Virginia Experience 3rd Grade Solution Focus on Ancient World Cultures

STUDENT BOOK 

<strong>3rd</strong> <strong>Grade</strong> 

Social Studies 

INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE 

FOCUS ON ANCIENT WORLD CULTