut)
To be defined
48

4.1.6. Awareness campaign
4.1.6.1 Current situation
Like everywhere in Egypt, there is a huge need for more awareness on environmental issues in Hurghada. It is not only
good to educate Governorate staff for them to make necessary efforts to promote energy conservation and
environmental protection in their daily work, it is also necessary to develop the Municipality’s services capacity to
promote awareness among all stakeholders in the City of Hurghada.
4.1.6.2 Environmental Awareness Unit
As Governorate staff, population and local stakeholders lack information and need to be mobilized to act on energy
conservation, energy efficiency and more generally on environmental protection; it is necessary to strengthen efforts
to inform and engage all the public in contributing to the implementation of the different components of the SECAP.
The Governorate of the Red Sea will set up a dedicated unit, focusing on raising awareness in different public audiences
to optimise the impact of the measures proposed so as to reduce energy consumption and improve the quality of life
in the City of Hurghada, including proper management of energy, water and waste.
Such a unit would be part of the communication department of the Governorate of the Red Sea and would be connected
with the appropriate services: electricity department, water delivery service and waste management unit.
The Environmental Awareness Unit (EAU) should work as a focal point to develop initiatives that will engage the public
to change behaviour, to preserve energy and water, and actively contribute to the cleanliness of the city. The EAU will
work in partnership with different stakeholders in order to facilitate the duplication of initiatives and reach out to more
people. In that sense the EAU unit will be a key component of the SECAP implementation, as most of the impacts
expected for the action plan, depend on the adequate mobilization and engagement of stakeholders to seize the
opportunities offered to reduce their energy consumption and, doing so contribute to the success of the programme.
The EAU will launch its mission focusing on 3 priority targets: a) Governorate staff; b) children and mothers; and c)
tourist operators – to inform on issues at stake climate change, energy management and environmental challenges in
the City; provide guidance to behavioural changes; and invite all stakeholders to engage in concrete actions to help
reducing energy consumption, and improve the urban environment (preserving water, reducing waste and littering to
promote a cleaner city), including adaption to climate change.
The EAU will also develop its activities engaging cooperation with existing groups and institutions:
- Spreading information and training material (posters, brochures, stickers, etc.) to remind everyone of the
importance of energy saving. This must include training given by Governorate’s employees,
- Develop an annual event “Energy festival or Energy day” where best practices could be demonstrated and
innovative projects celebrated. Such a festival could be promoted through a large advertising campaign
mobilising all traditional media but also social networks online,
- Unroll specific awareness campaigns among specific target groups;
• Developing a network of “Positive energy schools”, schools that will be producing more energy than they
consume, through a combination of energy conservation / energy efficiency measures and the development
of Solar PV on schools’ roofs. Teachers should be engaged in such programmes to use all the potential of
the technical development, as support for training students,
• Mobilise families through the training of women - mothers as there are often the one managing household
expenses and can be the right drivers to promote efficiency,
• Promoting an awareness raising campaign in mosques, developing solar heating and solar PV equipment
and inviting imams to promote responsible behaviour regarding energy consumption,
• Mobilise all tourism operators to explain that tourists will be more and more receptive to practices that
support the energy transition and the fight against climate change.
Raising awareness would be the support to gather more people, university researchers, businessmen, communication
experts and local citizen groups, beyond the Governorate (Municipality) team, to work together on a broad mobilization
49

to reduce energy consumption and develop renewable energy production. Raising awareness should also be seen as a
tool to push citizens to take ownership of the energy and climate issues, engage in energy conservation efforts and/or
participate in renewable energies take off. Doing so will actively contribute in the implementation of the local and
sustainable energy strategy that will eventually reduce the dependency on supply/ import energy sources and improve
the local economy.
Budget of such an action is as follows:
Technical support for designing the GCAU – Year 1 20.000 €
Training for Municipality staff -Year 1 20.000 €
Running cost and fund to support innovative initiatives – Per Year 100.000 €
Note: Results of awareness activities are specifically noticed in some sectors (Governorate (municipal) buildings,
residential buildings, and mobility) where these activities will be developed and will have the biggest impact.
4.2. Action plan on the City of Hurghada
Beyond its direct scope of responsibility (on buildings and services), the Governorate of the Red Sea will mobilize all
stakeholders acting in the city area and around to achieve the goal of a Green and Sustainable Hurghada. It is only done
through the overall commitment of all stakeholders (residents, shop owners, businesses and tourism operators as well
as local groups, etc.) that a significant reduction in energy consumption and development of renewable energy will be
achieved.
4.2.1. Transport
4.2.1.1 Current situation
Transport is one of the key concerns to be addressed, as this sector is the first energy consumer sector with 1,301
GWh/y (39%) and the second GHG emitting sector with 352 ktCO2equivalent/ year (28%).
Citizen mobility and transport services are ensured by commercial transport (3,905 Taxis and 117 Buses). Note that only
27 taxis use proper counter meters. Private transport services also ensure connections with neighbouring cities and
other Governorates There are also 66 small trucks for transporting goods in the city. By including the tourists’ transport,
one can count 3,391 vehicles, including: a) 590 Hotel buses; b) 749 Sedan cars; c) 267 microbuses; and d) 1,785 buses.
All the above means of transportation are using fossil fuels that negatively impact the city’s air quality, resorts and hotels
nearby or in the heart of the urban part of the city. This problem is not limited to roads, but also extended to water
transport means, especially tourists’ small boats that run by fossil fuel in the Red Sea, which are causing water and air
pollution to beaches nearby the shores.
The Governorate has no public transport (service operated or managed by public authorities) and only depends mainly
on private network.
Short-term (3 to 5 years)
There are only few options to reduce energy consumption (and thus reduce GHG emission) from traffic in the City of
Hurghada. It seems that the only option would be to promote a negotiation process with all transport providers to adopt
a common charter for global improvement of transport services aiming at clarifying routes, stops, timing, in order to
promote synergies and avoid competition that will hamper the development of an efficient system.
Long- term (5 to 15 years)
A lot of work needs to be done on public awareness and behaviour. However, behavioural change would be only possible
when real alternatives are offered to allow people to actually change their current mobility practices.
Ideally, a city committed to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions such as the City of Hurghada, Governorate
50

of the Red Sea, would implement a Sustainable, Clean and Green Urban Mobility Master Plan (SCGUMMP) that could
entail the following:
- Integrating transport and city planning policies, while prioritising public transportation as the first option, active
modes of mobility for people (walking and cycling) and low emission modes for the transport of goods,
- Structuring the urban transport sector by empowering a public transport authority to take action for the
improvement of urban transport in the city. In the case of the City of Hurghada, this would mean a close
collaboration between the Governorate services and the GOPP. It will also require the evolution of some of the
current rules applying to transport and mobility, which appear counterproductive.
- Developing communication and participation strategies involving the public, with the aim of facilitating
behavioural changes,
- Encouraging the rollout of new engine technologies in private and collective vehicles to help reduce fossil fuel
consumption in particular,
- Promoting active modes of mobility, especially walking and cycling, in particular by providing safer conditions for
the users and developing the use of electric bicycle,
- Adopt Rapid Transit Bus (RTB) system from the airport to the city centre of Hurghada,
- Proposing a specific action plan for tourism operators to offer appropriated services that would undermine the
City attractiveness on the long term, and
- Implementing a common methodology to measure GHG emissions, report on them and monitor all other benefits
deriving from the development of sustainable urban mobility.
Such a comprehensive plan would require a strong leadership from the Governorate. The design would need the
contribution of a team of experts to explore the best options combining recommendations regarding city planning,
governance of the public transport system to be set up, governance – in partnership with the Governorate – of transport
private operators, promotion of best practices and appropriate technologies, promotion and communication.
Only when such a comprehensive plan would have been designed, it will be possible to detail investment required and
time scale to transform the transport and mobility systems in the City of Hurghada.
4.2.1.2 Expected results
Assumptions:
- Improved management and awareness among transport operators could lead to a 10% reduction in energy
consumption from 2020 onwards (without significant investment), and
- Providing the Sustainable, Clean and Green Urban Mobility Master Plan implementation would have started in
2020 at the latest and would demonstrate a 50% progress in implementation in 2030; the expected impact of
such a plan should generate a reduction of 30% by 2030. This would include:
• New engine technologies will allow securing a 10% reduction,
• Active mobility development (cycling and walking) allowing 5% reduction,
• Urban planning allowing traffic optimization that will reduce consumption by 10% and
• Public transport system and RTB service to the airport resulting in another 5% reduction.
Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
GHG in tCO 2eq/year
Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU
Transport 1,301,117 351,746 - 521,160 - 140,891 453,753 - 31%
Common charter for transport service
improvement
- 130,290 -35,223
Sustainable urban mobility plan:
51

- Promoting new engines - 130,290 -35,223
- Active mobility development - 65,145 - 17,611
- Traffic optimization through
urban planning
- 130,290 -35,223
- Public service and RTB - 65,145 - 17,611
4.2.1.3 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2030 and ROI.
52
Common charter for transport service improvement 50,000 € Less than a year
Sustainable urban mobility plan design:
170,000 €
- Technical expertise for information collection (maps, data, etc.) prior to
designing plan design
40.000 €
- Facilitation of a series of 3 workshops to explore scenarios
45.000 €
- Synthesis of option and cost benefit analysis
60.000 €
- Wrap up the plan in a comprehensive document
5.000 €
- Search for potential funders for the implementation of the plan
20.000 €
- Promoting new engines 100.000 € Not relevant
- Active mobility development 2,000,000 € 2 to 3 years
- Traffic optimization through urban planning 2,000,000 € 2 to 3 years
- Public service and RTB To be defined
* Not relevant: such measure that could take the form of an incentive for people to switch their old car for a new one with less polluting engines which will have
a direct benefit for car users and an indirect benefit for the City of Hurghada (less pollution, less sites degradation, etc…) then the return on investment is difficult
to assess without an in-depth analysis.
4.2.2. Tourism Sector
The tourism sector in the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea, is one of the foremost sectors that urgently
need to be addressed as it holds the highest rank in energy consumption with 43% of the total consumption, translated
to 1,196 GWh/year. Also, it is measured first in GHG emissions with 44% of the total emissions, translated to 490
kteCO2/year (33%).
Presently, there are 150 hotels in the city, 60% having solar water heaters on their roofs, but mostly in low capacity and
functioning. Based on a rough calculation, there are 44,400 rooms and an average occupancy rate of 62% and 3,953,665
tourists every year. In addition, there are 162 tourist companies, and 28 safari offices operating desert tours, as well as
96 aqua centres. Moreover, there are 101 touristic restaurants.
There are also various activities that require transportation such as yachts, cars, buses, etc. There are 189 diving centres
operating 452 boats for diving, 2,226 yachts and 590 hotels’ buses (532 Diesel + 58 Gasoline). Also, there are 2,104
other vehicles run by diesel (1,785 large buses, 267 microbuses and 52 cars), and 697 cars run by gasoline. The average
distance travelled by tourists’ in the City is 38 Km/day.
Hotels in the City of Hurghada consume 653,939 MWh/year of electricity, 18,000,000 m 3 /year of Natural gas and
4,986,505,000 m 3 /year of water, while 2,238,145,000 m 3 /year of sewage water is produced. In addition to this, hotels
consume 36,500 tons of diesel and gasoline each year for water heating.
As for waste, hotels produce an average of 150 tons of solid waste daily, which is around 54,750 tons yearly. Waste
transportation is also an issue, 262,667 litres of diesel and 14,143 litres of gasoline are consumed each year in
transporting waste from the hotels to the landfill.
4.2.2.1 Possible actions
The City of Hurghada has the desire to move forward to holistically solve environmental challenges by promoting

sustainable and green tourism through developing a comprehensive tourism strategic and efficient solution –
“Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan – SGTP.’’ The SGTP should integrate sustainability measures and technologies to
a green tourism approach in the city including: hotels and tourist boats as well as sea marina at diving centres and their
activities.
Short-term (2 to 3 years)
On the short term, a dynamic awareness campaign targeting hotels, resorts, diving centres, tourist operators and safaris
should help promoting responsible behaviours: energy and water careful consumption, waste management etc.; all
these activities will set the ground for a more structural transformation of the tourist sector on the mid and long term.
Long- term (impact to be seen after 3 to 5 years)
Much work needs to be done on awareness and behaviour related to leisure activities. However, behavioural change
would be only possible when real alternatives are offered to allow people to actually change their current practices in
the Red Sea water activities.
Ideally, a city committed to reduce energy consumption and GHG emissions such as Hurghada would develop, design
and implement a Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan (SGTP) based on smart eco-solutions that could entail the
following:
- Structuring the tourism sector at the Governorate by empowering leisure and tourism authorities within the
Governorate and the city of Hurghada to take action for the improvement of tourism and leisure activities in the
city. In the case of Hurghada, this would mean close collaboration between the Municipal council and the
Egyptian Tourism Authority (ETA) and the evolution of some of the current rules, which appear to be
counterproductive to reduce energy consumption;
- Developing communication and participatory strategies involving the tourism sector, with the aim of facilitating
behavioural changes;
- Convert touristic boats to operate with natural gas (CNG) instead of fuel and when appropriate and feasible to
run on electric engines powered by PV cells. Additionally, all services on board should be covered by renewable
energy sources;
- Integrate renewable energy in seaports, marinas and diving centres along the shore of the city of Hurghada; and
- Promote a charter for responsible tourism that will also engage the tourists themselves to take care of the fragile
environment they enjoy when visiting the City of Hurghada.
Such comprehensive plan (SGTP) would require a strong leadership from the Governorate and the Municipal Council,
which is obviously noticed in the Governor’s vision and the Governorate.
Hotels and resorts
The City of Hurghada is willing to engage hotels and resorts in the energy transition, promoting significant efforts to
reduce energy consumption, improve waste management and switch, as far as possible, from fossil fuels to renewable
energy (solar water heating, solar PV, biogas, etc.).
Energy efficiency in hotels and resorts should be promoted through highlighting the positive return on investment of
any efforts engaged to reduce energy consumption: adequate air-conditioning management, efficient lighting. Resorts
and hotels have been promoting the efficient use of water inviting their customers to minimize their demands in new
towels and bed sheets. They now have to promote electricity saving through responsible behaviour from their clients
apart from Card Control room. They also can adopt all technologies that will provide more efficient use of energy.
Resorts and hotels should also use the large surfaces they have in roofs to install solar systems to produce heat and
electricity (Solar thermal and PVs), which are the two types of energy services they actually need. In most cases, solar
water heaters could be sufficient to produce sanitary water and warm swimming pools.
Last but not least, a special project could be developed to reduce food wastage and collect food waste from hotels and
resorts. These facilities produce an average of 150 tons of solid waste daily (close to 55,000 tons per year). Most of this
waste is organic waste. So, this material combined with other sources of bio-waste, available in the City of Hurghada,
53

could be used to feed in bio-digesters that would produce biogas to be used in buses or cars, thus reducing air pollution
and GHG emissions.
Such transition is not obvious for tourism operators who have always been working in a classical way (BaU), consuming
cheap energy as if it would always be without any adverse consequences. To shift behaviour and speed up the shift, the
Governorate of Red Sea should elaborate on its Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan (SGTP) to provide advice to tourism
operators willing to invest in energy efficiency and renewable energy and propose energy audits to any resort and hotel
willing to make the necessary investments to contribute to the SECAP adopted in the City of Hurghada.
The SGTP could also set up a revolving fund that would help resorts and hotels doing the right choice, for example
through providing loans at an attractive rate as an incentive to support the transition. Hotels and resorts having
benefited from subsidies or loans from the fund, would be invited to replenish this fund with a contribution
proportionate to the savings obtained through refurbishment operations. The revolving fund could also support
investments in developing renewable energy production (Solar water heaters and PVs).
Indeed, hotels and resorts need electricity for specific uses (lighting, elevators, and ventilation) and heat (or cold)
(sanitary water, swimming pools, air conditioning). Such energy services can easily be covered by renewable sources,
particularly solar energy.
The SGT plan to connect hotels and resorts from the Northern part of the City to the natural gas grid could be a
distraction from the real priorities: improve efficiency and develop renewable energies. Connection to the natural gas
grid only makes sense if gas is seen as a complementary source to renewable energy production. Nowadays, there are
technical innovations that provide heat or cold from solar energy (without using electricity) and the City of Hurghada
could be a platform to promote such innovations in Egypt and more widely in the Middle East.
Cruise ships and diving boats
Like for hotels and resorts, there are significant margins for improvement in energy efficiency of diving and cruise boats.
Different options could be combined to promote more efficient diving trips and sea tours:
- Optimize occupancy on board: to avoid having two boats leaving harbour half empty and instead regroup
visitors on one boat, more efficiently used for the day.
- Upgrade engines’ performance and reduce pollution by converting engines from diesel to natural gas.
- Cover basic on-board functions (air cooling, food refrigeration, lighting, etc.) with solar PV.
- Improve waste management on board.
- Raise awareness on marine life and coral reef protection.
Occupancy on cruise and diving boats is probably more complex to organize. However, the City of Hurghada can
facilitate a negotiation among operators to promote different models of planning diving cruises with the objective of
reaching the optimum energy consumption per visitor on board (more tourist on a boat meaning less energy
consumption per capita, and a better benefit for diving boats’ operators).
Converting boat engines from diesel to gas is not that complex and costs rank from US $6,000 to 20,000 for large boats.
Lower costs of gas allow for a good return on investment. Hence the City of Hurghada should set up a revolving fund for
boat engines conversion, with some incentives for the early adopters and a structural investment for refuelling stations
in the harbour.
The very same revolving fund should allow investments on solar PVs to equip boats. Such devices will cover basic needs
on board (air cooling, food refrigeration, lighting, etc.) avoiding the use of fossil fuels.
As mentioned earlier, it is also necessary to improve waste management on board of boats to avoid marine pollution.
Collecting waste on the dock, will also allow separating bio-waste that could be then processed in bio-digesters to
produce biogas (in connection with the waste separation in hotels and resorts).
The fleet improvement programme should extend to redesigning the docks to make them a demonstrative example of
what a “green harbour” on the Hurghada seashore could be. Obviously, the new plans should promote solar PV
equipment as a major source of renewable energy supply for all activities along the docks. Hence, renewable energy
will supply diving boats avoiding unnecessary use of diesel motors when they are not sailing. Such equipment will also
54

power air compressors for diving activities.
4.2.2.2 Expected results
Assumptions:
- Awareness raising and improved management of energy could easily result in a 10% reduction of energy
consumption in hotels, resorts and diving centres,
- Refurbishment in hotels and resorts could lead to 30% energy consumption reduction (50% hotels engaged
achieving 60% cuts),
- Awareness raising and improved management of diving and cruise boats’ occupancy could lead to a 10% cut in
energy consumption,
- On the longer term, a fleet refurbishment programme (switching from diesel to gas) would result in a 50 % cut
in energy consumption from boats,
- Efficiency in lighting and renewable energy in harbour and diving centres could lead to 20% electricity
consumption reduction.
Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
GHG in tCO 2eq/year
Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU
Tourism 1,196,294 490,915 - 439,958 - 218,077 633,280 34 %
Awareness raising (hotels & resorts) (10%) 1,114,026 - 111,402 - 46,084
Hotel & resort refurbishment 1,002,624* - 300,787 - 164,564
Awareness raising and occupancy optimisation
in diving boats
50,489 - 5,049 - 1,340
Diving boats refurbishment** 45,440 - 22,720 - 6,089
Efficiency and renewable energy in harbour pm pm
* Overall energy consumption of hotels after 10% cut due to awareness raising efforts
** 50% after all efforts made on efficiency due to awareness
4.2.2.3 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2030 and ROI.
Awareness raising on the two targets (hotels, diving centres & boats) 100,000 € 1 year
Diving boats refurbishment 5,000,000 € 2 to 3 years
Hotel and resort refurbishment (revolving fund) 10,000,000 € 2 to 3 years
4.2.3. Residential buildings
4.2.3.1 Current situation
The residential building sector is the 3 rd largest energy consumer with 441 GWh/year, or 12% of the total energy
consumed in the city (3,338 GWh Final Energy/year as of the 2015 reference). It is also one of the key sectors to be
addressed, as it is also third in GHG emissions of 215 kteqCO2/year or 16 % of the total emissions of energy consumption
(1,338 k teqCO 2/year).
With a population of 279,684 persons (2015), the City of Hurghada - Governorate of Red Sea had 56,341 house owners
in 2015 and 60% of these residential houses are connected to the natural gas grid; however, the natural gas grid is still
under development and designed to reach a connection rate of 80% by end of 2017.
55

Residential buildings in the city consume a total of 257,782 MWh/year of electricity, with a connection rate of 100 per
cent. Also, the annual natural gas consumption in residential buildings is 80,000,000 m 3 , and 494,026 LPG cylinder/year
as well as 480 litres/year of gasoline representing a total Final Energy of electric, natural gas, liquid gas (LPG) and
gasoline of 257 GWh/yr, 87 GWh/yr, 96 GWh/yr and 4 MWh/yr respectively.
The Governorate of the Red Sea, in particular the City of Hurghada has the desire to move forward to holistically solve
the challenges faced in the energy consumption of the residential sector by promoting a comprehensive plan to reduce
energy use, enhance energy efficiency and promote renewable energy, incorporating solar PV and SWH systems.
The “Green Residential Plan” (GRP) should integrate sustainability solutions and technologies to green the building
sector in the city of Hurghada.
4.2.3.2 Short-term actions (3 to 5 years’ time frame)
There is a lot to do to raise public awareness on energy issues, inviting inhabitants to reduce their consumption and, as
a consequence, cut their energy bill. This is to be applied on residential buildings. An awareness campaign doesn’t
require a huge amount of money and can bring interesting results for both parties: the client learning to use less energy
and the electricity utility improving its services.
Such awareness campaign to promote efficient behaviour should focus on measures such as:
- Promoting the proper temperature at home: using excessive air cooling is not good for the public health and
results in huge electricity consumption. Adjusting air conditioning systems’ thermostats to be always at 24
degrees Celsius during summer would save up to 25% of the energy consumption,
- Promoting behavioural changes at home: turning off lights, proper management of refrigerator, time of use of
washing machines, boiling waters in kettles and replacing classical bulbs with efficient ones,
- Promoting energy efficient cooling/ heating devices, as the one on the market are not good enough. People
usually buy cheap equipment without taking into account the higher level of energy consumption, which results
in a higher “global cost” over a certain period of time, compared to buying green label appliances,
- Control elevators’ use to limit their use to the 3 rd floor unless users have medical issue/problems, and
- Apply plastic sheets on windows’ glass/glazing to reduce the impact of solar radiation impending on the external
buildings’ façades.
A rough calculation is realized considering that a widespread awareness campaign could result in a 20% reduction of
electricity consumption (estimation being more difficult on other fluids) in 50% of households and private buildings.
4.2.3.3 Medium-term actions (3 to 10 years’ time frame)
The most obvious plan to develop on the mid-term is the promotion of Solar Heating Systems to produce hot sanitary
water and avoid unnecessary electricity consumption.
- Promote the use of solar water heating (SWH) systems instead of the current electric water heating (EWH)
systems used in most buildings. Currently, there are only few users of solar water heating systems in the city of
Hurghada and this action could tremendously reduce the electricity consumption for the specific need of hot
sanitary water. It will be important to demonstrate the financial benefit of choosing a SWH system against EWH
one,
- Involve and train companies that will produce, sell and install SWH systems, and
- A possible model to market SWH would be to ask for a monthly fee that would be minimal compared to the
electricity bill people are used to pay, allowing the company, not only to recover the cost of the installation after
few months but get recurrent revenues on the long run, from “selling hot water” and ensuring the maintenance
of the equipment.
4.2.3.4 Long-term actions (5 to 15 years’ time frame)
In the long term, it would be necessary to develop a renovation programme targeting less energy efficient buildings,
where basic insulation and ventilation could significantly improve comfort while reducing energy consumption.
56

To design and implement an adequate energy-retrofitting plan for residential buildings, the City of Hurghada should
engage in the following steps:
- Assess the need through a detailed mapping of housing, registering average energy consumption per square
meter, date of construction, location,
- Train small local companies that will have the flexibility to work in different types of conditions while performing
adequate retrofitting programmes aiming at significant energy reduction,
- Develop a partnership with a bank acting as a “third party investor” that will support the necessary investment
to cover the cost of the buildings’ retrofitting. The bank will recover the cost of the loan from a part of the savings
allowed by the retrofitting programme, and
- Promote retrofitting in selected targets offering the best potential in terms of return on investment and,
elaborating on these showcases to further deploy the plan.
The main constraints of such a plan will be the mobilization of appropriate resources to fund renovation programmes,
as in many cases house owners will not have the fund to invest at the appropriate level. This is why such a programme
requires a partnership between the Governorates offering the guarantee that retrofitting will result in actual energy bill
reduction, and the bank providing the funds. Such a plan should also include the adoption of efficient cooling devices.
In addition, it could include the installation of solar PV panels to contribute to renewable electricity production, or/and
install vegetal green roofs (if possible along with Solar PV panels) to reduce high temperatures, especially during the
very hot summer period in Hurghada.
4.2.3.5 Expected results
Assumptions:
- Awareness can lead to 20% cuts in 40% of the households,
- EWH consumes 30% of households’ electricity and the programme can manage to install SWH in 50 % of the
households by 2030, and
- Building retrofitting will concern 20% of the buildings by 2030, ensuring a 40% improvement in energy
efficiency.
Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
GHG in tCO2eq/year
Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut/ BAU
Residential buildings 441,283 215,216 - 114,555 - 57,892 277,628 21 %
Awareness to reduce consumption - 44,128 - 21,216
Housing renovation plan for EE* 397,000 - 31,760 - 15,489
SWH system installation** - 38,667 - 21,187
* After all efforts made due to increased awareness and concerns 20 % of building.
** Can be either considered as avoided consumption of electricity
4.2.3.6 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2030 and ROI.
Awareness to reduce consumption and pilot design 100,000 € Less than 1 years
Pilot project: LED lighting + SWH + retrofitting (1000 units) 1,000,000 € 6 to 7 years
Housing renovation plan (revolving fund 10.000 units) 6,600,000 € 6 to 7 years
57

4.2.4. Tertiary buildings
4.2.4.1 Current situation
Tertiary buildings are considered in two different categories: buildings owned and managed by the Governorate and
other buildings (shops, offices, public administration buildings - different from the Governorate ones, educational
facilities, hotels, restaurants, banks and other service industries, health centres and hospitals, sport or cultural facilities,
leisure equipment’s, religious buildings, etc.). Governorate buildings and street lighting have already been addressed in
previous sections dedicated to the direct scope of responsibility of the Governorate. We are here looking “nongovernorate”
tertiary buildings.
The tertiary buildings’ sector is the fourth sector in terms of energy consumption with 303 GWh/year (8%) and 157 k
tCO2eq/ year GHG emissions (an equivalent to 11%) in 2015.
4.2.4.2 Possible actions
Addressing the tertiary sector is always complex. The action plan should make a distinction between tertiary buildings
owned by entrepreneurs who can see a direct benefit in energy savings, as this will increase their profitability, and
tertiary buildings owned or managed by groups that don’t have a direct interest in cutting costs. Entrepreneurs will be
sensitive to an awareness campaign highlighting the financial benefit of any effort to improve building efficiency. Instead,
other groups will be more interested in the symbolic value of contributing to the energy transition in the City of
Hurghada.
It is necessary as a first step to properly assess the need through a detailed mapping of tertiary buildings, registering
average energy consumption per square meter, date of construction, location. This will help targeting buildings offering
the best potential for saving.
It is important to note the importance of tourism infrastructures in the city of Hurghada and the efforts dedicated
towards greening the tourism sector will seemingly pave the ground for a dynamic change in the tertiary sector. Hence
the action plan could be structured with two components:
Private entrepreneurs and services
- Unroll a vast awareness raising campaign among entrepreneurs to invite them to invest in energy efficiency in
their building (air conditioning system, efficient lighting, etc.). The awareness could be built on the same model
developed for the residential buildings,
- Offer them technical support (using the Green tourism plan mentioned earlier) to speed up change in their
tertiary building, and
- Reward the more effective efforts offering official support and media coverage.
Non-commercial services’ providers
- The Governorate should develop partnerships with some of these “services’ providers” to develop showcases of
efficient buildings also using renewable energy, and
- Promote energy efficiency in hospitals and health centres, offering the possibility for these institutions to use
savings for re-investing in improving their capacity to deliver services.
4.2.4.3 Expected results
Assumptions:
- Awareness raising and specific training of premises’ managers results in 30% cut in 50% of the buildings.
- Specific actions on commercial buildings can lead to 50% reduction in 50% of these buildings, which are
considered to represent 20% of the overall sector.
58

Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030 Situation in 2030
GHG in tCO2eq/year
Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut/ BAU
Tertiary buildings 302,857 156,528 - 60,571 - 31,305 201,921 16 %
Awareness to reduce consumption - 45,428 - 23,479
Pilot projects - 15,143 - 7,826
4.2.4.4 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2030 and ROI.
Awareness to reduce consumption 50,000 € Less than 1 year
Pilot projects 1,000,000 € 2 to 3 years
4.3. Renewable energy development
Despite the availability of sun, wind, and water in the Governorate of Red Sea, like in many other parts of Egypt,
renewable energy is only strongly emerging in the past 3 years. People are used to relying on electricity produced in
utilities powered by fossil fuels and classical solution for mobility based on diesel or gasoline.
The global uptake of renewable energy should push the Governorate to explore all opportunities available to develop
new production models. Following this route, the Governorate of Red Sea will reduce its dependency on “imported
energy” and spark a new economy that will create jobs and generate revenues for local industries and people.
4.3.1. Solar PV
The Egyptian government is willing to support renewable energy development and for this reason adopted a feed-intariff
policy. If this policy seems to be adapted to large-scale investments, it doesn't represent a real boost for
households’ units. Indeed, the gap between FiT (Feed-in-tariff) offered for such small units and the price of electricity
for individuals is not significant to speed up investment.
Feed-in-Tariffs for solar power
FiT (1)
FiT (1) EUR
cents
FiT (2) FiT(2) EUR
cents
Households (piasters kWh) EGP 84.80 4.0 102.90 4.9
Commercial up to 500 kW (piasters kWh) EGP 90.10-97.30 4.3-4.7 108.50 5.2
500 kW – 20 MW (US cents / kWh) 13.60 11.5 7.90 6.7
20 MW – 50 MW (US cents / kWk) 14.30 12.1 8.40 7.1
Source: Egyptian Electricity Holding Company - EEHC, MoERE
Exchange rate of NBE for 1 Euro = 20.8608 EGP
Large-scale investments facilitated by foreign companies are not facing the same type of problem. The Governorate of
the Red Sea should develop a partnership with companies willing to develop solar PVs, targeting different objectives:
- Develop solar PV units on all Governorate buildings: Potential of Solar PV equipment has been explored for
various public buildings and a first experiment seems to be very promising,
- Develop specific projects for other symbolic buildings: schools, mosques, churches, hospitals and health centres,
to be used as demonstrators in order to promote the technology,
59

- Implement solar “umbrella” on parking lots and bus stations. This would be particularly appropriate for parking
lots close to the harbour. They will offer a valuable shade for people and cars, and would be used to power
lighting and equipment in diving centres and harbour facilities, and
- Promote small scale units for households.
There are other projects in development as part of the new Government of Egypt’s Feed-in-Tariff (FiT) program launched
in late 2014 for both solar and wind.
Solar PV for residents and private owners
The plan would be to develop solar PV units in every possible place, inviting inhabitants to contribute to this
development. Through this process city residents will benefit of additional income after the payback period and will
become energy producers, as well as being energy consumers. The City of Hurghada could set up a revolving fund to
support this development.
Different options could be proposed to develop this process:
- The City of Hurghada proposes residents to invest and install 5 kW units on their roof. The electricity produced
goes to the electric utility. When the total value of electricity produced matches the initial investment, the PV
unit ownership gets transferred to the residents, who will then receive income from the electricity sold to the
utility. In this system the financial balance remains the same for the City / Utility. It covers the initial investment
and receives in return electricity, which will not be bought from other sources, generating an economy equivalent
to the initial investment. When the PV unit gets transferred to the resident, it buys electricity from him and not
from an outside source,
- The City of Hurghada invites residents to share the investment. In that case, the residents will cover part of the
investment and will benefit a shorter period before getting revenues from the solar PV production. The overall
economy of the system remains the same. However, one can consider that sharing the investment with residents
will push them to get more ownership on the energy issue and then be more conscious of the benefit of working
for energy conservation and efficiency along with developing their own production, and
- The City of Hurghada passes a deal with a bank that will offer attractive loans to residents. Residents benefiting
from the loan, cover 100% of the investment. The City utility offers its guarantee to secure the loan and commits
to buy all the electricity produced. This mechanism could allow for the faster development of PV units.
As solar PVs seem to be booming in Egypt, it is key for the City of Hurghada to ensure that this boom not only benefits
big foreign investors but also contribute to the solar energy take off in all sectors of the society, as this form of energy
that can be developed in many different types, from large scale units to individual small-scale production capacities.
4.3.2. Solar heating
Solar heating could be widely used for covering the households’ needs and tourism sector’s heat consumption (for
sanitary water and swimming pools). Solar heating could also be used in some industries, shops, restaurants, etc. that
require hot water. Modern equipment is allowing for very good performance to match specific industrial needs.
This component of the plan could then:
- Raise awareness in all sectors on the expected benefits of this technology;
- Identify the specific needs of individuals, tourism operators, and industry related to heat and hot water
requirements;
- Identify technical solutions to match these needs with solar heating devices; and
- Develop pilot projects to promote these new production capacities.
Solar heating is a simple technology than can easily be developed with the support of local technicians producing solar
water heaters in small workshops, stimulating the economy and creating jobs.
The role of the Governorate would be to promote the technology, develop show case projects in its own buildings, value
initial investment and reward the most remarkable realisations.
60

4.3.3. Biogas
As previously mentioned, there is huge potential in organic waste to be collected from hotels and resorts (150 tons a
day) and processed in bio-digesters. The City of Hurghada should command a comprehensive study to explore the
benefit of such technology in the City, possibly combining other bio waste (for example the bio-waste fraction of
domestic waste generated by inhabitants or sludge from wastewater treatment). This study would be the basis for
recommending the most appropriate set up: number of units and size; bio-waste collection system; energy production
expected and recommended use (heat, electricity or fuel for vehicles). Such a pre-study would require an investment of
€ 20.000 that would be necessary before entering the detailed conception phase.
4.3.4. Expected results
Energy in MWh/year Situation in 2014 Cut expected in 2020 Situation in 2020
GHG in tCO2eq/year
Electricity* GHG Energy GHG GHG (BAU) Cut / BAU
Renewable energy production + 44,000 - 13,150 1,726,652 0.8 %
Solar PV public buildings (750 MWc) + 12,000 - 6,575
Solar PV households & private (750MWc) + 12,000 - 6,575
Other technologies will require further investigation before assessing production potential.
4.3.4.1 Budget
These figures are rough estimates of budget required per action for the period 2018-2030 and ROI
Solar PV public buildings (750 MWc) Rolling fund for 7.5 MWc* 10,000,000 € 4 to 5 years
Solar PV households & private (750 MWc) Rolling fund for 7.5 MWc* 10,000,000 € 4 to 5 years
Solar power plant 2000 MWc (Tera Sola)
Not relevant (outside SECAP funding)
*The 10 m€ revolving fund allow to install 7.5MWc that will produce 57 MWh/year offering a 4 to 5 years ROI (providing the feedin-tariff
remains at the same value 102 piasters/KWh)
5. Conclusion
The current action plan will result in achieving a 27% reduction in GHG emission compared to the business as usual
scenario in 2030 for the concerned sectors where emissions would reach 1,727 ktons CO2eq/year. It is pretty hard to
identify where additional cuts could be made, as the proposed plan is already very ambitious. Note that this plan reaches
a reduction of 469 ktons CO2eq/year in 2030 representing a reduction of 35% compare to the level of 2015 GHG
emissions for the same perimeter.
Energy in MWh/year
GHG in tCO2eq/year
Situation in 2015 Cut expected in 2030
Situation in 2030/
BAU Scenario
Energy GHG Energy GHG GHG Cut
All Governorate municipal buildings 2 613 1 429 -965 -529 3371 -16%
Street lighting 10 984 6 019 -2 648 -1 451 7 764 19%
Water delivery 2 452 1 325 -1 104 -605 1 709 35%
Solid waste management 7 381 21 990 -1 476 -4 398 30 076 16%
City of Hurghada Fleet 1 773 484 -887 -242 624 39%
City buildings & services 25 203 31 247 -7 080 -7 225
Residential buildings 441 283 215 216 -114 555 -57 892 277 628 21%
61

Tertiary buildings 302 857 156 528 - 60 571 -31 305 201 921 16%
Transport 1 301 117 351 746 -521 160 -140 891 453 753 31%
Tourism 1 196 294 490 915 - 439 958 -218 077 633 280 34%
Industry 15 520 4 394
Agriculture 55 880 88 444
Renewable energy production 44 000 -13 150 1%
All stakeholders 3 312 951 1 307 243 -591 715 -461 315
TOTAL 3 338 154 1 338 490 -598 795 -468 540 1 726 652 -27%
* Counted as fossil energy substitution / Not added up to energy consumption
** Industry and Agriculture doesn’t appear in this table as there are no specific actions addressing these sectors
The overall budget required for this plan amounts to €69 million at this stage, breaking down as follows.
Sector Activity Reduction in GHG Cost
GOVERNORATE BUILDINGS Staff awareness campaign 10 % 30,000
Switch to LED lighting and sensor systems 30 % 100,000
Switching to more efficient AC devices 30 % 150,000
STREET LIGHTING Expand LED deployment 40 % 230,000
Street lighting strategic plan 30% 118,000
WATER DELIVERY Switch to variable power pumps 30% 150,000
SCADA system 15 % 30,000
WASTE Energy efficiency 20% 100,000
HURGHADA PUBLIC FLEET Improve fleet management 20% 20,000
AWARENESS PROGRAM Various initiatives 10% 140,000
TRANSPORT Common charter for service improvement 10 % 50,000
Sustainability mobility and transport strategic plan design 170.000
- Promoting new engines 10% 100,000
- Active mobility development 5 % 2,000,000
- Traffic optimization through urban planning 5 % 2,000,000
TOURISM Awareness raising (hotels, diving boats &centres) 10 % 100,000
Diving fleet refurbishment 50 % 5,000,000
Hotel and resort refurbishment (revolving fund) 9 % 10,000,000
RESIDENTIAL SECTOR Awareness and pilot design 10 % 100,000
Pilot phase (100 housing units) 10 % 1,000,000
Expansion (10,000 units) Revolving fund 20 % 6,600,000
TERTIARY SECTOR Awareness to reduce consumption 15 % 50,000
Pilot projects 12.5% 1,000,000
RENEWABLE ENERGY Solar PV public sector Rolling fund for 7.5 MWc
10,000,000
1.3%
Solar PV private sector Rolling fund for 7.5 MWc 30,000,000
TOTAL in € 69,068,000
Of this amount, 60.6 million € are engaged in the form of loan or revolving funds
62

Section IV: Climate Adaptation Plan
1. Summary
The current chapter aims to provide Climate Action for internal guidance to the Governorate of the Red Sea regarding
the vulnerability to climate change, climate risk assessment and climate adaptation. The proposed structure has been
developed based on extensive literature review. This study, which is an integral part of the Sustainable Energy and
Climate Action Plan (SECAP), is a strategic document as well as an operational tool.
Current trends indicate that Climate Change (CC) is happening due to increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
in the recent years as a result of burning great quantities of fossil fuels and deforestation. In the recent decades, changes
in climate have caused impacts on natural and human systems worldwide. Evidence of CC impacts was observable in
different sectors that also have consequences for social and human aspects of the built environment.
This chapter describes the SECAP - Climate Adaptation Actions (CAA). It comprises three main parts that are dedicated
to analysing the existing situation in Egypt and the Governorate and city of Hurghada. The chapter conducts a Risk
Analysis and Vulnerability Assessment in order to define the adaptation actions already in place or suggested to be
implemented by the Governorate of Red Sea and the City of Hurghada.
2. Current Status Analysis
This chapter focuses on an introduction to climate change impacts, particularly in the Mediterranean countries. It also
highlights the National and Regional Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation.
This is followed by a part dedicated to climate data feeding in estimations of the climate change impacts in the future,
as well the evolution of the climate conditions in the area (temperature increase, rainfalls etc.).
The last part of this chapter focuses on the adaptation scoreboard, based on the self-assessment from the Governorate
of Red Sea against the standard adaptation scoreboard in the SECAP template.
2.1. Introduction to Climate Change Impact
The Mediterranean region is rich in a large variety of complex climatic phenomena, linked with its morphology and
geographical location. Indeed, the Mediterranean Sea is in a transitional band between subtropical and middle latitude
regimes, offering large climate variability at multiple timescales and a strong seasonal variability of precipitation in many
areas (Lionello 2012). The Mediterranean region has been identified as one of prominent “Hot-Spots” in future climate
change projections (Giorgi 2006).
The water cycle and its extremes are one of the major concerns, since there are many countries that are over exploiting
water resources, a problem that is expected to deteriorate in the future.
Episodes of extreme precipitation are also taking place and disastrous floods are a major threat for the region, especially
the coastal areas. In addition to the above, cultivation of marginal land, overgrazing and firewood harvesting put more
pressure on the environment, particularly in the Southern Mediterranean Countries, such as (Lionello 2012).
According to Luterbacher et al. (2006), the Mediterranean region has experienced drastic changes in its climate over
the years.
Figure 12 presents the seasonal mean temperature for the period 1961-1990 depicted in panels A-D, while the total
precipitation maps for the same period are depicted in panels E-H.
63

Figure 12: Seasonal (winter: December – January – February; spring: March – April – May; summer: June – July –
August; autumn: September – October – November) mean temperature (oC, panels A-D) and total precipitation (mm
per season, panels E-H) maps for the period 1961 -1990 based on CRU data - Source: Lionello, 2012
Figure 13: Multi Global Model Ensemble
(MGME) average change in surface air
temperature for the four seasons, 2071–
2100 minus 1961–1990.
Units are °C. DJF is December–January–
February, MAM is March–April–May, JJA is
June–July–August, SON is September–October–
November
Source: Giorgi et al., 2008
According to the European Investment Bank (EIB) report of 2008, for the Mediterranean region, climate experts
anticipate during the 21 st century:
64
• An increase in air temperature in the range of 2.2 C° to 5.1 C° for the countries of Southern Europe and the
Mediterranean region over the period 2080 – 2099 with respect to the period 1980 – 1999;
• A significant decrease in rainfall, ranging between -4 and -27 % for the countries of Southern Europe and the
Mediterranean region (while the countries of Northern Europe will report a rise between 0 and 16 %);
• Increase in drought periods manifested by a high frequency of days during which the temperature would
exceed 30 C°. Extreme events, such as heat waves, droughts or floods, are likely to be more frequent and
violent; and
• An increase of the sea level, which, according to some specific studies, could be around 35 cm up to the end of
the century.
Giannakopoulos, et al., (2005) underlines that, the most significant temperature increases in the 21 st century are
expected in Eastern Egypt and especially the Nile Delta, Lebanon, Israel and the Maghreb.
It is therefore evident that the more vulnerable Mediterranean areas will be those of North Africa adjacent to desert
areas, the major deltas (such the Nile one), the coastal areas (Northern rim and Southern rim of the Mediterranean
basin), as well as the high-demographic growth and socially vulnerable areas (Southern and Eastern rim, densely

populated cities and suburbs).
In the Mediterranean region, 50% of the urban population lives in an altitude of less than 10 meters from the sea level,
in areas, which are vulnerable to sea level rise. In addition to the above, tourist destinations in these areas are vulnerable
not only due to the sea level rise, but also due to the temperature increase encountered (Plan Bleu, 2009).
The impacts of CC on the Mediterranean environment will relate particularly to (EIB, 2008):
• Water, via a change of its cycle due to a rise in evaporation and a decrease in rainfall. This water problem will
be of crucial importance for sustainable development in the region;
• Soil, via the acceleration of already existing desertification phenomena;
• Land and marine biological diversity (animal and plant), via a displacement northward and in altitude of certain
species, extinction of less mobile or more climate sensitive species, and emergence of new species; and
• Forests, via a rise in fire hazards and parasite risks.
These impacts will exacerbate already existing pressures on the natural environment connected with anthropogenic
activities, such as agriculture and fishery (reduction of yields), tourism attractiveness (heat waves, water scarcity),
coastal areas and infrastructures (significant exposure to the action of waves, coastal storms and other extreme weather
events, rise in sea level), human health (heat waves), the energy sector (water needs for power plants, hydropower and
increased consumption).
In line to the above, the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries (SEMCs) appear to be more vulnerable to CC
than the Northern Mediterranean Countries (NMCs). Indeed, they are, on the one hand, more exposed to accelerated
desertification, soil aridity and water scarcity and, on the other hand, presenting economic structures that are more
strongly dependent on natural resources, as well as technical and financial capacities that are too limited to help
implement large-scale adaptation options (EIB, 2008).
The Mediterranean, and more especially the Southern and Eastern rim, are and will be more affected by climate change
than most other regions of the world in the course of the 21 st century. The impacts of the rise in temperatures, the
decrease in rainfall, the multiplication of the number and intensity of extreme events and the possible rise in sea level
overlap and amplify the already existing pressures of anthropogenic origin on the natural environment.
Through the crucial issue of scarcity of water resources, their impacts are fraught with consequences in the 21 st century
for human activities, in particular agriculture, fishery, tourism, infrastructures, urbanized coastal areas and hydropower
production. To minimise the economic losses and damages as much as possible, several adaptation options must be
thought out and implemented.
Energy production lies at the heart of the climate issue. On the one hand, it is the main GHG emitting sector, and CO2
emissions in the future must be contained. On the other hand, hydropower production, significant in certain countries
(13% of power production in the SEMCs), is affected by climate and water regimes changes, as are plant cooling systems.
Lastly, the energy demand (in particular, electricity) is growing at a very high pace in the region and is likely to be further
accelerated by the additional demand in response to climate change (water desalination, air-conditioning of buildings,
and other).
Analysing the BEI results of the City of Hurghada, it shows that there are three main sectors that generate the highest
rate of GHG emissions. These are: a) Tourism; b) Transport; and c) Residential and Tertiary buildings. Hence, adaptation
actions are needed to reduce emission and CC risks on the governorate and city level.
2.2. Climate Change Impacts in Egypt
Many sectors will be influenced by CC risks: sea level rise, water scarcity, food insecurity, deteriorating human health
and ecosystems, disruption of the built environment in different scales ranging from building to cities, losses for
economic sectors across continents, especially in developing countries such as Egypt as shown in Figure 14.
65

Direct
impact
• Temperature
• Heat waves
• Rain falls patterns
• Storms
• Floods
• Droughts
Indirect
impact
• Agricultural
• Food security
• Ecosystems
• Water
• Coastal zones
• Energy
• Forests
• Desert
• Tourism
• Health
• Fishery
Figure 14: Classification of climate change impacts on cities
One of the major impacts in Egypt is desertification, which is already threatening many continents, namely: Africa, Asia
and Latin America 12 . Desertification means that sand encroachment to vegetation causes land loss, land degradation
and difficulty in vegetation growth, especially to farmland adjacent to desert.
Desertification is already affecting one quarter of the total land surface of the globe 13 . It occurs due to drought caused
by climatic variations, mainly high temperatures and irregular rainfall 14 . This is a typical climatic characteristic of the city
of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea, thus increased pest and disease due to high temperatures in winter will be a
suitable weather for mosquitoes to attack crops in spring that threat food security 15
On the national scale, Egypt is facing major challenges as a result of CC impacts among all sectors that reflect on the
built environment, which ranked as the most exposed and vulnerable sector, as a result of sea level rise (SLR) in the
coastal areas, whereas in non-coastal areas such as the city of Hurghada, global warming would be a great impact on
the thermal comfort, air and water quality as well as pressure on the energy sector.
Although Egypt emits about 1% of the world’s GHG emissions, it is one of the developing countries vulnerable to the
negative impacts of climate change. The following pictures show climate change impacts in Egypt in the past years in
several cities such as: Alexandria, Aswan, Hurghada and the Red Sea area (Figure 15).
12
Alberto Marini, Mohamed Talbi, Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training Workshop on
Mapping Desertification, Springer Science & Business Media, 2008, p. 274.
13
Olagunju, Temidayo Ebenezer. Ecology and Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Zoology University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria., "Drought,
desertification and the Nigerian environment," academic journals, Journal of Ecology and the Natural Environment., vol. 7, pp. 196-209, July, 2015.
14
UNESCO, "What is desertification? Objective: Introduce the phenomenon of desertification," Available at:
www.unesco.org/mab/doc/ekocd/chapter1.html - (Accessed on July 15, 2017).
15
E.C. OERKE, Institute for Plant Diseases, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, Nussallee 9, D-53315 Bonn, Germany, "Crop losses to
pests," The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. Volume 144, no. Issue 01, pp. pp 31-43, February 2006.
66

Severe floods hit Alexandria, 24th Oct 2015 and 2016 resulting from climate change impacts
a. Discourling of river Nile, Cairo b. Destruction by floods c. Vehicles sub-merged in floods
Severe floods hit Ras Ghareb, Governorate of the Red Sea, Nov. 1, 2016 – climate change risks
Stormy floods in Sinai Stormy floods in Taba Stormy floods in Aswan
Stormy floods in Sinai, the Red Sea and Aswan, Egypt, May 2014
Snow sever storm and cold spell, Cairo-Egypt, 19 th December 2013
Figure 15: Classification Climate change impacts on Cities - Egypt
2.2.1. Climate Change impacts – Urban areas
The impact of CC on urban areas is witnessed in temperature rise that led to increasing the Heat Island Effect (HIE), thus
increase air pollution in urban areas. The higher the temperatures are, the more ozone pollution on ground level that
exacerbates diseases such as asthma and breathing difficulties even in healthy individuals. Heat stress affects public
health, especially children, the elderly and respiratory patients and causes mortalities 16 .
In line with the above, an extraordinary heat wave hit Egypt, between the 9 th and 18 th of August 2015, and resulted in
200 people suffering from heat stress and being hospitalised; besides this, 98 elderly were reported dead 17 18 . Since
16
Elizabeth Martin Perera and Todd Sanford, "Climate Change and Your Health: Rising Temperatures, Worsening Ozone Pollution," Union of
Concerned Scientists, June 2011.
17
Egyptian Weather forecast Centre, (EWFC)
18
Ministry of Health report, August 17, 2015
67

1960, global warming’s effect has increased in Egypt and resulted in an increase in the frequency of warm nights and a
decrease in cool nights between 1960 and 2003, as well as an increase in the summer temperatures’ averages. It is
estimated that temperature will increases over Egypt between 3-3.5°C by 2100 19 . Also, reports state that air quality is
a problem - 20,000 people die annually due to diseases caused by air pollution. The cost of air pollution on Egypt’s
economy is ranging from 1 to 3% of GDP 20 .
Urban infrastructures are also vulnerable to CC impact, especially those located in the coastal zones. Floods along
coastal areas due to the sea level rise (SLR) are leading to damage of properties and disruption of infrastructure, namely
the international coastal road, which is an important corridor that links the North-western coast to North eastern cost
of Egypt.
The high temperatures and coastal erosion will also increase the cost of maintenance of paved roads. For example, in
1980 the heat wave that hit the USA damaged hundreds of miles of highways 21 . It is projected that floods in Egypt will
damage properties, infrastructure and displace people, e.g., flooding that took place in January 2010 affected over 3,500
people and claimed 12 lives 22 . The annual loss in properties’ values due to sea level rise (SLR) would be 1 to 2 EGP billion
and 7 to 16 billion EGP by 2030 and 2060 respectively 23 . The predicted 50 cm rise in sea level would threaten 2 million
people and force most of them to be displaced out of the risky zones near coastal areas. Also, the migration waves due
to the floods will be forced to move to urban centres and rural settlements, hence increase the pressure on cities and
their infrastructures, which are already suffering from heavy traffic due to population growth. In addition, the salt water
intrusion will affect the foundations of buildings, roads and water quality 24 .
2.2.2. Climate change impacts – Costal zones
The northern coastal zone of Egypt and the Nile Delta – 1,200 km along the Mediterranean coast – are exposed to
inundations (sea waves and floods), loss of land due to sea level rise (SLR), that is estimated at 704 Square Kilometres
by 2025 17 . A study predicted that 50 cm rise in sea level would threaten 2 million people in Alexandria alone. The middle
SLR scenario projects that 276,748 houses are vulnerable to SLR of 7 cm by 2030, and then increase to 338,178 houses
vulnerable to SLR of 27 cm by 2060 25 . The SLR will also lead to seawater intrusion that would result in a negative impact
on water quality 26 . The Northern coasts of Egypt are threatened by coastal erosion 27 . In addition, the Nile Delta is
already subsiding at a rate of 3 to 5 mm per year. Moreover, the city of Alexandria will lose about 30% of the city area
due to inundations. Based on a study conducted on climate change impact in Egypt, it is predicted that over 1.5 million
people will be affected and lose 195,000 jobs as well as land; with properties’ damage estimated of USD30 billion 28 .
According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the relative SLR for North Middle Delta in high SLR
19
"Climate: Observations, projections and impacts," UK Met Office, 2011.
20
David Tresilian, "Egypt and climate change," Ahram weekly, May 2014. Available at: weekly.ahram.org.eg /News/6060/32/Egypt-and-climatechange.aspx
- Accessed in April 2016.
21
Christopher R. Adams, "Impacts of Temperature Extremes", available at: http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/ socasp/weather1/adams.html/.
Accessed in April 2016.
22
"Historical Climate Variability and Change, Egypt dashboard", The World Bank Group, 2016. Available at:
sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportalb/home.cfm?page=country_profile&CCode=EGY&ThisTab=RiskOverview, Accessed in April 2016.
23
Joel Smith, Bruce McCarl Texas, Paul Kirshen James Malley and Mohamed Abdrabo, "Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the Egyptian
Economy 2013," United Nations Development Programme, Cairo, Egypt, 2013.
24
Alexandra Fielden Intern, "Ignored Displaced Persons: the plight of IDPs in urban areas," Policy Development and Evaluation Service, UNHCR, no.
161, July 2008.
25
C. P. Kumar, "Climate Change and Its Impact on Groundwater Resources," International Journal of Engineering and Science, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 43-
60, October2012.
26
Omran E. Frihy, Khalid M. DewidarMohamed El Raey, "Evaluation of coastal problems at Alexandria, Egypt," Researchgate, Vol. 30, pp. 281-295,
January 1996
27
Omran Frihy, Khalid Dewidar, Mohamed El Raey, "Evaluation of coastal problems at Alexandria, Egypt," Researchgate, Vol.30, pp. 281-295,
January 1996.
28
Shardul Agrawala, Annett Moehner, Mohamed El Raey, Declan Conway, Maarten van Aalst, Marca Hagenstad and Joel Smith, "Development and
Climate Change in Egypt: Focus on Coastal Resources and the Nile," Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development - OECD, 2004.
68

scenario is estimated to be about 110 cm by 2060 and would cause loss of 52.7 per cent of agricultural lands. In the
North Middle Delta and West Delta, 60 cm and over 55 cm SLR would cause loss of 10.4 per cent and 13.2 per cent of
agricultural lands respectively. Hence, this indicates that the North East Delta is the most vulnerable area to SLR 17 .
2.2.3. Climate change impacts – Agriculture
Agriculture is one of the main sectors in Egypt that will be influenced by climate change impact due to water supply,
less rainfall, and high heat waves, as well as population increase. Agriculture is an important sector of economy, which
represents about 14% of Egypt’s GDP and it employs the largest number of people than any other sector - providing
30% of all employment. Most of agricultural productivity comes from agricultural lands in the Mediterranean coast and
Nile Delta29. Also, the rise in temperatures will change crop production. In addition, agriculture will suffer from water
stress that would lead to increasing pressure on irrigation systems due to negative impact of climate change on water
resources. Inundations along the coasts and low-lying due to SLR, threatening agricultural lands along the
Mediterranean coast and Nile Delta by 205017, that would result in reducing crop production, loss of agricultural lands
and increasing soil salinization by water shortage and SLR30.
2.2.4. Climate change impacts – Water
Egypt is one of the developing countries that is vulnerable to water stress due to cc impact which rapidly increases the
gap between water supply and demand due to population growth. By the year 2020, water demand will increase by 20
per cent due to increased population. The total population of Egypt increased by 36 million from 1950 to 2010, while
the population will increase to between 120-150 million by 205031. In March 2017, the population of Egypt reached
over 100 million people 32 including 8 million abroad. Most of water consumption is consumed by the Agriculture sector,
which represents 85% of the annual total water resources 33. The impact of CC will affect Egypt’s water resources,
especially the Nile River that supplies 95% of Egypt’s total water. Optimistic scenarios project a flow increase of onefourth,
and pessimistic scenarios project reduced flow by more than one-third, but 70% of studies predict a decline in
Nile water availability. Climate change will also decline the share of water from 700 m 3 to 350 m 3 per capita annually by
2040, and a 50% reduction of rainfall on Egypt’s Mediterranean coast. The total annual precipitation for Egypt over the
period 1960 to 2003 recorded a decline of 54 mm. Sea water intrusions will increase the water salinity and affect farms
that depend on underground water. Moreover, CC will increase the number of informal settlements without access to
safe water and sanitation.
2.2.5. Climate Change impacts – Ecosystems
Ecosystems will be highly affected by climate change. Many areas in Egypt that include fragile ecosystems are exposed
to such impacts. The Mediterranean coastal shorelines of Egypt contain five large lakes that constitute about 25% of the
total wetlands in the Mediterranean region. The Low-lying coastal zones and Nile Delta are exposed to sea level rise.
The land subsidence in coastal zones, at least 1.6, 1.0, and 2.3 mm per year at Alexandria, Burullus, and Port-Said would
exacerbate the impacts of rising seas and may exceed the expected value of 18-59 cm by the end of this century.
Seawater intrusion and increasing soil evaporation due to high temperature play a key role in increased salinity of almost
35% of the agricultural lands in Egypt, which harm the ecological system 34 .
Erosion due to SLR is affecting the costal zones of Damietta city, where more than 500 m retreated between 1983
to1995. Also, Aswan dam plays a role in reducing sediment in the Nile delta and increasing vulnerability to coastal
29
"World Development Indicators: Freshwater," World Bank, Available at: wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.5/
30
Hossain, "Global Warming induced Sea Level Rise on Soil, Land and Crop Production Loss in Bangladesh," in 19th World Congress of Soil Science,
Brisbane, Australia, August 6, 2010.
31
"Water Scarcity in Egypt," Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egypt, February 2014.
32
CAPMAS - Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics – available at www.capmas.org.eg
33
Bates, B.C., Z.W. Kundzewicz, S. Wu and J.P. Palutiko, "Analyzing regional aspects of climate change and water resources," IPCC Secretariat, 2008.
34
Mohamed El Raey, "Impacts and Implications of Climate Change for the Coastal Zones of Egypt," The Henry L. Stimson Center, Washington, 2010.
69

erosion 35 , but the biggest danger that accelerates the pace of climate change impact are the anthropogenic pressures.
In Manzala Lake (North of Egypt), human induced practices such as conversion of wetland ecosystems to agricultural
lands, land use change, lack of appropriate management systems, and discharge considerable amounts of sewage and
industrial wastes directly into the wetlands and lakes, increase vulnerability of ecosystems in addition to natural
pressures.
The SLR is expected to increase the rate of saline leakage to the topsoil of the Delta and would change the low-lying
land into “sabkhas” (very saline land) due to the effect of SLR that will be increased over time and may have a serious
impact on agriculture and groundwater resources in the upper Nile Delta, increasing the salinity of Manzala Lake with
negative impacts on ecology and fisheries of the lake 36 .
In terms of endangered species, a substantial number of the currently endangered species might be lost due to climate
change impacts on the habitats in the Northern lakes of Egypt such as: the lagoons of Maryut, Edku, Borullus, Manzala
and Bardaweel 37 . The northern part of the Nile Delta Natural Protectorates of the “Bays of El Gamil”, “Ashtoon El
Gamil”, and “Al Manzala lagoon” in Port-Said Governorate represent wetlands and natural restricted area for birds that
might be affected by SLR, and similarly in “El-Brolus” protected area in Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate. This is the habitat of
almost 135 amphibious plant species and has a significant role in receiving immigration of wild birds exposed to
“Zaraniq” Protected Area and “El Bardwaeel Marsh” in the North Sinai Governorate, which is key for bird migration in
the world and the habitat for living and reproduction. Over 270 species of birds have been recorded in the area such as
Pelicans, herons, storks, crested lark, quail, white stork, lark, avocet, Hem Harrier Rail and falcon 38 ; and climate change
will affect them all.
A study conducted in 2014 on coral reefs in Red Sea coasts showed a significant decline on the growth of coral reefs due
to bleaching as a result of water temperature changes and acidity in addition to human that induced pressure and
caused damage. These coral reefs are also exposed to water pollution form a high volume of commercial shipping, oil
spills, sewage and nutrient loading from hotels and resorts and over fishing 39 . In Hurghada, coral reefs recorded a decline
in growing and faced a 40 % decrease during 1987–2000. It is estimated that these coral reefs face more drastic declines
of about 49% and 45% between year 2000 and 2013 respectively. This decline affects the biodiversity concerning over
1,000 species, besides the mangrove vegetation in the coasts 40 .
2.2.6. Climate Change impacts – Tourism
Tourism is one of the sectors that will be affected by climate change. In 2010, tourism accounted for 11% of Egypt’s
GDP and provided employment for about 12% of Egypt's workforce 41 . Almost 85 percent of visits to Egypt are for leisure
and recreation that resulted in recreational expenditures on Red Sea corals of US$472 million (2.6 billion EGP). In 2000,
75% of tourism activity in Egypt was concentrated on the Sinai and Red Sea for leisure and diving. One of the climate
change manifestation is that the rise in temperatures and the increased seawater acidification would increase coral
reefs’ bleaching.
According to a recent study, an 80% increase in coral reefs’ bleaching in the Red Sea is also expected by 2060. Coral
reefs’ growth already decreased by 30% in 2013 17 . In addition, losses in internal tourism due to SLR are already taking
35
Elsharkawy H., Rashed H., & Rached I., "The impacts of SLR on Egypt," 45th ISOCARP Congress 2009.
36 M. EL-RAEY, KR. DEWIDAR AND M. EL-HATTAB, "Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change," Springer, Vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 343-361,
September 1999.
37 Ben Haj, S., Cebrian, D., Limam, A., Grimes, et. Al., "Vulnerability and impacts of climate change on marine and coastal biological diversity in the
Mediterranean, Arab Countries," UNEP, Tunis, 2009.
38 "Natural Protectorates Description," Ministry of Environment (MoE), Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), Available at:
www.eeaa.gov.eg/enus/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx./ - Accessed on October 2015.
39 T. J. Done, "Phase shifts in coral reef communities and their ecological significance," Springer Link, Vol. 247, No. 1, pp. 121-132, November 1992.
40 H. El-Askary, S. H. Abd El-Mawla, J. Li, M. M. El-Hattab & M. El-Raey, "Change detection of coral reef habitat using Landsat-5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+
and Landsat 8 OLI data in the Red Sea (Hurghada, Egypt)," International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 35, No. 6, pp. 2327-2346, 2014.
41 "Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared," Reuters Africa, October 2009 - Available at:
af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE59J0PG20091020?sp=true. Accessed on : July 2015.
70

place in many cities such as Alexandria, Port-Said, Ras el Barr, Gamasa, and Baltiem by 2025 42 . The SLR causes threat to
archaeological sites in areas like Abu Keer, Qaitbey Citadel, Selsela (Eastern harbour) in Alexandria 43 . Moreover, heat
waves will affect the attractiveness and tourism movement in Egypt due to the fact that most of the tourists prefer
moderate weather 44 .
2.2.7. Climate Change impacts – Health
Egypt already suffers from air and water pollution. Diseases that are caused by poor water quality and sanitation kill
17,000 children per year. Air pollution concentration level in the urban centre of Greater Cairo was 82.6 mg/m3, when
the World Health Organization standard is 10 mg/m 3 . This dramatic situation leads to 20,000 premature deaths annually
in Cairo and Alexandria and costs Egypt’s economy 3 to 6 % GDP.
Climate change could increase air pollution because high temperatures and low precipitation tend to increase the
pollution in the air, so the annual mortality will increase by hundreds to thousands and Egypt’s losses would be 10 to
24 billion EGP per year 17 .
Air and water pollution levels in Egypt contribute to many premature deaths and morbidity. About 17,000 children per
year, one-fifth of all childhood deaths, are estimated to be a result from poor water quality, inadequate hygiene, and
poor sanitation.
These conditions also contribute to high levels of infectious diseases among children and adults, particularly diseases
caused by worms and other parasites that result in an annual loss of 615,000 disability adjusted life years (DALYs; World
Bank, 2002).
TABLE 10: RANKING OF CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITIES IN EGYPT (OECD)
Resources/
risk ranking
Risk
Certainty of
impact
Severity of
impact
Importance of
resources
Coastal
resources
Water
resources
Agriculture
Energy
Resources
- SLR
- Coastal erosion Soil salinization
- Decrease Nile flow
- Low precipitation / Salt water
intrusion / Decrease Nile flow
- Low precipitation
- Salt water intrusion
- SLR
- Soil salinization
- High temperature
- High temperature
- Decrease Nile flow
High - medium High High
Medium High High
Medium - low Medium - low High - Medium
Medium - low Medium - low Medium - low
3. National and Regional Strategy on Climate Change Adaptation
This section focuses on the national and regional strategy on climate change adaptation, if applicable. It includes a
description of three main sections:
42 "Egypt’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction," the Egyptian cabinet information and decision support
center, December 2011.
43 "Environment and development in coastal regions and in small islands," International Workshop on Submarine Archaeology and Coastal
Management. Available at: www.unesco.org/csi/pub/papers2/alex7.htm. Accessed on: July 2015.
44 Ma Bele´n Go´mez Martı´n, "WEATHER, CLIMATE AND TOURISM A Geographical Perspective," Elsevier, Barcelona, Spain, 2005.
71

• The commitments in place at the national level within the international environment (UNFCCC) and the
agreements that have been signed for CC,
• The national strategy, its goals and commitments, etc., and
• The regional strategy, if applicable, based on the national one, and the specificities the region faces.
3.1. The commitments in place at the national level
The Egyptian Government responded early to climate change and signed the following environmental agreements,
namely:
• Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), 1992,
• Kyoto Protocol, 1999, and
• Paris Agreement - new global climate change agreement, December 2015.
On December 12, 2015, the Paris Climate Change Agreement was approved by the 196 Parties to the United Nations
Framework Convention of the Climate Change (UNFCCC) at COP21 in Paris - France. Egypt signed the Paris Climate
Agreement on the 22 nd of April 2016 at a signature ceremony in Paris where 175 participated but has not yet ratified it.
“We respect the experience of others, but we will do it our way. We will ask for your support, but we will look after the
well-being of the Egyptian people,” Minister of Environment declared.
On November 11, 2015 Egypt submitted its new climate action plan to the UN Framework Convention on Climate
Change (UNFCCC). This Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) comes in advance of COP21. The Paris
agreement already entered into force, empowering all countries to prevent average global temperatures rising above 2
degrees Celsius and to reap the many opportunities that arise from a necessary global transformation to clean and
sustainable development. Egypt’s INDCs were developed in accordance with Decisions 1/CP.19 and 1/CP.20 of the Arab
Republic of Egypt.
The INDCs set a series of measures intended to be applied by the country to face climate change in terms of adaptation
(to climate change impacts) and mitigation (reducing GHG emissions). It includes the following three main elements:
• National circumstances that address general economic conditions, including economic and population growth
rates, major sustainable development goals (SDGs), and political circumstances,
• National efforts implemented to combat climate change in Egypt, in terms of treating impacts in different
sectors (agriculture, water resources, coastal zones, etc.) or efforts made to reduce GHGs emissions in different
sectors (energy, transportation, industry, etc.), and
• Required implementation mechanisms to achieve the objectives of the plan (funding, capacity building, and
technology transfer) 45 .
3.1.1. The national strategy, its goals and commitments and sectors affected
In 2007, Egypt established its National Committee on Climate Change's decision in order to develop strategies and
policies to deal with CC. As a result, several strategies and policies have been developed, mostly with the support of
international donors, including:
• Initial National Communication on Climate Change, Egypt, 1999 – MoEnv and EEAA 46
• Second National Communication on Climate change, Egypt, 2010 – EEAA and UNDP 47
45 http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Egypt/1/Egyptian%20INDC.pdf
46
Egypt’s first National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), report issued on June 1999,
EEAA - Available on: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/egync1.pdf/ (Accessed: 24.08.2016)
47
Egypt’s Second Nation Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), report issued on May
2010, EEAA and UNDP, 2010 - Available on: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/egync2.pdf/
72

• Third National Communication on Climate change, Egypt, 2014 – EEAA and UNDP 48.
• National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction 2011, (NSACCDRR) – UNDP 49
• National Air Quality Policy 2015, NAQP – UNEP 50
• Egypt’s Indicators Development, and
• National Solid Waste Management Policy (NSWMP) 2015 – GIZ.
The Egyptian Cabinet – Information and Decision Support Centre (IDSC) - in collaboration with the UNDP developed
Egypt’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (NSACCDRR) in December
2011. The NSACCDRR’s main objective is to increase the flexibility of the Egyptian community when dealing with the
risks and disasters that might be caused by climate change and its impact on different sectors and activities. It also aims
to strengthen the capacity to absorb and reduce the risks and disasters to be caused by such changes.
The Economic Cooperation and Development Division (SECO) of the State Secretariat for Economic Affairs from
Switzerland has developed measures based on collaboration with the Egyptian government, to address the strategic
objective No.3:
Support basic environmental infrastructure:
• Contribute with technology and know-how transfer to improve the infrastructure with a positive effect on the
environment, the climate and employment,
• Sectorial activities including water supply, wastewater treatment, waste management (solid and liquid toxic
waste), renewable energy and energy efficiency, and urban sustainability,
• Contribute to better corporate governance and financial sustainability in the management of investment
projects and the operation and maintenance of public infrastructure,
• Adhere to policy dialogue on provision of infrastructure jointly with other donors, and
• Creation of new/ higher quality jobs in the area of environmental and RES 51 .
In 2008, Climate Change Risk Management Programme (CCRMP) was established as a result of a partnership between
Egypt and the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund (MDGAF).
The three main objectives of CCRMP are to:
• Integrate GHG mitigation into national policy and investment frameworks;
• Increase CC adaptation capacities, particularly in agriculture and water; and
• Raise awareness regarding the impacts of climate change 52 .
Key achievements that came out of this joint programme are to successfully assist in and support the establishment of
the following units and capacity building:
a. Clean Development Mechanism Awareness and Promotion Unit (CDMAPU),
b. Energy Efficiency Unit (EEU) that advises the Cabinet on energy efficiency,
48
Egypt’s Third Nation Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), report issued on June 2014,
EEAA and UNDP, 2014 - Available on:
http://www.eg.undp.org/content/dam/egypt/docs/Environment%20and%20Energy/Signed%20TNC%20Project%20Document.pdf/ (Accessed:
24.08.2016)
49
Egypt’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (NSACCDRR), 2011- available at:
http://cairoclimatetalks.net/sites/default/files/Adaptation%20Strategy%20-%20Final%20-%20E.pdf (Accessed: 24.08.2016)
50
http://www.egyptictindicators.gov.eg/en/Pages/default33.aspx/
51
Swiss Economic Cooperation and Development, Egypt Country Strategy 2013-2016 - available at: www.secocooperation.admin.ch/laender/.../index.html?lang
52
Climate Change Legislation in Egypt: The 2015 Global Climate Legislation Study - A Review of Climate Change Legislation in 99 Countries, 2015,
http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/EGYPT.pdf (Accessed: 25.08.2016)
73

c. The MoWRI’s capabilities to forecast climate change scenarios, and
d. The irrigation research and climate change crop simulation activities of the Ministry of Acclamation of Land
Resources (MALR) 51 .
In 2010, Egypt published, in response to the SNC to UNFCCC a National Environmental, Economic and Development
Study (NEEDS) for CC which outlines the financial and institutional needs for implementing prospective and on-going
adaptation and mitigation measures. This study recognizes that the next phases of CC planning should include a National
Action Plan for Adaptation (NAPA) and National Low Carbon Economy Plan (NLCEP). The NEEDS report highlights the
urgency for developing a GHG monitoring system that aggregates and disseminates information about GHG emissions
across sectors. In 2014, the Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) signed an agreement with the Italian counterpart to
transform El-Gouna City into the first carbon-neutral city in Africa 51 .
In addition, the UNEP developed the National Strategy Study entitled: ‘Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
National Study (EERENS), which was developed in 2007 as part of both the Mediterranean and National Strategies for
Sustainable Development under Priority Field of Action 2: Energy and Climate Change 53 .
The key players of this strategy study are the "Plan Bleu" - a regional activity centre of the UNEP/MAP (Mediterranean
Action Plan), created, funded and steered by EC 54. As far as the CC risks are concerned, Africa is the most vulnerable
continent globally, where Egypt is located.
3.1.2. Regional strategy and the specificities the region faces
The Governorate of the Red Sea put forward a strategy to address climate change risks and adaptation. Such strategy is
based on the National Strategy on climate change. Its main focus is to adapt and reduce risks and disasters caused by
climate change, increase awareness of the Governorate’s staff and enhance its participation aligning with Hurghada
City’s goals to become the centre of culture and tourism. This strategy will have to be regularly updated due to the
possibility of unpredictable changes in climate.
The Governorate of the Red Sea road map includes: strategic objectives, strategic components, and actions. These are
as follows:
Strategic objectives:
− Define all Climate Change risks for all sectors,
− Increase the sustainability issues in all sectors,
− Reduce the dependence on fossil fuels,
− Promote renewable energy sources,
− Involve all Governorate’s and municipality’s staff in the effort to transform the city and governorate to be green
and sustainable, and
− Make the infrastructure of the city of Hurghada and Governorate of Red Sea resilient and a world-class tourism
destination,
− Raise awareness and capacity building on climate change risks, impacts, and adaptation, and
− Regular assessment and evaluation of the strategy and current situation.
Strategic components:
− Increase the communication with all stakeholders and Governorate departments and directorates of all
ministries operating in Hurghada.
− Built a vertical communication mechanism to response to extreme events and disasters.
− Promote sustainability and sustainable energy actions in all the Governorate’s institutions and Municipal
departments to encounter CC risks.
53
http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/mediacenter/reports/guidelines.aspx/ (Accessed: 10.08.2016)
Guidelines of Principles and Procedures for Environmental Impact Assessment, 2nd Edition, Ministry of Environment, EEAA, January 2009:
http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/portals/0/eeaaReports/N-EIA/English_EIA_guidelines.pdf/ (Accessed: 09.08.2016)
54
http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/RESILIENCE-Resilient-Cities-Acceleration-Initiative.pdf
74

− Develop a database for all changes in the climate in coordination with the National Weather Authority and
Hurghada international airport.
Strategic Actions
− Built an observatory in the Hurghada local municipality to monitor the pattern of rainfall and temperature
increases and rain fall patterns,
− Give alerts on severe events before happening in the Governorate,
− Construct water barriers in storm areas to collect storms upon occurring to lessen floods impacts,
− Install capacity of about 300 kWp solar panels that generate electricity from renewable energy sources to feed
in four Governorate buildings in the city of Hurghada, and
− Street lighting change from conventional lighting to LED lighting that save about 80% of the energy consumption.
4. Climate data and Climate Change projections
4.1. Climate overview in Hurghada
The climate in Egypt is generally hot in summer and cold in winter but is known for its very low humidity. The annual
mean temperatures increase from around 20°C on the Mediterranean coastline to around 24°C on the Red Sea coastline,
with a difference of 5°C. It is 25°C in Cairo (the capital) and 26°C further south in Luxor and Aswan, with a seasonal
variation of about ±7°C.
The typical daytime maxima in mid-summer ranges from 30°C in Alexandria and to 41°C in Aswan (Upper Egypt); while
the corresponding temperature’s north-south range in mid-winter daytime maxima is ranging from 18°C to 23°C. This
makes even winter day-times in the south pleasantly warm and sunny, with cool nights, as further north. On the
northern coastal strip, the winter cyclonic disturbances moving eastwards along the Mediterranean Sea bring some
significant rainfall and, even at Alexandria on the coast, the total annual rainfall averages are only 196 mm.
In Cairo (160km inland), the average annual rainfall is reduced to 25 mm and it is reduced further to only 5 mm at
Hurghada on the Red Sea coast and less than 2 mm in Luxor and Aswan. However, in central and southern Egypt, several
years may pass without any significant rainfall.
The Governorate of the Red Sea is characterised as a desert climate, which means that the summers are long, hot, and
arid, while the winters are cool and dry. There is virtually no rainfall during the year. There are only two distinct seasons
in Hurghada, a hot summer and a mild winter.
The average annual temperature is 22.9 °C. There is a difference of 1 mm of precipitation between the driest and wettest
months. In addition, the average temperatures vary during the year by 13.7 °C.
Summer – Hurghada
The months of June, July, August and September are the hottest time of the year in the Governorate of Red Sea with
temperatures ranging between an average high of 31 °C and 34.2 °C, nevertheless, July and August are the hottest
months of the year with night time lows of between 23 °C and 24 °C. August is the warmest month of the year. The
average temperature in August is 29.2 °C (Figure 16).
Winter – Hurghada
In winter the temperatures are very mild, and the sky is usually clear. The rains are very rare even in this season. The
coldest month is January with an average temperature of 15.5 °C.
Also, January is the driest month with 0.0 mm of rain. Most precipitation falls in October, with an average of 1 mm.
Climate data that covers mean temperature and precipitation levels are highlighted in Figure 16.
75

a. Ambient temperature (2000-2012) b. Precipitation and Average Rainfall days
Figure 16: Climate date (Mean Temperature and Precipitation, Hurghada
Source: http://www.sekem-reisen.de/en/practical-travel-info-Egypt.asp
http://www.holiday-weather.com/hurghada/averages/
According to Figure 16.a, the warmest months of the year are July and August, with an average temperature of 27 °C
with a highest average temperature of 37°C. In January, the average temperature is 11°C, which is the lowest average
temperature of the whole year.
Also, it is clear from Figure 16.b, that Hurghada has low rate of rainfall ranging from 1 day to none each month, and
September has the highest average precipitation with 1.00mm, and 24-28 days of rain fall at 5.00 mm to 6.00 mm in
March, July, October, December and January. The hours of sunshine in Hurghada are shown in Figure 17.
Figure 17: Climate data (Hours of sunshine 2016), Hurghada
Source: http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/Egypt/Hurghada.htm
76

a. Maximum & Minimum temperature Feb – July 2017, Hurghada
Source: www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&WMO=62405&ART=MXMN&CONT=afri&R=0&LEVEL=150&REGION=0011&LAND=EG&NOREGION=1&MOD=&TMX=&TMN=&SON=
&PRE=&MONAT=&OFFS=&SORT=&MM=07&YY=2017&WEEK=24
b. Yearly maximum & minimum temperature - 2017), Hurghada
Source: www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&WMO=62405&ART=MXMN&CONT=afri&R=0&LEVEL=150&REGION=0011&LAND=EG&NOREGION=1&MOD=&TMX=&TMN=&SON=
&PRE=&MONAT=&OFFS=&SORT=&MM=07&YY=2017&WEEK=24
c. Maximum and minimum temperature measured and pressure 2017, Hurghada
Figure 18: Climate data - City of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea
Source: weatheronline.co.uk
77

4.2. Climate trends
The decadal trends in seasonally averaged temperatures for Egypt between 1960 and 2010 indicate that there is a
spatially consistent warming signal for temperature over Egypt 55 . Figure 18 describes both summer consistent warming
(June to August) and winter (December to February).
In the city of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea, there is a warming period during summer of 0.25 °C to 0.5 °C per
decade compared with that during winter of 0.05 °C to 0.1°C per decade as shown in Figure 19. In line with the increase
in the mean temperature, warm nights have become more frequent.
They increased by +2 to +3.5 percent per decade, whereas cool nights are less frequent due to the decrease by - 1 to -
2% per decade as shown in Figure 20.
Figure 19: Decadal trends in seasonally averaged temperatures for Egypt and surrounding areas over the period 1960
to 2010
Source: UK Met Office, 2011
55
Egypt Climate: Observations, projections and impacts, UK Met Office, 2011 - The research was led by the UK Met Office in collaboration with
experts from the University of Nottingham, Walker Institute at the University of Reading, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, University of Leeds,
Tyndall Centre — University of East Anglia, and Tyndall Centre — University of Southampton – available at:
http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/mohippo/pdf/4/j/egypt.pdf
78

Temperature
4.2.1. Main climate trends
In terms of climate projection, Figure 20 shows the percentage change in average annual temperature by 2100 from the
baseline climate of 1960-1990, averaged over 21 CMIP3 models.
Therefore, the projected temperature over the city of Hurghada, Governorate of Red Sea increase by around 3°C to
3.5°C.
Figure 20: Change in cool nights (a,b), warm nights (c,d), cool days (e,f) and warm days (g,h) for Egypt over the period
1960 to 2003 relative to 1961-1990.
Source: UK Met Office, 2011
Rainfall
Regarding climate projection, Figure 21 illustrates the percentage change in average annual precipitation by 2100 from
the baseline climate period of 1960-1990, averaged over 21 CMIP3 models.
It indicates that Egypt is projected to experience a decrease in precipitation, which is seen as common with the wider
Mediterranean and the majority of the Middle East.
In the city of Luxor, the decrease of -5% to -10% is projected, whereas it is projected -10% to -20% in the city Hurghada.
79

a) Decadal trends & b) Area average annual time series for 24.375 - 35.625°E, 21.25 - 31.25 °N.
Figure 21: Total annual precipitation for Egypt over the period 1960 to 2003 relative to 1961-1990 from HadEX
(Alexander et. al, 2006)
4.2.2. Climate change weather scenarios
Source: UK Met Office, 2011
The CC World Weather Gen generates the climate change weather scenarios for 2020, 2050 and 2080 for worldwide
locations to be used in building performance simulation programs. It is based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) Third Assessment Report 56 . The Energy plus weather data used in the simulation was taken from the
energy plus program, validated by U.S. Department of Energy (DoE).
TABLE 11: SCENARIO DAY (1 JULY) – CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF RED SEA
Year
Dry-bulb Temperature
°C
Relative Humidity
%
G Horizontal Radiation
W/m 2
Wind Speed
%
1980-2003 34 28 559 7.2
2050 37.5 15 612 2.6
2080 39.8 25 555 7
56
Climate Change World Weather File Generator for World-Wide Weather Data – CCWorldWeatherGen – avaliable at :
http://www.energy.soton.ac.uk/ccworldweathergen/
80

The following figures present the scenarios Day 1 July for the city of Hurghada in the years 1980-2003, 2050 and 2080.
The scenarios show that the increase will be manifested in temperature by 2050 and 2080, whereas the relative
humidity, G horizontal radiation, and wind speed will witness a decrease by 2050 and 2080 49 .
Figure 22.a represents the dry-bulb temperature for the abovementioned years. It is clear from Figure 22.a that
temperature will increase by 10.3 percent from 34°C in 1980-2003 to 37.5 °C by 2050, and an increase in temperature
of 17.1% by 2080.
Figure 22.b shows the RH trend for the years 1980-2003, 2050 and 2080. By 2050, the RH will decrease by 10.7%. It will
be further decreased in 2080 by 4% and 14.3% from the baseline (1980-2003).
Figure 22.c represents the G horizontal radiation (W/m 2 ) for the abovementioned years. It is clear from Figure 22.c that
the G horizontal radiation will decrease from 559 W/m 2 in year 1980-2003 to be 555 W/m 2 by 2050; a decrease of 0.7%.
However, it will decrease by 1.1% in 2080 compared to the baseline years 1980-2003.
In the wind speed scenario for the same day (1 July), Figure 22.d. shows the wind speed for 1980-2003, 2050 and 2080.
By 2050, the wind speed will decrease by 2.8%. It will be further decreased in 2080 by 1.4% and 4.2% from the baseline
(1980-2003).
39.8
28
37.5
34
25
24
Hurghada 1980-
2003
Hurghada 2050 Hurghada 2080
Hurghada 1980-
2003
Hurghada 2050 Hurghada 2080
a. Dry-bulb temperature (°C) scenarios b. Relative humidity (%) scenarios
559
7.2
555
553
7
6.9
Hurghada 1980-
2003
Hurghada 2050 Hurghada 2080
Hurghada 1980-
2003
Hurghada 2050 Hurghada 2080
c. G Horizontal Radiation (W/m 2 ) scenarios d. Wind speed scenarios
Figure 22: Climate scenarios for the city of Hurghada 1980-2003, 2050 and 2080
4.2.3. Climate Change risks – Hurghada
Climate change impact in the city of Hurghada will be in different sectors. The city will be exposed to risks in sectors
such as agriculture, water, tourism, urban and health. Table 12 (below) describes these climate change risks in detail.
81

TABLE 12: CLIMATE CHANGE RISKS BY SECTORS – CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA
Climate Change Risks by Sectors
Agriculture and food security
Global and regional studies indicate generally deficits and decline in crops’ yields
for wheat, rice and maize.
National-scale studies agree with each other that crop yields in Egypt could
decline with climate change impacts.
Increasing pressures on food security as a result of climate change.
Water stress and drought
Water stress could increase with climate change.
Mean precipitation patterns could decrease with climate change.
Groundwater could experience increased of its salinity due to sea level rise (SLR)
or droughts.
Ecosystems
Coral reefs’ growth suffered from underwater activities – a decline in growth by
40% during 1987–2000. A drastic decline of ~49% and 45% between 2000 and
2013 respectively. In addition, coral reef bleaching in the in sea areas will increase
80% by 2060.
Water acidification, which affect and treat mangroves in sea biodiversity, could
include over 1,000 species.
Tourism
Heat waves will affect attractiveness and tourism movement in Egypt.
Loss in beaches’ tourism due to coral reefs bleaching in the sea area
Urban
Increase thermal discomfort and heat strokes, particularly in urban areas due to
high temperatures and pollutions.
Infrastructure failure due to storms and resulted floods.
Air quality in cities decreases due to climate change.
Health
Higher temperatures, water stress and malnutrition increase rift valley fever, avian
influenza, and diarrhoea.
Dust and sand storms affect patients with respiratory history and problems.
Heat waves and higher temperatures increase cases of heat strokes and death in
elderly citizens.
Vulnerability
Not applicable
Not applicable
Low Exposure
Exposed
Exposed
Low Exposure
Exposed
Exposed
Exposed
Exposed
Exposed
Exposed
Exposed
Exposed
Exposed
Exposed
4.2.4. Adaptation Scoreboard
The adaptation scoreboard is part of the SECAP template developed by the Joint Research Center (JRC) of the European
Commission.
The city of Hurghada, Governorate of the Red Sea has realized a self-assessment of its adaptation status, putting a grade
from A to D, in line with its progress regarding the Adaptation Cycle Steps.
This was based on meetings and interviews with Coordinator of Planning Dept, Governorate of Red Sea between July
82

and August 2017.
More specifically:
• “A”, corresponds to completion level of 75 - 100%,
• “B”, corresponds to completion level of 50-75%,
• “C”, corresponds to completion level of 25-50%, and
• “D”, corresponds to completion level of 0-25%.
The city of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea (Municipality) has developed a score based on grades ranging from
A to D according to the above four grades to each one of the adaptation cycle specific steps, as presented in the
following Table 13.
TABLE 13: GOVERNORATE’S (MUNICIPALITY’S) SCORE IN THE ADAPTATION CYCLE SPECIFIC STEPS (SECAP TEMPLATE AND JRC GUIDELINES) -
CITY OF HURGHADA, GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA
Adaptation Cycle Steps Actions Grades (A – D)
Step 1:
Preparing the ground for
Adaptation
Step 2:
Assessing risks and
vulnerabilities to climate
change
Steps 3 and 4: Identifying,
assessing and selecting
adaptation options
Step 5:
Implementing
Adaptation commitments defined/integrated into the
local climate policy
Human, technical and financial resources identified
Adaptation team (officer) appointed within the municipal administration and
clear responsibilities assigned
Horizontal (e.g. across departments) coordination mechanisms in place
Vertical (e.g. across governance levels) coordination mechanisms in place
Consultative and participatory mechanisms set up, fostering the multi
stakeholder engagement in the adaptation process
Continuous communication process in place
Mapping of the possible methods and data sources for carrying out a Risk and
Vulnerability Assessment conducted
Assessment of climate risks and vulnerabilities undertaken
Possible sectors of actions identified and prioritized
Available knowledge periodically reviewed and new finding integrated
Full portfolio of adaptation actions compiled,
Documented, and assessed
Possibilities of mainstreaming adaptation in existing policies and plans
assessed, possible synergies and conflicts identified
Adaptation actions developed and adopted
Implementation framework set with clear milestones
Adaptation actions implemented and mainstreamed as defined in the SECAP
document
Coordinated actions between adaptation and mitigation set of measures
A
B
D
A
A – B
B
A
A
D
C
B
D
B
C – B
C
N/A
Under development
83

Step 6:
Monitoring and
evaluation
Monitoring framework in place for adaptation actions
Appropriate monitoring and evaluation indicators identified
Regular monitoring of the progress and reporting to the relevant decision
makers
Adaptation strategy and/or Action Plan updated, revised and readjusted
according to the findings of the monitoring and evaluation procedure
C
C – D
C – B
A
D
However, the Governorate of the Red Sea has developed a set of actions to meet Step 1: Preparing the ground for
climate adaption. For example, the Governorate established a Unit for Crises Management (GCM) to deal with any
climate extreme events and any other crises in the governorate.
In this respect, an observatory station has been incorporated in one of the Governorate’s (municipal) buildings to
monitor climate change.
The Governorate of the Red Sea also created a daily communication tool with the National Weather Forecast Authority
(NWFA) and the Governorate’s Central Operation Room (COR) to track any changes or extreme events in the weather
or climate, record and coordinate with concerned department to deal with such extreme events, whether in the
Governorate of Red Sea or in the city of Hurghada.
5. Risk Assessment and Vulnerability Analysis
In order to conduct a risk assessment and vulnerability analysis, as a first step, the climate hazard types should be
identified. These hazard types in general for the Maghreb and Mashreq countries in particular including Egypt, are
presented in Table 14 below.
TABLE14: CLIMATE HAZARD TYPES
General Climate Hazard Types
Extreme heat
Applicable for Maghreb and Mashreq regions
Governorate of the Red Sea, Egypt
√
Extreme cold
Landslides
Storms*
Droughts
Sea level rise**
Floods
√
√
√
√
Extreme precipitation
Forest fires
Ice and snow
Took place in Cairo, Egypt in December 2013 after 112 years
and in Alexandria in 2015 and 2016
* Took plan in the Governorate of the Red Sea, mainly in Ras Ghareb in October 2016.
** The Red Sea has very little waves and SLR is not comparable to that of Mediterranean.
84

The Governorate of the Red Sea (municipality) was called in to assess the impact that each climate hazard type has a
series of Vulnerable/ Impacted sectors, such as:
• Population (Public Health),
• Infrastructure (Transport, Energy, Water, and Social),
• Built environment (Building stock and materials),
• Economy (Tourist and Agriculture), and
• Biodiversity (Coastal zone ecosystems, Green zones/ forests).
These sectors have been identified as the most relevant for the Maghreb/ Mashreq region, utilizing info from Future
Cities Adaptation Compass Tool, Governors’ (Mayors) Adapt, as well as the European Climate Adaptation Platform
website.
In order to conduct the vulnerability analysis, the Governorate (municipality) formulated and filled in the table,
presented below (Table 15). This exercise is based on sources such as the Future Cities Adaptation Compass Tool and
UNFCCC.
The vulnerability analysis was carried out. Thus, the next step is to elaborate a risk assessment, in line with the above.
To this end, the development of Table 16 has been conducted based on interviews with the Coordinator of Governorate
of the Red Sea and it was realised.
Although the probability of each risk cannot be estimated without specific climate data for each region, the impact of
each risk is identified in the scale of High – Medium – Low.
This has been conducted in Table 16 based on interviews with the Director of Environment Department and Coordinator
of the Governorate of Hurghada.
In case specific climate projections are available, a risk analysis combining probability and impact was realized, by
formulating the Table 17 and Figure 23.
The vulnerability analysis, combining the results is presented in the following pages.
Although the probability of each risk cannot be estimated without specific climate data for each region, the impact of
each risk is identified in the scale of High – Medium – Low. This has been conducted in Table 16 based on meetings and
interviews with Coordinator of the Governorate of the Red Sea for the CES-MED project.
85

TABLE 15: VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS (BASED ON THE FUTURE CITIES ADAPTATION COMPASS TOOL) 1-5
Population
Receptors
Public Health
Transport
Extreme
weather
event
Extreme
heat
Droughts*
Sea level
Rise
Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate
- Heat stress
- Deaths due to cardiovascular diseases
- Spread of vector born and infectious diseases
- Altered allergic pattern
- Asthma and cardiovascular diseases
- Accumulation of trace elements
- Asthma and respiratory allergies
- Water-borne diseases
- Forced migration and mental health impacts
Everyone, but especially workers in
outdoor environments, elderly
people, babies, children, and
sensitive groups of people
All people living or working in the
area
All people living or working mainly in
the coastal area especially
Fishermen.
Storms* - Casualties and deaths All people living or working in the
area
Floods
Extreme
heat
- Damages and causalities
- Injuries and deaths
- Water-borne diseases
- Asthma and respiratory allergies
- Higher maintenance costs
- Road and (Rail)* network damages
- Change in behaviour patterns
All people living or working in the
area
Roads, railroads*, public transport*,
people mobility
In the Governorate of the Red Sea,
the most affected by extreme heat
are labours working outdoor and
elderly.
* Not applicable, as Hurghada has
high relative humidity so no
droughts are occurring.
* Not applicable in the city of
Hurghada, but at the Governorate
level, few people died and were
injured in the 2016 storm in Ras
Ghareb.
Injuries and deaths (Governorate
level, Ras Ghareb)
* No rail network and public
transport is present in Hurghada.
86

Receptors
Extreme
weather
event
- Air quality problems
Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate
Infrastructure
Energy
Droughts - Difficult transport of bulk material Waterways, water management * Not applicable, as Hurghada has
high relative humidity so no
droughts are occurring.
Sea level
rise
Storms
Floods
Extreme
heat
- Damages
- Mobility difficulties in afflicted areas
- Damages
- Mobility difficulties in afflicted areas
- Damages
- Mobility difficulties in afflicted areas
- Altered electricity peaks/demand
- Damages
- Cooling problems
- Reduction of efficiency yield from conventional
power plants and distribution grid
- Higher maintenance costs
Roads, rail ways, roads*, public
transport*, people mobility
Roads, railroads*, public transport*,
people mobility
Roads, public transport, people
mobility
Conventional power plants,
electricity providers and consumers
* No rail network and public
transport is present in Hurghada.
However, in the Governorate of
the Red Sea, there is very little
waves motion in the Red Sea as
such.
* No rail network and public
transport is present in Hurghada.
* No rail network and public
transport is present in Hurghada.
However, there were some road
problems in Ras Ghareb due to
floods in 2016.
87

Receptors
Extreme
weather
event
Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate
Droughts*
- Higher maintenance costs
- No/lower production from hydro power plants
- Energy supply and demand patterns’ shift
- Cooling problems
Conventional and renewable energy
facilities (hydro**, PVs, etc)
* Not applicable, as Hurghada has
high relative humidity so no
droughts are occurring.
** No hydro power exists in the
Governorate of the Red Sea or the
city of Hurghada.
Sea level
rise
- Higher maintenance cost
- Damages
- Operational difficulties
All facilities in coastal areas (usually
conventional plants that are nearby
water resources)
Infrastructure
Storms
- Damages and losses
All facilities in the electricity
production and especially the wind
turbines, as well as the distribution
grid
It does not exist (no damages or
losses)
Floods
- Damages
- Operational difficulties
All facilities in the electricity
generation and distribution grid in
the affected areas
Water
Extreme
heat
Droughts*
- Higher water demand
- Water quality issues
- Higher maintenance costs
- Water scarcity
- Water quality issues
- Higher maintenance costs
Public health, water infrastructures
Public health, water infrastructures
In the city of Hurghada, there is a
high demand of water especially in
summer and heat waves.
* Not applicable, as Hurghada has
high relative humidity so no
droughts are occurring.
88

Infrastructure
Receptors
Social
Extreme
weather
event
Sea
rise
Storms*
Floods
Extreme
heat
level
Droughts*
Sea
rise
level
Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate
- Water management issues
- Damages
- Water quality issues
- Higher maintenance costs
- Increased salinity of underground water*
- Water management issues
- Water quality issues
- Water quality issues
- Water management issues
- Damages
- Higher maintenance costs
- Higher electricity demand to cover cooling
needs
- Changes in behaviour patterns, e.g. living
outdoors
- Burdening of the health care facilities due to
the increased number of patients in hospitals
- Difficulties in meeting water demand for
athletic facilities (e.g. swimming pools) and
green public spaces
- Impacts on public spaces (e.g. loss of beaches)
- Damages on coastal facilities
Public health, water infrastructures
Public health, water infrastructures
Public health, water infrastructures
Hospitals, schools, public places,
municipal facilities/infrastructure,
athletic facilities
Hospitals, schools, public places,
municipal facilities/infrastructure,
athletic facilities
Hospitals, schools, public places,
municipal facilities, athletic facilities
Storms - Damages in social facilities in afflicted areas Hospitals, schools, public places,
* No underground water is
present in Hurghada as the city
depends on the desalination of
the Red Sea water.
* Not applicable
* Not applicable, as Hurghada has
high relative humidity so no
droughts are occurring.
89

Built Environment
Economy
Receptors
Building
stock and
material
Tourist
Extreme
weather
event
Floods
Extreme
heat
Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate
- Burdening of the health care facilities due to
the increased number of patients in hospitals
- Flooding of social facilities in afflicted areas
- Burdening of the health care facilities due to
the increased number of patients in hospitals
- Concrete’s damages
- Increased cooling demands
- Higher maintenance costs
- Urban heat island effect
municipal facilities, athletic facilities
Hospitals, schools, public places,
municipal facilities, athletic facilities
All buildings infrastructure
Droughts - Higher water demand All building infrastructure
Sea
rise
Storms
Floods
Extreme
heat
level
- Sinkholes collapse*
- Extensive damages
- Flooding at the city level of all building
infrastructure
- Damages
- Higher maintenance costs
- Damages
- Higher maintenance costs
- Increased demand for cooling
- Lower touristic flows during the impacted
seasons
- Higher water demand
All buildings infrastructure, road
network etc.
All buildings infrastructure
All buildings infrastructure
Tourists, tourist infrastructure,
tourist related economy
* The Red Sea is clear with little
wave action due to the presence
of coral reefs, thus these effects
are negligible.
90

Receptors
Extreme
weather
event
Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate
Droughts*
- Increased pressure on water resources,
escalating water scarcity issues
- Increased water supply costs
Tourists, tourist infrastructure
* Not applicable, as Hurghada has
high relative humidity so no
droughts are occurring.
Sea level
rise
- Damages in touristic infrastructure, which are
located at coastal areas
Tourists, tourist infrastructure,
tourist related economy
* The Red Sea is clear with little
wave action due to the presence
of coral reefs, thus these effects
are negligible.
Storms
- Damages in touristic infrastructure and related
costs for repairs
Tourists, tourist infrastructure
Economy
Floods
Extreme
heat
- Damages in touristic infrastructure and related
costs for repairs
- Changes in growth cycle
- Damages / loss of harvest
- Livestock loss and impacts on health
- Lower crop yields
Tourists, tourist infrastructure
Farmers, food industry, consumers
Agriculture*
Droughts
- Damages / loss of harvest
- Lower crop yields
- Livestock loss and impacts on health
- Land degradation
Farmers, food industry, consumers
* Not applicable as no agriculture
is present in Hurghada. It is a
touristic city.
Sea
rise
level
- Damages / loss of harvest in coastal areas
- Increased water salinity will result in existing
crops’ long-term destruction
Farmers, food industry, consumers
91

Receptors
Extreme
weather
event
Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate
- Loss of fertile grounds near coastal areas and
especially the deltas
Storms - Damages / loss of harvest in afflicted areas /
loss of livestock
Floods - Damages / loss of harvest in afflicted areas /
loss of livestock
Farmers, food industry, consumers
Farmers, food industry, consumers
Extreme
heat
- Increased coral bleaching
- Migration of coastal species towards higher
altitudes
- Reduction of vulnerable fishing stock
- Altered flora and fauna, new and invasive
species*
Ecosystem, fish industry, consumers
* Altering “flora and fauna, new
and invasive species" is not
applicable in Hurghada. *
Biodiversity
Coastal zone
ecosystems
Droughts*
Sea level
rise
- Increase of coastal water salinity
- Loss of species
- Altered flora and fauna, new and invasive
species*
- Increased coastal erosion
- Salinization of surface and ground waters
- Displacement of coastal lowland and wetlands
and reduction of certain fish species
Ecosystem
Ecosystem, fish industry, consumers
* Not applicable, as Hurghada
has high relative humidity so no
droughts are occurring.
Storms - Pollution of natural resources Ecosystem
Floods - Loss of species Ecosystem * Altering “flora and fauna, new
and invasive species" is not
92

Receptors
Extreme
weather
event
Potential effects Who/What is affected Comments by Governorate
- Altered flora and fauna, new and invasive
species*
applicable in Hurghada. *
Extreme
heat
- Fires and destruction of the ecosystem, flora
and fauna
Ecosystem
Green zones/
Forests*
Droughts
Sea
rise
level
- Fires and destruction of the ecosystem, flora
and fauna
- Increase of underground water salinity and
destruction of the ecosystem
Ecosystem
Ecosystem
* Not applicable as no forests are
present in Hurghada, thus there
are no fire occurrences.
Storms - Damages Ecosystem
93

TABLE 16: RISK ASSESSMENT (1-3)
Population
Infrastructure
Receptors
Public
Health
Transport
Energy
Weather
Sensitivity
Extreme heat
Droughts
Sea level rise*
Significantly fewer
waves due to corals
Storms
Floods
Extreme heat
Future Risk
- Increased number of deaths
- Reinforcement of heat stress
- Increased infectious diseases
- Altered allergic patterns
- Increased allergic incidents
- Decreased air quality
- More respiratory problems
- Increased incidents of asthma and
pneumonia
- Increased water-borne diseases
- Limitations to the healthcare access
- Limitations to the healthcare access
- Increased numbers of injuries and
deaths
- Limitations to the healthcare access
- Increased numbers of injuries and
deaths
- Damages on roads
- Modification of transport frequency
and means
- Air quality problems
- Higher maintenance costs
Impact
per risk
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
N/A
N/A
Low
Low
Low
Low
Impact
Low-
Medium
Low-
Medium
Low
Low
N/A
Low
Droughts - Difficult transport of bulk material Low Low
Sea level rise*
Significantly fewer
waves due to coral
reefs
Storms
Floods
Extreme heat
Droughts
- Damages N/A N/A
- Damages
- Mobility problems
- Damages
- Mobility problems
- Blackouts and inability to cover
demand load
- Damages, especially in the thermal
power plants
- Blackouts and inability to cover
demand load
- Higher maintenance costs
- Cooling problems in power plants
Low
Low
Low
Low
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Low
Low
N/A
N/A
94

Sea level rise*
Significantly fewer
waves
due to coral reefs
Storms
- Damages
- Shut down of power plants near rivers,
etc. - Operational difficulties
- Higher maintenance cost
- Damages / Failures in the production
facilities and distribution grid / power
cuts
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Floods - Damages / power cuts Medium Medium
Extreme heat
- Water scarcity* (Desalinated water)
- Water quality issues** (bottled water)
Low
Low
Droughts
- Water scarcity* (Desalinated water)
- Water quality issues** (Desalinated
water)
N/A
N/A
N/A
Water
Sea level rise*
Significantly fewer
waves due to coral
reefs
- Increased underground water salinity
- Water management issues
- Damages
- Water quality issues
- Higher maintenance costs
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Storms
- Increased damages and related
maintenance costs
- Water management issues
Low
Medium
Medium
Medium
Floods
- Increased damages and related
maintenance costs
- Water management issues
- Water quality issues
Low
Low
Low
Low
Extreme heat
- Increased need for air-conditioned
public spaces
Medium
Medium
Social
Droughts
- Increased numbers of people
presenting respiratory problems and
burdening the health care facilities
- Inability to cover the water demand
- Difficulties in the operation of certain
facilities due to lack of water (e.g.,
swimming pools)
Low
Low
Low
Low
Sea level rise*
Significantly fewer
waves due to coral
reefs
Storms
- Potential damages in the coastal area
facilities
- Loss of coastal public spaces (beaches
etc.)
- Damages
- Increased maintenance costs
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Low
Floods - Damages Low Low
95

Built Environment
Economy
Buildings’
stock and
materials
Tourist
Agriculture
Extreme heat
Droughts
Sea level rise*
Significantly fewer
waves due to coral
reefs
Storms
Floods
Extreme heat
Droughts
Sea level rise*
Significantly fewer
waves due to coral
reefs
- Increased maintenance costs
- Flooding at the city level of the
afflicted public building infrastructure
(schools, hospitals, etc.) - Difficulties
in providing the envisaged services
- Concrete’s damages
- Increased cooling demands
- Higher maintenance costs
- Urban heat island effect
- Higher water demand
- Sinkholes collapse
- Extensive damages and loss of
property
- Impact on coastal zone economy
- Damages
- Increased maintenance costs
- Damages
- Increased maintenance costs
- Change of the tourism season – lower
touristic flows
- Reduction of the tourism related
economy
- Increased water supply costs
- Potential increase of indirect costs for
the tourists (infrastructure related) &
reduction of touristic flows
- Damages and even complete
destruction of touristic infrastructure,
nearby coastal areas and deltas
Low
Low
High
High
High
High
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Low
Medium
High
Medium
Low
Low
Low
Medium
Low
Medium
Storms - Damages to touristic facilities Medium Medium
Floods
Extreme heat
Droughts
- Damages to touristic facilities
- Potential effects on the touristic
flows, in areas with flooding history
- Changes in growth cycle
- Damages / loss of harvest
- Livestock loss and impacts on health
- Lower crop yields
- Increased fire risks
- Damages / loss of harvest
- Lower crop yields
- Livestock loss and impacts on health
- Land degradation
Medium
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Medium
N/A
N/A
96

Sea level rise*
Significantly fewer
waves due to coral
reefs
Storms
Floods
- Increased fire risks
- Damages / loss of harvest in areas
near delta, sea etc.
- Increased water salinity will result in
existing crops’ long-term destruction.
- Damages/ loss of harvest in afflicted
areas
- Surface soil erosion
- Damages/ loss of harvest in afflicted
areas
- Livestock loss
- Surface soil erosion
Extreme heat - Loss of specific species (fish, etc.) Medium Medium
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Droughts - Increase of coastal water salinity Low Low
Coastal
zone eco-
systems
Sea level rise*
Significantly fewer
waves due to coral
reefs
- Loss of specific species (fish, etc.)
- Soil erosion
- Water salinization
Medium
Medium
Storms - Soil erosion Medium Medium
Floods - Soil erosion Medium Medium
Biodiversity
Extreme heat
Droughts
- Fires and destruction of the
ecosystem, flora and fauna
- Fires and destruction of the
ecosystem, flora and fauna
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
Green
zones/
Forests
Sea level rise*
Very less waves due
to corals
- Increase of underground water
salinity and destruction of the
ecosystem
Low
Low
Storms
- Destruction of trees and other
damages
N/A
N/A
Floods
- Destruction of trees and other
damages
N/A
N/A
The vulnerability analysis of the city of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea, was carried out by combining the results
of Table 16 and the probability of scale 1 (High), 2 (Medium), and 3 (Low) for each of the 10 receptors.
The Risk Assessment of the receptors and Risk Assessment of the city of Hurghada are presented in Table 17 and Figure
23.
97

TABLE 17: RISK ASSESSMENT OF RECEPTORS, CITY OF HURGHADA – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA
Receptors Impact Probability
R1 - Public Health 1 2
R2 - Transport 1 1
R3 - Energy 1 1
R4 - Water 1 2
R5 - Social 1 1
R6 - Buildings' stock & Materia 2 2
R7 - Tourists 2 2
R8 - Agriculture 0 0
R9 - Costal zones - ecosystems 2 3
R10 - Green zones - Forests 0 0
3.5
3
R9
Probability
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
R1, R4 R6, R7
R2, R3, R5
R8, R10
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
Impact
Figure 23: Risk assessment figure in case of climate data availability – Hurghada
6. National Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures
There is a noteworthy legal framework, but nevertheless many policy plans are in implementation and many
government agencies responsible for integrating CC into the national policy agenda were executed. However, the
Governorate of Red Sea should develop their local policy and agenda for CCAMM. The Climate change mitigation and
adaptation strategies are falling under the mandate of the MoEnv and its executive arm EEAA. A climate change unit
(CCU) was established in the EEAA in 1992, which has since been upgraded to the Central Department for Climate
Change (CDCC). 75
6.1. Climate Change Action Plan - CCAP
The Climate Change Action Plan (CCAP) has been developed by the MoEnv through the Second National
Communication (SNC) to UNFCCC that was established in 2000. An inventory of GHG emissions, including policies has
98

een created to mitigate and evaluate their economic impacts after reduction. Such policy was not implemented or
released until 2015 75 .
Results of the inventory of GHG emission yield an increase of the total emissions at an average of 5.1% annually. The
GHG emissions were highly influenced by four sectors that contribute significantly to total emissions. These are: a)
energy, which accounted for 61% of the total in 2000, 27%, of which was transportation-related; b) agriculture by 16%;
c) industrial processes by 14%; and d) waste by 9%. Despite, the reduction of GHG emissions reported above there are
barriers to GHG mitigation.
Such barriers can be summarised as follows:
• Institutional capacity constraints,
• Lack of information about GHG reduction opportunities and technology, and
• Limited access to investment capital needed to execute mitigation technologies and procedures.
Nonetheless, an estimate of nearly 8.3mt CO2-e reduction due to the existing mitigation efforts, which focused on three
areas: a) Fuel substitution; b) Renewable energy; and c) Energy efficiency 75 .
In addition, a Climate Change Risk Management Programme (CCRMP) was established in 2008 as a result of a
partnership between Egypt and the Millennium Development Goals Achievement Fund (MDGAF). The three main
objectives of CCRMP are to:
• Integrate GHG mitigation into national policy and investment frameworks;
• Increase climate change adaptation capacities, particularly in agriculture and water;
• Raise awareness regarding the impacts of climate change 75 .
Key achievements that came out of such joint programme are to successfully assist in and support the establishment of
the following units and capacity building:
• Clean Development Mechanism Awareness and Promotion Unit (CDMAPU) within EEAA,
• Energy Efficiency Unit (EEU) that advises the Cabinet on energy efficiency,
• The MoWRI’s capabilities to forecast climate change scenarios, and
• The irrigation research and climate change crop simulation activities of the Ministry of Acclamation of Land
Resources (MALR).
Further to the SNC to UNFCCC, Egypt published in 2010 a National Environmental, Economic and Development Study
(NEEDS) for CC to outline the financial and institutional needs for implementing prospective and on-going adaptation
and mitigation measures. This study recognises that the next phases of CC planning should include a National Action
Plan for Adaptation (NAPA) and National Low Carbon Economy Plan (NLCEP). The NEEDS report highlights the urgency
for developing a GHG monitoring system that aggregates and disseminates information about GHG emissions across
sectors.
6.2. Adopted Measures within the framework of the INDCs
There are national efforts, which have been realised in the adaptation and mitigation. Egypt's adaptation efforts can be
outlined as per the INDCs 2015 as follows:
6.2.1. Adaptation Challenges
The vulnerability of Egypt's water resources to climate change depends on Nile flows, rainfall, and ground water.
Agricultural sector
Climate change studies expect that the productivity of two major crops in Egypt - wheat and maize –will be reduced by
15% and 19%, respectively, by 2050. Losses in crop productivity are mainly attributed to frequent temperature increase,
irrigation water deficit, and pests and plant disease.
99

In addition, 12% to 15% of the most fertile arable land in Nile Delta is negatively affected by sea level rise and salt water
intrusion. In terms of livestock production, current evidence shows that temperature rise leads to harmful heat stress,
which negatively impacts livestock productivity. New animal diseases have emerged in Egypt, which have strong
negative impacts on livestock production. These include bluetongue disease and rift valley fever, which are both
attributed to significant changes in the Egyptian climate.
Climate change is expected to increase seawater temperature, shifting fish distributions northwards to live in deeper
waters. In addition, increased water salinity in the coastal lakes in Egypt is expected to negatively affect fish species.
Coastal zones
Costal zones are expected to suffer from climate change’s direct impacts. These include sea level rise and the overflow
of low-level land. Estimations indicate that sea level rise by 50 cm leads to serious impacts on low-level lands in Delta
and adjacent highly populated cities such as Alexandria and Port Said. Consequently, this will result in a more significant
challenge, which is the migration of people from the affected areas to other areas, thus affecting the efficiency of
different services and increasing the financial cost required for their development.
As for the tourism sector, coral reefs, which constitute a major attraction in the Red Sea resorts, are highly vulnerable
to climate change.
In urban areas, heat islands formed by hot air arising from the increasing energy use in buildings represent the main
concern in hot arid climates. One of the most significant potential negative impacts of climate change is the harm
inflicted on national heritage as a result of temperature rise, sandy winds and ground water. However, this isn’t just a
national concern. Instead, it is a global challenge since this heritage is part of the human heritage.
Health sector
In terms of Health, climate change increases direct and indirect negative impacts on public health in Egypt. For example,
in 2015 the negative impacts are represented in higher death rates due to heat stress.
Energy sector
In the energy sector, the increase in temperature negatively affects the efficiency of conventional power plants and
photovoltaic cells. Also, the rise in sea level threatens the electric power plants and networks located along the coasts.
In addition, the negative impact of climate change on rainfall rates and rain distribution across different regions
negatively affects power generation from hydropower plants, especially in Upper Egypt. Moreover, the increased
demand in electricity consumption rates as a result of the excessive use of air conditioners due to unprecedented heat
waves that hit Egypt in August 2015 for 2 weeks at 49 degrees Celsius.
6.2.2. Egypt's intended actions to promote resilience
6.2.2.1 Water Resources
Several measures are currently being considered in Egypt to adapt to decreasing water resources or increasing Nile
flows. These primarily include:
- Maintaining water level of Lake Nasser,
- Increasing water storage capacity - Improving irrigation and draining systems,
- Changing cropping patterns and farm irrigation systems,
- Reducing surface water evaporation by redesigning canal cross sections,
- Developing new water resources through upper Nile projects,
- Rain water harvesting – Desalination, and
- Treated wastewater recycling - Increased use of deep groundwater reservoirs.
In addition, public awareness is being raised on the need for rationalizing water use, which has been manifested at the
national level in 2015 and increasingly in 2016.
100

6.2.2.2 Coastal Zones
Adaptation options for coastal zones are highly site-dependent. However, changes in land use, integrated coastal zone
management, and proactive planning for protecting coastal zones are necessary adaptation policies. Providing job
opportunities in safe areas (in locations that are not impacted by CC) is an important priority to successfully absorb the
affected population.
6.2.2.3 Agricultural Security
Changing sowing dates and good management practices are among the important adaptation measures oriented to
mitigate climate change. Changing cultivars to those that are more tolerant to heat, salinity and pests, and changing
crop pattern are the most promising adaptation measures at the national level. Moreover, using different multi-level
combinations of improved surface irrigation systems and applying deficit irrigation are successful means of increasing
surface irrigation system capacity in traditional lands to overcome the negative impacts of climate change. For the
livestock, improving the current low productivity of cattle and enhancing feeding programs are being considered. There
is an urgent need for further studies on the impacts and adaptation to climate change in the agricultural sector in order
to develop an adaptation strategy that would overcome the barriers for implementing adaptation measures. These
barriers include limited scientific information and strategic visions, and lack of financial support.
6.2.2.4 Additional Adaptation Policies and Measures
According to the INDCs of November 2015, Egyptian authorities are currently focusing on the following additional
policies and procedures:
− Building institutional capacities of comprehensive collection and analysis of monitoring and observations and
geographic data;
− Identifying indicators and conducting an assessment of vulnerable sectors and stakeholders;
− Enforcing environmental regulations;
− Identifying and applying protection measures of vulnerable touristic and archaeological sites and roads against
extreme natural phenomena such as floods, dust storms and extreme weather conditions;
− Building capacities for using regional water circulation models;
− Proactive planning and integrated coastal zone management; and
− Risk reduction; and increasing awareness of stakeholders for energy and water utilisation.
6.2.3. National Adaptation Action Plan
Coastal Zones:
1. Reduce climate change associated risks and disasters.
2. Capacity building of the Egyptian society to adapt to CC risks and disasters.
3. Enhance national and regional partnership in managing crises and disasters related to climate change and the
reduction of associated risk.
Water Resources and Irrigation:
1. Increase investments in modern irrigation systems.
2. Cooperate with Nile Basin countries to reduce water evaporation and increase its capacity.
3. Develop national policies to encourage citizens on water use rationalization.
Agricultural Sector:
1. Build an effective institutional system to manage climate change associated crises and disasters at the national
level.
2. Activate genetic diversity of plant species with maximum productivity.
101

3. Achieve biological diversity of all livestock, fishery, and poultry elements to protect them and ensure food
security.
4. Develop agro-economic systems and new structures to manage crops, fisheries and animal production, which
are resilient to climate changes.
5. Increase the efficiency of irrigation water use, while maintaining crop productivity and protecting land from
degradation.
6. Review of new and existing land use policies and agricultural expansion programs to take into account
possibilities of land degradation in Delta and other affected areas resulting from Mediterranean Sea level rise.
7. Develop systems, programs and policies to protect rural community and support its adaptive capacity to the
expected trend in land use change, plant and animal production, and internal migration due to climate change.
Health Sector:
1. Identify potential health risks as a result of climate change.
2. Raise community awareness about CC risks and means of adaptation.
3. Increase the efficiency of the healthcare sector and improve the quality of health services in dealing with
climate change.
4. Support the Ministry of Health efforts to improve the social and economic status and population characteristics.
Urban Sector - Population:
1. Draw a baseline scenario for the optimal regional distribution of population and economic activities within the
geographical boundaries of Egypt up to the year 2100, taking climate change into consideration.
Tourism Sector:
1. Reduce climate change risks in touristic areas.
2. Engage users in supporting the proposed strategy.
3. Support periodical monitoring and observations systems and follow-up bodies.
4. Raise environmental awareness.
5. Cooperate with international bodies.
6. Incorporate disaster risks promoting sustainable tourism in Egypt.
7. Capacity building of local communities in touristic areas.
Energy Sector:
1. Conduct comprehensive studies to assess the impact of CC on the energy sector, propose appropriate
adaptation measures, and estimate the economic cost of the proposed adaptation measures. These studies
should also determine the safe locations for the construction of power generation projects.
2. Build institutional and technical capacities of different units in the energy sector in climate change issues.
3. Support research and technological development to enable the electricity sector to deal properly with climate
change.
7. Adaptation Actions in the City of Hurghada
The governorate, having compiled the vulnerability analysis and risk assessment, needs to identify a specific set of
actions that will allow it to adapt to the situation it faces. A list of adaptation actions, identified from the international
literature and best practices available, are presented in the following chapter, for each one of the five sectors studied
above. Of course, additional measures, depending also on the local needs and situation would be necessary. However,
the actions listed below are considered to be a good starting point. For each one of the five sectors, a further distinction
of the adaptation actions in four categories is realised:
• Strategic actions: Actions regarding the formulation of action plans, or strategic policy planning documents
that set the basis for all the actions to come in the specific sector,
102

• Alert /Communication actions: These are focusing on alerting the citizens on a situation, such as an extreme
climate event or hazard (high temperatures, floods, tsunamis etc.),
• Educational actions: The focus in this case is on increasing the awareness raising level of the citizens of a specific
threat or situation that the municipality is faced with and requires the citizens’ collaboration in one way or
another, and
• Technical actions: Activities that are directly addressing technically specific climate hazard.
Following tables focus on a set of suggested adaptation actions on the population and public health, infrastructure,
built environment, economy and biodiversity.
7.1. Public health and quality of life
Extreme weather events - particularly heat peaks and heavy rains or floods - might have significant impact on public
health and potential diseases outbreak.
7.1.1. Strategic actions
Health action plan for the extreme events: This is mainly about improving monitoring systems to ensure that any
disease development or strong disturbance in public health will be detected early and addressed by competent public
health services in the City of Hurghada (and later on across the Governorate of the Red Sea). This plan is currently under
development.
To optimise reactivity in case of a problem, a collaborative approach with the regional medical services needs to be
developed. This includes processes to reach the appropriate preparedness level.
Improve sheltering capacities: Improve air conditioning in public services (hospitals, city hall, etc.) using climate friendly
options to offer appropriate extreme heat protection to those citizens that lack the infrastructure to protect themselves.
Such sites should also be considered as potential shelters when other types of extreme weather events will affect the
more vulnerable groups (storms, floods).
7.1.2. Alert / Communication / Education
This focuses on developing an early warning system to alert citizens in the case of extreme weather events or natural
disasters such as heat waves, floods, etc. This system needs to be set up as early as possible connected with national
monitoring centres to be able to transmit appropriate information as early as possible to the citizens of Hurghada. Aerial
mapping, maps and records are already used for evaluation of such alert actions, but the system needs to be refined to
reach the appropriate level of effectiveness.
Educational and awareness raising campaigns are regularly conducted to inform people about health impacts of heat
waves, floods, vector borne diseases, etc., and educate residents on the ways to protect their health and prevent
infection or disease outbreak.
7.1.3. Technical measures
Mitigate risk of disease outbreak is currently secured through appropriate maintenance of city cleanliness, as well as
regular quality control of sewage and drainage systems. Indeed sewage, waste dumps and dormant waters are
reservoirs for serious diseases. Unless the City properly manages the sewage collection and treatment system, as it
currently does, health risks would remain high in the city. A mapping of hot spots for the development of communicable
and vector borne diseases are under development to design the most appropriate remediation plan when any problem
occurs.
Improving water quality control is also necessary as water availability is essential. First, to cover basic needs of people,
particularly during the period of heat waves. Secondly, because water can be a vehicle for spreading disease if quality
control is not sufficient. Systems are already in place ensuring continuous monitoring of water quality across the city.
However, the mechanism in place needs a continuous improvement process to match the ambition of Hurghada being
103

a world-class sustainable tourism destination. Such improvement could be implemented along the water delivery
system upgrading proposed to reduce energy consumption of this sector (see Section III Chapter 5.1.3 / p35).
7.2. Infrastructure management
Current infrastructure (roads, harbour, dock sides) has not been designed in consideration of the risks generated by
dangerous climate change. It is now time to implement the appropriate measures to monitor occurrences of possible
problems and design appropriate remediation action.
There are no bridges in the city of Hurghada. The only new bridge in the Governorate has been built near Safaga,
complying with the appropriate climate adaptation specifications.
7.2.1. Strategic actions
A Water and Waste Water management plan has been designed by the company in charge. This plan is designed to
ensure proper management of water flux particularly in the case of heavy rains that could overpass absorption
capacities of the current system. This plan actually considers artificial areas that speed up water run-off.
Improving infrastructure monitoring, particularly docksides, to anticipate any problems that would undermine their
resistance to high seawaters and floods. Although appropriate monitoring is done on a weekly basis and report back
during a dedicated “infrastructure meeting”, action plans in case of problem still needs to be improved to ensure
immediate remediation process will take place.
Modelling predicted demand and supply in electricity to adapt production capacities to actual requirements. Heat
waves will increase the demand as well as degrading performance of solar PV. This is then the key to developing models
that will ensure a perfect match between demand and supply to avoid blackout when people particularly need electricity.
7.2.2. Alert / Communication / Education
Early warning system is up and running to alert citizens in case a part of the infrastructure has been severely damaged,
and citizens should avoid using it or even worth get prepared to major disaster. When infrastructure is unavailable,
diversion routes are proposed.
Educational and awareness raising campaigns are conducted regularly delivering guides and advices for citizens on how
to save water and energy, especially during climate crisis. This should be more systematically embedded in the different
awareness messages developed as part of the campaigns to promote energy conservation and efficiency measures.
7.2.3. Technical measures
Establish underground water reservoirs and develop a flood control system. Reservoirs are necessary to retain water
in case of heavy rains. Such reservoirs should be located in strategic areas where water gets channelled. Reservoir will
retain water and avoid dramatic run off that could cause adverse impact to the built environment downstream. Such
reservoirs should be part of a flood control system that will monitor occurrence of heavy rain. Upgrading of the flood
defence system is also underway through building new lakes water breakers.
New desalinisation plants are about to be built to complement the existing ones operating in the Governorate to secure
the potable water supply in any possible situation.
The drainage system is currently subject to a major upgrading plan in Hurghada.
104

Controlled flood management zones have been identified and new equipment is under development after residents
were moved away from affected areas.
The Governorate of Red Sea has already started some adaption actions in Ras Ghareb, city of Hurghada and south of
the Governorate, including ten storm water dams, and six artificial lakes.
Ras Ghareb: Three storm water dams have been built in the Governorate of Red Sea to protect the city from storms’
effect and floods as follows:
1- Wadi Al droub west of Ras Ghareb: Strom water dams in Wadi Hawashia:
i. Hawashia I: 258 m long x 49 m wide x 4 m high,
ii. Hawashia II: 370 m long x 49 m wide x 4 m high, and
iii. Hawashia III: 500 m long x 49 m wide x 4 m high.
2- One artificial lake to store the rain and storm water.
Hurghada: Three storm water dams and 4 lakes in the city of Hurghada are under construction:
1- Faleq Al Sahel and Faleq Al Wa’ar - west of Hurghada:
a. Faleq Al SaheI: 395 m long x 76 m wide x 8.50 m high), west of Hurghada, and
b. Faleq Al Wa’ar: 295 m long x 92 m wide x 9 m high.
2- Four artificial lakes to store the rain and storm water.
i. Umm Dalfa lake: 1500 m long x 300 wide x 2 m deep,
ii. Faleq Al Sahel 2 lake: 1500 m long x 200 m wide x 2 m deep,
iii. Faleq Al Wa’ar 3 lake: 1500 m long x 150 m wide x 2 m deep, and
iv. Wadi Melieka lake: 600 m long x 150 m wide x 2 m deep.
Marsa Alam: Four storm water dams south of the city of Hurghada are under construction. Also, a water direction
wall is under construction to protect the village from storm water and floods.
Al Shalateen: One storm water dam south of Marsa Alam and Al Qusair is under construction to protect the city from
storms’ effect and floods. (Wadi Hudaeen: 170 m long x 117 m wide x 12 m high).
7.3. Land planning, building management ad biodiversity protection
7.3.1. Strategic
Modify the building codes to promote more energy efficient and heat tolerant structures. Upper Egypt has been the
place where very efficient building techniques have been developed in the old times. The Nubian Vault is one these
techniques only requiring mud and clay (no cement, no wood, no iron) to elaborate buildings that are particularly well
adapted to hot regions. This technique has been re-activated by some architects and researchers, but also by a French
NGO “Association voûte nubienne” 57 . More than 3,000 buildings were produced in West Africa (Burkina Faso, Mali,
Senegal, Ghana, Benin) offering very qualitative results at an affordable cost. The City of Hurghada could develop a set
of buildings using this technique in demonstrative districts and valuing this “come back” of a building method invented
in Upper Egypt 3500 years ago.
Set up incentives for innovative climate friendly buildings. This could be done, for example, through the provision of
reductions on the municipal taxes for those proceeding in adoption of adaptation measures in their houses.
Develop an integrated land use planning with zoning system depending on the different areas exposed to risk,
dedicated to protection infrastructures or areas, and/or to innovative building methods. This land planning should take
into account the most important element of pressure that combines in the City of Hurghada: growing urbanisation and
57
www.lavoutenubienne.org/en
105

tourism on the seashore. The Governorate is currently designing such a land use planning. It would be necessary to
include as early as possible consideration on climate mitigation and adaptation in this exercise as well as objective to
better preserve biodiversity along the shore and in city’s surrounding desert environment.
7.3.2. Education & awareness raising
Actions are regularly conducted to raise awareness among all stakeholders living and/or using the City of Hurghada
territory, to highlight how fragile this environment is, flagging the interdependencies between the different components
that nourish the City’s economy: tourism, building and services. Specific actions should be developed to educate tourists
on ways to conserve natural resources, preserve water and save energy, especially as they are the one enjoying this
fragile environment.
7.3.3. Technical measures
Develop greening infrastructure such as buildings’ roofs and walls covered with greenery to increase the amount of
shade and refresh the environment. The very presence of trees and plants generates a cooling effect on the immediate
environment.
A pilot project on a Governorate’s building roof is underway to study economics and generalising on all public buildings.
Likewise, developing green areas in the city by planting trees and set fountains will help reduce the heat island effect.
Trees and green areas were already established in the city’s streets to increase shades and more projects are underway.
Build exemplary districts with climate friendly and climate adapted urban forms and buildings. The combination of
innovative techniques (including the Nubian Vault mentioned above), adequate district design and greenery
development could result in much appreciated urban environment. Other techniques such as white roofs, natural
shading and bioclimatic design could be integrated in these exemplary districts.
Protect the biodiversity. This programme should include tree planting (using native species) along the shore and the
Wady to improve biodiversity protection. The programme should also develop action to preserve the very specific
biodiversity of the desert surrounding the City of Hurghada.
Beach nourishment or replenishment is the artificial placement of sand, gravel and small pebbles, on an eroded shore
to maintain the amount of sand present in the foundation of the coast. This allows to compensate for natural erosion
and to protect the area against storm surge. Beach nourishment also often aims at maintaining beaches (beach width
for tourism and recreational purposes).
In Hurghada, costal area and beaches benefit protection actions against erosion and maintenance. Note also that the
law prohibits touching the coral reefs and/or using it as building material. Costal zones management law has been
enacted in new development of beaches.
7.4. Adopted adaptation actions per sector– City of Hurghada
Tables 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 focuses on a set of suggested adaptation actions on the population and public health,
infrastructure, built environment, economy, biodiversity in City of Hurghada, Governorate of the Red Sea.
TABLE 18: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR POPULATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA
Actions’
characteristics
Strategic
Adaptation Actions Actions 2017
Health action plan for the extreme events that the municipality is
facing, e.g., heat, etc., (Heat health action plan).
Provide access to air conditioning in public buildings during heat waves
Governorate of the Red Sea, city of
Hurghada
Not developed
Public buildings to shelter
106

Alert /
Communication
Educational
Technical
or other extreme events, for those citizens that lack the infrastructure
to protect themselves (people living in underground apartments during
floods, or lacking AC during extreme temperatures etc.).
Collaboration with the regional medical services to increase
preparedness level.
Developing an early warning system to alert citizens in the case of
extreme weather events or natural disasters such as heat waves, floods,
tsunami, etc.
Educational and awareness raising campaigns about health-related
effects of heat waves, floods, vector-borne diseases, etc., and educate
residents on the ways to protect their health, prevent infection/impact.
Regular cleaning and maintenance of the sewage and drainage system
Identification of potential hot spots for the development of vector
borne diseases
Frequent monitoring of water and air quality
affected citizens in the case of
storms, but not in the case of
heat waves
Collaboration exists
Aerial mapping, maps and
records are used for evaluation of
such alert actions
Education, awareness raising,
campaigns are continuously
conducted
Done regularly
Done during observation and
monitoring
Instant monitoring
TABLE 19: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR INFRASTRUCTURE – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA
Actions’
characteristic
Adaptation Actions Actions 2017
Governorate of the Red Sea, city of
Hurghada
Strategic Water and Waste Water Management plan (WWWM) There is a plan in the WWWM
company
Alert /
Communication
Educational
New specifications for bridges, according to maximum expected flow
during floods or sea level rise and highest temperatures
Modelling predicted supply changes in the electricity from the locally
available RES sources that serve the community, as a result of the
climate change
Frequent monitoring of the infrastructure in order to spot and quickly
repair any damages
Issuing alerts in case a part of the infrastructure has been severely
damaged and citizens should avoid it
Developing guides and awareness raising campaigns for citizens on
how to save water and energy, especially during crisis
There are no bridges in the city of
Hurghada. The only new bridge
near Safaga is a new one
according to specifications.
Not yet done
Monitoring is done on a weekly
basis during infrastructure
meeting
Alerts have been issued /
diversions were made
Done and conducted
continuously
Technical Integration of sustainable drainage systems Under execution
Establishment of underground water reservoirs
Building desalination plants based on the best available technologies
New or upgrade of (coastal) flood defence systems near affected
facilities. Potential re-engineering to increase the height of quaysides.
Development of controlled flood management zones near afflicted
facilities
Not existing
Desalination plants (DPs) were
built and new DPs are under
construction
Upgrading of FDS is underway
through building new lakes water
breakers
Development is underway after
residents were moved away from
affected facilities.
107

TABLE 20: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR BUILT ENVIRONMENT – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA
Actions’
characteristic
Strategic
Alert /
Communication
Educational
Technical
Adaptation Actions Actions 2017
Modification of building codes to allow more energy efficient and heat
tolerant structures
Modification of building codes against seismic activity
Provision of reductions on the municipal taxes for those proceeding in
adoption of adaptation measures in their houses
Integrated land use planning with zoning system depending on the
different areas (e.g. red for areas to be heavily afflicted by floods or sea
level rise)
Not applicable
Educational campaigns on informing the citizens on the benefits of
adopting the suggested actions in their premises
Greening infrastructure such as buildings’ roofs and walls
Increasing the amount of shade and green areas in the city by planting
trees to reduce the heat island effect
Building exemplary districts with adapted urban forms and buildings
White roofs (cool colours), shading and bioclimatic design
Rainwater collection and use
Adoption of methods to reduce water demand
Using water resistant construction materials
Governorate of the Red Sea, city of
Hurghada
Not done
According to national laws
Not exist
Not done
N/A
Training and educating staff and
labours on these actions was
done. Awareness is done for
citizens
A pilot project on a
Governorate’s building roof is
underway to study economics
and generalising on all public
buildings.
Trees and green areas were put
in the city’s streets to increase
shades and more projects are
underway.
Not done
Not done
Not done
Grey water is used for irrigation
Using materials resistant to salts
(Humid climate)
TABLE 21: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR ECONOMY – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA
Actions’
characteristic
Strategic
Educational
Adaptation Actions Actions 2017
Elaboration of drought, water and ground water management
plan
Adoption of integrated land use planning for the touristic
activities
Educating tourist personnel on ways to conserve natural
resources, especially during extreme weather events
Governorate of the Red Sea, city of
Hurghada
Doesn’t exist
A proposal has been
developed by Governorate
Tourist personnel in Tourism
sector were trained.
108

Technical
Utilization of drip irrigation practices
Adoption of energy efficient and water conservation programs
at resorts
Reducing cooling needs in resorts by installing automations and
setting thermostats at given temperatures
Promotion of RES (SWH, PVs) in resorts
It has been adopted in the
new green areas in the city of
Hurghada using grey water for
irrigation
Systems and programme exist
in hotels and resorts
Power saver system is
installed in all resorts and
hotels’ rooms
There are few SHW systems in
some hotels and resorts
TABLE 22: SUGGESTED ADAPTATION ACTIONS FOR BIODIVERSITY – GOVERNORATE OF THE RED SEA
Actions’
characteristic
Strategic
Alert /
Communication
Adaptation Actions Actions 2017
Establishment of a fire management plan
Elaboration of an integrated coastal management plan
Early warning system for flooding or fire hazards
Educational Educating the citizens Not done
Governorate of the Red Sea, city of
Hurghada
There is a Plan in place
Under development
Done through observatory,
mapping floods and hazards
zones & climate reporting
Technical
Trees planting
Establishment of controlled flooding zones
Beach nourishment or replenishment.
It is the artificial placement of sand on an eroded shore to maintain
the amount of sand present in the foundation of the coast, and this
way to compensate for natural erosion and to a greater or lesser
extent protect the area against storm surge (nourishment may also
use gravel and small pebbles, in particular for the shores’ face).
Beach nourishment also often aims at maintaining beaches (beach
width for tourism and recreational purposes)
Done in the city of Hurghada and
more tress are underway to
green the city
Not done
- Costal area and beaches
received
a protection action against
erosion and maintenance,
- There is a law prohibits
touching the coral reefs,
- Costal zones management law
has been enacted in new
development of beaches.
109

Section V: Project Fiches
1. City of Hurghada, Governorate of the Red Sea – Priority Action # 1 for SECAP
1. General presentation
Title: URBAN SUSTAINABLE MOBILITY MASTER PLAN
# 1
Summary of the Action
Current Status – Transport in the City of Hurghada (Governorate of the Red Sea)
Transport in the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea is one of the key
concerns to be addressed, as this sector is both a significant domain of energy
consumption (39% with 1303 GWh/year, of which 1,773 MWh/year are from
Municipal fleet) and the first GHG emitter (33% with 639,649 tons CO2
equivalent/year, of which 607 tCO2 equivalent/year (0.09%) are from Municipal fleet.
Also, the GHG emission from tourists’ transport amounts to 115,531 tonsCO2eq/year
(1,302,887 MWh/year), making the total GHG emissions 755,180 tons CO2eq/year. In
addition, to 35,972 private vehicles and 10,405 motorcycles on the roads.
Citizen Mobility and transports’ services are ensured by commercial transport (Taxi –
3905 & Public Buses – 117, with total 4022). Also, there are 27 Taxis with Counter and
56 Microbus between Governorates, and 1129 Microbus (service) – these are at the
Governorate level; a mix of private vehicles shared taxis are ensuring transport within
the city of Hurghada and its boundaries and with neighbouring cities, nearby
Governorates. Moreover, there are 66 small trucks for transporting goods in the city.
By including the tourists’ transport there are 3,391 vehicles for moving tourists,
including: a) 590 Hotel buses; b) 749 Sedan cars; c) 267 microbuses; and d) 1785 buses.
All the above means of non-clean transport are using fossil fuels that negatively
impact the city’s air quality, resorts and hotels nearby or in the heart of the urban part
of the city. Such problem is not limited to roads, but also extended to water transport’
means, especially tourists’ small boats that run by fossil fuel in the Red Sea, which are
causing water and air pollutions to beaches near by the shores.
The Governorate has no public transport, but depends mainly on private network and
horses’ carriages for moving tourists around heritage sites.
The Governorate of the Red Sea, particularly the city of Hurghada (Municipality) now
wants to move forward to holistically solve these challenges by designing a
“Sustainable, Clean and Green Urban Mobility Master Plan – SCGUMMP” integrating
urban planning, infrastructure management, technical innovation and behavioural
change to promote a green and resilient city.
General Objectives of the project
The “Sustainable Urban Mobility Master Plan” will be Hurghada’ strategic roadmap to
improve mobility, while reducing energy consumption and GHG emissions from the
highest emitting sector - Transport.
The aim of this master plan is to switch to green transport and mobility, including
Location: City of Hurghada,
Governorate of the Red Sea
Start date: December 2017
Project lifetime: 5 years
End: December 2022
Estimated cost €
240 k€ initial investment
50K€ Common charter for
transport services.
170 K€ Urban sustainability
mobility master plan design.
20 K€ for training.
4.1 m€ key components
100 K€ Incentives for new
engines.
2 m€ Investment on active
mobility (cycling & walking)
2 m€ Urban planning for traffic
optimization.
Status of the Action:
• New
• Planned
• Following previous action.
110

tourists’ transports that currently use fossil fuel. This plan will lower GHG emitting
from transport sector, reduce air and water pollution near the coastal zones, and
hotels and resorts in the city, as well as improve the quality of life in the City of
Hurghada.
This action supports the Governorate to attain the SDS 2030 and contribute in
achieving SDG 7: Ensure Access to Affordable Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy
for All, and SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities, particularly in Egypt SDS 2030
Strategic objectives under energy and environment sectors.
National Strategy, Policies, Laws and Programmes
General:
Vision and Strategy
Egypt’s Vision 2030,
- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and
- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030.
Specific Strategy and Policy
Strategy
- Transport Strategy and Action Plan,
- Freight Transport (MFT) strategy MoTr and JICA,
- Sustainability - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation (2014),
- National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Management – NSICM, MoEnv,
- EU-Egypt Action Plan for Egypt’s National Development Plan (2002 – 2007),
- Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation – TEUC (2014),
- National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction – NSACCDRR (2011), and
- EU-Egypt Action Plan for Egypt’s National Development Plan (2002 – 2007).
Policies
- National Sustainable Transport Policy,
- Transport Policy and Planning, and
- National Air Quality Policy – NAQP, UNEP (2015).
Climate Change Policies
- Environmental Air Quality Policy – UNDP (2015),
- Third National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2014),
- Second National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2010), and
- Initial National Communication on Climate Change – MoEnv and EEAA (1999).
Legislations, Laws and Decrees
Laws
- New Investment Laws (2017),
- Climate Change Legislations (2015),
- Clean Development Mechanism – CDM (2010),
- Integrated Coastal Zone Management – ICZM (1994),
- Environmental Protection (1994, 2015), and
- Public Partnership with Private sectors – PPP (2010).
111

Decrees
- Baselines of the Maritime Areas (1990),
- Public Authority for Rivers’ Transportation (1979),
- Regulating Private Sector’s Participation in Infrastructure Projects – Services and Public Utilities (2010),
- Baselines of the Maritime Areas (1990), and
- Public Authority for Rivers’ Transportation (1979).
Plans and Programmes
Programmes
- Green Cities and Sustainable Development (2015),
- National Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Portfolio (2009),
- Protection of Natural Environmental Resources and Nature Conservation – PNERNC, EEAA,
- Environmental Awareness – Training and Capacity Building,
- Clean Production Mechanism CPM (2010),
- National Environmental, Economic and Development Study – NEEDS (2010), and
- Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme – EPAP, EEAA (2007–2012).
Plans
- Transport Master Plan 2012-2027 – MINTS,
- National Low Carbon Economy Plan – NLCEP,
Plan and programmes - Climate Change
- Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Plan – UNDP and MoEnv (2015),
- Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures – CCAMM,
- Climate Change Action Plan – CCAP,
- Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP,
- National Action Plan for Adaptation – NAPA, and
- Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, MoEnv (2013).
Initiatives
- Low Emission Capacity Building – UNDP, MoEnv and EEAA (2013 – 2016),
- Environment - Air and Water Quality, JICA and MoEnv (2006 – 2016), and
- Green Tourism Unit – GTU (2014).
Principal partners and stakeholders
• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality)
• City Council represented by the Governor
Contact person in the local authority
Mr. Ayman Sultan, Planning Department,
Governorate of Red Sea
• General Organisation of Physical Planning (GOPP)
• Ministry of Local Development
• Ministry of Interior – Traffic Department, Red Sea
• Ministry of Environment
Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy
The Governorate of the Red Sea has developed a strategy to make the City of Hurghada a Green city. The strategy is centred
and developed that the city should be a carbon neutral city. This would be through a clean and green Transport and smart
and efficient mobility network. The Governorate is also intending to support the plan to green in the transport and upgrade
the mobility network to include a public efficient transport system to reduce the use of fossil fuel in the City of Hurghada
112

in particular and in the Governorate in general.
In decarbonisation efforts based on clean energy, the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea plans to shift from
non-clean transport to green transport.
Also, the Governorate is planning to the raise awareness of all citizens on the important of using clean transport and public
network to reduce GHG emission and improve air quality in the city, as well as to support the transfer to the city to be a
world-class sustainable touristic destination.
The vulnerability analysis of the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea, indicates among 10 receptors including
tourists is ranked the second highest risk (level 2) in terms of probability and impact.
Therefore, the planned action on greening mobility is complementing the vision and strategy of the Governorate of the
Red Sea and supporting its implementation.
Keeping in mind its specific values and the local context, the City of Hurghada develops a strategy consistent with Egypt’s
Vision 2030, Energy Strategy 2035 and National SDS 2030.
This strategy is structured around two folds:
- Reduce energy consumption in all sectors through energy conservation and efficiency, in order to provide better
services while reducing costs and impacts, and
- Promote energy production from locally available renewable resources in order to cover as far as possible energy
needs from these decarbonised sources.
The Priority Action #1 – Sustainable Urban Mobility Master Plan is in line with the City of Hurghada vision and strategy.
Process
• Preliminary Mobility Master Plan (MMP) submission and approval,
• GOPP consider, review, and approve the SCGUMMP to study the impact on land use and density and taxation,
• Expert meeting (Local Municipality Environment, Transport, Traffic Department),
• Final Master Olan detailed for Approval
• City of Hurghada Council approval and final Governor’s approval.
2. Technical description
Link to Governorate development plan
Mobility is key point of concern for Governorate of Red Sea. The City of Hurghada urban area urgently needs a strategic
and comprehensive approach to improve mobility in the city and change the current system to more sustainable one,
cleaner and greener. The city is a line of urbanization along the shore of Red Sea. This represents a strong geographical
constraint for mobility services.
With the large number of tourists and visitors as well tourist buses and diving boats, it is vital to develop a comprehensive
planning of green mobility services and infrastructures to ensure Hurghada will preserve its future development while
improving quality of life in a sustainable urban area, yet meeting Egypt’s vision and SDS 2030.
This priority action #1 on greening transport and mobility would also support the National Adaptation Actions. It also
supports the Governorate strategy attaining the set policies in the National Climate Change Communication Report, mainly
the policies targeting development that is more sustainable based on four pillars:
• More efficient use of energy, especially by end users.
113

• Increased use of renewable energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources.
• Use of advanced locally-appropriate and more-efficient fossil fuel technologies, which is less-emitting.
• Energy efficiency is the cornerstone to be targeted by policy makers to decouple demand on energy and economic
growth.
Implementation plan
Component 1: The City of Hurghada first needs to get a more sophisticated understanding of mobility needs across the city
and issues to be solved:
• Traffic movements and intensity in different parts of the city,
• Mobility habits of residents,
• Needs for goods transport management,
• Main issues to be solved (traffic jam, air pollution, GHG emissions), and
• Specific assessment of tourists’ transport needs and evolution of fluvial circulation management and transport
needs.
This scoping study will gather all information and data required to design the most appropriate master plan.
Component 2: From the detailed description of issues at stake, the study will draw strategic priorities with a double
objective in mind – improve mobility services for people, goods, and tourists while reducing the environmental foot print
of the transport sector and its interaction within the city urban area and shores. This could include:
• Designing a new organisation of transport services integrating transport needs and city planning policies, while
prioritizing collective / public transportation instead of private / individual vehicles and active modes of mobility
for people (walking and biking) in particular by providing safer conditions for the users,
• Structuring the urban transport sector by empowering a public transport authority to take action for the
improvement of transport in and around the city. In the case of the City of Hurghada, this would mean a closer
collaboration between the Governorate, GOPP and Traffic Department,
• Review traffic management rules and circulation routes to improve the flow of traffic,
• Explore innovative solution that would significantly change the mobility paradigm in Hurghada (tramway, RTB,
electrical buses in reserved lane, etc.),
• Developing incentives as well as regulation measures adding constraints on the use of private motor vehicles and
making other modes a more attractive choice,
• Implementing a common methodology to measure GHG emissions, report on them and monitor all other benefits
deriving from the development of sustainable urban and water transport and access to the shores of Hurghada.
Component 3: will articulate the different options in comprehensive scenarios taking into account all components of the
evolution of mobility services (efficiency, comfort, energy consumption and GHG) and will assess the environmental
impacts of the different proposed scenarios.
Component 4: will assess costs of the preferred scenario to help the Municipality Council making the appropriate choice
with the best return on investment.
Component 5: Institution capacity building is essential to prepare and oversee the implementation of the master plan. This
would involve cost estimate, feasibility studies, funding schemes.
Component 6: Awareness raising is vital to change the current mode of transport to public sharing modality and to assist
in the implementation of the plan and in transforming the city to be a green city (bicycles, small fishing and diving boat,
cruises and boats to run by gas not fossil fuel and clean transport.
114

3. Organization and procedures
Formal approval
City council represented by the Governor of Red Sea needs to
decide for the implementation of such an investigation in
coordination with GOPP investigation.
This would include the following entities:
• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation
• Governor of the Red Sea
Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action
The following services will contribute:
• Governorate of the Red Sea,
• City of Hurghada,
• City Council – Hurghada represented by the
Governor, and
• GOPP.
• City Council represented by the Governor
• Traffic Department – City of Hurghada
• Ministry of Local Development
Staff training needs
Governorate (Municipality) and Traffic Department staff,
related to the issue of Sustainable Mobility, need to receive
coaching and training on two subjects:
• Strategic management of mobility issues, and
• Technical and organisational solutions to be promoted,
A Special Strategic Unit to be developed and structured to
oversee the training of staff and all concerned as well as the
implementation of the plan at the governorate.
Role of Partners
- Stakeholders (taxi drivers, transport companies,
traffic department, Tourist department, Hotels
and resorts. private users, all big institutions
generating a lot of transport needs – schools,
hospitals, etc.) should be invited to specific
workshop to design the strategic road map to
improve urban mobility, make this design
process as inclusive as possible.
- Training also needs to transfer the message of
clean and green transport.
4. Summary of related Awareness Raising actions
A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive sustainable
mobility plan to brand the City of Hurghada as a clean and green city including bike lanes and dedicated pedestrian
walkways for each and every individual and for the general benefit of the City of Hurghada.
The Awareness Raising Programme (ARP), would include lectures and workshops for staff and citizens that could
encompass several actions:
- The creation of a permanent municipal information point,
- The organisation of an open house,
- The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers,
- The distribution of brochures and posters,
- The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success stories:
• Information on national energy policies and local implications,
• The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality, and
• The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable energy
strategy and the SECAP.
Successful projects in national and foreign municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members of the Convention of
Mayors (CoM).
115

5. Assumptions and risks
Mobility is a very complex issue and the potential impact (good or bad) of the different scenarios is very difficult to assess,
which may lead to options hard to distinguish on their merits. Beyond promoting new sustainable services and/or new
green infrastructures, reducing mobility needs and mobility demand is very dependent on public mobilization on the issue.
Public mobilization is also highly dependent on a combination of different factors:
• Costs of current transports (gasoline and diesel) have not been expensive; it is hard to convince car drivers to
switch to other options that might be less costly but also appeared to be less practical,
• People will change behaviour adopting for example collective transport when these solutions would prove to be
reliable and efficient. Hence any innovation would need to be supported by public authorities for a while, before
people understand the many benefits of this solution, and
• This is why long-term planning of both solution and investments are required (guided by the master plan).
6. Key success factors
• The huge nuisances generated by poorly organized mobility services mean that people are willing to act, a soon as
they see potential green and public solutions that answer their personal needs while taking into account the
collective commitment the Governorate implement,
• Public participation can help designing ambitious solution,
• Determination of the Governor of Red Sea (with the support of Ministry of Interior, GOPP and Traffic Dept.) to
seriously act on the issue is obviously an important element to consider. Hence, the approval from the Governor
and his backing towards political and local authorities is absolutely essential, and
• Availability of funds to prepare the plans and to implement the proposed actions.
7. Cost estimates
Common charter for transport service improvement in the City
Design of the Mobility Master plan (SCGUMMP) (see detail in SECAP)
Incentives to new engines
Training for Governorate staff
Active mobility development
Traffic optimisation through urban planning
50,000 €
170,000 €
100,000 €
20,000 €
2,000,000 €
2,000,000 €
8. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed
Local authority's own resources:
International Financial Institutions 58 :
- The World Bank (WB),
- United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
National Funds and Programs
EU Funds & Programs and other external funds
58 The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at:
http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/ (Accessed on: 14.08.2017)
116

- European Commission (EC),
- European Investment Banks (EIB),
- European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD),
- French Development Agency (AFD),
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID),
- Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW),
- German Technical Cooperation (GIZ),
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
- OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID),
- Islamic Development Bank (IDB),
- African Development Bank (ADB),
- Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED),
- Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD),
- Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD)
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD)
- Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED),
- Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED),
- Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF),
Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).
Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
Loans and potential borrower
Lined up private investments
Expected annual cost savings to City budget
9. Projected Energy Estimates in 2020 (or other set target year)
Assumptions:
- The Common charter for transport service improvement in the City will
improve management and awareness among transport operators, leading to a
10% reduction in energy consumption from 2020 onwards (without significant
investment).
- Providing the Sustainable, Clean and Green Urban Mobility Master Plan
implementation would have started in 2020 the latest and would demonstrate
a 50% progress in implementation in 2030 the expected impact of such a plan
should generate a reduction of 30% by 2030. This would include:
- New engine technologies will allow securing a 10% reduction
- Active mobility development (cycling and walking) allow 5% reduction
- Urban planning allow traffic optimization cutting consumption by 10 %
- Public transport system and RTB service to the airport result in another 5%
reduction
Total reduction
Renewable energy production MWh/y
- 130,290 MWh/y
- 130,290 MWh/y
- 65,145 MWh/y
- 130,290 MWh/y
- 65,145 MWh/y
521,160 MWh/y
Not relevant
117

CO2 reduction t CO2/a
- Reference Year
- Target Year
-140,891
2015
2030
- Percentage of net reduction on the territory (compare to 2015 emissions)
- Reduction as related to BAU scenario
- 11 %
- 31 %
118

2. City of Hurghada (Governorate of the Red Sea) – Priority Action #2 for SECAP
1. General presentation
Title: SUSTAINABLE AND GREEN BOATS – TOURISM AND WATER
TRANSPORT
# 2
Summary of the Action
Current Status – Tourism and Water Transport in the City of Hurghada
(Governorate of the Red Sea)
The tourism sector in the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea, is one
of the foremost sectors that urgently need to be addressed as it holds the first
highest sector, after transport, in energy consumption 1,626 GWh/year (43%) and
first in GHG emissions with 606 k teCO2/year (44%).
There are 451 diving boats and 2226 leisure yachts. Visitors are using 189 diving
centres, 162 tourist companies as well as 96 aqua centres.
The initial approach would be to raise awareness among diving centres and diving
boats or yacht operators to promote responsible tourism practices: optimisation
of boats occupancy, energy conservation, water and waste management, careful
and responsible approach of coral reef and marine environment.
The plan will be then to convert boats’ engines to run on natural gas instead of
fuel and diesel and to cover on board energy needs from solar PV on board.
These activities will be part of the comprehensive tourism strategic plan:
“Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan” (SGTP) developed by the City of Hurghada
to support the Governorate meeting the SDS 2030 and helping to achieve SDG 7:
Ensure Access to Affordable Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All,
particularly Egypt SDS 2030 Strategic objectives (energy and environment
sectors).
General Objectives of the project
The aim is to switch tourist’s boats that currently use fossil fuel to operate with
natural gas and solar energy (for on board needs). This option will lower GHG
emissions, reduce air and water pollution near the city and resorts, and enhance
quality of life in the City of Hurghada. This project will be a major contribution to
promote for green tourism, while supporting the Governorate in its attempt to
meet the SDS 2030 and contribute in achieving SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable
reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
Location:
City of Hurghada, Governorate
of the Red Sea
Start date:
December 2017
Project lifetime: 5 years
End: December 2022
Estimated cost €
Awareness campaign already
mentioned in priority action #3
hotels and resorts.
5,000,000 € revolving fund for
boats’ engine conversion.
Status of the Action:
• New
• Planned
• Following previous action.
National Strategy, Policies, Laws, Plans and Programmes
General:
Vision and Strategy
Egypt’s Vision 2030,
- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and
- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030.
119

Specific Strategy and Policy
Strategy
- National Tourism Strategy 2020 (2013),
- Transport Strategy and Action Plan,
- Sustainability - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation (2014),
- National Strategy for Integrated Coastal Management – NSICM, MoEnv,
- Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation – TEUC (2014),
- National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction – NSACCDRR (2011), and
- EU-Egypt Action Plan for Egypt’s National Development Plan (2002 – 2007).
Policies
- National Sustainable Transport Policy,
- Transport Policy and Planning, and
- National Air Quality Policy – NAQP, UNEP (2015).
Climate Change Policies
- Environmental Air Quality Policy – UNDP (2015),
- Third National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2014),
- Second National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2010), and
- Initial National Communication on Climate Change – MoEnv and EEAA (1999).
Legislations, Laws and Decrees
Laws
- New Investment Laws (2017),
- Climate Change Legislations (2015),
- Clean Development Mechanism – CDM (2010),
- Integrated Coastal Zone Management – ICZM (1994),
- Environmental Protection (1994, 2015), and
- Public Partnership with Private sectors – PPP (2010).
Decrees
- Baselines of the Maritime Areas (1990).
Plans and Programmes
- Transport Master Plan 2012-2027 – MINTS,
- Green Industrial Development (2015),
- National Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Portfolio (2009),
- National Low Carbon Economy Plan – NLCEP,
- Protection of Natural Environmental Resources and Nature Conservation – PNERNC, EEAA,
- Environmental Awareness – Training and Capacity Building,
- Clean Production Mechanism CPM (2010),
- National Environmental, Economic and Development Study – NEEDS (2010), and
- Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme – EPAP, EEAA (2007– 2012).
Plan and programmes - Climate Change
- Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Plan – UNDP and MoEnv (2015),
- Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures – CCAMM,
- Climate Change Action Plan – CCAP,
120

- Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP,
- National Action Plan for Adaptation – NAPA, and
- Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, MoEnv (2013).
Initiatives
- Low Emission Capacity Building – UNDP, MoEnv and EEAA (2013 – 2016),
- Environment - Air and Water Quality, JICA and MoEnv (2006 – 2016),
- Green Tourism Unit – GTU (2014),
- Red Sea Sustainable Tourism Initiative – RESTI,
- Green Star Hotel – MoTrm,
- Eco-label Initiative (voluntary) hotels’ Green Stars Award – MoTrm,
- Private Sector Tourism Infrastructure and Environmental Management – WB (2003), and
- Hurghada Environmental Protection and Conservation Association – HEPCA, GoRS (1992).
Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy
The Governorate of the Red Sea has developed a strategy to make the City of Hurghada a Green city with the ultimate
goal of achieving the transition towards a carbon neutral city.
As the vulnerability analysis of the City of Hurghada indicates among 10 sectors that tourists - Tourism is ranked the
second highest risk (level 2) in terms of probability and impact of dangerous climate chance.
Therefore, action #2 is essential to promote a model of green tourism, particularly focusing on diving activities and
marine life discovery.
Principal partners and stakeholders
• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality)
• City Council represented by the Governor of the Red Sea
Contact person in the local authority
Mr. Ayman Sultan, Planning Department,
Governorate of the Red Sea
• Hotels owners and Management in City of Hurghada
• Ministry of Petroleum (MoPMRs)
- Egypt Gas Holding Company (EGAS)
- City GAS Company – Governorate of Red Sea
• Ministry of Transport
- Maritime Inspection Authority (MIA)
• Ministry of Tourism (MoTrm)
• Ministry of Environment (MoEnv)
• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC)
2. Process
Technical Process
LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) is a generic name for a mixture of hydrocarbons - mainly propane and butane retrieved
from an oil refinery. When this mixture is lightly compressed and cooled it changes from a gaseous state to a liquid.
This is an advantage for the utilisation of LPG because the liquid fuel, having an acceptably similar volumetric energy
density to diesel can be comfortably stored at ambient temperature in conventional pressure vessels.
Natural gas, mainly composed of methane, can be stored as liquid (LNG) or in compressed form (CNG), although such
121

storage and associated refuelling facilities are not yet widely available. The cost of converting low-pressure natural
gas to CNG and LNG is significant, particularly LNG. However, technology is taking off in many parts of the world for
cars, trucks buses and boats.
The estimated average cost of transferring each boat/yacht in Egypt is about 3,815 € for CNG adaptation or 5,085 €,
including the ability to keep double option (CNG or Diesel).
Kindly note the below calculation is made roughly on the average of 5,085 € per boat.
Hence, investment could be proposed in three phases:
• Phase 1: 150 diving boats + 700 yachts = 850 x 5085 € = 4,322,250 €.
• Phase 2: 150 diving boats + 700 yachts = 850 x 5085 € = 4,322,250 €
• Phase 3: 150 diving boats + 700 yachts = 850 x 5085 € = 4,322,250 €
This means that after phase 3 100% of diving boats and yachts will have been converted.
Considering that the return on investment will be attractive enough for boats’ owners it is recommended to set up a
revolving fund of 4.5 m€ supporting investment, asking boats’ owners to pay back the investment after 2 to 3 years
in order to replenish the fund an allow for more investment to be supported. With such a mechanism all boats could
be converted before 2030. The municipality of Hurghada could set up a dedicated unit to manage the revolving fund.
The initial investment could be 5 million Euro of which 100K€ will be set aside per year to cover management costs
and administration of the revolving fund.
The planned action is set through the following assessments and development:
• Develop a thorough assessment of the situation of tourists diving and fishing boats:
- Assess the condition, engine size and capacity of the 451 diving boats and 2,226 yachts.
- Explore the best technical options and the more efficient ones to inform decision.
- Investigate the adequate dimension of the fuelling station to be installed in the harbour (the assumption is
that as the market for CNG will be secured by the switching program the Egyptian gas company will cover
the investment and secure its access to this new market.
• Establish a plan for all stakeholders’ involvement in the program and
• Develop a study to install PV panel onto small tourist boats for lighting and supply the basic need in electricity
from solar energy instead of diesel.
The implementing plan, to transfer at least 400 touristic and diving boats as well as 2000 yachts to operate with
natural gas and solar PV in the next five years.
Administrative and coordination process
• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality) and Governor’s to approve the plan and its
targets,
• City Council represented by the Governor approval,
• Hotel owners and management in Hurghada – approvals,
• Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (MoPMRs) – study and approve the quantity of the natural gas
needed for these boasts switch, including:
- Egypt Gas Holding Company (EGAS) – study and approvals,
- City GAS Company – Governorate of Red Sea (approval for NG supply).
• Ministry of Transport,
- Maritime Inspection Authority (MIA) – inspections and approval for safety.
122

• Ministry of Tourism (MoTrm) – renew license as part of the hotel license renewal,
• Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – Assess the environmental impact and benefits, and
• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) – international investment approvals.
Government and Administrative Procedures and Approvals
• Initial approval of the Governorate (Municipality),
• Environmental permit: according to Egyptian Law for the Environment, Law 4/1994 amended by Law 9/2009,
• EEAA approval and process: a Preliminary Strategic Environmental and Social Impacts (SESIs),
• Safety and Operation permit by Maritime Inspection Authority – Ministry of Transport, and
Ministry of Petroleum permits to supply natural gas.
3. Technical description
Link to Governorate (municipal) development plan
The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate
adaptation actions. Hence, greenhouse gas emissions from tourism and leisure activities are vital for the Governorate
of Red Sea strategy of the climate change adaptation. The tourism sector is one the five main sectors that will be
affected by climate change risks. The tourist activities such as diving, fishing and sport boats that are running by nonclean
energy (diesel) are adding to such risks. The costal zones of the City of Hurghada that experiencing heavy
tourist activities including water sport and leisure are in need of a strategic and comprehensive approach to improve
the sustainability of tourism activities.
With the large number of tourists and visitors using tourist boats diving boats, it is vital to develop a comprehensive
greening of these boats and mobility services in the Red Sea to ensure that the water and air near costal zones in the
City of Hurghada will be preserved for the long-lasting stability of tourism and quality of life.
This program will improve the Governorate sustainable energy prospectus, yet contribute to achieving meeting
Egypt’s vision and Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030. In this respect, the Governorate will particularly
contribute to Egypt’s SDS key performance indicators (KPIs) that are relevant to SECAP, mainly in Energy, Urban
development, Environment, and Domestic energy policy:
• Secure energy resources,
• Increase reliance on local resources,
• Reduce the intensity of energy consumption, and
• Raise the actual economic contribution of energy sector in the national income 59 .
Hence, this planned action #2 on greening the tourist boats would also support the National Adaptation Action,
especially in the following costal zones and tourism sectors:
Costal Zones sector:
4. Reduce climate change (CC) associated risks and disasters.
5. Capacity building of the Egyptian society to adapt to CC risks and disasters.
59
Nihal El-Megharbel, Presentation on Egypt's vision 2030 and planning reforms, First Assistant to the Minister of Planning, Monitoring and
Administrative Reform, October 2015.
123

6. Enhance national and regional partnership in managing crises and disasters related to CC and reduction of
associated risk.
Tourism sector:
1. Reduce climate change risks in touristic areas.
2. Engage users in supporting the proposed strategy.
3. Support periodical monitoring and observations systems and follow-up bodies.
4. Raise environmental awareness.
5. Cooperate with international bodies.
6. Incorporate disaster risks promoting sustainable tourism in Egypt.
7. Capacity building of local communities in touristic areas.
Implementation plan
Component 1: The Governorate first needs to get a more sophisticated understanding of water-mobility across the
city and issues to be solved.
Component 2: From the detailed description of issues at stake, the plan will draw strategic priorities with a double
objective in mind – improve boats sustainable operation and reducing their environmental footprint:
• Establish a coordination unit/organisation of tourist boats and water mobility needs and policies, while
prioritizing collective action to change mind set of boats owners such as hotels and diving companies to
promote sustainable practices,
• Review the current status of tourist boats, diving boats and yachts as well as operation rules to switch to
natural gas and improve efficiency,
• Explore innovative solutions and technologies that would significantly change the tourist and diving boats,
• Engage boats’ engines conversion phases and demonstrate the benefit both on short term (business
profitability) and the long term (environment protection),
• Developing incentives as well as regulations’ measures adding constraints on the use of private motor boats
run by diesel and making it a more attractive choice to use natural gas instead, and
• Implementing a common methodology to measure GHG emissions, report on them and monitor all other
benefits deriving from the development of sustainable boat operations by natural gas.
Component 3
The plan will articulate the different options in comprehensive scenarios taking into account all boats operating
starting by the boats owned by hotels for “better tourists and diving mobility services” (efficiency, comfort, energy
consumption and GHG emissions) and will assess the environmental impacts of the different proposed scenarios
once these boats are converted to run by natural gas instead of fossil fuel mainly diesel.
This includes the below options:
- The CNG system would consist of a fuel tank, pressure regulator, high and low-pressure fuel lines, etc. A
modified engine electronic control unit, sensors and special injectors are also required. Retrofit systems are
now available locally in Egypt with an average cost of 5,085€.
- The CNG doesn’t go bad in storage, and emissions are relatively clean, reducing air and water pollution by 70
percent. Evaporative emissions and fuel spills are nil. The only constraint is the equipment of reservoirs that
will suits diving boats requirements. What works with long distance trucks in Europe should easily be adapted
to diving boats. At present time, the cost of CNG ranged from € 1.26 - € 2.30 60 per GGE.
60
http://www.sportfishingmag.com/alternative-fuels-for-boats-fishing-power-future#page-5
124

Component 4
It will assess costs of the preferred scenario to help the Governorate (Municipality) making the appropriate choice
with the best return on investment of converting these tourists and diving boats.
The priority action #2 Sustainable and green tourist and diving boats, will bring many benefits:
- 70% less fuel cost than gasoline,
- Zero carbon deposits in the engine,
- Fast pay-back on the BGM natural gas fuel system,
- Reduce air and water pollution by 70%,
- Eliminate all engine smoke and exhaust odour, and
- Eliminate risks of pollution from diesel or fuel spill.
Component 5: Institution capacity building is essential to prepare and oversee the implementation of the boats
conversion plan to NG. This would involve cost estimate, feasibility studies, funding schemes
Component 6: Awareness raising is vital to change the current mode of using non-clean fuel for tourist and diving
boats to assist in the implementation of the plan and in transforming the city to be a green city, cruises and boats to
run by gas not fossil fuel and clean water mobility.
Deliverables should be as follows:
• Integrated Sustainable mobility of Tourist small boats, yachts, and diving boats for a period of 5 years to
improve the City of Hurghada green stance and attain to Egypt’s vision, SDS 2030 and SDG 7, 9, 11, 12, 14
and 17 and as well as the Governorate’s Climate Action Adaptation,
• Implemented plan, including priorities to be addressed on the short and medium terms to transfer 400
touristic and diving boats as well as 2000 yachts to operate with natural gas, in three phases:
- 150 diving boats and 700 yachts converted to run by Natural gas by end of 2019
- 150 diving boats and 700 yachts converted to run by Natural gas by end of 2020
- Revolving fund progressive replenishment and conversion of 100% of the fleet before 2022.
• Environmental protection and adaption measures to reduce adverse impacts (locally and globally).
4. Organization and procedures
Formal approval
The conversion of tourist boats and diving boats would
require the following entities for issuing permits, approvals
and follow up process:
- Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation
(MoIIC) to coordinate loans and funding for IFCs,
- Ministry of Local Development (MoLD),
- Ministry of Petroleum represented by EGAS and City Gas
company in the city of Hurghada,
- Ministry of Transport (MoTr) represented by the Maritime
Inspection Authority (MIA),
- Ministry of Tourism (MoTrm)for renewing the hotel facilities
and services, including converted tourist and diving boats,
- Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) to assess and conduct the
Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) for
the impact of converting the boats in accordance of the Law
Staff allocated to implement and monitor action #2
• Governorate of the Red Sea and City of
Hurghada,
• City Council represented by the Governor,
• MoPMRs (EGAS and City Gas Company),
• MoTr (MIA),
• MoTrm and MoEnv (EEAA).
125

No. 4/1994 and its amendments, the Law on Protection of
the Environment,
- The EIA Department of the Environmental Affairs Agency
(EEAA) – MoEnv to conduct the screening of ESIAs,
- Operation permit by MoTr – MIA for operation,
- EGAS and City GAS approvals to supply of natural gas,
- City Council represented by the Governor,
- Municipality and Governorate – Governor’s approval.
C. Staff training needs
Governorate (Municipality) staff related to the issue of
Sustainable Energy and Green Tourism will be assigned to
receive coaching and training on three subjects:
• Strategic Management of Sustainable Energy issues,
• Organisational solutions and technical questions
related converting tourist boats by natural gas
development,
• Project management.
A Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) to be developed
and established to oversee the training of staff and all
concerned issue and ensure the implementation of the plan
actions of SECAP.
d. Role of Partners
Stakeholders:
- All stakeholders should be invited to specific
workshop to design the strategic road map to
start transferring boats and speed boats from
Fossil fuels to Natural gas. This could include
boats; owners and hotel managers.
- Training is also needed to transfer the message
of clean and green tourism to all parties
involved,
- The Governorate and City of Hurghada to
coordinate the procedures approval with
different related authorities in close contact with
the Governorate such as: Ministry of Petroleum,
EEAA, MoTr, including MIA and City Gas
Company to ensure constant supply of natural
gas to dock and hotels and marina and diving
centres
- All should be invited to specific to facilitate the
action project to follow up the implementation
upon funding, and
- The MIA of MoTr and EGAS through City Gas
Company to be involved to check on the
installation procedures, implementation and test
the safety of converted boats and monitor the
operation and re-license.
5. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions for action #2 (Green Tourist Boats)
A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive
sustainable energy (energy efficiency) plan to brand the City of Hurghada as a clean and green city including the use
of natural gas instead diesel in running tourists and diving boats in the Red Sea.
Also, adequate awareness raising actions will be necessary to help Governorate promote the value of Green Tourism
Activities through greening tourists’ small boats, yachts and diving boats as well as the benefit both for individual
and hotels (boat owners and for the entire city of such a move.
Awareness should also focus on the fact that Green tourism development does not mean that energy will become
abundant. On the contrary such awareness campaign should highlight that combining energy efficiency with the use
of NG instead of non-clean energy will make tourist and diving boats reduce GHG emissions and make air and water
less polluted.
126

6. Assumptions and risks
- The key challenge will be to change the mid set of some owners of boats and diving boats as well as yachts
- Organise a proper maintenance system in order to ensure adequate functioning of engines and on-board
electricity production, to secure an adequate return on investment (R.o.I.),
- The medium to low price of diesel set by Egyptian General Petroleum Authority - EGPA (MoPMRs) is a
challenge, but this will change in 2018 with new planned energy tariffs.
7. Key success factors
• The development of Green tourist boats, diving boats and yachts, is an essential part of the Governorate of
Red Sea vision and strategy and will get the adequate political support.
• Cost of new energy tariff means that any saving will be a significant value and an incentive.
• The action plan is divided into two stages to make the benefit of investments more visible.
8. Cost estimates
Awareness campaign and preliminary study already mentioned in priority action
#3 (Hotels and resorts)
Revolving fund to support boats’ engines conversion to natural gas
Approximate annual cost saving: 50% reduction in cost per year / boat (average)
Return on Investment per boat
5,000,000 € revolving fund to
support investment of 5,085 €
in average / boat
8,109 € (per boat)
Less than a year
9. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed
Local authority's own resources:
International Financial Institutions 61 :
- The World Bank (WB),
National Funds and Programs
EU Funds, IFCs tools, financial programmes, and
external funds.
- United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
- European Commission (EC),
- European Investment Banks (EIB),
- European Bank for Reconstruction Development a
(EBRD),
- French Development Agency (AFD),
- United States Agency for International Development
(USAID),
- Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW),
- German Technical Cooperation (GIZ),
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
- OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID),
- Islamic Development Bank (IDB),
61
The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/
(Accessed on: 14.08.2017)
127

- African Development Bank (ADB),
- Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED),
- Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD),
- Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD),
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD),
- Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED),
- Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED),
- Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF),
and
- Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).
Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
Loans and potential borrower
Lined up private investments
Expected annual cost savings to City budget
10. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030
Energy savings GWh/y
• Awareness raising and occupancy optimisation in diving boats
• Diving boats’ engines conversion
Renewable energy production MWh/y
43,071 MWh/y
- 193,495 MWh/y
pm
CO2 reduction t CO2/y
- Reference Year
- Target Year
- Net reduction
- Percentage of net reduction on the territory
- Reduction as related to BAU scenario
2015
2030
63,691 tCO2/y
4,5%
11,5%
128

3. City of Hurghada (Governorate of the Red Sea) – Priority Action # 3 for SECAP
1. General presentation
GREENING HOTELS AND RESORTS – TOURISM AND ENERGY
# 3
Summary of the Action
Current Status – Tourism - Hotels and Resorts in the City of Hurghada
(Governorate of the Red Sea)
The tourism sector in the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea, is one
of the foremost sectors that urgently need to be addressed as it holds the first
highest sector after transport in energy consumption 1,626 GWh/year (43%) and
first in GHG emissions with 606 k teCO2/year (44%).
Tourism in the City of Hurghada consumes 653,939 MWh/year of electricity,
18,000,000 m 3 /year of Natural gas, 4,986,505,000 m3/year of water, and lastly
2,238,145,000 m 3 /year of sewage water. In addition, hotels and resorts consume
36,500 tons of diesel and gasoline yearly for water heating. As for waste, hotels
produce an average of 150 tons of solid waste daily, which is around 54,750 tons
yearly. Waste transportation is also an issue, 262,667 litres of diesel and 14,143
litres of gasoline are consumed yearly in transporting waste from hotels.
There are more than 150 hotels and resorts with many small tourist boats and
yachts on their seashore. Based on a rough calculation, these hotels and resorts
have 44,400 rooms at average occupancy rate of 62% lodging about 4 million
(3,953,665) tourists every year. In addition, visitors from various parts of Egypt
during the festive seasons and holidays as well as summer vacation and global
events such as al Gouna Film Festival 2017. In addition, there are 162 tourist
companies, and 28 safari offices operating desert tours as well as 96 aqua centers.
The tourists and visitors are using 189 diving centres operating 451 boats for
diving, 2,226 yachts, and 590 hotel buses. Most of these boats and yachts that
are owned by hotels, diving centres and private sectors mainly individuals.
Apart from the control systems and programmes that exist in hotel and resort
facilities such as power saver system installed in all resorts and hotels’ rooms,
there are few Solar Water Heating (SWH) systems integrated on these hotels and
resorts roofs. Also, little measures of green building such as occupancy and
motion sensors, smart lighting, and VRV systems are not used in order to reduce
energy consumption and lower GHG emissions from tourists and visitors in
Hurghada.
Location:
City of Hurghada, Governorate
of the Red Sea
Start date: December 2017
Project lifetime: 6 years
End: December 2023
Estimated cost €
100 K€ awareness and training
180 K€ management unit for the
revolving fund
1,500 K€ revolving fund for SWH
system deployment and hotel
retrofitting.
The initial approach would be to promote a negotiation process with all hotel
owners and leisure activities managers in coordination with the Governorate of
the Red Sea to adopt a common charter for global improvement of the tourism
sector in Hurghada aiming to reduce energy consumption, improve energy
efficiency in hotel and resorts and more generally preserve the environment.
The plan will be then to convert (retrofit) hotels and resorts to increase energy
efficiency (improving natural venting and using LED lamps would reduce energy
129

consumption by 75%) and use clean energy to mitigate GHG emission. One option
is to substitute fossil fuel with natural gas in combination with solar water heating
systems (including to heat swimming pools).
The City of Hurghada will develop a comprehensive tourism strategic plan:
“Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan” (SGTP) supporting the Governorate
meeting the SDS 2030 and helping to achieve SDG 7: Ensure Access to Affordable
Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All, particularly in Egypt SDS 2030
Strategic objectives under energy and environment sectors.
General Objectives of the project
The aim of this planned action is to switch hotels and resorts that currently using
fossil fuel to operate under a more energy efficient model and rely on less
emitting energy sources (natural gas and solar).
The plan aims to address at least 100 of the 150 hotels and resorts in the city in
order to lower energy consumption, GHG emissions, reduce air pollution near the
city, and resorts as well as to enhance quality of life.
Status of the Action:
• New
• Planned
• Following previous action.
The Sustainable and Green Tourism Plan (SGTP) will contribute to:
- Ensuring energy security,
- Increasing the contribution of energy sector to the GDP,
- Maximising utilisation of domestic energy resource,
- Enhancing rational and sustainable management of the sector,
- Reducing the intensity of energy consumption,
- Limit the environmental impact of the sector's emissions, and
- Improve the quality of the urban environment.
National Strategy, Policies, Laws, Plans and Programmes
General:
Vision and Strategy
Egypt’s Vision 2030,
- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and
- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030.
Specific Strategy and Policy
Strategy:
- National Tourism Strategy 2020 (2013),
- Sustainability - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation (2014),
- Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation – TEUC (2014), and
- National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction – NSACCDRR (2011).
Policies:
- National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs),
- Policy Framework of Energy Efficient Practices (PFEEPs), and
- National Air Quality Policy – NAQP, UNEP (2015).
Climate Change Policies:
- Environmental Air Quality Policy – UNDP (2015),
- Third National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2014),
130

- Second National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2010), and
- Initial National Communication on Climate Change – MoEnv and EEAA (1999).
Legislations, Laws and Codes
Laws and Regulations:
- National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP),
- New Investment Laws (2017),
- Climate Change Legislations (2015),
- Environmental Protection (1994, 2015), and
- Public Partnership with Private sectors – PPP (2010).
National Codes:
- Code for Energy Efficient Buildings (2009), and
- Code for Improving Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings (2009).
Plans and Programmes
- National Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Portfolio (2009),
- National Low Carbon Economy Plan – NLCEP,
- Protection of Natural Environmental Resources and Nature Conservation – PNERNC, EEAA,
- Environmental Awareness – Training and Capacity Building,
- Clean Production Mechanism CPM (2010), and
- Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme – EPAP, EEAA (2007– 2012).
Plan and programmes - Climate Change
- Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Plan – UNDP and MoEnv (2015),
- Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures – CCAMM,
- Climate Change Action Plan – CCAP,
- National Action Plan for Adaptation – NAPA, and
- Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, MoEnv (2013).
Initiatives
- Low Emission Capacity Building – UNDP, MoEnv and EEAA (2013 – 2016),
- Green Tourism Unit – GTU (2014),
- Red Sea Sustainable Tourism Initiative – RESTI,
- Green Star Hotel – MoTrm, and
- Eco-label Initiative (voluntary) hotels’ Green Stars Award – MoTrm.
Institutions and rating systems
- Central Unit for Sustainable Cities and Renewable Energy – CUSCRE (2014),
- Green Pyramid Rating System – GPRS (2012), and
- The Egyptian Green Building Council Ministerial Decree (2009).
Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy
The Governorate of the Red Sea has developed a strategy to make the City of Hurghada a Green city. The strategy is
centred and developed so that the city should be a carbon neutral city. This would be through clean and green
tourism activities based on clean energy production and green system in the tourism sector.
The Governorate is also intending to support the plan to green in hotels and resorts and upgrade the current solar
thermal used in hotel and integrate SWH systems to heat water instead of using non-clean energy to reduce the use
of fossil fuel in the City of Hurghada in particular and Governorate in general.
In de-carbonisation efforts based on clean energy, the City of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea plans to expand
131

the natural gas network usage to hotels and resorts located in the northern part of the City of Hurghada to complete
phase 1 of the connection in the south of the city. Also, to supply these hotels and resorts with clean energy sources
instead of diesel through solar thermal system.
In addition, the Governorate is planning to the raise awareness of all hotel owners, management, including staff and
labourers on the impact of climate change risks and adaptation actions, as well as to support the transfer to the city
to be a world-class sustainable touristic destination.
The vulnerability analysis of the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea, which was carried out by combining
the results the probability and impact (scale 1-3) of the 10 receptors including Tourists. The risk assessment, based
on climate data availability in Hurghada, indicated that Tourism is ranked the second highest risk (level 2) in terms of
probability and impact.
Therefore, this planned action #3 is in line with the vision and strategy of the Governorate of Red Sea and support
its implementation.
Principal partners and stakeholders
• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality)
• City Council represented by the Governor of the Red Sea
Contact person in the local authority
Mr. Ayman Sultan, Planning Department,
Governorate of the Red Sea
• Hotels owners and Management in City of Hurghada
• Ministry of Petroleum (MoPMRs)
- Egypt Gas Holding Company (EGAS)
- City GAS Company – Governorate of Red Sea
• Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE)
- New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA)
• Ministry of Tourism (MoTrm)
- Green Tourism Unit (GTU)
• Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – EEAA
- Green Building Unit (GBU)
• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation
(MoIIC)
2. Process
Technical Process
Natural gas is an interesting option for reducing fuel cost and lower greenhouse gas emissions (CO2) due to lower
carbon to hydrogen ratio than diesel fuel. However, it must be used in combination with renewable solutions,
particularly solar heating, as this combination will more significantly reduce GHG emission.
The planned action will develop as follows:
- Understand the specificity of hotels and resorts energy profile.
- Explore technical options available for improving energy efficiency (envelop, lighting and AC - VRV) and
develop renewable energy in order to decide on the best and fastest solutions,
- Assess the amount of natural gas needed to fuel hotels in combination with SWH systems,
- Establish a plan for of stakeholders’ involvement and Natural Gas Companies, and
- Unroll the plan to connect hotels to the natural gas grid and install SWH system on hotels and resorts.
132

Administrative and coordination process
• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality) and Governor’s to approve the plan and its
targets,
• City Council represented by the Governor approval,
• Hotel owners and management in Hurghada – approvals,
• Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (MoPMRs) – study and approve the quantity of the natural gas
needed for these Hotel connection, including:
- Egypt Gas Holding Company (EGAS) – study and approvals,
- City GAS Company – Governorate of Red Sea (approval for NG supply),
• Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE) – NREA to approve the plan of SWH systems,
• Ministry of Tourism (MoTrm) – Award GB license as part of the hotel license renewal,
• Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – Assess the environmental impact and benefits, and
• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) – international investment approvals.
Government and Administrative Procedures and Approvals
• Initial approval of the Governerate (Municipality),
• Environmental permit: according to Egyptian Law for the Environment, Law 4/1994 amended by Law 9/2009,
• EEAA approval and process: a Preliminary Strategic Environmental and Social Impacts (SESIs),
• Safety and Operation permit by EGAs and City GAS – MoPMRs, and
• MoPMRs approve the supply natural gas.
3. Technical description
Link to Governorate and municipal development plan
The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate
adaptation actions. Hence, the reduction of GHG emissions from tourism and leisure activities is vital for the
Governorate of Red Sea strategy on climate change mitigation and adaptation. As more than 4 million tourists visit
Hurghada every year a strategic and comprehensive approach to improve the sustainability and change the current
hotels and resorts is urgently needed.
The Governorate will particularly contribute to Egypt’s SDS key performance indicators (KPIs) that are relevant to
SECAP, mainly in Energy, Urban development, Environment, and Domestic energy policy:
• Secure energy resources,
• Increase reliance on local resources,
• Reduce the intensity of energy consumption, and
• Raise the actual economic contribution of energy sector in the national income 62 .
This planned action ≠3 on greening the city hotels and resorts would also support the National Adaptation Action,
especially in the tourism sector:
Costal Zones sector:
1. Reduce climate change (CC) associated risks and disasters.
62
Nihal El-Megharbel, Presentation on Egypt's vision 2030 and planning reforms, First Assistant to the Minister of Planning, Monitoring and
Administrative Reform, October 2015.
133

2. Capacity building of the Egyptian society to adapt to CC risks and disasters.
3. Enhance national and regional partnership in managing crises and disasters related to CC and reduction of
associated risk.
Tourism sector:
1. Reduce climate change risks in touristic areas.
2. Engage users in supporting the proposed strategy.
3. Support periodical monitoring and observations systems and follow-up bodies.
4. Raise environmental awareness.
5. Cooperate with international bodies.
6. Incorporate disaster risks promoting sustainable tourism in Egypt.
7. Capacity building of local communities in touristic areas.
This Action Plan ≠ 3 – Sustainable and Green Hotels and Resorts would also support the Governorate strategy in
meeting the set policies in the Nation Climate Change Communication report, mainly the policies targeting
development that is more sustainable based on four related pillars:
1. More efficient use of energy, especially by end users.
2. Increased use of renewable energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources.
3. Use of advanced locally appropriate and more efficient fossil fuel technologies, which is less-emitting.
4. Energy efficiency is the cornerstone to be targeted by policy makers to decouple demand on energy and
economic growth.
Implementation plan
Component 1: The Governorate first needs to get a more sophisticated understanding of hotels and resorts level of
sustainability across the city and issues to be solved.
Component 2: From the detailed description of issues at stake, the study will draw strategic priorities with a double
objective in mind – improve hotels/ resorts sustainable operation and reducing their environmental footprint. This
could include:
• Establish a coordination unit to manage the action plan, prioritizing collective action to change mind set of
hotels and resorts and highlight the benefits of using clean energy, providing healthier conditions for users,
• Review the current status of hotels and resorts as well as operation rules to switch to natural gas and SWH
systems and improve efficiency,
• Explore innovative solutions and technologies that would significantly convert these hotels/ resorts,
• Developing incentives as well as regulations’ measures adding constraints on hotels/resorts that to run by
diesel and making it a more attractive choice to use natural gas and SWH systems instead, and
• Implementing a common methodology to measure GHG emissions, report on them and monitor all other
benefits deriving from the development of sustainable hotels/resorts operations by Natural Gas/ SWH.
From data collected through the BEI establishment an hotel in Hurghada consumes in average:
• 4,360 MWh/y of electricity,
• 1,305 MWh/y of natural gas, and
• 1,679 MWh/y of diesel.
When hotels are not connected to the natural gas grid, they consume more diesel and electricity instead of gas.
Component 3: Clean energy and Natural gas – for 32 hotels
The plan will articulate the different options in comprehensive scenarios taking into account all hotels and resorts
operation (efficiency, comfort, energy consumption and GHG emissions) and assess the environmental impacts of
the different proposed scenarios once these hotels and resorts are converted to run with clean energy (natural gas
combined with SWH) instead of the current fossil fuel (diesel consumption reaches 365 tons/yearly/ hotel in average)
134

The action plans (stage A) to supply natural gas to 32 hotels in the northern part of the city and install SWH.
Each hotel will then change its energy mix from electricity and diesel to electricity, natural gas and solar.
This means in average, moving from 5,065 MWh/y electricity (2,275 tCO2eq) + 2,279 MWh/y of diesel (611 tCO2eq)
to 3,000 MWh/y electricity (1,644 tCO2eq) + 3,000 MWh/y of gas (606 tCO2eq) + 232 MWh/y solar heating.
Better performance of gas and solar for heating water allow for an overall consumption reduction of 15%.
This new mix will result in electricity consumption reduction of 2,065 MWh/y per hotel so 66,080 MWh/y for 32
hotels, and reduce diesel consumption to zero meaning a global cut of 2,279 x 32 hotels = 72,928 MWh/y.
However, the gas consumption will increase by 3,000 x 32 hotels = 96,000 MWh/y.
Hence, the global energy consumption gain represents 66,080 + 72,928 – 96,000 = 43,008 MWh/y (1,344 per hotel).
This new mix will also generate a GHG emission reduction from 2,886 tCO2eq to 2,270 tCO2eq = 616 tCO2eq/hotel
meaning 19,712 tCO2eq for the 32 hotels concerned by this program.
These 32 hotels and resorts would need in average 275,000 cubic meters per year amounting 9 million cubic meters
for this group of 32 hotels.
Component 4: Renewable energy / Solar Water Heating for 70 hotels
Hotels and resorts need water for their visitors and their equipment (swimming pool). Solar is an easy solution to
warm water. Any hotel / resort with 300 rooms will need around 50.000 litres per day (166 litres per room per day)
half of it been warm enough for sanitary use and washing (towels, sheets, soils). To produce 25,000 litres of warm
water it means a minimum collector surface of 250 square meters (250 collectors of 1 square meter). Kits available
on the market are composed of a tank connected to 3 collectors. Each units’ costs EGP 12,000 (€ 584) all-inclusive
(2017 prices). Full equipment for one hotel will then cost around 50,000 € (84 units at 584 €). Such an installation
will produce 231,800 kWh/y avoiding electricity expenses of 8,200 €/y, hence offering a payback period of 6 years. In
the meantime, it will reduce GHG emission by 127.5 t CO2eq/y.
The plan is to equip 70 hotels and resorts to operate with SWH systems. Among the 150 hotels in the City of Hurghada,
32 are already counted in the component 3 above, and 40% are already equipped with SWH systems.
Each hotel will then change its energy mix from electricity, natural gas and diesel to electricity, natural gas and solar.
This means moving from 4,360 MWh/y electricity (2,389 tCO2eq) + 1,958 MWh/y of natural gas (396 tCO2eq)
+ 1,024 MWh/y of diesel (274 tCO2eq) to 3,000 MWh/y electricity (1,644 tCO2eq) + 3,000 MWh/y gas (606 tCO2eq)
+ 232 MWh/y solar heating.
Better performance of gas and solar for heating water allow for an overall consumption reduction of 15%.
This new mix will result in an electricity consumption reduction of 1,360 MWh/y per hotel so 95,200 MWh/y for 70
hotels, and reduce diesel consumption to zero meaning a global cut of 1,024 x 70 hotels = 71,680 MWh/y.
However, the gas consumption will increase by 1,042 x 70 hotels = 72,940 MWh/y
Hence the global energy consumption gain represents 95,200 + 71,680 – 72,940 = 93,940 MWh/y (1,342 per hotel).
This new mix will generate a GHG emission reduction from 3,059 tCO2eq to 2,250 tCO2eq = 809 tCO2eq/hotel
meaning 56,639 tCO2eq for the 70 hotels concerned by this component of the program.
These 70 hotels and resorts will need in average 275,000 cubic meters per year amounting 19 million cubic meters
for this group of 70 hotels (1 million cubic meters than what is currently supplied to hotels in the City of Hurghada).
The overall cost of SWH equipment for these 70 hotels would reach 3.5 m€. Considering that the return on investment
will be attractive enough for hotel owners it is recommended to set up a revolving fund of 1.5m€ asking hotel owners
to start pay back the investment from year 1 in order to replenish the fund in 6 years an allow for more investment
to be supported. With such a mechanism all the 70 hotels and resorts targeted could be converted before 2025.
The City of Hurghada will set up a management unit to administrate the fund (With an overall cost of 30 K€ per year).
135

Component 5: The team will assess costs of the preferred scenario to help the Governorate (Municipality) making
the appropriate choice with the best return on investment of converting these hotels and resort.
Component 6: Institution capacity building is essential to prepare and oversee the implementation of hotels/resorts
conversion plan to NG and SWH. This would involve cost estimate, feasibility studies, funding schemes.
Component 7: Awareness-raising is vital to change the current mode of using non-clean fuel in Hotels and resorts to
assist in the implementation of the plan to transform hotels and resorts.
4. Organisation and procedures
Formal approval
The development of converting hotels and resorts would
require the following entities for issuing permits, approvals
and follow up process:
- Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation
(MoIIC) to coordinate loans and funding from IFCs,
- Ministry of Local Development (MoLD),
- MoERE – NREA for SWH installation on hotels/resorts,
- Ministry of Petroleum represented by EGAS and City Gas
company in the city of Hurghada,
- Ministry of Tourism (MoTrm) represented by the GTU
- Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) to assess and conduct the
Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) for
the impact of converting the hotels/ resort with renewable
energy such as SWH systems in accordance of the Law No.
4/1994 and its amendments, the Law on Protection of the
Environment, and its executive regulations,
- The EIA Department of the Environmental Affairs Agency
(EEAA) – MoEnv to conduct the screening of ESIAs,
- Operation permit by MoHUUD – for buildings modification
permit,
- EGAS and City GAS approvals to supply of natural gas,
- City Council represented by the Governor,
- Municipality and Governorate – Governor’s approval.
Staff allocated to implement and monitor action #3
• Governorate of the Red Sea and City of Hurghada,
• City Council represented by the Governor,
• MoPMRs (EGAS and City Gas Company),
• MoERE and NREA,
• MoTrm (GTU), and
• MoTrm and MoEnv (EEAA).
C. Staff training needs
Governorate (Municipality) staff
related to the issue of Sustainable
Energy and Green Tourism will
receive coaching and training on
three subjects:
• Strategic Management of
Sustainable Energy issues,
• Organisational solutions and
technical questions related
D. Role of Partners
Stakeholders:
- All stakeholders should be invited to specific workshop to design the
strategic road map to start transferring Hotels and resorts from fossil
fuels mainly diesel to natural gas. This could include hotel/resorts
owners and managers.
- Training is also needed to transfer the message of clean and green
tourism to all parties involved,
- The Governorate and City of Hurghada to coordinate the procedures
approval with different related authorities in close contact with the
136

converting Hotels and resorts by
natural gas development and
integrate Solar water heating, and
• Project management.
A Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit
(SSEU) to be developed and
established to oversee the training of
staff and all concerned issue and
ensure the implementation of the
plan actions of SECAP.
Governorate such as: MoPMRs, MoERE and NREA, EEAA, MoTrm,
including GTU and City Gas Company to ensure constant supply of
natural gas to Hotels and Resorts,
- All should be invited to specific to facilitate the action project to follow
up the implementation upon funding, and
- The GTU of MoTrm and EGAS through City Gas Co. to be involved to
check on the installation procedures of the connections,
implementation and test the safety of converted Hotel in the northern
part of the city to operate by natural gas, and meters installation, and
monitor the operation and re-license.
5. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions for Action ≠3 (Green Hotels & Resorts)
A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive
sustainable energy (energy efficiency) plan to brand the City of Hurghada as a clean and green city, including the use
of natural gas instead diesel in hotels and resorts and for heat water. Also, an adequate awareness raising actions
will be necessary to help Governorate promote the value of Green Hotel/resorts through greening these facilities as
well as the benefit hotels owners and managers of such move.
Awareness should also focus on the fact that Green tourism development doesn’t mean that energy will become
abundant. On the contrary such awareness campaign should highlight that combining energy efficiency with the use
of NG instead of non-clean energy and integrate SWH systems will make reduce GHG emissions and make air in the
city less polluted.
6. Assumptions and risks
- The key challenge will be the time there is a need to change the mind-set of some owners of hotels and
resorts,
- Organize a proper maintenance system in order to ensure adequate flow of hot water from the SWH systems,
yields securing interesting enough Return on Investment (R.o.I.),
- The medium to low price of diesel set by the Egyptian General Petroleum Authority - EGPA (MoPMRs) is a
challenge, but this will change in 2018 with new planned energy tariffs.
7. Key success factors
• The development of green hotels and resorts is an essential part of the Governorate of the Red Sea vision and
strategy and will get the adequate political support.
• Cost of a new energy tariff means that any savings will be of significant value and an incentive.
• The action plan is divided in two stages to make the benefit of investments more visible.
• The Governor’s vision and backing of connection of these hotels and resorts with the natural gas network
instead of using diesel to help mitigate GHG emission is of a vital success factor,
• Raised capacity of Governorate staff for implementation.
8. Cost estimates
Awareness campaign and technical support to design plans:
- Scoping study on hotels and resorts 20.000 €
- Energy audits on a set of buildings 5.000 €
90.000 €
137

- Pilot operations to be used as demonstrators 65.000 €
Training for Municipality staff
Revolving fund management unit (30K€/year for 6 years)
Revolving fund
10.000 €
180,000 €
1.500.000 €
Approximate annual cost saving (after initial investment reimbursement)
Return on Investment (draft calculation)
6 years
- Hotel average fuel consumption = 365 t/year (Diesel) equivalent 3,480
MWh/y
- Hotel average expense for fuel consumption = 62.640 €/y
- Investment per hotel for SWH system = 50,000 €
- Energy expenses saved with SWH device 50% = 8,318 €/y
- Return on investment (50,000 / 8,318) = 6 years
Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
Lined up private investments
Loans and potential borrower
9. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed
Local authority's own resources:
International Financial Institutions 63 :
- The World Bank (WB),
National Funds and Programs
EU Funds, IFCs tools, financial programmes,
and external funds.
- United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
- European Commission (EC),
- European Investment Banks (EIB),
- European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD),
- French Development Agency (AFD),
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID),
- Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW),
- German Technical Cooperation (GIZ),
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
- OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID),
- Islamic Development Bank (IDB),
- African Development Bank (ADB),
- Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED),
- Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD),
- Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD),
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD),
- Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED),
63
The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/
(Accessed on: 14.08.2017)
138

- Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED),
- Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and
- Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).
10. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030
CO2 reduction t CO2/y
- Reference Year
- Target Year
- Net reduction (49 kt from awareness raising + 76 kt from natural gas +
SWH)
- Percentage of net reduction on the territory
- Reduction as related to BAU scenario for the tourist sector
2015
2030
125 kt CO2/y
7%
20%
139

4. City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea Priority Action # 4 for SECAP
1. General presentation
Title: GREEN GOVERNORATE BUILDINGS PLAN
# 4
Summary of the Action
Current Status – Governorate Buildings in the city of Hurghada – Red Sea
The Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (municipality) owns many
municipal buildings representing a total of 60,000 square meters in addition to
349,000 square meters of education buildings.
Details of these municipal buildings are as follows:
• 20,000 square meters of offices, including the main Governorate’s
buildings,
• 40,000 square meters of offices in Hurghada’s City Council buildings,
• 330,000 square meters of 66 schools, and
• 19,000 square meters College of Education – a higher education
institution.
These Governorate’s buildings only (60,000 square meters) represent a
potential 55,000 square meters of roofs to be equipped with solar PV to
generate electricity. The Governorate already took early steps in this direction
by installing 100 solar panels on the roof of its main building with a production
capacity of 25 kWp.
Location: City of Hurghada,
Governorate of the Red Sea
Start date: December 2017
Project lifetime: 5 years
End: December 2022
Estimated cost €
20 K€ technical support and
training.
10,564 K€ revolving fund for
efficient equipment, LED lamps,
solar PV, etc.
All public buildings in the city of Hurghada consume 2.6 GWh/year (2015
reference) forming 10 per cent of the total Governorate services’ consumption.
This consumption is only composed of electricity for lighting, cooling and
heating, office equipment (computer, copiers, etc.), elevator, etc. The electricity
bill from Governorate buildings alone represents 93,463 € per year (2015), an
equivalent of 1,930,000 EGP.
General Objectives of the project
The City of Hurghada wants to promote energy efficiency and renewable energy
in public buildings through the development of a comprehensive plan to reduce
energy consumption and consequently the GHG emissions. To that end, the
Governorate wants to implement a “Green Municipal Buildings Plan” (GMBP)
integrating sustainability measures and technologies to green buildings,
improve energy efficiency and promote renewable energy solutions in the
Governorate buildings.
Status of the Action:
• New
• Planned
• Following previous action.
National Strategy, Policies, Laws and Programmes
General:
Vision and Strategy
Egypt’s Vision 2030,
140

- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and
- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030.
Strategy and Policy
Strategy
- Energy Strategy 2015 – 2030 (MoPMRs),
- National Renewable Energy Action Plan – NREAP 2015,
- Strategic Energy Efficiency Roadmap and Energy Prices 2014,
- Strategy for Renewable Energy 2027 (20% by 2020),
- National Strategy on Market for Electricity Generated from Renewable Sources 2014, and
- Politically Viable Institutional Strategy for Energy Efficiency – PVISEE 2014.
Policies and Plans
Policies
Plans
- National Energy Efficiency Action Plan – NEEAP (2012 – 2015), and
- Energy Efficiency Plans and Capacity Building Schemes (2012).
- Energy Efficiency Plans in Electricity Sector – EEPES (2012 – 2015),
- Mediterranean Electricity Regulatory – MEDREG (2013),
- National Energy Efficiency Action Plan – NEEAP (2012),
- Employment Promotion through Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency – EPRREE 2016, and
- Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy National Study – EERENS, UNEP 2007.
Laws, Regulations and Decrees
Laws and Regulations
Decrees
- New Investment law and execution legislations 2017,
- New Electricity law 2015,
- Renewable Energy and Feed-in-Tariff 2014 and 2017,
- Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Comprehensive Law No. 203 – REEEL 2014,
- Incentives for Generating Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources 2014, and
- Public Private Partnership – PPP 2010.
- New Electricity Tariff Ministerial Decree 2016,
- Stimulation of Producing Electricity from Renewable Energy Source 2015,
- Feed-in-Tariff 2014 and 2 nd Feed-in-Tariff 2016,
- Net Metering 2013, and
- Executing Electricity Generation from different Clean Energy Sources 2012.
Programmes and Initiatives
- Power Purchase Agreement – Egypt ERA 2014,
- Design of Feed-in Tariffs 2012,
- Egyptian-German Joint Committee Programme on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency 2015 – 2018, and
- Renewable Energy Fund – REF 2012.
141

Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy
The Governorate of the Red Sea has developed a vision to make the City of Hurghada a Green city. The strategy is
centred on the fact that the city should be a carbon neutral. The greening of Governorate’s buildings, based on
promoting energy efficiency and incorporating solar PV and SWH systems, will help reducing the use of fossil fuel in
the city of Hurghada. The Governorate is also intending to support the plan by informing and raising awareness of staff
and users about these measures and actions to support its execution. Therefore, this planned action #4 is in line with
the vision and strategy of the Governorate of Red Sea and support its implementation.
Principal partners and stakeholders
• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality)
• City Council represented by the Governor of Red Sea
• Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE)
• New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA)
• Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development
(MoHUUD)
• Egyptian Green Building Council (Egypt-GBC)
• Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – EEAA
• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC)
Contact person in the local authority
Mr. Ayman Sultan, Planning Department,
Governorate of Red Sea
2. Technical description
Link to Governorate development plan
The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate
adaptation actions. Hence, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from Governorate services and public buildings, is
essential to achieve its objective of making the city of Hurghada carbon neutral and improve quality of life in the urban
area. This comprehensive plan will also enhance the Governorate’s sustainable energy prospectus, yet contributing to
achieve Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030 and contribute to Egypt’s SDS key performance
indicators (KPIs) that are relevant to SECAP, mainly in Energy, Urban development, Environment, and Domestic energy
policy, e.g., energy:
- Secure energy resources,
- Increase reliance on local resources,
- Reduce the intensity of energy consumption, and
- Raise the actual economic contribution of the energy sector in the national income.
Implementation plan
Component 1:
Develop the “Green Municipal Buildings Plan” (GMBP) awareness component mobilising managers and staff. This plan
should focus on the following measures:
- Promote change in day to day practices of pubic building users:
- Open curtains and window shutters during daytime to avoid artificial lighting when outside air temperature
is between 20 ͦC and 25 ͦC,
- Keep the inside air temperature between 24°C - 25°C in summer to ensure good comfort all year long and
make a strong cut in energy consumption (30 per cent of AC power consumption),
- Avoid elevator and choosing staircase when going up or down one or two floors, only allow employee with
heart problems to use elevators,
142

- Turn off electric equipment at the end of working time or when not actually in use, and
- Unplug all electricity cables from wall’s sockets as this could save about 5 per cent of the energy use,
- It would be interesting to promote a challenge between services/units to invite all workers from the
Governorate to make efforts to save energy and cut GHG emissions. The best performing service would be
celebrated as “energy saver/ climate saver’’ and would get a special gratification.
- The Environmental Awareness Unit (EAU) to be set up within the Governorate to promote these activities in
coordination with the Governorate related staff.
Component 2: Beyond promoting awareness and behavioural change, it is necessary to develop a clear and
comprehensive plan to replace old devices and equipment and install energy efficient systems that will help reducing
electricity consumption. Ideally, this programme should be implemented, in a first phase, in a small number of buildings
(starting with the more symbolic one: the main Governor’s building or city hall), but covering all type of devices and
equipment, in order to concentrate many initiatives on the selected buildings and demonstrate the benefit of these
structural changes:
- Switch from AC/ Heating reverse systems to central management of heating and cooling.
- Switch to LED lighting installation and incorporate motion sensors in offices of Governorate buildings. This
device turns the lights off during un-occupied periods. This can reduce lighting consumption by 20% to 80%
depending on the occupancy type of these spaces.
These technical solutions need to be tightly monitored to register impacts on energy consumption reduction to prepare
progressive enlargement to a larger number of targeted building.
Assumptions:
- 1 LED Lamp costs 75 EGP (3.60 €) and reduces lighting consumption by 70%
- A Solar PV unit of 1KW costs 1,300 €) and produces 1898 kWh/y.
- According to Egyptian Electricity Transmission Company (EETC), the Feed in Tariffs for 2017 are as follows:
• 108.58 piasters (0.053 €) per 1kWh for commercial activities less than 500 kWh,
• 7.88 piasters (0.004 €) per 1 kWh from Solar PV power plant 500 kW to less than 20 MW.
Switch to LED lamps and sensor systems: Assuming a replacement of 20,000 LED lamps in Governorate buildings
including schools (70 buildings), i.e., on average 275 LED lamp per building, we would need 72,000 € for replacing
conventional lamps by LED. This switch will result in saving of 364 MWh/y and 199 tCO2eq/y.
Switching to more efficient AC devices: Switch from AC/Heating reverse systems to central management of
cooling/heating in these buildings is estimated at 150,000 €. This will result in saving 546 MWh/y and 299 tCO2eq/y.
Solar Water Heating (SWH) systems: Basic assumption: a 300 litres production unit with three collectors offering 6.75
square meters’ produces 5 MWh/y. With a basic cost of € 582 while substituting to electricity the payback period will
be 40 months (3 years + 3 months).
A rough calculation for one Governorate building with 100 staff and 25 visitors a day on average would need 2,500
litres per day of hot water (20 litres per person). Such needs can be covered by 8 SWH units (300 litres and three panels
- 2.50m x 0.9m each) requiring a total surface of 55 square meters at a cost of 8 x € 582 = € 4,656.
This equipment will produce 50,600 kWh/y to be substituted to electricity consumption saving 28 tCO2eq/y.
Considering additional equipment and connection to the water grid the overall cost for such a building would be 5K€.
Applying this model to 10 Governorate buildings, the required investment would be 50,000 € allowing a production
capacity equivalent to 500 MWh/y. Hence, avoiding a cost of 370 kEGP (17.620 €/y), meaning a return on investment
143

(RoI) of 3 years. This plan will also avoid 280 tCO2eq of GHG emission per year.
Expending to school - 10 classes with an average of 30 pupils per class and 25 staff – the plan would require 1 units per
school (to warm 650 litres per day) occupying an area of 7 square meters at a cost of 582 € rounded at 600 € with
additional equipment. Such a system would produce 6 MWh/y with a value of 212 €/y saving 3 tCO2eq/y (offering a 3
year RoI).
For 70 educational building (65 schools and 5 college), we would need 42,000 € investment for a global production
equivalent to 420 MWh/y hence avoiding a cost of 14,800 €/y and saving 210 tCO2eq/y.
This plan could be unrolled in three proposed phases:
- Phase 1 - 2018-2019 - 10 Governorate (Municipal) buildings at a cost of 50,000 €,
- Phase 2 - 2019-2020 - 30 School buildings at a cost of 21,000 €, and
- Phase 3 - 2020-2021 - 30 School buildings and a college, at a cost of 21,000 €.
The total cost of SWH will amount 92,000 €, producing 920 MWh/y and avoiding 490 tCO2eq.
Solar PV power generation: Having 80,000 square meters of offices in public equipment roofs (440.000 square meter
of buildings of 4 to 5 store buildings), considering that SWH systems will consume 600 Sq.m., and knowing that 1 kW
Solar PV units requires about 7 square meters, the total capacity for solar PV “on roofs” could reach 10,000 units (i.e.
a potential of 10 MWp). A cautious plan would be to start with a first round of 7.5 MWp (75% of the full potential). 7.5
MW (7,500 units of 1 kWp) would require an investment of close to 10 million €.
Setting up a revolving fund of 10 m€ will allow producing 14,250 MWh/y generating revenues of 712,500 € offering a
14 year return on investment (based on actual feed in tariffs for small installation). The fund could be replenished
gradually as producing institutions will sell electricity at feed in tariffs to EETC. After 15 years another 7.5 MW could
then be installed in and around Hurghada on any kind of buildings.
This set up will result in a global production of 14,250 MWh/y from Solar PV avoiding 7,808 t CO2eq/y.
The City of Hurghada would set up a dedicated unit in charge of managing the revolving fund with a 50K€/y budget.
3. Organization and procedures
Formal approval
The development would require the following entities for issuing
permits, approvals and follow up process:
- Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC)
to coordinate loans and funding from IFCs,
- Ministry of Local Development (MoLD),
- MoERE – NREA for SWH installation on buildings roofs,
- The EIA Department of the Environmental Affairs Agency
(EEAA) –Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) to conduct an
Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) study on
the impacts of converting Governorate buildings with
renewable energy such as solar PV and SWH systems,
- Operation permit by MoHUUD – for buildings modification
permit – Governorate issue,
- City Council represented by the Governor,
Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor
action
- Governorate of the Red Sea and City of Hurghada,
- City Council represented by the Governor,
- MoERE and NREA,
- Al-Qanal Distribution Company and EETC in case
of on-grid connection,
- MoHUUD and
- MoEnv (EEAA).
144

- Municipality and Governorate – Governor’s approval.
Staff training
Governorate (Municipality) team, which will be
assigned to the EAU, need to receive a proper training
on several subjects, including:
• Technical questions related PV development and
energy issues related to CAA,
• Pedagogy and communication to run efficient
awareness programmes,
• Strategic management of sustainable energy
issues,
• Organisational solutions and technical questions
related refurbishment of buildings to operate by
solar PV and SWH, and
• Project management.
Also, a Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) to be
developed and established to oversee the training of
staff and all concerned issue and ensure the
implementation of the plan actions of SECAP.
Role of Partners
Stakeholders:
- All stakeholders should be invited to specific workshop to
receive training in order to transfer the message of clean
and green Governorate (municipal) buildings plan (GMBP)
to all parties involved to coordinate with the Governorate,
including MoRER, NREA and MoEnv,
- The Governorate and city of Hurghada to coordinate the
procedures approval with different related authorities in
close contact with the Governorate, such as: MoERE and
NREA, EEAA, MoHUUD to ensure constant operation and
efficiency,
- NREA to be involved to check on the installation
procedures of the connections, implementation and
testing, and monitor the operation and to facilitate the
action project follow up the implementation upon
funding.
4. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) actions ≠4 (Green Governorate Buildings)
A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive
sustainable energy (energy efficiency) plan to brand the city of Hurghada as a clean and green city including the use
solar PV cells and SWH systems on Governorate (municipal) buildings’ roofs.
An adequate awareness raising actions will be necessary to assist the Governorate of the Red Sea promoting the value
of Green Governorate (Municipal) Buildings Plan - GMBP through greening such buildings as well as the benefits of
such move.
Awareness should also focus on the fact that Green buildings development doesn’t mean that energy will become
abundant. On the contrary, such awareness campaign should highlight that combining energy efficiency with the use
of solar PV and SWH systems will make reduce GHG emissions and make air in the city less polluted. The Awareness
Raising Programme (ARP), would include meetings, workshops, lectures and workshops for staff and managers that
could encompass several actions:
- The creation of a permanent municipal information point,
- The organisation of an open house,
- The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers,
- The distribution of brochures and posters,
- The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success stories:
• Information on national energy policies and local implications,
• The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality,
• The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable energy
strategy and the SECAP, and successful projects in national and foreign municipalities, notably in
municipalities that are members of the Covenant of Mayors (CoM).
145

5. Assumptions and risks
- The key challenge will be the mobilization of appropriate resources to fund the GMBP renovation programmes, as
in many cases Governorate (Municipal) Building will not have the fund to invest at the appropriate level. This is
why such a programme requires a partnership between the Governorate (Municipality) offering the guarantee
that retrofitting will result in actual energy bill reduction, and the bank providing the funds. Such a plan should
also include adoption of efficient cooling/heating devices. In addition, it could include the installation of solar PV
panels to contribute to renewable electricity production, or/ and apply green roofs with Solar PV panels to reduce
high surface temperature effect on the panels surfaces,
- Organize a proper maintenance system in order to ensure best generation form PV panels and the SWH systems,
yields securing interesting enough Return on Investment (R.o.I.), and
- The medium to low price of diesel set by Egyptian General Petroleum Authority - EGPA (MoPMRs) is a challenge,
but the Tariffs will be increased in 2018/2019 with new planned electricity and energy tariffs.
6. Key success factors
• The Governor’s vision and backing of promoting Sustainable Energy (RE and EE) in the city Hurghada and the Red
Sea instead of using diesel and non-clean energy sources, would reduce energy consumption and mitigate GHG
emission is of a vital success factor,
• The Governor of Red Sea determination to seriously act on the energy issue, is obviously a vital element to the
success of this action success,
• Municipality determination to act comprehensively on the issue of sustainable energy (Solar PV, SWH and EE),
• The approach and development of greening Governorate (Municipal) Buildings is part of the Governorates’ vision
and strategy, hence would assist in reducing the annual use non-clean energy and in greening the city,
• Cost of new energy tariff means that any saving will be a significant value and great savings,
• The action plan is divided in three phased to make the investment visible and implementation easier,
• Raised capacity of Governorate staff for implementation, and
• Organize a proper maintenance system in order to ensure adequate flow of hot water from the SWH systems,
yields securing interesting enough Return on Investment (R.o.I.)
7. Cost estimates
Technical support & Training for Municipality staff
LED replacement in public buildings
Air conditioning up grading
Solar water heating deployment in public buildings
Revolving fund for solar PV development in public buildings
Revolving fund management unit (50 K€/y for 5 years)
20,000 €
72,000 €
150,000 €
92,000 €
10,000,000 €
250,000 €
TOTAL
Approximate annual cost saving (after initial investment reimbursement)
- LED lamps 364 MWh/y = 3,125 €
- AC conditioning 546 MWh/y = 19,656 €
- SWH systems overall production equivalent to 32,400 €
In addition, the Solar PV will generate an overall production equivalent to 715,000 €
10,584,000 €
65,181 €
Additional revenues from solar
PV: 715,000 €
146

Return on Investment (draft calculation)
- For public building refurbishment (LED, AC, SWH) RoI will be around 5 years
- For Solar PV production RoI will be 14 years
8. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed
Local authority's own resources:
• N/A
International Financial Institutions 64 :
National Funds and Programs
• Renewable Energy Fund 2014
EU Funds & Programs and other external funds
- The World Bank (WB),
- United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
- European Commission (EC),
- European Investment Banks (EIB),
- European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD),
- French Development Agency (AFD),
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID),
- Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW),
- German Technical Cooperation (GIZ),
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
- OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID),
- Islamic Development Bank (IDB),
- African Development Bank (ADB),
- Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED),
- Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD),
- Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD),
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD),
- Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED),
- Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED),
- Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and
- Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).
Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
Loans and potential borrower
Lined up private investments
Expected annual cost savings
to City budget 65,181 €/y
9. Projected Energy Estimates in 2020 (or other set target)
Energy savings GWh/y
LED lamps
364 MWh/y
AC conditioning 546 MWh/y
Renewable energy production MWh/y
SWH
920 MWh/y
64
The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/
(Accessed on: 14.08.2017)
147

Solar PV
14,250 MWh/y
CO2 reduction t CO2/a
- Reference Year
- Target Year
- Net reduction
- LED programme 199 tCO 2Eq/y
- AC programme 299 tCO2eq/y
- SWH equipment 490 tCO2eq/y
2015
2030
998 tCO2eq/year
- NOTE: Solar PV allows off setting an additional 7,800 t CO2eq/y
- Percentage of net reduction on the territory
- Reduction as related to BAU scenario for the public building sector
(1429 tCO2eq in 2030) without considering the offsetting potential from
solar PV
0,5 %
70 %
148

5. City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea Priority Action # 5 for SECAP
1. General presentation
Title: GREEN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS PLAN
# 5
Summary of the Action
Current Status – Residential Buildings in the City of Hurghada
In the City of Hurghada, the residential building sector is the 3 rd largest in energy
consumption of 441 GWh/year representing 12% of the total energy consumed in
the city (3,338 GWh Final Energy/year as of the 2015 reference).
The residential building is also one of the key sectors to be addressed, as it is also
third in GHG emissions of 216 kteCO2/year representing 16% of the total emissions
of energy consumption (1,275 kteCO2/year).
With a population of 279,684 persons, the City of Hurghada - Governorate of the
Red Sea had 56,341 house units in 2015 and 60 per cent of these residential houses
are connected to the natural gas grid, however; the natural gas grid is still under
development and designed to reach a connection rate of 80 per cent by end of 2017.
Residential buildings in the city consume a total of 257,782 MWh/year of
Electricity, with a connection rate of 100%. Also, the natural gas consumption yearly
in residential buildings is 80,000,000 m 3 , and 494,026 LPG cylinder/year as well as
480 litres/y of gasoline representing a total Final Energy of electric, natural gas,
liquid gas (LPG) and gasoline of 257 GWh/yr, 87 GWh/yr, 6GWh/yr and 4 MWh/yr
respectively.
Location: City of Hurghada
Governorate of the Red Sea
Start date: December 2017
Project lifetime: 6 years
End: December 2023
Estimated cost €
7,700 k€ for 6 years
50 k€ Awareness campaign
1,050 k€ Pilot project for 1000
housing units
6,600 k€ Expansion to 10,000 housing
units
The Governorate of the Red Sea, in particular the City of Hurghada has the desire to
move forward to holistically solve the challenges facing the energy consumption in
residential sector by promoting sustainable approach to green the residential
buildings in the city through the development of comprehensive plan to reduce
energy use in the residential buildings and enhance energy efficiency by promoting
renewable energy and incorporate PV and SWH systems utilizing the abundant solar
energy by adopting “Green Residential Plan – GRP.’’
The GRP should integrate new sustainability and green measures solutions and
technologies to green the residential building sector in the City of Hurghada,
including: residential houses (public and private), besides raising awareness of
residents and users of the need to save energy and improve energy efficiency in
their units/ buildings.
The plan action ≠5 is to Green Residential Buildings GRP – City of Hurghada,
Governorate of the Red Sea.
149

General Objectives of the project
This sustainable approach to the residential sector aims at reducing energy
consumption and GHG emissions through an awareness programme to enhance
users’ behaviours and the promotion of solar water heating (SWH) instead of
electrical water heating (EWH). On the longer term the action plans to support
refurbishment of less energy efficient housing.
Status of the Action:
• New
• Planned
• Following previous action.
The Green Residential Plan – GRP while supporting the city in attaining the National
Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030 will also contribute in achieving SDG
7: Ensure Access to Affordable Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All and
SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and communities, particularly in Egypt SDS 2030 Strategic
Objectives
National Strategy, Policies and Laws, and Programmes
General:
Vision and Strategy
Egypt’s Vision 2030,
- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and
- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030.
Specific Strategy and Policy
Urban Planning Strategy
- Strategy to Promote Green Building – MoEnv (2012),
- Strategic Development Plan (SDP) of Southern Egypt – UNDP (2007),
- Sustainable Environmental Compatible Building – SECB, and
- National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction – NSACCDRR (2011).
Policies & Plans:
- National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs),
- Policy Framework of Energy Efficient Practices (PFEEPs),
- National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs),
- Policy Framework of Energy Efficient Practices (PFEEPs), and
- National Air Quality Policy – NAQP, UNEP (2015).
Climate Change Policies:
- Environmental Air Quality Policy – UNDP (2015),
- Third National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2014),
- Second National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2010), and
- Initial National Communication on Climate Change – MoEnv and EEAA (1999).
Laws, Regulations, Decrees and Codes
Laws and Regulations:
- New Investment Laws (2017),
- National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP),
- Unified Building Laws (2008),
- National Building Law (1997),
- National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP),
- Climate Change Legislations (2015),
- Environmental Protection (1994, 2015), and
150

- Public Private Partnership – PPP (2010).
Decrees:
- The new electricity tariff Ministerial decree (2016),
- Stimulation of Producing Electricity from Renewable Energy Source (2015),
- Feed-in-Tariff (2014) and 2 nd Feed-in-Tariff (2016),
- Net Metering (2013), and
- Executing Electricity Generation from different Clean Energy Sources (2012).
National Codes:
- Ventilation in Buildings (2013),
- Energy Efficient Buildings (2009),
- Improving Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings (2009),
- House Design Standards (2009),
- Improving Energy Consumption in Residential Buildings (2005) ,
- Energy Efficient Buildings (2009), and
- Improving Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings (2009).
Plans and Programmes:
- Green Cities and Sustainable Development (2015),
- Green Building Programme – UNDP (2014),
- Green Building Guideline – GBG (2013),
- Calculate Your Carbon Footprint (2012),
- Renewable Energy and Energy Rationalization in New and Urban Communities,
- National Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Portfolio (2009),
- National Low Carbon Economy Plan – NLCEP,
- Protection of Natural Environmental Resources and Nature Conservation – PNERNC, EEAA,
- Environmental Awareness – Training and Capacity Building,
- Clean Production Mechanism - CPM (2010), and
- Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme – EPAP, EEAA (2007– 2012).
Plan and programmes - Climate Change
- Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Plan – UNDP and MoEnv (2015),
- Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures – CCAMM,
- Climate Change Action Plan – CCAP,
- National Action Plan for Adaptation – NAPA, and
- Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, MoEnv (2013).
Initiatives
- Low Emission Capacity Building – UNDP, MoEnv and EEAA (2013 – 2016),
Institutions and Rating Systems:
- Central Unit for Sustainable Cities and Renewable Energy – CUSCRE (2014),
- Green Pyramid Rating System – GPRS (2012), and
- The Egyptian Green Building Council Ministerial Decree (2009).
Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy
The Governorate of the Red Sea has developed a strategy to make the City of Hurghada a Green city. The strategy is
centred on the fact that the city should be a carbon neutral city. The Green Residential Plan (GRP) will contribute to this
general objective. In the decarbonisation efforts, the City of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea plans to:
- Expand the natural gas network to most of residential buildings,
151

- Support the GRP to inform and raise the awareness all stakeholders including citizens as well all companies working
in energy efficiency and renewable solutions to support any initiatives helping the GRP implementation.
- Inform stakeholders of the necessity of integrating solar PV and SWH systems to heat water instead of using nonclean
energy such as EWH, and
- Reduce fossil fuel consumption in the sector to mitigate GHG in the City of Hurghada and Governorate of Red Sea.
The vulnerability analysis of the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the the Red Sea, carried out by combining the results
the probability and impact (scale 1-3) of the 10 receptors, including Buildings' stock and Materials - BSM, indicated that
BSM is ranked the second highest risk (level 2) in terms of probability and impact.
Therefore, this planned action #5 Green Residential Building sector - City of Hurghada is in line with the vision and
strategy of the Governorate of the Red Sea and support its implementation.
Principal partners and stakeholders
• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality)
• City Council represented by the Governor of the Red Sea
• Building owners, mothers and children
• Ministry of Petroleum and Mineral Resources (MoPMRs)
- Egypt Gas Holding Company (EGAS)
- City GAS Company – Governorate of Red Sea
• Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE)
- New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA)
• Ministry of National Housing and Building Research Centre (HBRC)
- Egyptian Green Building Council
- Green Building Unit (GBU)
• Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – EEAA
• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC)
Contact person in the local authority
Mr. Ayman Sultan, Planning Department,
Governorate of Red Sea
2. Process
Technical Process
Applying green measures in the building sector, mainly residential (that consumes 13% of the total city energy use), is an
interesting option for reducing cost for inhabitants while cutting greenhouse gas emissions. The planned action is set
through the following means and development:
• Investigate the specificities of the residential units and pattern on energy use through per-action studies;
- Assess 10% of the total housing units (5,634) in terms of energy consumption,
- Explore availability of green measures through a pilot study on 1,000 units to identify best options regarding
improving building envelop, lighting and/ or other measures to decide on the best and fastest solutions,
- Assess the amount of PV/ SWH that could be installed in order to boost the local market and ensure local
entrepreneurs cover instalment requirements.
• Establish a plan for involving stakeholders including companies providing PV and SWH (components/materials),
• Set a plan to raise awareness as part of the Environmental Awareness Unit (EAU) to inform and train all the
stakeholders, including governorate staff, users and suppliers. This EAU will be set through the following actions:
- Preliminary plan and specific study for preparing the development of the Environmental Awareness Unit
- Allocating Staff to the EAU,
- Involving stakeholders,
- Initiate plan to install solar PV and SWH systems onto the residential buildings’ roof.
152

Administrative and coordination process
• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality) to review the action plan and its components: GRP
and EAU,
• Governor’s to approve the plan and its targets,
• City Council represented by the Governor approval,
• Ministry of Housing, Utilities and Urban Development MoHUUD – approvals,
- Department of Housing at the Governorate for the refurbishment,
• Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE),
- NREA to approve the plan of solar PV and SWH systems
• Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – Assess the strategic environmental and social impacts (SESIs) and benefits,
• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) – international investment approvals.
Government Procedures and Approvals
• Initial approval of the Governorate (Municipality),
• City of Hurghada to coordinate all approvals with the listed entities to execute the GRP:
• Refurbishment permit: MoHUUD and Governorate,
• Operation permit: NREA for PV and SWH connection,
• EETC and AEDC permit: in the case of on-grid connection, and
• Height permit: MOCA and EAA for height regulation.
European Union (EU) Commission Directives which apply to projects financed by IFCs for Action ≠5
Committed to the adoption of EU environmental principles, practices and substantive standards are essential, including
the following list that provides a brief description for the key pertinent EU Directives:
- Directive 2001/42/EC (SEA Directive) on the integration of environmental considerations into the preparation
and adoption of plans and programmes with a view to promoting sustainable development, and
- Directive 2011/92/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the assessment
of the effects of certain public and private projects on the environment, and its amendment (Directive
2014/52/EU).
Atmosphere and Air Pollution
- COP 21 Paris climate change agreement,
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,
- Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer,
- Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer,
- London Amendment to Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, and
- (Copenhagen) Amendment to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete Ozone Layer.
3. Technical description
Link to Governorate (municipal) development plan
The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate
adaptation actions. Hence, the GHG emissions from Residential sector are vital for the Governorate of Red Sea strategy
on climate change adaptation - CCA.
Residential sector is one the five main sectors that will be affected by climate change risks. Thus, it is vital to develop a
comprehensive plan to green the residential buildings to attain the vision of the City of Hurghada and Governorate the
153

Red Sea. The GRP will also increase the use of RE to improve the Governorate’s sustainable energy prospectus, yet
contribute to achieving Egypt’s Vision and National Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030.
Implementation plan
Component 1:
Phase 1: Setting up the EAU – Allocating staff – Installing basic equipment,
Phase 2: Priority programme targeting municipality staff with basic information on climate change and energy:
- Reduce artificial lighting and take advantage of daylight,
- Manage temperature inside buildings to reduce use of AC/heater,
- Shut down electric equipment at end of working time, and
- Remove electrical pins from electrical socket when the day ends.
Phase 3: Develop a specific programme “GRP”, mobilising women and household owners. Thus, mainly focus on:
- Promote the apt temperature set at home: usually homes consume large amount of energy I summer
when a reasonable cooling/ heating temperature can result in 20-30 per cent cut in energy use,
- Foster behavioural changes at home: turning off lights when not in use, good management of refrigerator,
washing machines’ time of use, boiling waters in kettles, and replacing classical bulbs with efficient devices
such as LED lamps,
- Advance use of energy efficient cooling/ heating devices: with good devices enough to ensure efficient
performance. People usually buy inexpensive equipment without taking into account the higher level of
energy consumption – even with green labelling devices act, this could lower energy consumption, but
more awareness is needed to emphasise on buying green label appliances,
- Control elevators’ use: set operation programme and limit their use to 3 rd floor unless users have medical
issue/problems,
- Adjust Air conditioning systems’ thermostats: be always at 24 degrees Celsius in summer, which would
save up to 25 per cent of the energy consumption, and
- Apply 3M sheets on windows’ glass/glazing: would reduce the impact of solar radiation impinging on the
external buildings’ façades, reduce cooling loads, and lower energy consumption.
A rough calculation allows considering that a widespread awareness campaign could result in a 20 per cent reduction of
electricity consumption (estimation being more difficult on other fluids) in 50 per cent of households and private
buildings.
Component 2: The plan is to develop solar PV and SWH wherever possible and appropriate in residential buildings. All
combinations are possible, from small 5kW units on a roof to larger units of 200kW or even more when surface available
allows it. Such project should focus on few measures:
- Promote the use of SWH systems instead of the current electric water heating (EWH) systems. Currently, in
most of residential buildings EWH systems are used instead of SWH due to low cost electricity tariff during 2010-
2015. With the increased in tariffs, this action could tremendously reduce electricity consumption.
- Develop a partnership with a bank acting as a “third party investor” that will support the investment solar energy
units’ installation (for example through a process where the bank will cover the cost of the loan from a part of
the savings allowed by the installation of PV and SWH programme),
- Involve and train staff and companies that provide and sell PV and SWH systems to identify the benefits of
installing the SWH instead of the EWH. The price of the SWH can be calculated and deducted virtually from the
monthly electricity bill and given to the company as it represents the amount of saving. This could be done for
2-3 years; the occupants will own the SWH after that period and will eventually save money due to this
installation.
Component 3: On the long term, it would be necessary to develop a renovation programme targeting less energy efficient
building, where basic buildings envelop insulation could significantly reduce energy use while improve comfort. To
154

design and implement an adequate energy-retrofitting plan for residential buildings in the City of Hurghada -
Governorate of Red Sea should engage in the following steps:
- Assess the need through a detailed mapping of housing units, registering average energy consumption per
square meter, date of construction and orientation,
- Train small local companies that will have the flexibility to work in different type of conditions while performing
adequate retrofitting programmes, the result in significant energy reduction,
- Develop a partnership with a bank acting as a “third party investor” that will support the investment (for
example through a process where the bank will cover the cost of the loan from a part of the savings allowed by
the retrofitting programme),
- Promote retrofitting in selected targets offering the best potential in terms of return on investment and,
elaborating on these showcases further deploy the plan.
LED lighting - Considering the pilot phase of 50 buildings representing 1000 housing units of similar capacity, and
assuming each unit has 25 lamps, replacement requires 25,000 LED lamps. Given the cost of 75 EGP (3.62 € per lamp),
the total cost for 1000 units amount to 1,875,000 EGP (90,000 €). These LED lamps would save at least 70% of the energy
consumed for lighting (i.e. 20% of electricity consumption in residential buildings).
An average housing unit consumes 4,575 kWh/y of which lighting is 915 kWh/y. Switching to LED cuts by 640 kWh/y.
Electricity consumption reduction for 1000 units represents 640 MWh/y and avoids 351 tCO2eq/y.
SWH Systems - One building represents in average 20 housing units occupied by 20 families, each encompassing 4
persons each. Such a family would need 70 gallons per day (265 litres) of which 25 gallons day (95 litres) need to be hot
water. This means for one building 95 x 20 = 1,900 litres of hot water per day, requiring at least 20 collectors or 7 SWH
units (sets of 3 collectors (2.50m x 0.9m) with a 300 litres tank). Such a unit costs 12,000 EGP (582.00 €) (all inclusive).
The SWH cost per building will be then 84,000 EGP (4,074 €) producing 18,400 kWh/y and avoiding 10 tCO2eq/y. Avoided
electricity consumption represents 648 €/y allowing a 6 years R.o.I (at 2017 electricity price).
Note: SWH systems can be assigned to one family or preferably manage collectively, as this will be far more energy
efficient. Then the building manager will ensure the proper maintenance of equipment and will ensure adequate
payment of hot water consumption per households to reimburse the initial investment and cover maintenance cost.
Such a payment will be cheaper than the electricity consumed for the same service as price of electricity goes up.
The pilot phase of 1000 housing units, in 50 buildings represents:
• 203,700 € investment for 50 x 7 SWH units,
• 920 MWh/y avoided electricity consumption, and
• 504 tCO2eq avoided GHG.
Energy Efficiency measures – Housing refurbishment
Beyond raising awareness, switching lamps to LED and promoting SWH, there are basic refurbishment actions that will
lead to further energy consumption reduction in housing units. Such actions can entail: switching AC to more efficient
device, improving ventilation, and tacking advantage of natural light. A lump sum of 12,600 EGP (600 €) will be allocated
for each housing unit included in the pilot phase.
In average, a housing unit consumes 4,575 kWh/y of electricity meaning 3,390 EGP/y (161 €/y) and 3,258 kWh/y of fossil
fuel (natural gas, liquid gas, fuel) at a cost of 1,238 EGP (59 €/y). As refurbishment could allow a 40% cut in energy
consumption, the annual saving would reach 1,851 EGP/y - 40% of annual expenses at 4,628 EGP/y - meaning 88 € (40%
of 220 €/y). Compare to the initial investment of 12,600 EGP we will have a 6 years RoI (more or less depending on
variation of energy costs).
The pilot phase (1,000 housing units) will require and investment of 600,000 € offering an energy efficiency gain of
3,186 MWh/y and avoiding 1,326 tCO2eq/y and saving
155

The pilot considering 1,000 housing units is meant to test what will be the best combination of actions (ventilation, AC,
natural light) to get the best energy efficiency gains. Monitoring energy consumption will allow designing plan to expand
the program at a larger scale with the ambition of covering 20% of the residential sector in the next 5 years (11,000
housing units at least meaning another 10,000 after the pilot phase).
This implementing plan, will require setting up a revolving fund of 6,000,000 € that could be replenished by housing
occupants’ contribution from the saving they will gain from the retrofitting activities.
The management of this revolving fund should be organised by the City of Hurghada.
Deliverables should be as follows:
• Integrated sustainable energy in residential buildings to contribute to the greening of the city of Hurghada,
• Global awareness campaign to help households reducing their daily energy consumption,
• Pilot project focusing on 1000 housing units addressing lighting by switching to LED, water heating by installing
solar water heater and other initiatives to further reduce energy consumption.
• Expansion plan targeting at least 10,000 housing units by 2030, setting up a revolving fund to support
investment in energy efficiency activities (switching to LED, SWH development, other retrofitting actions).
4. Organization and procedures
Formal approval
The development would require the following entities for issuing
permits, approvals and follow up process:
- Governor’s approval
- City of Hurghada (Municipality and
- Governorate of the Red Sea and City Council represented by the
Governor
- MoERE – NREA for SWH installation on buildings,
- Operation permit by MoHUUD – for buildings modification permit,
- Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) to
coordinate loans and funding from IFCs.
Staff training
Governorate (Municipality) team which will be assigned to the EAU
as part of the SSEU need to receive a proper training on several
subjects:
• Technical questions related EE, PV and SWH development as well
as CCA,
• Pedagogy and communication to run efficient awareness
programmes,
• Strategic Management of sustainable energy issues,
• Organisational solutions and technical questions related
converting residential buildings to operate by Solar water heating,
and
• Project management.
Staff allocated to prepare, implement,
monitor action
- City of Hurghada - Governorate of the Red
Sea,
- MoERE and NREA, and
- MoHUUD.
Role of Partners
Stakeholders:
- Training is also needed to transfer the
message of clean and green residential
plan to all parties involved,
- The Governorate and City of Hurghada to
coordinate the procedures approval with
different related authorities in close contact
with the Governorate such as: MoERE, NREA
and EEAA,
- All should be invited to specific to facilitate
the action project to follow up the
implementation upon funding.
A Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) to be developed and
established to oversee the training of staff and all concerned issue
156

and ensure the implementation of the plan actions of SECAP.
5. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) of action ≠5 (Green Residential buildings)
- A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive
sustainable energy (energy efficiency) mainly the GRP to brand the City of Hurghada as a clean and green city
including the use of SWHs to heat water and EE measures,
- An adequate awareness raising actions will also be necessary to help Governorate promote the value of Green
residential plan (GRP) through greening these buildings as well as the benefit household of such move,
- Awareness should also focus on the fact that Green buildings development doesn’t mean that energy will become
abundant. On the contrary, such awareness campaign should highlight that combining energy efficiency with the use
of SWH systems will make reduce GHG emissions and make air in the city less polluted,
- The Awareness Raising Programme (ARP), would include meetings, workshops, lectures and workshops for staff and
household owners and managers that could encompass several actions:
- The creation of a permanent municipal information point,
- The organisation of an open house,
- The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers,
- The distribution of brochures and posters,
The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success stories:
• Information on national energy policies and local implications,
• The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality,
• The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable energy
strategy and the SECAP.
Successful projects in national and foreign municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members of the Covenant of
Mayors (CoM).
6. Assumptions and risks
- Considering the time to change the mind set of building users which may take time, it will take a smart concept to
engage the public in collective actions that will generate individual benefits (saving money from their own budget
through reduced energy and water consumption) as well as global impact (reducing dependency on imported oil
and mitigating climate change, etc.),
- The main constraints of such a plan will be the mobilization of appropriate resources to fund renovation programmes,
as in many cases house owners will not have the fund to invest at the appropriate level. This is why such a programme
requires a partnership between the Governorate (Municipality) offering the guarantee that retrofitting will result in
actual energy bill reduction, and the bank providing the funds or with MoERE and NREA to promote GRP.
- The absence of a maintenance plan could reduce the efficiency of the installed SWH systems, thus it is important to
ensure good performance of SWH.
7. Key success factors
• The Governor’s vision and backing of promoting Sustainable Energy (RE and EE) in the city Hurghada and the
Governorate of the Red Sea is of a vital success factor,
• The approach and development of GRP is part of the Governorates’ vision and strategy, hence would assist in
reducing the annual use of fossil energy,
• Cost of new energy tariff means that any saving will be of significant value,
• The action plan is divided in two phases to make the investment visible and implementation easier,
• Any reduction in the usage of fossil fuels will be great success due to its huge cost annually, and
157

• Organize a proper maintenance system in order to ensure adequate flow of hot water from the SWH systems,
yields securing interesting enough return on investment (R.O.I).
8. Cost estimates
Training for Municipality staff, users and stakeholders
Pilot project for 100 housing units
50,000 €
1,050,000 €
- Switching to LED 90,000 €
- SWH development 204,000 €
- Housing retrofitting 600,000 €
- Technical support and management 56,000 €
Revolving fund for supporting retrofitting expansion
6,600,000 €
- Revolving fund (to be replenished after 6 years – zero interest loan) 6m €
- Management technical support and administration of the fund 100 k€/y (6
years)
Approximate annual cost savings (after initial investment reimbursement)
(88€/y/unit)
Return on Investment (draft calculation)
968,000 €
6 to 7 years depending on
energy cost
9. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed
Local authority's own resources:
International Financial Institutions 65 :
- The World Bank (WB),
National Funds and Programs
EU Funds & Programs and other external
funds
- United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
- European Commission (EC),
- European Investment Banks (EIB),
- European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD),
- French Development Agency (AFD),
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID),
- Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW),
- German Technical Cooperation (GIZ),
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
- OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID),
- Islamic Development Bank (IDB),
- African Development Bank (ADB),
- Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED),
65
The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/
(Accessed on: 14.08.2017)
158

- Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD),
- Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD),
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD),
- Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED),
- Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED),
- Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and
- Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).
Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
Loans and potential borrower
Lined up private investments
Expected annual cost savings to City budget
10. Projected Energy Estimates in 2020 (or other set target
Assumptions:
- Awareness can lead to 20% cuts in 50% of households 44,183
MWh/y
- EWH consumes 30% of electricity households 31,760
MWh/y
and the program can manage to install SWH
in 50% of households by 2030.
- Building retrofitting will concern 20% of buildings by 2030, 38,667
MWh/y ensuring a 40% improvement in energy efficiency
114.555 MWh/y
Renewable energy production MWh/y
CO2 reduction t CO2/y
- Reference Year
- Target Year
- Percentage of net reduction on the territory
- Reduction as related to BAU scenario
38,667 MWh/y
57,892 t CO2/y
2015
2030
4,5%
21%
159

6. Governorate of the Red Sea, Hurghada – Priority Action # 6 for SECAP
1. General presentation
Title: ENERGY SUPPLY AND RENEWABLE ENERGY DEVELOPMENT
# 6
Summary of the Action
Current Status: Renewable Energy Development – Governorate of the Red Sea
Renewable energies (RE) in the Governorate of the Red Sea are key to addressing all
sectors that consume fossil fuels and emit GHG. Solar radiation is abundant in the
Governorate, especially in the southern part. It is characterised as one of the highest in
the country and the world (more than 2800 kWh/m 2 /year of direct solar radiation with
about 12 hours of sunshine per day. The coastal area of the Governorate of the Red Sea
is also known for its high wind speed (more than 10 m/sec) offering high potential for
generating electricity from wind. Currently the New and Renewable Energy Authority
(NREA) registers about 500 MW of wind power capacity in operation and 1340 MW under
development.
Many projects in the solar electricity production are already running under MoERE - NREA
and international agencies in Egypt (JICA, AFD, kfW & WB) partnerships in the Red Sea.
These projects represent 1210 MW capacity (730 MW installed & 480 MW under
installation):
Location: Governorate of the
Red Sea
(Al-Shalateen, Marsa Alam, Halayeb, Abu
Ramad and Arab Saleh)
Start date: Dec. 2017
Project lifetime: 2 years
End: December 2019
Estimated cost €
30K€ technical expertise
30M€ initial investment to
install solar PV capacities
reaching 22 MWp
No
Capacity
Location
Duration
Financed
by
1
250 MW
Gulf of Suez
2017-2021
KFW
2
20 MW
Gulf of Suez
2016-2019
JICA
3
240 MW
Gabal El Zayt
2012 2017
KFW
4
220 MW
Gulf El Zayt
2010-2017
JICA
5
120 MW
Zafarana
2015 (in operation)
JICA
6
200 MW
West, Gulf of Suez
2015 (in operation)
AFD
7
160 MW
Zafarana
2004-2008
KFW
Renewable Energy at the Governorate of the Red Sea – South Region
The Governorate of the Red Sea installed 13.25 MWp solar energy production capacities.
No
Capacity
Location
PV Panels
Generating
output
1
5 MW
Marsa Alam
15,880
4.6 MWp
2
5 MW
Al-Shalateen
15,880
4.5 MWp (12 hrs)
3
1 MW
Halayeb
7,740
0.90 MWp
4
2 MW
Abu Ramad
15,470
1.80 MWp
5
250 kWp
Arab Saleh
Residential
buildings
-
(on top of their roofs)
160

Renewable energy at the city of Hurghada
The City of Hurghada has:
• 4.8 MWp wind farm between Hurghada and Al-Gouna resort.
• A small solar power plant on the main Governorate’s building with 100 PV panels
with a capacity of 25 kWp.
• A 3-Km long light posts using solar energy with an installed capacity of 27 kWp.
The vision of the Governorate of the Red Sea is to expand its renewable energy production
tapping on the solar and wind potential to reduce its dependency on conventional energy
sources and cut CO2 emissions. Taking into account the fact that cost of PV installations is
going down year by year and considering the increasing cost of electricity in Egypt, return
on investment is now getting attractive (5 to 6 years), a special effort should be made to
speed up development of solar energy.
The Governorate of the Red Sea efforts in Sustainable energy is willing to contribute to
reaching the National Sustainable Energy Policy Roadmap and Targets:
- 22% of total electricity consumption sourced from renewables by 2022,
- 20% of total new electricity generation from renewables by 2020 (63% wind, 2% solar,
10% CSP, and 25% Hydro), and
- 80% of electricity demand from local generation by 2020.
Developing solar PV in five towns south of the Governorate can assist in boosting the local
economy. Considering the huge potential of development of this technology and taking
into account that installation and maintenance must rely on local companies, yet can
sustain local employment. Hence, the Governorate of the Red Sea is planning to move
forward to holistically improve sustainable energy production from clean sources. Thus,
to develop solar energy plants in the southern region of the Governorate of the Red Sea
(Al-Shalateen, Halayeb and Abou Ramad) in addition to use the none-utilised generated
power to feed the water desalination plant.
This action is to upgrade installed solar PV capacity from 13 MW to 35.25 MW:
• Increase Marsa Alam power plant capacity from 5 MW to 10 MW (no grid there),
• Increase power capacity of Al-Shalateen from 5 MW to 10 MW, and utilised the
power for support the water desalination plant in the town,
• Increase Halayeb power plant capacity from 1 MW to 5 MW,
• Increase Abou Ramad solar power plant from 2 MW to 10 MW,
• Provide a small solar power plant of 250 kWp generating capacity for the remote
nomadic residential settlements in Arab Saleh area.
General Objectives of the project
The “Energy Supply and Renewable Energy Development Plan” will be the Governorate of
the Red Sea’s strategic roadmap to improve energy supply, while reducing dependency
on fossil fuel and cut GHG emissions:
• Add 22.25 MW of renewable energy production in the southern region of the
Governorate, upgrading current installation or building new ones.
Status of the Action:
• New
• Planned
• Following previous
action.
• Reduce loads on the national grid,
• Contribute to build a sustainable energy strategy for the entire Governorate,
161

• Develop technical capacity locally to promote the technology,
• Provide support to investors willing to develop solar PV in the southern region,
namely Marsa Alam, al-Shalateen, Halayeb, Abou Ramad and Arab Salah.
National Strategy, Policies, Legal framework and Laws, and Programmes
General:
Vision and Strategy
Egypt’s Vision 2030,
- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and
- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030.
Strategy and Policy
Strategy
- Egypt’s Strategy 2030 – MoPMRs.
- Energy Strategy 2015 – 2030,
- National Renewable Energy Action Plan – NREAP 2015,
- Strategic Energy Efficiency Roadmap and Energy Prices 2014,
- Strategy for Renewable Energy 2027 (20% by 2020),
- National Strategy on Market for Electricity Generated from Renewable Sources 2014, and
- Politically Viable Institutional Strategy for Energy Efficiency – PVISEE 2014.
Policies and Plans
Policies
Plans
- National Energy Efficiency Action Plan – NEEAP (2012 – 2015), and
- Energy Efficiency Plans and Capacity Building Schemes (2012).
- Energy Efficiency Plans in Electricity Sector – EEPES (2012 – 2015),
- Mediterranean Electricity Regulatory – MEDREG (2013),
- National Energy Efficiency Action Plan – NEEAP (2012),
- Employment Promotion through Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency – EPRREE 2016, and
- Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy National Study – EERENS, UNEP 2007.
Laws, Regulations and Decrees
Laws and Regulations
- New Investment law and execution legislations 2017,
- New Electricity law 2015,
- Renewable Energy and Feed-in-Tariff 2014 and 2017,
- Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Comprehensive Law No. 203 – REEEL 2014,
- Incentives for Generating Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources 2014, and
- Public Private Partnership – PPP 2010.
Decrees
- The new electricity tariff Ministerial decree 2016,
- Stimulation of Producing Electricity from Renewable Energy Source 2015,
- Feed-in-Tariff 2014 and 2 nd Feed-in-Tariff 2016,
- Net Metering 2013, and
- Executing Electricity Generation from different Clean Energy Sources 2012.
Programmes and Initiatives
- Power Purchase Agreement – Egypt ERA 2014,
162

- Design of Feed-in Tariffs 2012,
- Egyptian-German Joint Committee Programme on Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency 2015 – 2018, and
- Renewable Energy Fund – REF 2012.
Principal partners and stakeholders
• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality)
• City Council represented by the Governor
Contact person in the local authority
Mr. Ayman Sultan, Planning Department,
Governorate of the Red Sea
• Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE)
• New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA)
• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC)
• Ministry of Petroleum (MoPMRs)
2. Process
Technical Process
• Run a detailed assessment of current Solar PV capacities to design the most appropriate upgrading plan.
• Unroll plans to upgrade solar power plants
• Structure local maintenance system
Government and Administrative Procedures and Approvals
• Initial approval of NREA and MoRER
• Power plant construction permit: according to the presidential decree of Egypt, No. 326/1997, to establish the
Regulatory Body for Electric Utility and Consumer Protection. This permit is required as an authorisation from the
Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Agency – EgyptERA for the construction of PV plants
• Building construction permit approval for building with the plants: in accordance with Unified Building Laws (2008)
and National Building Law (1997) and Law 101 from 1996. Responsibilities: Local Government Unit on the District/
Markaz level is responsible for issuing the permit for buildings (Governorate)
• Environmental permit: according to Egyptian Law for the Environment, Law 4/1994 amended by Law 9/2009.
• EAA approval and process: a Preliminary Strategic Environmental and Social Impacts (SESIs) ,
• Water abstraction license: according to Egyptian Law for the Environment, Law 4/1994, amended by Law 9/2009 and
Egyptian Law for the Irrigation and Drainage, Law 12/1984. The Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources has to
approve any construction or operations that result in abstraction of water from the Nile River and issue a permit to
that effect. In case of underground water usage, the investors/ developers have to request a well digging permission
and abstraction authorisation,
• Operation permit: according to the presidential decree No. 326/1997, to establish the Regulatory Body for Electric
Utility and Consumer Protection. This permit is required from Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection
Agency to authorize the operation of electric utilities,
• Height construction permit: according to the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) and
Civil Aviation authority (CAA),
• City Council represented by the Governor and Municipality approval, and
• Governor’s approval.
Coordination with relevant authorities
- National Centre for Planning State Land Uses (NCPSLU) for land allocation of the SPP,
163

- Egyptian Armed Forces Operations Authority EAFOA), MoD to obtain ‘No objection’ for the construction of the
project in the allocated land of the SPP and coordination with the EAFOA during project construction.
3. Technical description
a. Link to Governorate (Municipal) Solar Development Plan
The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate
adaptation actions. Solar energy offers significant potential and is pretty easy to develop. The Energy Supply and
Renewable Energy Development Plan will contribute to increase the share of generating electricity from renewables and
promote a “new culture” regarding energy in the south part of the country.
The Governorate plans to increase the share of solar electricity production capacity from 13 MW to 35.25 MW. This
project will assist the Governorate in reducing dependency on fossil fuels and decrease the cost of fuel transport to power
plants that run on diesel in the southern region of the Governorate. It will also enhance the Governorate sustainable
energy prospectus, yet contributing to Egypt’s vision and Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) 2030 and its targets of
having 22% RE in the energy mix by 2022. In this respect, the Governorate will contribute to Egypt’s SDS key performance
indicators (KPIs) that are relevant to SECAP, mainly in Energy, Urban development, Environment, and Domestic energy
policy.
b. Implementation plan
The plan is to develop additional Solar PV capacities in 5 towns of the Governorate of Red Sea: Marsa Alam,
Al-Shalateen, Halayeb, Abou Ramad and Arab Salah.
Assumptions:
- Cost of a 1KW unit = 1,500 US$ = 1,278 € in the south region of Red Sea Governorate,
- 1 kW in Egypt would produce around 5.2 kWh/day and 1898 kWh/year
- KWh purchase is based on 2017 Feed in Tariffs regulation implemented by EETC (Egyptian Electricity
Transmission Company) set as follows:
- 102.32 piasters per 1 kWh (49.6 € / MWh) for houses – capacity less than 200 kWh,
- 108.58 piasters per 1kWh (53 €/MWh) for commercial activities less than 500 kWh,
- 78.8 piasters per 1 kWh (40 € /MWh) from Solar PV power plant 500 kW to less than 20 MW
Exchange rate of EGP Piasters = € at 0,21 / € to US$ at 0,8523 (1 € = EGP 20.65 as per the ECB of 08.10.2017)
The project could be phased in order to facilitate its implementation, however, the sooner the Governorate will invest
the greater the impact will be on the overall economy and energy balance. So the recommendation would be to plan
investments in two rounds as explained below.
The very first phase of the project will require a precise assessment of existing capacities and a detailed analysis of
additional capacities to be added and the identification of the best options for managing these additions.
The first round of investment over the first two years aims for an increase of 15 MW and includes:
- Upgrade the current 5 MWp in Al-Shalateen solar power plant to 10 MWp, i.e. adding 5 MWp.
This investment would be 6,390,000 € adding a production of 9,490 MWh for an annual income of 474,500 €.
- Upgrade the current 1 MWp in Halayeb (serving residential houses adding 4 MWp.
This investment would be 5,112,000 € adding a production of 7,592 MWh for an annual income of 379,600 €.
- Upgrade the current 5 MWp in Marsa Alam serving the city to 8MWp, i.e. adding 3 MWp.
This investment would be 3,834,000 € adding a production of 5,694 MWh for an annual income of 284,700 €.
- Upgrade the current 2 MWp in Abou Ramad plant serving Abou Ramad small town to 5 MW i.e. adding 3 MWp. This
investment would be 3,834,000 € adding a production of 5,694 MWh for an annual income of 284,700 €.
This first round of investment will amount 19,170 K€*
164

* Calculation based on 1,278 € per KWp installed, knowing that for larger installation the cost per KW will go down significantly.
The second round of investment, over the third year, aims for an increase of 7.25 MW:
- Ensure another upgrade of Marsa Alam plant from 8MWp to 10 MWp adding another 2 MWp (after the first upgrade
of 3 MWh completed in the first round).
This investment would be 2,556,000 € adding a production of 3,796 MWh for an annual income of 189,800 €.
- Ensure another upgrade of Abou Ramad solar power plant to reach 10MWp, adding 5 MWp (after the first upgrade
of 3 MWh completed in the first round).
This investment would be 6,390,000 € adding a production of 9,490 MWh for an annual income of 474,500 €.
- Provide a small solar power plant of 250 kWp generating capacity for the remote nomadic residential settlements in
Arab Saleh area.
This investment would be 319,500 € adding a production of 474 MWh for an annual income of 23,725 €.
This second round of investment will amount 9,265 K€*
As highlighted in the following table return on investment would be 15 years for these two rounds, with an attractive
profitability for the overall life-time of the equipment.
Year
Investment
cost
Annual
revenues
Operational
cost
Money flow
Actualisation
rate
Actualised
Money Flow
Capital
1 10 224 000 759 200 20 000 -9 484 800 0,990 -9 390 891 -9 390 891
2 8 946 000 1 423 500 60 000 -7 582 500 0,980 -7 433 095 -16 823 986
3 9 265 500 2 111 525 80 000 -7 233 975 0,971 -7 021 225 -23 845 211
4 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,961 1 952 256 -21 892 955
5 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,951 1 932 926 -19 960 029
6 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,942 1 913 788 -18 046 240
6 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,942 1 913 788 -16 132 452
7 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,933 1 894 840 -14 237 612
8 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,923 1 876 079 -12 361 533
9 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,914 1 857 504 -10 504 028
10 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,905 1 839 113 -8 664 915
11 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,896 1 820 904 -6 844 011
12 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,887 1 802 875 -5 041 136
13 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,879 1 785 025 -3 256 111
14 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,870 1 767 352 -1 488 759
15 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,861 1 749 853 261 094
16 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,788 1 600 905 1 861 998
17 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,776 1 577 246 3 439 244
18 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,765 1 553 937 4 993 181
19 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,754 1 530 972 6 524 154
20 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,742 1 508 347 8 032 501
21 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,731 1 486 056 9 518 557
22 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,721 1 464 095 10 982 652
23 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,710 1 442 458 12 425 110
24 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,700 1 421 141 13 846 251
25 2 111 525 80 000 2 031 525 0,689 1 400 139 15 246 390
165

Long-term plans
As long as the Governorate conducts these first investments, additional capacities could be added where more
appropriate as the potential is quite high. However, it is important to also take into account other components to secure
the appropriate exploitation of such solar units. One of the constraints could be the electric grid capacity to absorb these
additional productions. This why it is difficult at this stage to plan more investment. The cautious approach would be to
assess the performance of capacities added in the first and second round before moving forward.
Another constraint to consider is that solar plants produce electricity during the daytime when consumption is also
required at night. Storing electricity is not a simple operation. Batteries are very expensive and not as efficient as
expected. The most efficient products on the market today can reach a cost of 3,000 € for a 1 KWp solar PV, meaning
three time the cost of the solar PV itself.
However, technologies are evolving fast and a promising solution will be available in the coming years. Hence, it would
be interesting to start with a technical study to increase availability of electricity in Al-Shalateen through storage of
electricity produced by the plant offering an upgraded capacity of 10 MWp (after the two rounds of investment). Batteries
could be an option but only for very limited consumption capacity coverage.
4. Organisation and procedures
a. Formal approval
The development of Renewable energy plans would require the following
entities for issuing permits, approvals and follow up process:
- Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) to
coordinate loans and funding for IFCs,
- Ministry of Local Development (MoLD),
- Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE) for power plant
construction permit,
- New and Renewable Energy Authority (NERA) for approval and
coordination process,
- Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection Agency (EgyptERA)
approval for constructing the solar PV power plants,
- National Center for Planning State Land Uses (NCPSLU) for land permit for
the Power plants allocated land,
- MoHUD – NUCA (Municipality/ Markaz) for Building construction permit
for the building at PV plant,
- The Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) to assess and conduct the
Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs) for new projects
and expansions or renovations of existing projects in accordance of the
Law No. 4/1994 and its amendments, the Law on Protection of the
Environment, and its executive regulations,
- The EIA Department of the Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA) – MoEnv
to conduct the screening of ESIAs of the planned project,
- Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources (MoIWR) permit for water
abstraction license (if the water is taken from the River Nile or/and in
case of underground water usage on site,
- Operation permit from Egyptian Electric Utility and Consumer Protection
Agency to authorize the operation of electric utilities,
b. Staff allocated to prepare,
implement, monitor the action ≠ 6
• Governorate of Red Sea,
• City of Hurghada,
• City Council represented by the
Governor,
• MoERE,
• NREA,
• EETC,
• Al-Qanal Distribution Company
in case of on-grid connection
166

- Ministry of Defense (MoD) and Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA) and Civil
Aviation authority (CAA) for height construction permit,
- EETC approval and follow up: execution and purchase generated power
- City Council represented by the Governor,
- Municipality approval, and
- Governorate – Governor’s approval.
C. Staff training needs
Governorate (Municipality) staff related to the issue of
Sustainable Energy will be assigned to receive coaching
and training on three subjects:
• Strategic Management of Sustainable Energy
issues,
• Organisational solutions and technical questions
related solar PV development, and
• Project management.
A Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) to be
developed and established to oversee the training of
staff and all concerned issues and to ensure the
implementation of the plan actions of SECAP.
d. Role of Partners
Stakeholders:
- NREA to coordinate the procedures approval with
different related authorities in close contact with the
Governorate such as: Ministry of Defence, EEAA, MoCV
and CAA as well as the National Centre Planning State
Land Uses (NCPSLU) and local company involved in the
construction of Solar PV plants should be invited to
specific to facilitate the action project to follow up the
implementation upon funding, and
- EETC to check on the installation procedures and
implementation and test the power plant output and
monitor the purchase process.
5. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) to action ≠6 (RE Development)
A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive sustainable
energy (Renewable energy and Energy Efficiency) plan to brand the city of Hurghada as a clean and green city including
Solar PV power plants in the above mentioned towns in the south region of the Governorate. Also, adequate awareness
raising actions will be necessary to help the Governorate promote the value of electricity production through PV and the
benefit for both individual producers and for the entire city.
Awareness should also focus on the fact that Solar PV development does not mean that electricity will become abundant.
On the contrary, such an awareness campaign should highlight that combining electricity conservation and efficiency with
PV production will allow these towns to become independent from conventional energy sources for their electricity
consumption. The Awareness Raising Programme (ARP), would include meetings, workshops, lectures and workshops for
staff and citizens that could encompass several actions:
- The creation of a permanent municipal information point,
- The organisation of an open house,
- The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers,
- The distribution of brochures and posters,
- The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success stories:
• Information on national energy policies and local implications,
• The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality,
• The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable energy
strategy and the SECAP, and
• Successful projects in national and foreign municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members of the
Covenant of Mayors (CoM).
167

6. Assumptions and risks
- The key challenge will be to organise a proper maintenance system in order to ensure adequate electricity
production, yields securing an attractive enough Return on Investment (R.O.I),
- As renewable electricity production is growing in Egypt, the grid should be maintained and upgraded to support
integration of local production in varying intensity and quantity. This might be a challenge in the southern part of
the Governorate of Red Sea. Grid upgrade and proper network management will become extremely important,
- The relatively low purchase price (FiT) set by EETC.
- Beyond promoting new sustainable services and/or new green infrastructures, reducing energy demands from
non-clean energy sources is dependent on public mobilization.
7. Key success factors
• The development of renewable energy (RE) is an expansion of the existing 13.25 MW solar power capacities,
meaning the Governorate already has robust experience in solar energy production.
• Cost of new Electricity Tariff and energy means that any saving will be a significant value and an incentive,
• The action plan is divided in 2 phases to make the investment visible,
• Municipality determination to act in a comprehensive way on the issue of Sustainable energy mainly RE,
• Determination of the Governor of the Red Sea, to seriously act on the energy issue, is obviously an important
element to the success of this action,
• The Governor’s vision and backing of expanding the current solar PV power plants, reduce energy consumption and
mitigate GHG emission is of a vital success factor,
• Availability of Funds to prepare and to execute the planned action, and
• Raised capacity of Governorate staff for implementation.
8. Cost estimates
Initial and start-up expenses: technical investigation
30,000 €
Approximate operational Costs (Setting up a Solar PV maintenance unit)
80,000€/y in routine
Funding through a loan at 3% annual rate over 15 years)
30,000,000 € investment
28,435,500 for solar PV +
additional equipment and
administration set up.
Profitability calculated based on
feed-in-tariffs
at 40 € per MWh.
168

Draft calculation of the NPV and return of Investment (IRR).
15 years (see table page 5)
9. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed
Local authority's own resources:
International Financial Institutions 66 :
- The World Bank (WB),
- United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
- European Commission (EC),
- European Investment Banks (EIB),
- European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD),
- French Development Agency (AFD),
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID),
- Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (KFW),
- German Technical Cooperation (GIZ),
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
National Funds and Programs
IFCs including EU Funds, Programs, financial
tools and other external funds
66
The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/
(Accessed on: 14.08.2017)
169

- OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID),
- Islamic Development Bank (IDB),
- African Development Bank (ADB),
- Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED),
- Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD),
- Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD),
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD),
- Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED),
- Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED),
- Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and
- Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).
Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
Loans and potential borrower
Lined up private investments
Expected annual cost savings to city budget
10. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030
Energy savings GWh/y
Renewable energy production MWh/y
Avoided CO 2 emission t CO2/y (compare to current CO2 content of electricity
- Reference Year
- Target Year
- Percentage of net reduction on the territory (compare to 2015)
- Reduction as related to BAU scenario in 2030
Not relevant
42,230 MWh/y after 3 years
(for 30m€ investment)
1,6%
1,3%
23,142 t CO2/y
2015
2030
170

7. City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea Priority Action # 7 for SECAP
1. General presentation
Title: ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS UNIT –
# 7
HURGHADA GREEN CITY
Summary of the Action
The City of Hurghada is a well-known city for its tourists’ activities, mainly leisure and water
sports and diving. Like everywhere in Egypt, there is a need for more awareness on
environmental issues. It is not only good to educate and enhance the capacity and skills of
the Governorate (Municipality) staff for them to make necessary efforts to promote energy
conservation and environmental protection in their daily work, but also to develop and brand
of the city as a Green city as it is also necessary to develop the Governorate (Municipality)
capacity to promote awareness among all stakeholders in the City of Hurghada.
The transformation of the City of Hurghada to be sustainable and green, and approach to the
city’s urban areas is a part of the Governorate strategy including:
- Enhance the desert corridors southern Hurghada that link main road with resorts;
- Reduce the fossil fuel use by setting energy efficiency in multiple sectors;
- Reduce littering and improve waste management;
- Brand Hurghada as a sustainable hub of hospitality and world’s class tourism; and
- Use soft means of mobility such as bike lanes and other means.
Location: Hurghada,
Governorate of the Red Sea
Start date: Dec. 2017
Project lifetime: 2 years
End: December 2019
Estimated cost €
140 K€ for 2 years
Providing the City of
Hurghada allocate staff to
do the job (3 or 4 FTE).
As Governorate staff, population and local stakeholders lack information and need to be
mobilised to act on energy conservation / efficiency and environmental protection, it is
necessary to strengthen efforts to inform and engage all the public in contributing to the
implementation of the different components of the SECAP.
The City of Hurghada - Governorate of the Red Sea wishes to develop an awareness campaign
to brand the city as a Green city through the Green City Awareness Unit (GCAU) that involves
various stakeholders (Governorate staff, Ministry of Education and Ministries of Transport
and Tourism, Hotels and Resorts as well as NGOs, etc.), to tackle the following main issues:
- Lessen fossil fuel use by setting energy efficiency practices in multiple sectors,
- Reduce littering and improve waste management,
- Brand the City of Hurghada and the Red Sea Governorate as a green sustainable hub of
hospitality and world’s class tourism city, and
- Use soft means of mobility such as bike lanes and increase walkable area.
General Objectives of the project
The objective of action # 7 Environmental Public Awareness – Hurghada Green City is to focus
on 3 priority targets - Municipality staff, Transport and Tourism to improve energy
management (conservation and efficiency) and waste minimisation to preserve the unique
marine environment.
The action #7 Environmental Public Awareness Unit – Hurghada Green City aims also at
Status of the Action:
• New
• Planned
• Following previous
action.
171

supporting the Governorate to achieve its goals and strategy in making the city carbon
neutral.
In addition, this action will promote green tourism, while supporting the Governorate in
attaining Egypt’s SDS 2030 and contribute in achieving SDG 7: Ensure Access to Affordable
Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy for All.
National Strategy, Policies and Laws, Programmes
General:
Vision and Strategy
Egypt’s Vision 2030,
- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and
- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030.
Specific Strategy and Policy
Strategy:
- National Tourism Strategy 2020 (2013),
- Sustainability - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation (2014),
- Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation – TEUC (2014),
- Transport Strategy and Action Plan,
- National Sustainable Transport Policy,
- Transport Policy and Planning, and
- National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction – NSACCDRR (2011),
Policies:
- National Energy Efficiency Action Plans (NEEAPs),
- Policy Framework of Energy Efficient Practices (PFEEPs), and
- National Air Quality Policy – NAQP, UNEP (2015).
Climate Change Policies:
- Environmental Air Quality Policy – UNDP (2015),
- Third National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2014),
- Second National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2010), and
- Initial National Communication on Climate Change – MoEnv and EEAA (1999).
Legislations, Laws, Decrees and Codes
Laws and Regulations:
- New Investment Laws (2017),
- National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP),
- Climate Change Legislations (2015),
- Environmental Protection (1994, 2015),
- Public Partnership with Private sectors – PPP (2010),
- Regulating Private Sector’s Participation in Infrastructure Projects – Services and Public Utilities (2010),
- Baselines of the Maritime Areas (1990) – Decree
National Codes:
- Code for Energy Efficient Buildings (2009), and
- Code for Improving Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings (2009).
Plans and Programmes
172

- Environmental Awareness – Training and Capacity Building,
- National Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Portfolio (2009),
- National Low Carbon Economy Plan – NLCEP,
- Protection of Natural Environmental Resources and Nature Conservation – PNERNC, EEAA,
- Clean Production Mechanism CPM (2010),
- Transport Master Plan 2012-2027 – MINTS,
- Model Freight Transport (MFT) strategy developed by MoTr and JICA, and
- Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme – EPAP, EEAA (2007– 2012).
Plan and programmes - Climate Change
- Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Plan – UNDP and MoEnv (2015),
- Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures – CCAMM,
- Climate Change Action Plan – CCAP,
- National Action Plan for Adaptation – NAPA, and
- Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, MoEnv (2013).
Initiatives
- Low Emission Capacity Building – UNDP, MoEnv and EEAA (2013 – 2016),
- Green Tourism Unit – GTU (2014),
- Red Sea Sustainable Tourism Initiative – RESTI,
- Green Star Hotel – MoTrm, and
- Eco-label Initiative (voluntary) hotels’ Green Stars Award – MoTrm.
Institutions and rating systems
- Central Unit for Sustainable Cities and Renewable Energy – CUSCRE (2014),
- Green Pyramid Rating System – GPRS (2012), and
- The Egyptian Green Building Council Ministerial Decree (2009).
Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy
The Governorate of the Red Sea has developed a strategy to make the City of Hurghada a Green city with the ultimate goal
of achieving the transition towards a carbon neutral city.
To achieve this ambition the Governorate considers its key to raise awareness of staff, stakeholders and citizens about the
importance of greening the city and instruct all of them on what they can do to contribute to the global objective.
The vulnerability analysis of the City of Hurghada indicates, among 10 sectors, that tourism is ranked the second highest
risk (level 2) in terms of probability and impact of dangerous climate chance.
Therefore, the action #7 is also essential to help stakeholders getting prepared to any possible disasters they may face.
Principal partners and stakeholders
• Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality)
• City Council represented by the Governor of Red Sea
• Hotels owners and Management in City of Hurghada
• Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy (MoERE)
• New and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA)
• Ministry of Education (MoEd) – Schools
• Ministry of Housing (MoTrm)
• Ministry of Transport (MoTr)
Contact person in the local
authority
Mr. Ayman Sultan, Planning
Department, Governorate of the
Red Sea
173

• Ministry of Environment (MoEnv) – EEAA
• Green Building Unit (GBU) and Green Tourism Unit (GTU)
• Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC)
2. Process
The Green City Awareness Unit (GCAU) will be a key component of the SECAP implementation, as most of the impacts
expected for the action plan, depends on the adequate mobilization and engagement of stakeholders to cease the
opportunities offered to make the City Green and doing so contribute to the success of the SECAP.
The planned action is set through the following assessments and development:
- Preliminary plan and specific study of developing the Green City Awareness Unit - GCAU,
- Allocating Staff for the GCAU,
- Involvement of Stakeholders, and
- Commence the GCAC programme.
Administrative and coordination process
- Governorate of the Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipal),
- Governor’s to approve the plan and its targets,
- City Council represented by the Governor approval, and
- Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation (MoIIC) – international investment approvals.
Government and Administrative Procedures and Approvals
- Initial approval of the Governorate (Municipality) of the GCAU, and
- Governor’s to approve the final set up and structure of GCAU and its targets.
3. Technical description
Link to Governorate (municipal) development plan
The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate adaptation
actions. It is vital to develop a comprehensive planning of the Green City Awareness Unit to attain the vision of the
Governorate of the Red Sea in making the City of Hurghada Carbon Neutral and improving quality of life in the city
sustainable urban area, yet attaining Egypt’s vision 2030. It will also enhance clean energy profile and improve the
Governorate sustainable energy prospectus, and still contribute to achieving meeting Egypt’s vision and Sustainable
Development Strategy (SDS) 2030. In this respect, the Governorate will particularly contribute to Egypt’s SDS key
performance indicators (KPIs) that are relevant to SECAP, mainly in Energy, Urban development, Environment, and Domestic
energy policy, e.g., Energy and Environment:
- Secure energy resources,
- Increase reliance on local resources,
- Reduce the intensity of energy consumption, and
- Raise the actual economic contribution of energy sector in the national income.
The Action #7 – Green City Awareness Unit (GCAU) would also support the Governorate of the Red Sea’ vision and strategy
and achieve the set policies in the Nation Climate Change Communication report, mainly the policies targeting development
that is more sustainable based on related pillars:
174

1. More efficient use of energy, especially by end user as energy efficiency is the cornerstone to be targeted by policy
makers to decouple demand on energy and economic growth.
2. Increased use of renewable energy as an alternative to non-renewable sources.
3. Improve waste management and reduce littering to preserve the marine environment.
Implementation plan
Component 1: The Governorate first needs to set up the Green City Awareness Unit GCAU to ensure successful executing of
the SECAP and accomplish the Governorate’s vision and strategy
Component 2: The Governorate’s Green City Awareness Unit (GCAU) will be a key component of support for other planned
actions developed for the City of Hurghada and the south region of the Governorate.
In addition, the GCAU will launch its mission focusing on three priority targets – Governorate (municipality) staff; school
teachers and management, office managers, airport staff and hotels owners as well as all tourism operators – to inform on
issues at stake regarding Green City elements, climate change mitigation and adaptation, energy management and
environment challenges in the city, provide guidance to behavioural changes, and invite all stakeholders to engage in
concrete actions to help greening the City of Hurghada, including: reducing energy consumption at no cost, and improve the
urban environment (preserving water, reducing waste and littering to promote a cleaner city).
The Green City Unit (GCU) will develop the city branding its activities and engaging cooperation with existing groups and
institutions:
- Spreading information and training material (posters, brochures, stickers, etc.) to remind everyone of the importance
of Green and Resilient City (GRC). This must include training given by Governorate (Municipality) employees,
- Develop an annual event “Energy festival or Energy day” where best practices could be demonstrated and innovative
projects celebrated. Such a festival could be promoted through a large advertising campaign mobilising all traditional
media but also social networks online,
- Unroll specific awareness campaigns among specific target groups, and
- Developing a network of “Positive Green schools” and “Positive Green Hotel” producing more energy than they
consume and less waste, through a combination of GRC measure, including energy conservation, energy efficiency and
green waste and the development of Solar PV and axial wind turbines on schools’ roofs. Also, school teachers and
management, and hotel management should be engaged in such Awareness programmes to use all the potential of
the technical development, as support for training teachers and staff and inform pupils.
Component 3: The City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea wishes to engage in a specific programme with schools:
improved design for 5 schools and 10 hotels per year, refurbish old schools, raise child awareness, and develop specific
projects engaging school pupils in the GRC including energy saving activities,
- Mobilise families through the training of women/mothers, and
- Promote an awareness raising campaign in mosques, developing solar PV equipment and wind axial turbines and
inviting imams to promote responsible behaviour regarding GRC, and
- Raising awareness would be the support to gather more official, staff, university researchers, businessmen,
communication experts and local citizen groups, with the Governorate (Municipality) team, to work together on a
broad mobilization to Green and Resilient City (GRC) and reduce energy consumption and develop renewable energy
production.
Raising awareness should also be seen as a tool to push citizens to take ownership of the GRC and energy saving issues,
engage in energy conservation efforts or participate in renewable energies take off, and doing so, actively contribute to the
implementation of the local and sustainable Green City of Hurghada, which will reduce dependency on fossil fuel resources
and will improve local economy.
175

4. Organization and procedures
Formal approval
The development and set up of GCAU (CES-MED Unit) would require the
approval of the Governor of the Red Sea and Secretary General of the
Governorate of Red Sea.
The following entities would also support this GCAU to grasp the available
opportunities of funds to follow up the GCAU processes:
- Ministry of Local Development (MoLD) support the approval,
- International Cooperation (MoIIC) to coordinate loans and funding
from IFCs,
- Operation permit: Governor Approval of the GCAU structure,
- City Council represented by the Governor,
- Municipality and Governorate, and
- Governor’s final approval to commence the action.
Staff training
The Governorate staff dedicate to support the Green City Awareness
Unit (GCAU) and its programme Green City Hurghada will be assigned to
receive coaching and training on three subjects:
• Strategic management of green city issues,
• Organisational solutions and technical questions related
converting the city to be green, and
• Project management.
The GCAU will be part of the Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU) to
be developed and established to oversee the training of staff and all
concerned issue and ensure the implementation of the plan actions of
SECAP.
Staff allocated to prepare, implement,
monitor action ≠7
• Governorate of the Red Sea,
• City Council – Red Sea represented by the
Governor,
• Directorate of Education,
• Directorate of Environmental Affairs, and
• Others
Role of Partners
Stakeholders:
- Training is also needed to transfer the
message of Green City and green plan to
all parties involved,
- The Governorate and City of Hurghada to
coordinate the procedures approval within
the Governorate through the Secretary
General office and Governor
- All should be invited to specific to facilitate
the action project to follow up the
implementation upon funding.
5. Summary of related Awareness Raising (AR) action ≠7 (Environmental Awareness Unit – Hurghada Green City)
A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic sustainable awareness campaign
for each and every individual and for the general benefit of the City of Hurghada - Governorate of the Red Sea.
The Awareness Raising Programme (ARP) as a tool of the GCAU, would include lectures and workshops for staff and citizens
that could encompass several actions:
- The creation of a permanent municipal information point,
- The organisation of an open house,
- The publication of articles in local and regional newspapers,
- The distribution of brochures and posters,
- The distribution of an information letter that includes current events on sustainability and local success stories:
• Information on national energy policies and local implications,
• The prevailing energy conditions in the municipality,
• The state of progress of the different actions implemented within the framework of the sustainable energy strategy
and the SECAP, and
176

• Successful projects in national and foreign municipalities, notably in municipalities that are members of the Covenant
of Mayors (CoM).
Some of the actions include:
• Spreading information and training material (posters, brochures, stickers, etc.) on how to save energy. To include
training given by municipal staff,
• Creating an annual “Energy festival/day” to demonstrate best practices and celebrate innovative projects. Would be
promoted through traditional media and online social networks,
• Mobilising families by training women/mothers,
• Developing a network of “Positive energy schools” that produce not only more energy than they consume, but where
teachers integrate the project into their curricula to train students, develop projects, etc.,
• Lessen the use of fossil fuel by setting energy efficiency practices in multiple sectors,
• Brand the City of Hurghada and the Governorate of Red Sea as a green sustainable hub of hospitality and world’s
class tourism city; and
• Use soft means of mobility such as bike lanes and increase walkable areas.
6. Assumptions and risks
- The key challenge will be the time needed to change the mind-set of stakeholders, but with proper mobilisation of
resources, this action will overcome such a challenge,
- The continuation of funding to reach 100% of the stakeholders through ARP and GRC programmes, and
- Organise proper follow and monitor procedures during and after the Green City Awareness programme to ensure
adequate flow of information about the ARP and GRC.
7. Key success factors
• The development of Green City Awareness Unit (GCAU) and Awareness Raising Programme (ARP), since it is part of
the Governorate of the Red Sea vision and strategy, would be assist in reducing the yearly consumption of non-clean
energy and contribute to making the City of Hurghada sustainable and green,
• Governorate determination and approval to act comprehensively on greening the City of Hurghada,
• Governor of Red Sea determination to seriously act on the all issued related to energy consumption reduction issue
will be great success due to its huge usage annually and is clearly a vital element to this action success,
• The Governor’s vision and backing of the establishment of GCAU is of a vital success factor,
• Capacity of Governorate staff to liaise with the public and stakeholders that will engage real actions.
8. Cost estimates
Technical support for designing the GCAU – Year 1
Training for Municipality staff - Year 1
Running cost and fund to support innovative initiatives – Per Year
Approximate annual cost saving (after initial investment reimbursement)
Return on Investment (draft calculation)
20,000 €
20,000 €
100,000 €
Not relevant, as energy and
GHG reductions are counted
in each specific sectors
177

9. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed
Local authority's own resources:
International Financial Institutions 67 :
National Funds and Programs
EU Funds & Programs and other external funds
- The World Bank (WB),
- United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
- European Commission (EC),
- European Investment Banks (EIB),
- European Bank for Reconstruction Development a (EBRD),
- French Development Agency (AFD),
- United States Agency for International Development (USAID),
- Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW),
- German Technical Cooperation (GIZ),
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
- OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID),
- Islamic Development Bank (IDB),
- African Development Bank (ADB),
- Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development (AFSED),
- Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD),
- Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development (AFESD),
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD),
- Khalifa Fund for Enterprise Development (KFED),
- Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development (KFAED),
- Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund (MENATF), and
- Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).
Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
Loans and potential borrower
Lined up private investments
Expected annual cost savings to City budget
10. Projected Energy Estimates in 2020 (or other set target year)
As mentioned above, the awareness action plan will have impacts across the different sectors. In order to avoid double
counts, this impact is only registered with the different specific sectors (see other action fiches).
67
The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/
(Accessed on: 14.08.2017)
178

8. City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea – Priority Action # 8 for SECAP
1. General presentation
Title: GREENING PUBLIC AREA AND CITY LANDSCAPE
# 8
Summary of the Action
Current Status – Urban Landscaping Master Plan of the City Hurghada
The City of Hurghada is a well known as an international tourists’ hub, hence the urban
setting should meet international standards. Hurghada is characterized by its amazing
beaches and open urban areas. Hurghada counts with a total of 7 public beaches with
an area of 320,000 square meters. The city also constructed a 60 meters wide
promenade for tourist that extends 4 km and another 70 meters wide that extends for
3 km, which makes the total area of the promenade 450,000 square meters. The city of
Hurghada also encompasses 17 gardens and green areas with a total surface of 100,000
square meters. Also, the City of Hurghada has 505 restaurants and cafes, 285 diving and
aqua centre along its promenade, which makes it a very dynamic and vibrant city. As for
sports and leisure activities, the city owns 6 open courts and 33 secondary tennis courts.
As the tourism sector in the City of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea, is one of the
foremost sectors that urgently need to be addressed and it holds the first highest rank
after transport in energy consumption 1,626 GWh/year (43%) and first in GHG emissions
with 606 k teCO2/year (44%), hence, greening the city would contribute to reducing
such consumption and GHG emission. Increasing the landscape area is vital as it will
significantly improve tourists comfort in open spaces.
The Governor and the Governorate want, as part of their strategy, to improve the urban
setting of the City of Hurghada, increase greenery and improve the landscape. Thus, the
Governorate of Red Sea is currently developing in the city of Hurghada two new walking
and open spaces for the public and increasing the plantation in most of the main streets.
However more actions are needed to make the city green and sustainable. There is an
urgent need for more awareness on environmental issues.
Action summary
This action is to develop a City Urban Green Plan (CUGP) to enhance the visual and
aesthetic image of the city, increasing the urban green coverage (UGC) and its soft
landscaping plan to improve the sustainability of Hurghada. This includes a sub-action
to increase the landscape in the desert corridors southern of the City linking the main
airport road with city resorts – 2,420m long and 25m wide (60,500 Sq.m.).
Location: Hurghada
Start date: December 2017
Project lifetime: 1 years
End: December 2018
Estimated cost €
865 K€ for the City Urban Green
Plan (CUGP)
• 50 K€ Study of Urban
Landscaping City of Hurghada,
• 50 K€ Orthophotos flyover
assessment study of the City
of Hurghada, and
• 755 K€ Landscaping of the
main South Road to Hurghada
International airport.
• 10 K€ for Awareness campaign
and staff training on the City
Urban Green Plan CUGP.
This plan will help supporting the Governorate meeting the SDS 2030 and helping to
achieve SDG 7: Ensure Access to Affordable Reliable, Sustainable and Modern Energy
for All, particularly in Egypt SDS 2030 Strategic objectives under energy and
environment sectors.
General Objectives of the project
The aim of this planned action is to increase the area of green landscape in the city of
Hurghada, particularity the south road to Hurghada International Airport, planting trees,
seedlings and flowers as part of the City of Hurghada beautification and landscaping
Status of the Action:
• New
• Planned
Following previous action.
179

plan.
The plan aims at greening a two-way road of 2,420 meters long and 25 meters wide that
links the south road to Hurghada airport and the main hotels and resorts. This will help
absorbing part of air pollution near the city and resorts, and will increase carbon storage
hence improving the GHG emission balance. On top of this, it will offer a major
enhancement of quality of life in and around the City.
The City Urban Green Plan (CUGP) will contribute to:
• Increasing the contribution of overall Governorate strategic plan,
• Maximizing utilization of domestic energy resource,
• Enhancing rational and sustainable management of the city,
• Reducing the intensity of energy consumption,
• Ensuring a better urban setting,
• Reduce GHG emissions,
• Limit the environmental impact of the sectors emissions, and
• Improve the quality of life and the urban environment.
National Strategy, Policies, Laws, Plans and Programmes
General:
Vision and Strategy
- Egypt’s Vision 2030,
- Egypt’s Sustainable Development Strategy – SDS 2030, and
- Egypt’s Green Economy Strategy – GES 2030.
Specific Strategy and Policy
Strategy:
- National Tourism Strategy 2020 (2013),
- Sustainability - Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation (2014),
- Tourism, Energy Use and Conservation – TEUC (2014), and
- National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction – NSACCDRR (2011).
Policies:
- National Air Quality Policy – NAQP, UNEP (2015)
Climate Change Policies:
- Environmental Air Quality Policy – UNDP (2015),
- Third National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2014),
- Second National Communication on Climate Change – EEAA and UNDP (2010), and
- Initial National Communication on Climate Change – MoEnv and EEAA (1999).
Legislations, Laws and Codes
Laws and Regulations:
- National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP),
- New Investment Laws (2017),
- Climate Change Legislations (2015),
- Environmental Protection (1994, 2015), and
- Public Partnership with Private sectors – PPP (2010).
Laws
- Energy Efficient Building Guideline – EEBG (2013)
- Energy Efficient Building Codes – EEBC (2013)
- Energy Efficiency Guide – EEG for Egyptian Enterprises (2010)
- National Energy Efficiency Strategy NEES (2000)
National Codes:
- Code for Energy Efficient Buildings (2009), and
180

- Code for Improving Energy Consumption in Commercial Buildings (2009).
Plans and Programmes
- National Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Portfolio (2009),
- National Low Carbon Economy Plan – NLCEP,
- Protection of Natural Environmental Resources and Nature Conservation – PNERNC, EEAA,
- Environmental Awareness – Training and Capacity Building,
- Clean Production Mechanism CPM (2010), and
- Egyptian Pollution Abatement Programme – EPAP, EEAA (2007– 2012).
Plan and programmes - Climate Change
- Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation Plan – UNDP and MoEnv (2015),
- Climate Change Adaptation and Mitigation Measures – CCAMM,
- Climate Change Action Plan – CCAP,
- National Action Plan for Adaptation – NAPA, and
- Climate Change Risk Management Programme – CCRMP, MoEnv (2013).
Initiatives
- Low Emission Capacity Building – UNDP, MoEnv and EEAA (2013 – 2016),
- Green Tourism Unit – GTU (2014),
- Red Sea Sustainable Tourism Initiative – RESTI,
Institutions and rating systems
- Central Unit for Sustainable Cities and Renewable Energy – CUSCRE (2014)
Governorate and Municipal vision and strategy
The Governorate of Red Sea has developed a strategy to make the City of Hurghada a Green city. The strategy set the
objective for the city to be a sustainable city. This would be through a clean and green tourism activities based on clean
energy production and green system in the tourism sector.
The Governorate is also intending to support the plan to increase the landscape and green areas in main roads and upgrade
the current southern road to Hurghada international airport in order to improve the urban condition using trees and
plantation seedlings in the City of Hurghada in particular and Governorate in general.
In addition, the Governorate is planning to the improve the urban spaces within the City of Hurghada and raise awareness
of all stakeholders on the impact of climate change risks and adaptation actions and how the CUGP could assist as well as to
support the city transitioning towards a world-class sustainable touristic destination.
A vulnerability analysis of the City of Hurghada – Governorate of the Red Sea was carried out combining probability and
impact (scale 1-3) of the 10 receptors, including tourists and inhabitants. The risk assessment, based on climate data
available in Hurghada, indicated that tourism is ranked the second highest risk (level 2) in terms of probability and impact.
Hence improving the landscaping would support this receptor.
Therefore, this planned action #8 - City Urban Green Plan (CUGP) for increasing the City’s Urban Green Coverage is in line
with the vision and strategy of the Governorate of Red Sea and support its’ implementation.
Principal partners and stakeholders
• Governorate of Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality)
• City Council represented by the Governor of Red Sea
City of Hurghada (Beatification and Landscape)
Contact person in the local authority
Mr. Ayman Sultan, Planning Department,
Governorate of Red Sea
2. Process
Technical Process
Increasing the plantation and Urban Green Coverage (UGC) is an interesting option for reducing Urban Heat Islands Effect
(UHIE) and air pollution. It also might have a very marginal effect on cooling loads in buildings that are very close to the
green areas. The Orthophotos flyover will help assessing hot spots of UHIE, particularly in the city centre, hence allowing the
181

most adequate location of green areas to limit the UHIE. This will improve comfort in the city but will not have any significant
impact in reducing energy consumption and GHG attenuation. Instead, landscaping of the south road can be seen as a first
attempt to store carbon, even if the impact on GHG balance will again minimal.
The planned action will develop a study for greening the city of Hurghada urban areas (main squares and roads) as well the
soft landscaping of the South Road to Hurghada International airport as follows:
• Understand the specificity of urban green areas and connected roads profile,
• Assess the current urban green coverage in all urban zones in the City of Hurghada to explore the technical options
for improving the landscaping and to decide on the best and fastest solutions with less irrigation system and desert
plantations,
• Assess the amount of green planting seedlings in suggested urban areas to improve UGC,
• Establish a master plan study for the landscape of the urban areas of City of Hurghada, and
• Develop a pilot plantation scheme for the main road connecting South entrance of the City to Hurghada International
airport.
Administrative and coordination process
• Governorate of Red Sea – City of Hurghada (Municipality) and Governor’s to approve the plan and its targets,
• City Council represented by the Governor approval, and
• Ever-Green Company (Implanter).
Government and Administrative Procedures and Approvals
• Initial approval of the Governorate (Municipality),
• City of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea, and
• The Governor and Hurghada City Council headed by Governor.
3. Technical description
Link to Governorate development plan
The SECAP is built on three drivers: a) reduce energy consumption; b) develop energy production; and c) climate adaptation
actions. Hence, the mitigation of UHIE and the development of Urban Green Coverage (UGC) in the city of Hurghada and the
soft landscaping of the main south road to City of Hurghada International Airport is an important component of climate
action.
As more than 4 millions’ tourists visit Hurghada every year a strategic and comprehensive approach to improve the
sustainability and improve and increase the current UGC as well as the plantation seedlings and trees of the South Road
connecting the South entrance of the city to Hurghada international airport are needed to portray the city as a green city
and improve the city liveability index (CLI).
The Governorate will particularly contribute to Egypt’s SDS key performance indicators (KPIs) that are relevant to SECAP,
mainly in Energy, Urban development, Environment, and Domestic energy policy:
• Secure better quality of life,
• Increase the reliance on local resources,
• Reduce the air pollution in touristic cities, and
• Raise the actual economic contribution of urban sector in the national income 68 .
This planned action ≠8 on City Urban Green Plan (CUGP) would also support the National Adaptation Action, especially in
the tourism sector and Global Liveability Index (GLI):
68
Nihal El-Megharbel, Presentation on Egypt's vision 2030 and planning reforms, First Assistant to the Minister of Planning,
Monitoring and Administrative Reform, October 2015.
182

Costal Zones sector:
1. Reduce climate change (CC) associated risks and disasters.
2. Capacity building of the Egyptian society to adapt to CC risks and disasters.
3. Enhance national and regional partnership in managing crises and disasters related to CC and reduction of associated
risk.
4. Improve the health and quality of live due to the reduction of air pollution.
Tourism sector:
1. Improve quality of life.
2. Reduce climate change risks in touristic areas.
3. Engage users in supporting the proposed strategy.
4. Support periodical monitoring and observations systems and follow-up bodies.
5. Raise environmental awareness.
6. Cooperate with international bodies.
7. Incorporate disaster risks promoting sustainable tourism in Egypt.
8. Capacity building of local communities in touristic areas.
This Action Plan ≠ 8 – City Urban Green Plan (CUGP) would also support the Governorate strategy in meeting the set policies
in the Nation Climate change Communication report, mainly the policies targeting development that is more sustainable
based on four related pillars:
1. Efficient use of energy resulting from increasing the urban green coverage (UGC).
2. Increased UGC areas would mitigate UHIE and support the adaptation to climate change risks.
3. Improve air quality and quality of life (Liveability).
4. Lower energy consumption in summer due to the impact of increased UGC areas in lowering air temperature.
Health and Liveability dimension (quality of life) is the cornerstone to be targeted by policy makers to decouple demand on
energy and economic growth.
Implementation plan
Component 1: The Governorate needs a comprehensive study for the Urban Landscape of the all open-spaces in the City of
Hurghada to mitigate the Urban Heat Island Effect (UHIE). This would offer a more sophisticated understanding of Urban
Green Coverage (UGC) than need to be improved.
Component 2: From the detailed description of issues at stake, the study will draw strategic Urban Green Coverage (UGC)
of the city centre and surrounding urban open-spaces to make the city resilient and adapt to climate change risks, yet
enhance air quality, liveability (quality of life). This master plan of the UGC study could include:
• Establish a coordination unit to manage the action plan, prioritizing collective actions to enhance the City Urban
Green Coverage (UGC) and highlight the benefits of increasing it as a key action to mitigate UHIE,
• Review the current status of city urban areas to identify the areas that need more UGC to improve quality of life in
the city and mitigate the UHIE,
• Explore innovative solutions and technologies that would significantly make these urban space using less water for
irrigation,
• Add another action for climate change adaptation,
• Implementing a common methodology to measure GHG emissions, report on them and monitor all other benefits
deriving from increasing UGC and improving the city urban spaces.
Component 3: Soft landscape of the South road to Hurghada International airport – 2,420 meters long.
The plan articulates an option of greening the road as per the assumption taking into account the water constraint in a
desert environment (efficiency, comfort, water consumption and GHG emissions) and assess the environmental impacts of
the road on the city.
Soft landscaping of South Road – City of Hurghada
Assuming a section of 12 meters long as shown in Figure 1 (below in page 6), the soft landscaping is estimated as follows:
183

1. The cost of greening the shoulders of the south main road - Section A:
- It has 4 areas each is 36 Square meters,
- Each shoulder has 5 palm trees,
- Cost of a palm tree average from EGP1000-1500 (€60-65*)
- Cost of green area per square meter is EGP150-200 (€7-9)
- Sub-total cost of each shoulder including 5 palm trees and plantation is = 5 x EGP1250 (€63) + 36 x EGP175 (€8) =
EGP6250 (€287) + EGP6300 (€289) = EGP12550 (€ 576),
- The sub-cost of the 4 shoulders is = 4 shoulders x EGP 12550 (€576) = EGP 50,200 (€2,303).
Having the length of the road of 2,420 meters, thus, the cost for the 4 sections A is = EGP 10,123,667 (€464,282).
2. The cost of plantation of the mid area of the South main road (B):
The area is 13m x 12m = 156 m 2 .
- The green area for each square meters is EGP200 (€9), and
- Sub total cost is = 156 x EGP200 (€9) = EGP 31,200 (€1,431).
Having the length of the road of 2,420m, then the total cost is = EGP 6,292,000 (€ 288,558).
So, the total cost = A + B = EGP10, 123,667 (€464,282) + EGP6,292,000 (€288,558) = EGP16,415,667 (€752,840).
The cost of plantation of the whole south main road is estimated at EGP 16.5 million (€753,000).
*NBE exchange rate of 1 EUR is EGP 21.805.
Fig 1: Plan of the south Road to Hurghada Int’l airport
This UGC in the urban spaces of the City of Hurghada will be managed by the management unit to administrate the fund
(With an overall costs of 20 K€ per year).
Component 4: Awareness-raising is vital to increase and encourage urban green converge in cities to assist in the
implementation of the plan to transform Hurghada into a green city.
4. Organisation and procedures
Formal approval
The development of landscaping master plan study
would require the following entities for issuing
Staff allocated to prepare, implement, monitor action
• City of Hurghada - Governorate of Red Sea,
• City Council represented by the Governor, and
184

permits, approvals and follow up process. Since the
Road and Master plan study is with the city
administrative boundaries no Ministries would be
involved in the approvals process except the MoIIC in
case of International loans or funding:
- Ministry of Investment and International
Cooperation (MoIIC) to coordinate loans and
funding from IFCs funds,
- Landscape consultant to submit the master plan
study and soft landscaping of the South Road to City
Hurghada international airport,
- City of Hurgada to assess and evaluate the master
plan study and soft landscaping of the South Road,
- City Council represented by the Governor to approve
the master plan study and soft landscaping of the
South Road
- Municipality and Governorate – Governor’s
approval,
- City of Hurghada to call for tender,
- The Contractor currently ever green to implement
the project,
- The city of Hurghada – Governorate of Red Sea, to
monitor and approve the phases of implementation,
Commissioning, final submission, and operation and
maintenance plan.
Staff training needs
Governorate (Municipality) staff related to the issue of
Urban Green Coverage (UGC) and mitigating the
impact of Urban Heat Island will receive coaching and
training on three subjects:
• Strategic Management of UHIE and greenery and
landscaping issues,
• Technical questions and organisational solutions
related to improving the city urban space and
increase UGC as well reducing the impact of UHIE,
• Project management.
Training is also needed to convey the message of the
benefit of green urban spaces and green city to all
publics.
A Climate Action and UHIE Sub-Unit shall be installed
within the Strategic Sustainable Energy Unit (SSEU)
to handle climate action and UHIE to be developed
and established to oversee the training of staff and
all concerned issue and ensure the implementation
of the plan actions of SECAP.
• Ever Green Company (Field Manager).
Role of Partners
Stakeholders:
All stakeholders should be invited to specific workshop to design
the Master plan and Soft landscaping of the South Road – City of
Hurghada to improve air quality and quality of life. This could
include staff from the City and representatives of Ever-Green
Company.
185

5. Summary of related Awareness Raising actions
A communication plan needs to be developed to highlight the benefits of a new strategic and comprehensive climate action
to lower sustainable energy and mitigate UHIE in the city by increasing the UGC areas as well greening the city south main
road to Hurghada international airport. Such communication efforts will help portraying the City of Hurghada as a clean and
green city. This would include the increasing of green areas, plantation seedlings and trees in the designated south road to
Hurghada international airport. Also, an adequate awareness raising actions will be necessary to help the Governorate
promoting the value of the City of Hurghada Urban Green Plan through increasing the UGC. Awareness should also focus
on the fact that Green City development would mean better health, quality of life and better liveability. Such awareness
campaign should highlight that increasing the UGC areas will improve air quality, enhance quality of life and reduce cooling
loads in summer due to lowering the UHIE, hence will lower GHG emissions due to the fact that the air in the city is less
polluted.
6. Assumptions and risks
- The key challenge will be the absence of operation and monitoring plan to ensure the UGC is maintained on the long
term, especially in desert climate environment.
- Organize a proper maintenance system in order to ensure adequate flow of irrigation water, yields securing
interesting enough Return on Investment (R.o.I.).
7. Key success factors
• The development of City UGP and increasing the UGC areas is an essential part of the Governorate of Red Sea vision
and strategy and will get the adequate political support,
• The cost of new planting trees and planting seedlings are relatively low will be a significant value as an incentive.
• The action plan is divided in two stages to make the benefit of investments more visible,
• The Governor’s vision and backing of making the city green and carbon to assist in mitigating UHIE and GHG emission
is of a vital success factor, and
• Governorate is also already started a plan in increasing the UGC in some city squares in the City of Hurghada.
8. Cost estimates
Urban Green coverage of the City of Hurghada - technical support plans:
- Scoping study on green landscaping study 50.000 €
- Orthophotos flyover to assess hot spots in the city 50.000 €
- Pilot plant the South main road to int’l airport 15.000 €
- Soft landscaping of South Road to Hurghada international Airport 740,000 €
Training for Municipality staff
Revolving fund
765.000 €
20.000 €
-
9. Available and foreseen sources of funding to be developed
Local authority's own resources:
International Financial Institutions 69 :
- The World Bank (WB),
- United Nations Development Program (UNDP),
- European Commission (EC),
- European Investment Banks (EIB),
National Funds and Programs
EU Funds, IFCs tools, financial programmes, and external funds.
69
The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available at:
http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx/ (Accessed on: 14.08.2017)
186

- European Bank for Reconstruction Development a
(EBRD),
- French Development Agency (AFD),
- United States Agency for International Development
(USAID),
- Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (kfW),
- German Technical Cooperation (GIZ),
- Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA),
- OPEC Fund for International Development (OFID),
- Islamic Development Bank (IDB),
- African Development Bank (ADB),
- Arab Fund for Social & Economic Development
(AFSED),
- Abu Dhabi Fund for Development (ADFD),
- Arab Fund for Economic & Social Development
(AFESD),
- International Fund for Agricultural Development
(IFAD),
- Khalifa Fund For Enterprise Development (KFED),
- Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development
(KFAED),
- Middle East and North Africa Transition Fund
(MENATF), and
- Saudi Fund for Development (SFD).
Public-Private-Partnerships (available or to raise)
Loans and potential borrower
Lined up private investments
Expected annual cost savings to City budget
10. Projected Energy Estimates in 2030
This project will not generate any energy reduction and the impact on CO2 balance will
be very marginal.
Carbon storage from tree planting along the south road could only be accounted as
carbon storage after 7 years according to GHG Protocol, which is the worldwide reference
on the subject. In the very arid environment of Hurghada, trees will grow very slowly and
will only gain a pretty small size and height over time representing a very small amount
of carbon stored. Having no guarantee regarding the proper maintenance of the green
areas created by the project, it would be irresponsible to propose any figure regarding
CO2 storage over time as a result of the development of green areas in and around the
city.
Again the benefit of the project is not measurable, neither in energy consumption nor in
GHG emission.
This impact will be real on comfort in public spaces and their users, air quality
improvement and positive appreciation from tourists visiting the city, all of these having
an economic value on the long term.
187

Section VI: Citizens Awareness Promotion Plan
The Red Sea Governorate
Hurghada, sustaining tourism for a better
development
1. Preparing and including the “Awareness Raising Actions” component in the SECAP
In addition to the requirement linked to the public consultation of the SEAP, a Citizen Awareness Promotion Plan
(CAPP) has to be elaborated by the municipality as part of the Sustainable Energy Action Plan document (SEcAP).
Identification of CAPP actions through participatory training workshops
The CES-MED project has conducted a tailored communication and CAPP training workshop for the local authority
and it communication team in coordination with (and attended by) the Focal Point and the SECAP Consultants.
Prior to conducting the workshop, which was led by CES-MED key communication expert (KE), three parts
“Communication Kit” was handed on to the local authority and SEAP Consultant, who were asked to get
acquainted with its content prior to conducting the training.
The “Communication Info Kit” (annex1) includes:
- Part 1: the “CAPP Guidelines” document: a tailored comprehensive manual prepared by CES-MED for the use
of cities/municipalities on how to identify, plan and conduct awareness raising actions (Arabic, English and
French versions)
(http://www.ces-med.eu/publications/recommendations-and-guidelines-development-citizens-awarenesspromotion-plan-capp)
- Part 2 includes;
o
o
o
PPT Presentation of the CAPP Guidelines
Presentation of “how to prepare and implement a communication and an awareness campaign”
showing techniques, materials and models
Pools of benchmark examples and references to best practices from across the world towards citizen
engagement and behaviour change, with adaptation to the CES-MED cities context
- Part 3: consists of 4 Tables to assess CAPP conditions and identify actions.
o
o
Table 1 is used to conduct a rapid investigation to identify awareness situation, levels and needs linked
to behavioural change in the city; and to initiate discussions with the workshop participants towards
the identification of target audiences and the SECAP CAPP actions.
Table2: presents the content of a plan to implement a CAPP action related to a Pilot Project.
188

o
o
Table 3 presents the proposed actions related to the general sustainable energy challenges and to the
city.
Table 4: presents the proposed CAPP actions linked to each SECAP priority projects.
During the workshop, the “Communication Kit” material was explained. The following discussions, assessment
and analysis addressed awareness raising conditions and challenges, communication concepts and CAPP
methodologies, tools, techniques before examining and multiple benchmark applications.
A practical exercise was then conducted to specify the SECAP’s CAPP actions, whereby the local authority general
awareness raising needs and SECAP’s priority actions (proposed in the Project Fiches) were looked over and
proposed. In doing so, the template tables were filled by the participants and the KE.
Following the workshop, the participants have thoroughly reviewed the tables and finalized them with CES-MED
KE and the SECAP Consultants, prior to including them in the SECAP (below).
The Communication Info Kit and specially the CAPP Guidelines are to be used as reference work manuals for
the subsequent detailed planning and implementation of the CAPP actions proposed in the in the SECAP
document and other similar awareness raising actions.
189

Preparation of a COMMUNITY AWARENESS PROMOTIONAL PLAN (CAPP)
Template 1- Situation analysis of Hurghada
Aim
The questions in the attached templates cover various areas of actions and levels of awareness linked to behavioural
change. It has been used to conduct a quick investigation on the awareness situation and level of perception of the
citizens in the city concerning renewable energy and energy saving.
The exercise of filling the templates has identified and assessed the conditions in the municipalities prior to
preparing a CAPP and to answers a number of questions, including:
1) Who is the target audience of a CAPP?
2) What are the priority issues to be addressed by the CAPP (that also could be identified by the PAED as
priority actions)?
3) What is the level of awareness of energy key problems? And what are the first issues to raise awareness
about?
4) What are previous awareness raising actions, so that he CAPP can build on them?
5) What is the situation as related to public consultation, based on which public consultation is to be
designed?
The exercise of filling the template helped pointing out how raising awareness can be utilized as a tool for improved
energy policy to facilitate implementation of its actions; it has allowed initiating discussions in the Communication
Workshop and helped identifying appropriate campaigns and actions.
Specific objectives:
(i) Provide the necessary information about the current conditions and the situation regarding awareness of
energy saving and renewable energy,
(ii) Help to identify the most appropriate a) awareness raising campaigns that would accompany the SECAP
vision/strategy and b) the awareness raising actions that would accompany the priority actions
determined in the SECAP.
Steps to follow:
(i)
(ii)
The SECAP team of the municipality has filled the templates based on their understanding and perception
of the of the city’s inhabitants. They were free to seek the opinion of a limited number of persons to help
fill the answers.
The filled templates were discussed in the “CES-MED Communication Workshops”, which were led by
CES-MED Communication Expert and attended by the SECAP consultant and the SECAP municipal team.
In parallel, the vision/strategy of the city and the proposed pilot actions in the SECAP were reviewed as
part of the workshop exercise.
The outcome guided the selection of the most appropriate awareness raising campaigns and actions of the SECAPs,
including the ones related to priority projects.
190

I. Identification of the target audience and the importance they give to Sustainable Energy (audience
targeted by the awareness raising campaigns and actions)
Age group Very important Important Not important
Youth
X
Middle Age
X
Seniors
X
Others (young children to middle school)
X
II.
Identification of priority issues to be addressed by a sustainable energy action and their
level of importance
Issue
Expensive oil prices
Availability/lack of energy
Availability of transport
Waste management
Clean environment
Level of importance
Very important Important Not important
X
X
X
X
X
III.
Identification of level of awareness (energy problems) and education of energy related issues
Issue
Very aware (through
media or research)
Aware but not
convinced
Not Aware
Impact on environment
X
Cost of energy
X
Waste of energy
X
Climate change
X
Ways to save energy consumption
X
Existence of renewable energy
X
191

IV.
Previous awareness actions conducted by the city/municipality or by other actors
Has the city or local authority done
previous actions
If yes, who conducted the actions (the
city/municipality, NGO, national
authority…)
If yes, describe the action
If yes, what was the budget and how
did you fund it
If yes, outcome, impact and feedback
Yes, for energy issues
Yes, with all of them
A reforestation campaign: “Plant a tree to reduce the city's carbon
emissions”.
“Sons of the sun”: a school awareness campaign to introduce the
environment and its issues and pollution
From executive bodies (governorate)
From the civil society who provided hardware equipment support but no
financial assistance
The campaigns for reforestation have resulted in community and youth
participation, reflected in the conservation and expansion around homes.
Other issues and campaigns, most of them educational school for young
people whose results are not yet clear despite the passage of years
V. Public consultation
Does the city practice public
consultation?
Has the city done public consultations
for SEAP?
Is it part of the legislative process?
YES; one community meeting was conducted with the governor on the
Zahar project and was subject to strong criticism
NO
NO
With hotel owners, hotel operators and energy
Foreseen consultation(s)
Does the city liaise with national
institutions, stakeholders?
With yacht owners and those who operate yacht marinas
Campaign to expand the use of solar water heater with civil society
(campaign knock on the doors) but the cost of installation and the lack of
technical bodies and suppliers in the city is a major obstacle
YES
Situation analysis
From this study concerning the target audience and its profile, it appears that the groups that are aware and informed
about energy challenges are the young people who have reached the age of working; they represent 65% of the
population. These groups should be identified as our main target as they are well-aware of issues related to the energy
192

sector. It would be recommended to carry out the awareness actions with them and get their full involvement as opinion
sharing people who will disseminate ideas and new behaviour.
The middle age population and the school children seem to grant the subject some importance; We need to enhance
their awareness of the purpose of energy efficiency characteristics, standards and labels and benefits of more efficient
products as costs saving conduct so that they become the future ambassadors of sustainable energy on the territory.
The survey does not show evidence that gender is an important factor in identifying the importance of sustainable
energy. Therefore, women population should be better considered as an important target to talk to when it comes to
energy saving in the household as well as in their working places. As for the oldest respondents, they very little interest
in the topic and would need more persuasion to suppress ambiguity and change their perceptions and behaviour
through awareness raising actions.
Concerning the identified priority issues, the main leverages on which we can use and base our communication upon
are: The expensive price of oil, the non- availability of energy (power cuts and the wavering of electrical current produce
expensive bills and are problematic for the population because of the damages caused to household appliances;
moreover, water motors in homes are a problem due to continuous consumption of energy as stopping them means
cutting water supply to residential units); the waste management issue (especially construction waste as it is the most
polluting besides the lack of control and management); and the cleanliness of the environment (the city's cleanliness is
fairly acceptable but cleanliness of the marine environment is at risk because of diesel waste and oil leakage from boats.).
The ambiguity lays in the fact that they don’t seem to link the environment matters to transports and do not consider
this issue as being very important.
The population is very aware of the high cost of energy and existence of Renewable Energy (Solar lighting poles at the
city entrance); however, the main problem is the high cost of RE equipment at community level.
The city of Hurghada has carried out some awareness raising actions and campaigns related to sustainable energy
towards the civil society and some were successful and engaging. However, it seems that these were one-shot
campaigns and no follow up has been done since. It has also conducted a public consultation on a different project;
nothing has yet been done for the SECAP that was prepared; more consultations are foreseen with the several
institutions and concerned stakeholders.
193

Template Two- Communication Plan 2.1.1
Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to
Specific/Pilot Project: Energy
- Title of the Pilot Project:
The green touristic City of Hurghada.
- Title of the Communication Action related to the pilot project:
Sessions with owners and the responsible staff of environmental management and energy in the tourism
facilities. Coordinate with the Governor, the Secretary General of the Governorate, the Tourism Investment
Association (Businessmen Association), the Chamber of Companies (as a Specialized Chamber of Commerce),
and the Tourism Promotion Authority (Ministry of Tourism).
- Location (site/place/site or place/schools…):
In the hotels, preferably the Beau Rivage Hotel (Management by Major General Ali Reza from the Tourism
Investment Association)
- Summary of the Communication Action
- General objective(s):
Sustainability and improving the environment.
- Key Message:
Branding the Green tourism as the future of international tourism, and to position Hurghada on the map
of green tourism
- Theme:
Green Tourism and Hotels;
Target group:
Resorts and hotels’ owners as well as managers of the departments concerned with tourism facilities;
officials of the environment sector, energy consumption sector officials.
- Tools and channels:
Presentation of case studies to explain and demonstrate the difference in energy consumption and
positive reflection on environment. Presentation of international standards, agreements on commitment
steps;
Activation of the supervisory role and environmental inspection campaigns of the members of the
Department of Environmental Affairs to periodically detect the violations and analyse their current
environmental impact to be presented during the sessions with the Directors of the Environment to show
its impact over the medium and long term.
Hearing sessions, awareness campaigns and coordination with the owners and managers of the
departments concerned with tourism facilities.
- Organisation
194

- Roles and responsibilities (Communication Team):
Campaign management by the Department of Information, Education and Environmental Training under
the chairmanship of Ms. Ibtisam Ahmed.
Support for the campaign from: Environmental Inspection Department to determine the environmental
impact assessment, the legal department to determine the value of fines and possible reconciliation, etc.
Management of green areas, landscaping and swimming pools by the Department of Energy and Water.
All departments are a part of the General Directorate of Environmental Affairs of the Governorate.
- Project lifetime (start and end date):
Preferably in the low touristic season, a three-month campaign to start in, as March to September is
relatively less active in fishing trips so would be more appropriate for the subjects of the campaign (yacht
owners and marina managers) to be more receptive.
- Link to other opportunities and/or events:
The Bicycle Festival
- Principal partners and stakeholders and their roles (1)
- Staff training needs:
The management team is required to develop methods and tools necessary to plan, manage and follow
awareness campaigns, monitor and measure their impact and report to the director of the department
and their team. Training of 8-10 individuals at the headquarters with the availability of training methods
is a must.
- Technical assistance and expert needs:
A modern camera for documentation, a laptop, 3 USB flash-memory, a modern projector, a screen or two
mobile display, prints and banners.
- Cost estimate
- Estimated implementation cost: EUR (and local currency at the date of preparation):
80,000 to 100,000 L.E. (4000-5000 Euros)
- Funding source (available and foreseen):
Tourist Investment Association, Russian Tourism Agency TEZ, Large Touristic Companies: Travco, Flash
Tour, Blue Sky
- Initial and start-up expenses and approximate operational Costs
- Next steps:
Following up
- Follow-up, evaluation and impact assessment:
Follow-up of environmental inspection campaigns and legal fines as referred to in point 5 above, in order to
prove the seriousness of the government's implementation.
- Annexes or references to annexes
195

Template Two - Communication Plan 2.1.2
Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to
Specific/Pilot Project: Environment
1. Title of the Pilot Project:
The green touristic City of Hurghada.
2. Title of the Communication Action related to the pilot project:
International Bicycle festival: The world is hosted by Green Hurghada.
3. Location (site/place/site or place/schools…):
The first proposal: from Huwaidq Square to the Marine Sports Club (6 kilometres) or the second proposal: the
village road to the Swiss Institute (about 6 km) or the third proposal: Arabia Road, Hurghada new tourist port
and back (about 10 km long) or possible integration to work in stages according to the proposed work plan
4. Summary of the Communication Action
- General objective(s):
Spreading the culture of green mind-set and combating carbon emissions
- Key Message:
Save energy, buy your health
Hurghada, City of Green Tourism - broadcast the support of the city and the Governor in practice to create
attractive events for tourism, which motivates hotel owners and tourism companies to respond to the
campaign 2.1.1.
- Theme:
Green Tourism and Hotels;
A sports festival with a competition, will take place locally first, and grows to be replicated as an
international marathon or carnival race. In parallel, cultural activities such as Tanoora, and Air Balloon
would take place with bazars throughout the track of the art as well as activities for children. The day will
end with a concert during which the winners of the competition will be honoured. This hotel will be the
top sponsor of the festival and host the concert with pre-booked tickets.
- Target group:
Youth, foreign communities, tourists who are present or have come to participate in the event, tourism
companies and hotels.
- Tools and channels:
Office of the Governor, Department of Environmental Affairs, Youth Civil Society Organizations, Youth and
Sports Department in the Ministry of Sport, Tourism Companies, Audiovisual Media for Marketing and
broadcasting Event.
5. Organisation
- Roles and responsibilities (Communication Team):
The Governor and the Secretary General of the Governorate (for direct supervision to ensure coordination)
with the support of Traffic Department security department to secure the closure of the road and the
196

Carnival competition (Ministry of Interior) and the Ambulance (Health directorate in the governorate) to
secure points of relief and health support along the path, the environmental management, marketing and
coordination,
- Project lifetime (start and end date):
Festival to be held as a one full day event during the month of March.
- Link to other opportunities and/or events:
The Festival and the associated carnival will support and do the marketing for the “green hotel” campaign.
- Principal partners and stakeholders and their roles
- Staff training needs:
Supervision and coordination with festivals organizing agencies in addition to training as in 2.1.1
- Technical assistance and expert needs:
Contracting with professional events-planners for the support of the organization of the festival.
6. Cost estimate
- Estimated implementation cost: EUR (and local currency at the date of preparation):
Marathon, Marketing campaign and awards 500,000 L.E. (25,000 Euros)
- Funding source (available and foreseen):
Bicycle Union in Hurghada (Support Bicycle Renting), Yala Bike (Support for Bikes), Rental Points for Sale
of Products along the Walk or Path by the Governorate, Advertising and Sponsorship Companies for the
Festival, Hotels overlooking the Walk, Tourism Companies.
- Initial and start-up expenses and approximate operational Costs
7. Next steps:
Invest in the success of the event, assess its impact and draw the lessons learnt to replicate it every year
Develop a vision to put the festival on the global map after a few years.
8. Follow-up, evaluation and impact assessment:
Through the management of the environmental awareness unit, a questionnaire could be used during the
event, and after to a random sampling between different groups of attendees in order to measure the
effectiveness of the concept of the festival and its message, and how it reflects on their understanding about
the importance and application of these principles in their lifestyle.
9. Annexes or references to annexes
197

Template Two - Communication Plan 2.2
Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot
Project: Energy
1. Title of the Pilot Project:
The Green City of Hurghada
2. Title of the Communication Action related to the pilot project:
Energy rationalisation campaign and expansion of renewable energy use in the residential sector
3. Location (site/place/site or place/schools…):
Hafr Al Batin District (Hamid Johar District) as an experimental area for the rest of Hurghada.
This location is selected because it is a restricted area (where results can be measured on its 1 km 2) and the
variety of social layers (sub-medium and above average) and sectors it has. Also, it is one of the oldest
neighbourhoods in the city. It has Mubarak housing (above average) low-cost housing as well as public buildings.
4. Summary of the Communication Action
- General objective(s):
Spreading awareness about the importance of rationalization in electricity/energy and expanding the use
of solar energy.
- Key Message:
No to power-cuts and save on your monthly payments (your investment in energy is an investment for
your children)
- Theme:
A door-to-door awareness campaign (where the awareness team visit randomly members of the
community, knocking at their doors to introduce themselves and the subject of the campaign), as well as
a 'Manadar' awareness campaign (room combining popular sectors, for seniors in families and tribes) and
events through popular concerts in the youth centres of the district.
- Target group:
Youth, especially women (responsible for consumption), heads of civil society from heads of families, tribes
and sectors (such as the sheikhs and craftsmen). All categories can and should be involved.
- Tools and channels:
5. Organization
National Council of Women and Al-Salheen NGO
- Roles and responsibilities (Communication Team):
The Environmental management to communicate with the Al-Salheen NGO for its popularity, the required
social networks and the National Council for Women (coordinating with the various sectors of society and
with those in front of the Ja'far Al Tayyar Mosque for Friday sermons and preaching religious lessons) to
spread the culture of sustainability and its applications through the campaign. The campaign includes
knocking on doors, meetings with the heads of the community (Manader campaign) and day- gathering to
demonstrate simple scientific presentations on the possibility of energy-saving, its economic impact and
198

enefits and the feasibility of investing in LED lamps, Solar heaters and surface power generation (less
power-cuts and better life by saving money).
Coordinate with producers of solar power generation, solar water heaters, energy saving lamps, main
supply and installation of electrical appliances (such as B-Tech, Shams and Venus) to qualify local
technicians and suppliers for Hurghada and neighbourhood with this equipment at a special marketing
price throughout the campaign period; thus, using the events as an opportunity and a way out for sale.
Involve the Electricity Department in the governorate in the festival activities.
Coordinate with the culture-hubs and youth centres to organise 2-3 popular concerts in the form of a
festival for starting and entertaining the residents.
- Project lifetime (start and end date):
3 Months, from 15 June till 15 September after the Month of Ramadan and Iftar Eid.
- Link to other opportunities and/or events:
Template 2.1.2 (Bicycle Festival) with reference to recreational activities in youth centres sharing a
common goal.
- Principal partners and stakeholders and their roles (1)
- Staff training needs:
The required training as in Template 2.1.1
- Technical assistance and expert needs:
Same as in Template 2.1.1
6. Cost estimate
- Estimated implementation cost: EUR (and local currency at the date of preparation):
100,000 EGP (5,000 EUR)
- Funding source (available and foreseen):
Governorate headquarters, and sponsors from renewable energy producing companies such as B-Tech,
Shams and Venus.
- Initial and start-up expenses and approximate operational Costs
7. Next steps
8. Follow-up, evaluation and impact assessment:
In coordination with the Electricity Department to monitor the difference in electrical consumption and supply
from producers in the district of the LED lamps and other solar generating units, solar heaters. Also, to compare
sales before, during and after the campaign.
9. Annexes or references to annexes
199

Template Two- Communication Plan 2.3
Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot
Project: Energy
1. Title of the Pilot Project:
Awareness sessions for yachts’ owners, sailors and managers.
2. Title of the Communication Action related to the pilot project:
Rationalize the energy consumption of Marinas and yachts, and expand the use of clean energy.
3. Location (site/place/site or place/schools…):
In the Marinas where the activity is happening and with several meetings/visits
4. Summary of the Communication Action
- General objective(s):
Reduce carbon emissions and marine pollution.
- Key Message:
Hurghada, The green city in land and sea for high global tourist branding (green tourism).
- Theme:
Awareness campaigns, inspection and presentation of alternatives to lighting and charging of yacht power
by generators driven with diesel generators or solar power stations in each marina thus keeping the fossil
fuels dependence only to yacht engines supply; especially with the availability of spaces on sidewalks and
the possibility of installing cells on yachts’ surfaces to reduce the amount of fossil fuel which reduces
carbon emissions in the Marinas.
- Target group:
Yachts’ owners, yacht owners’ association, tourist associations, fishing tour operators, directors of marines,
labour and fuel-supply workers.
- Tools and channels:
Launching campaigns by a team of 4 to 5 members from the Department of Environment and Department
of Environmental Planning to explain the impact, in coordination with the Association of Tourism
Investment and the organisers of yachts and fishing trips to facilitate the meetings.
Enhancing the supervisory role and environmental inspection campaigns of the Department of
Environmental Affairs to periodically detect the violations and analyse the current and accumulated
environmental impact to be presented during the meetings with the directors of the departments of the
environment and owners to show the impact in the medium and long term.
5. Organisation
- Roles and responsibilities (Communication Team):
Environmental awareness management unit in coordination with the Association
- Project lifetime (start and end date):
200

6 months apart from heavy tourist seasons or fishing seasons; starts from March till September.
- Link to other opportunities and/or events:
Showcase of suppliers of solar power panels to be made available through the follow-up display as in
Template 2.3.
- Principal partners and stakeholders and their roles (1)
- Staff training needs:
Similar to Template 2.1.1
- Technical assistance and expert needs:
There is no need for assistance; the measurements are taken before meetings and there is an ongoing
cooperation as technical support is provided in coordination with the Red Sea Protected Areas Sector,
Ministry of Environment.
6. Cost estimate
- Estimated implementation cost: EUR (and local currency at the date of preparation):
Staff and inspection fees, certificates and gifts to attend and host a miniature ceremony for the most
committed marinas, banners and publications explaining the impact and purpose: 100,000 EGP (5000 EUR).
Air and water quality measuring tools: available.
- Funding source (available and foreseen):
Touristic companies organizing trips for tourism and fishing, hotels’ yachts of or owners renting their
yachts.
- Initial and start-up expenses and approximate operational Costs
7. Next steps:
Strengthening inspection and applying fines.
8. Follow-up, evaluation and impact assessment:
Measurement of the quality of water in and near the Marinas and the pollution of the coasts by the
management of marine protected areas.
Follow-up, inspect and account of any carbon impact and the extent of water pollution; check if it decreases
during the campaigns and later on periodically.
9. Annexes or references to annexes
201

Template 2 - Communication Plan 2.4
Proposed Communication or Awareness Raising Action related to Specific/Pilot
Project: Environment
1. Title of the Pilot Project:
Reduce emissions of harmful gases and pollution of the city emanating from solid and liquid waste transport.
2. Title of the Communication Action related to the pilot project:
Raising awareness of effective management of solid and liquid waste transport and arranging for their dumping
in public landfills.
3. Location (site/place/site or place/schools…):
Governor’s office
4. Summary of the Communication Action
- General objective(s):
Ensure and confirm the determination on the method of solid waste (particularly construction waste) and
liquid waste (sewers) disposal.
- Key Message:
Together we make Hurghada a green city - no pollution, no violations, no fines
- Theme:
Creating an awareness campaign to publicize the law about waste transport, locating landfills, defining the
legal consequences for the lawbreaker and a security campaign in return.
- Target group:
Private fleet owners for the transport of solid and liquid waste (transport vehicles, tricycle and drivers).
- Tools and channels:
Traffic Department in the Governorate (Ministry of Interior) developing a penalties campaign controlled
by applying the non-renewal of licenses to those who are caught breaking the rules.
5. Organisation
- Roles and responsibilities (Communication Team):
Environmental Management to coordinate with the Governor's Office (to apply the necessary rules),
where the senior fleet owners and drivers of the solid waste transport fleet and liquid waste are called to
hold meetings and discuss their positions, places of presence and the traffic management to activate the
violations and fines and applying the non-renewal of licenses to those who are caught breaking the rules,
as a warning.
- Project lifetime (start and end date):
3 months, at any time of the year.
- Link to other opportunities and/or events:
202

- With the campaign 2.1.1, link the campaign of Green Hotels to possibly extend the work to include water
treatment plants to treat sewage water such as gray water, thus saving it to irrigate the plants for hotels
landscape.
- Principal partners and stakeholders and their roles (1):
- Staff training needs:
Similar to 2.1.1
- Technical assistance and expert needs:
Similar to 2.1.1
6. Cost estimate
- Estimated implementation cost: EUR (and local currency at the date of preparation):
40,000 EGP (2000 EUR)
- Funding source (available and foreseen):
Governorate headquarters
- Initial and start-up expenses and approximate operational Costs
7. Next steps
8. Follow-up, evaluation and impact assessment:
The Environment office and City Council (under the General Directorate of Environmental Affairs) to measure
the amount of the waste dumped in landfills;
The Water and Sewage Authority will be directed to measure how much liquid waste was disposed of.
9. Annexes or references to annexes
203

Template 3.1
Identification of CAPP CAMPAIGN TOPIC related to sustainable energy challenges
Once the Sustainable Energy challenges and priorities, general awareness raising priorities, and specific awareness
raising needs related to SECAP actions have been identified, the CAPP’s main areas of intervention and activities can be
defined. The table below portrays the challenges, priorities and related AR activities.
Challenges:
Reduce
energy
consumption and carbon
emissions in hotels and
tourism facilities
Priorities:
Rationalise energy consumption and
expand the use of solar energy.
Rationalise water consumption since
water in Hurghada comes through
pumps from Upper Egypt lines.
Promote and practice responsible
controlled water consumption (to save
water and reduce the water bills).
Mitigate pollution and reduce the
greenhouse gas emissions impacts.
Awareness Raising Priorities, Topic &
Activities of CAPP Campaign
Topic:
Save energy: adopt better social behaviour
towards its consumption
Activities:
Hold raising awareness sessions and
campaigns against environmental violations
(2.1.1)
Hold hearing sessions, awareness and
coordination with the owners and officials of
the departments concerned with tourism
facilities.
Create “green teams” to ensure sustainability
efforts are applied.
Provide practical tips to tourists, employees,
engineering staff and gardeners on how to
reduce energy consumption through leaflets,
instructions cards, eco-friendly labels and
pocket guides on the environment.
Huge energy consumption
in the Residential Sector
Promote consumption rationalization
and expand the use of renewable
energy from solar power and SWHs
Reduce energy consumption and costs
while relying on alternative energies.
Reduce the city’s energy bills.
Topic:
Adopt Energy-saving measures in daily small
steps.
Activities:
A door-to-door campaign; Campaigns of
“Manadar” (rooms combining popular sectors,
for seniors in families and tribes) and events
through popular concerts in the youth centres
of the district
AR campaign of being eco-citizen: Explain the
side effect of greenhouse gas emission and the
usage of renewable energies technologies
204

The dependence of Marinas
and yachts on fossil fuels
causes huge emissions and
pollutes marine life
Reduce carbon emissions
from transportation
Consumption rationalisation and
expand the use of renewable energy
from solar power generators
Expand the use of bicycles and
encourage clean means of transport
from natural gas or electricity among
all drivers.
Mitigate CO2 emissions.
Change behaviours to using mass
transport, cycling, and environmentally
friendly methods
Promote the importance of the project
for the community life: a clean and
healthy environment for everyone and
an attractive city for tourists.
(electricity from natural resources).
Set a department within the city council to
provide energy advice to the citizens, raise
their awareness and encourage them to
replace lighting units with energy efficient
ones.
Topic:
Because marine life interconnects with all the
rest: protect it
You can make the difference; reduce fossil
fuels
Activities:
Awareness campaigns, inspection and
presentation of alternatives to lighting and
charging of yacht power by generators driven
with diesel generators or solar power stations
in each marina thus keeping the fossil fuels
dependence only to yacht engines supply;
especially with the availability of spaces on
sidewalks and the possibility of installing cells
on yachts’ surfaces to reduce the amount of
fossil fuel which reduces carbon emissions in
the Marinas.
Activities: 2.3 awareness sessions and
campaigns of environmental violations
Use social media as a platform to make an
impact by showing through photos and fact
sheets the difference one can make on wildlife
and ecosystem.
Create a “Save my Red Sea” poster campaigns.
Topic:
Facilitating the movement of residents in a
sustainable and environmentally friendly way
Activities:
Sponsor a local sports festival to become a
regular and international marathon or carnival
race. It will include oriental celebrations
(Tanura and hot balloon), advertising and
selling points (bazar) throughout adult and kids
entertainment activities, a concert and
sponsors.
Bicycle festival (Activities: 2.1.2)
205

Solid and Liquid waste
management and transport
fleet
Improving solid and liquid waste
management service and increasing
the efficacy of waste collection
operations to landfills in order to save
costs and reduce pollution and GHG
emissions.
Raising the efficiency and transforming
the sector into a more sustainable one.
Practice responsible and integrated
waste management within the city.
Increase the awareness for reduction
of waste consumption.
Explain the negative effects of traffic
congestion on the environment and citizen’s
health.
Raise citizens’ awareness about decreasing
CO2 emissions through mass media and social
media, banners, leaflets, carpooling, a day
without cars.
Activate the role of local community
participation for being a partner in setting the
sustainable and environmentally friendly
future vision through the ‘’Citizen Advisory
Committees’’.
Create a sticker with a slogan to create a
community of people “against CO2”.
Topic:
Modernising solid waste management,
collection and transportation.
Activities:
Create an awareness campaign to publicize the
law about waste transport, locating landfills,
defining the legal consequences for the
lawbreaker and a security campaign in return
(Activities: 2.4 awareness sessions and
campaigns of environmental violations).
Explain and clarify the measures set to identify
the routes and programmes for waste
collection and transportation.
Provide incentives and taxes related to the
solid waste in commercial and residential
sectors
Increase the awareness for reducing the
thrown amount of waste at the source and
efficient ways to re-use and recycle.
206

Template 3.2
CAPP activities as related to SECAP Priority Actions of Hurghada
This template will guide the municipality in the implementation of a strategy and the identification of adequate
awareness raising activities according to the target group and its needs and related to the priority actions identified in
the SECAP.
SECAP Priority Actions
Related CAPP Activities:
1- Urban Sustainable Mobility
Master Plan
Target Audience:
- Civil society (specifically youth), private and public operators
- Professionals in energy sector and service providers in the private
and public sectors
- foreign communities
- Tourists visiting or participating to the event,
- Tourism companies and operators; hotels
Key Message:
- Hurghada, City of Green Tourism - Broadcast the support of the city
and the Governor in practice to create attractive events for tourism,
which motivates hotel owners and tourism companies to respond
to the campaign 2.1.1
- To save energy and zero carbon: Save energy, Buy your health
Objectives:
- Limit the impact of the emission of the greenhouse gas.
- Spreading the culture of green mind-set and combating carbon
emissions
Communication Tools:
Use media and visibility tools available in the Governor office,
Department of Environmental Affairs, Youth Civil Society Organizations,
Youth and Sports Department in the Ministry of Sport, Tourism
Companies, Audiovisual Media for Marketing and broadcasting the
event.
Use all media forms and produce imaginative posters, local TV and radio
press articles to alert citizens on city’s action. The actions will be
accompanied by strong visual campaign in the city council and local
media.
Raise awareness about decreasing CO2 emissions by introducing citizens
to renewable energy technologies through leaflets, carpooling, a day
without cars.
Set a department within the city council to provide energy advice to the
citizens.
207

2- Sustainable and green Boats
– Tourism and Water
Transport
Target Audience:
- Civil society
- Private and public operators
- Yachts’ Owners, Yacht Owners Association
- Tourist Associations,
- Fishing Tour Operators
- The Ministry of Transportation.
- The Ministry of Tourism.
- Directors of Marines
- Labour and Fuel-supply Workers.
Key Message:
- Hurghada, The green city in land and sea for the highest global tourist
branding (green).
Objectives:
- Reduce carbon emissions and reduce marine pollution.
Communication Tools:
Launch campaigns by a team of 4 to 5 members from the Department of
Environment and Department of Environmental Planning to explain the
impact, in coordination with the Association of Tourism Investment and
the organizers of yachts and fishing trips to facilitate the meetings.
Enhance the supervisory role and environmental inspection campaigns
of the Department of Environmental Affairs to periodically detect the
violations and analyse the current and accumulated environmental
impact to be presented during the meetings with the directors of the
departments of the environment and owners to show the impact in the
medium and long term.
Boats working on clean energy will be used as a media conveying
messages.
Conduct a communication campaign on branding Hurghada as a green
city for sustainable tourism.
Set up meetings, workshops, lectures and workshops for staff and
citizens that could encompass several actions: The creation of a
permanent municipal information point, the organisation of an open
house, the publication of articles in local and regional newspapers, the
distribution of brochures and posters.
3- Greening Hotels and Resorts
– Tourism and Energy
Target Audience:
- Civil society
- Hotel and tourism facilities’ owners,
- Environmental sector managers,
- energy consumption sector staff such as the chef or service
officials
Key Message:
208

- Smart service for smart people
- Branding for green tourism as the future of international tourism,
and to put Hurghada on the map of International Green Tourism
Objectives:
- Sustainability and enhancing the environment
- Improve the services to the public and limit the impact of the
emission of the greenhouse gas.
Communication Tools:
Communicate on the hotels sustainability efforts to the guests and get
their supports (in booking websites, cards in the rooms, press releases…)
Promote the actions and the city identity and vision through tour
operators locally and internationally (leaflets, posters, in specialized
magazines…).
Presentation of case studies to explain and demonstrate the difference
in energy consumption and positive reflection on environment.
Presentation of international standards, agreements on commitment
steps;
Activation of the supervisory role and environmental inspection
campaigns of the members of the Department of Environmental Affairs
to periodically detect the violations and analyse their current
environmental impact to be presented during the sessions with the
Directors of the Environment to show its impact over the medium and
long term.
Hearing sessions, awareness campaigns and coordination with the
owners and managers of the departments concerned with tourism
facilities.
4- Green Residential Buildings
Plan
Target Audience:
- Civil society
- Youth, especially women (responsible for consumption)
- Heads of civil society from heads of families
- Tribes and sectors (such as the sheikhs and craftsmen)
- All categories can and should be addressed
Key Message:
- No to power-cuts and save on your monthly payments (your
investment in energy is an investment for your children)
Objectives:
- Spreading awareness about the importance of rationalization in
electricity and expanding the use of solar energy
- Promote the use of renewable energy in buildings.
Communication Tools:
Communicate through the Environmental management to with the Al-
Salheen NGO for its popularity, the required social networks and the
National Council for Women (coordinating with the various sectors of
209

society and with those in front of the Ja'far Al Tayyar Mosque for Friday
sermons and preaching religious lessons) to spread the culture of
sustainability and its applications through the campaign. The campaign
includes knocking on doors, meetings with the heads of the community
(Manader campaign) and day- gathering to demonstrate simple scientific
presentations on the possibility of energy-saving, its economic impact
and benefits and the feasibility of investing in LED lamps, Solar heaters
and surface power generation (less power-cuts and better life by saving
money).
Coordinate with producers of solar power generation, solar water
heaters, energy saving lamps, main supply and installation of electrical
appliances (such as B-Tech, Shams and Venus) to qualify local technicians
and suppliers for Hurghada and neighbourhood with this equipment at a
special marketing price throughout the campaign period; thus, using the
events as an opportunity and a way out for sale.
Involve the Electricity Department in the governorate in the festival
activities.
Coordinate with the culture-hubs and youth centres to organise 2-3
popular concerts in the form of a festival for starting and entertaining
the residents.
Create awareness with posters. The actions will be accompanied by
strong visual campaign in the city council and local media.
5- Environmental Awareness
Unit
Hurghada Green city
Target Audience:
- Civil society
- Tourism sector
- Transport sector
- Governorate staff
- Ministries of Electricity, Education, Tourism, Investment
- Schools and Mosques
Key Message:
- Practice responsible behaviour toward our city.
- Make our city great again!
Objectives:
- Brand Hurghada as a sustainable hub of hospitality and world’s class
tourism
- Spread the benefits to all related sectors (mobility means, hotels
and resorts…waste management
- Engage and mobilize population
- Improve quality of life in the city by a More efficient use of energy,
Improved waste management and use of RE
Communication Tools:
Create the Green City Awareness Unit (GCAU)
Provide information to population and local stakeholders and need to be
mobilized to act on energy conservation / efficiency and environmental
210

protection,
Promote green tourism identity of the city through a social media
platform.
Raise of governorate staff awareness and provide guidance to
behavioural changes; invite all stakeholders to engage in concrete
actions to help greening the city of Hurghada, including: reducing energy
consumption at no cost, and improve the urban environment (preserving
water, reducing waste and littering to promote a cleaner city). Spreading
information and training material (posters, brochures, stickers, etc.) to
remind everyone of the importance of Green and Resilient City (GRC).
This must include training given by Governorate (Municipality)
employees.
Participate to the worldwide annual event “Energy festival or Energy
day” where best practices could be demonstrated and innovative
projects celebrated. Such a festival could be promoted through a large
advertising campaign mobilising all traditional media but also social
networks online.
211

Recommendations:
These tables have been thought and prepared by the communes and municipalities. In this approach, they aim to
promote in a particularly innovative and ambitious way local communities’ response to current challenges identified
in the SEAPs and SECAPs, notably in the management of energy and the promotion of renewable energies. They
allow us as well to identify the most appropriate communication actions to reach the local community.
In the case of Hurghada specifically, the city seems to have identified various challenges and plans to develop
awareness actions to address these challenges in order to promote a sustainable tourism that significantly reduces
tourism’s impact on the local environment and global climate. It is also planning to raise awareness on the climate
risks, adaptation challenges and possible actions to speed up the energy transition towards clean and sustainable
solutions and mobilize all stakeholders in and around the City of Hurghada.
More than ever, applying the energy saving methods should be a collective responsibility and commitment. For that
awareness campaigns are an indispensable tool for the dissemination of good practices, to help reduce energy
consumption on a day-to-day basis. It should be carried out through partnerships: including indigenous people, local
communities, visitors, industry and government, citizens, private sector, NGO participation in the development and
management of energy resources and renewables. Moreover, educating and informing the local population and
actors about the new city’s vision in favour of sustainable energy. More specifically engaging with all tourism
operators to ensure they contribute to the necessary energy transition and highlight the many benefits they will get
from this transformation.
First, establish The Green City Awareness Unit (GCAU) that will be a key component of the SECAP implementation,
as most of the impacts expected for the action plan, depends on the adequate mobilisation and engagement of
stakeholders to cease the opportunities offered to make the City Green and doing so contribute to the success of
the SECAP. Then stick to the vision slogan in every communication; and highlight the goal aimed at and attain it
(Sustaining tourism for a better development);
The Governorate of Red Sea needs to create Hurghada brand identity and slogan and use it in all communications.
Then develop robust communication campaign not only all across the City of Hurghada and the Governorate but on
the international level as well. Developing a strong and comprehensive communication methodology will allow all
actors to be involved in and contribute to the city’s efforts it should include: The creation of a permanent municipal
information point; the publication of articles in local, regional and international newspapers; the production of
brochures, posters and information letters with success stories.
For that, it is essential to implement and empower a communication cell within the city council, strengthen its
capabilities and its human resources; Build a proper Website of the city as well as social networks, promoting them
as communication tools between the city and its citizens to create cohesion and therefore persuasion concerning
the ongoing projects and the future ones.
Last but not least, draw attention to the importance of sustainable tourism in the city as a tool for development;
raise awareness among the tourists as well to make them conscious travellers; be part of international days (such as
the World Tourism Day, celebrated in September 27); Highlight the interdependencies between the different
components that nourish the City’s economy, and develop specific actions to educate citizens on ways to conserve
natural resources, preserve water and save energy; Train the staff responsible for environmental management to
become properly qualified and have the awareness, knowledge and skills to implement environmental best practices
in accordance with regional and international standards.
Therefore, it is essential to give the civil society enough empowerment to get it involved, learn to behave responsibly
in relation to the environment, and actually become aware of its adherence to this cause; It is strongly recommended
that the municipality of Irbid relies on the role of university students and academia, as partners in setting the
sustainable and environmentally friendly future vision.
Express a clear political commitment to involve individual target groups in future planning procedures to
212

adapt/improve measures according to specific demands; set up a permanent forum with representatives of the
various target groups; boost energy rationalization at the municipality level will aim at not only protecting the
environment, reducing the costs but also setting the example and encouraging citizens to master their consumption,
know about renewable and efficient energy, and encourage their production and use; communicate and promote at
the city/authority zone level about actions and measures toward energy saving and energy efficiency that could
influence the customer consumption and buying behaviour and improve the quality of life in the city;
Educate the audience by offering helpful energy efficiency tips to reduce cost and usage through entertainment, talk
shows, special guests and things happening; This will convey a resonance regarding the populations’ own energy
consumption (e.g. using energy efficiency to save money in the long term); and will make people aware of the
positive effect their actions can have on their global and local environments.
Last but not least, use adequate and well-targeted media to deliver its message; raising awareness should be carried
out in an interconnected manner between the municipality and its citizens to create cohesion and therefore
persuasion and change in behaviour.
213

References
Elkhayt, M. 2016. The Egyptian Perspective: The Status Quo of Renewable Energies and the Framework of Energy-Governance, Ch.
1; “A Guide to Renewable Energy in Egypt and Jordan: Current Situation and Future Potentials.” ISBN: 978‐9957-484-62-0, Friedrich
Ebert Stiftung. Available at: www.fes-jordan.org/ (Accessed: 31.08.2016).
http://www.reeep.org/egypt-2012/ - http://www.reegle.info/policy-and-regulatory-overviews/EG.
NEEAP Egypt published at RCREEE - Available at: www.rcreee.org/ (Accessed: 17.08.2016).
UNDP – available at http://www.eg.undp.org/ (Accessed: 20.08.2016).
http://www.moee.gov.eg/english_new/Presentations/EEDC.pdf/ (Accessed: 16.08.2016).
Mints – MISR National Transport Study, the comprehensive study on the Master Plan for Nationwide Transport system, Egypt, Final
Report, March 2012, JICA - available at: http://www.open_JICAreport.JICA.go.jp/pdf/12057584.pdf
Transport Sector the way forward, Ministry of Transport. http://www.comcec.org/wpcontent/uploads/2015/03/COMCEC_EGYPT.pdf
http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/RESILIENCE-Resilient-Cities-Acceleration-
Initiative.pdf/ - (Accessed: 26.08.2016)
RCREEE at: www.rcreee.org/ - (Accessed: 29.07. 2016).
The Ministry of Investment and International Cooperation, MoIIC – Available
at: http://www.miic.gov.eg/Front/Cooperation/DevPartnerList.aspx - (Accessed: 14.08.2017).
Energy Efficiency Building Code, a Roadmap for Implementation in the MENA Region, September 2013, MED-ENEC – (Accessed:
20.08.2016).
Energy efficiency Project – Waty El Watt, UNDP and GEF, available at: http://www.php.eepegypt.org/.
http://www.meobserver.org/?p=4210
Alberto Marini, Mohamed Talbi, Desertification and Risk Analysis Using High and Medium Resolution Satellite Data: Training
Workshop on Mapping Desertification, Springer Science & Business Media, 2008, p. 274.
Olagunju, Temidayo Ebenezer, Ecology and Environmental Biology Unit, Department of Zoology University of Ibadan, Ibadan,
Nigeria., "Drought, desertification and the Nigerian environment," academic journals, Journal of Ecology and the Natural
Environment., vol. 7, pp. 196-209, July, 2015.
NESCO, "What is desertification? Objective: Introduce the phenomenon of desertification," Available
at: www.unesco.org/mab/doc/ekocd/chapter1.html - (Accessed on July 15, 2017).
E.C.OERKE, Institute for Plant Diseases, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, Nussallee 9, D-53315 Bonn, Germany,
"Crop losses to pests" The Journal of Agricultural Science, vol. Volume 144, no. Issue 01, pp. pp 31-43, February 2006.
Elizabeth Martin Perera and Todd Sanford, "Climate Change and Your Health: Rising Temperatures, Worsening Ozone Pollution,"
Union of Concerned Scientists, June 2011.
Egyptian Weather forecast Centre, (EWFC)
Ministry of Health report, 17 th August 2015
"Climate: Observations, projections and impacts," UK Met Office, 2011
David Tresilian, "Egypt and climate change," Ahram weekly, May 2014. Available at: weekly.ahram.org.eg /News/6060/32/Egyptand-climate-change.aspx
– Accessed: 20.04.2016.
Christopher R. Adams, "Impacts of Temperature Extremes", available at: http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/
socasp/weather1/adams.html/ - Accessed: 20.04.2016.
"Historical Climate Variability and Change, Egypt dashboard", The World Bank Group, 2016, Available at:
sdwebx.worldbank.org/climateportalb/home.cfm?page=country_profile&CCode=EGY&ThisTab=RiskOverview.
Accessed: 20.04.2016
Joel Smith, Bruce McCarl Texas, Paul Kirshen James Malley and Mohamed Abdrabo, "Potential Impacts of Climate Change on the
Egyptian Economy 2013," United Nations Development Programme, Cairo, Egypt, 2013
Alexandra Fielden Intern, "Ignored Displaced Persons: the plight of IDPs in urban areas," Policy Development and Evaluation
Service, UNHCR, no. 161, July 2008
C. P. Kumar, "Climate Change and Its Impact on Groundwater Resources," International Journal of Engineering and Science, vol. 1,
no. 5, pp. 43-60, October 2012
214

Omran E. Frihy, Khalid M. DewidarMohamed El Raey, "Evaluation of coastal problems at Alexandria, Egypt," Researchgate, Vol. 30,
pp. 281-295, January 1996
Shardul Agrawala, Annett Moehner, Mohamed El Raey, Declan Conway, Maarten van Aalst, Marca Hagenstad and Joel Smith,
"Development and Climate Change in Egypt: Focus on Coastal Resources and the Nile," Organisation for Economic Co-operation
and Development - OECD, 2004
"World Development Indicators: Freshwater," World Bank, Available at: wdi.worldbank.org/table/3.5/
Hossain, "Global Warming induced Sea Level Rise on Soil, Land and Crop Production Loss in Bangladesh," in 19th World Congress of
Soil Science, Brisbane, Australia, August 6, 2010
"Water Scarcity in Egypt," Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation, Egypt, February 2014
CAPMAS - Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics – available at www.capmas.org.eg
Bates, B.C., Z.W. Kundzewicz, S. Wu and J.P. Palutiko, "Analyzing regional aspects of climate change and water resources," IPCC
Secretariat, 2008
Mohamed El Raey, "Impacts and Implications of Climate Change for the Coastal Zones of Egypt," The Henry L. Stimson Center,
Washington, 2010.
Elsharkawy H., Rashed H., and Rached I, "The impacts of SLR on Egypt," 45 th SOCARP Congress 2009
M. EL-RAEY, KR. DEWIDAR AND M. EL-HATTAB, "Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change," Springer, Vol.4, no.3,
p343-361, September 1999.
Ben Haj, S., Cebrian, D., Limam, A., Grimes, et al. "Vulnerability and impacts of climate change on marine and coastal biological
diversity in the Mediterranean, Arab Countries" UNEP, Tunis, 2009.
1
"Natural Protectorates Description," Ministry of Environment (MoE), Egyptian Environmental Affairs Agency (EEAA), Available
at: www.eeaa.gov.eg/enus/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx./ - (Accessed: 16.10.2015).
T. J. Done, "Phase shifts in coral reef communities and their ecological significance," Springer Link, Vol. 247, No. 1, pp. 121-132,
November 1992.
H. El-Askary, S. H. Abd El-Mawla, J. Li, M. M. El-Hattab & M. El-Raey, "Change detection of coral reef habitat using Landsat-5 TM,
Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI data in the Red Sea (Hurghada, Egypt)," International Journal of Remote Sensing, Vol. 35, No. 6,
pp. 2327-2346, 2014.
"Egypt tourism numbers to fall less than feared," Reuters Africa, October 2009 - Available
at: http://www.af.reuters.com/article/investingNews/idAFJOE59J0PG20091020?sp=true (Accessed on: 16.07.2015).
"Egypt’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change And Disaster Risk Reduction," the Egyptian cabinet information and
decision support center, December 2011.
"Environment and development in coastal regions and in small islands", International Workshop on Submarine Archaeology and
Coastal Management. Available at: www.unesco.org/csi/pub/papers2/alex7.htm. (Accessed: 15.07.2015)
Ma Bele´n Go´mez Martı´n, "WEATHER, CLIMATE AND TOURISM A Geographical Perspective," Elsevier, Barcelona, Spain,
2005.http://www4.unfccc.int/submissions/INDC/Published%20Documents/Egypt/1/Egyptian%20INDC.pdf
Egypt’s first National Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), report issued
on June 1999, EEAA - Available on: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/egync1.pdf/ (Accessed: 24.08.2016)
1
Egypt’s Second Nation Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), report
issued on May 2010, EEAA and UNDP, 2010 - Available on: http://www.unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/egync2.pdf/ (Accessed:
08.08.2016)
Egypt’s Third Nation Communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), report issued
on June 2014, EEAA and UNDP, 2014 - Available
on: http://www.eg.undp.org/content/dam/egypt/docs/Environment%20and%20Energy/Signed%20TNC%20Project%20Document.
pdf/. (Accessed: 24.08.2016)
Egypt’s National Strategy for Adaptation to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction (NSACCDRR), 2011- available
at: http://cairoclimatetalks.net/sites/default/files/Adaptation%20Strategy%20-%20Final%20-%20E.pdf (Accessed: 24.08.2016)
http://www.egyptictindicators.gov.eg/en/Pages/default33.aspx/
Swiss Economic Cooperation and Development, Egypt Country Strategy 2013-2016 - available at: www.secocooperation.admin.ch/laender/.../index.html?lang/
Climate Change Legislation in Egypt: The 2015 Global Climate Legislation Study - A Review of Climate Change Legislation in 99
Countries, 2015, http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/EGYPT.pdf (Accessed: 25.08.2016)
http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/mediacenter/reports/guidelines.aspx/ - (Accessed: 10.08.2016)
215

Guidelines of Principles and Procedures for Environmental Impact Assessment, 2nd Edition, Ministry of Environment, EEAA, January
2009: http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/portals/0/eeaaReports/N-EIA/English_EIA_guidelines.pdf/ - (Accessed: 09.08.2016)
http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/09/RESILIENCE-Resilient-Cities-Acceleration-
Initiative.pdf
Egypt Climate: Observations, projections and impacts, UK Met Office, 2011 - The research was led by the UK Met Office in
collaboration with experts from the University of Nottingham, Walker Institute at the University of Reading, Centre for Ecology and
Hydrology, University of Leeds, Tyndall Centre — University of East Anglia, and Tyndall Centre — University of Southampton –
available at: http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/binaries/content/assets/mohippo/pdf/4/j/egypt.pdf/
Climate Change World Weather File Generator for World-Wide Weather Data – CCWorldWeatherGen – available
at: http://www.energy.soton.ac.uk/ccworldweathergen/.
www.lavoutenubienne.org/en
216

The European Union is made up of 28 Member States who have decided to gradually link together their know-how,
resources and destinies.
Together, during a period of enlargement of 50 years, they have built a zone of stability, democracy and sustainable
development whilst maintaining cultural diversity, tolerance and individual freedoms.
The European Union is committed to sharing its achievements and its values with countries and peoples beyond its
borders.
Disclaimer
The sole responsibility for the content of this publication lies with the authors. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion
of the European Union. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information
contained therein.
www.ces-med.eu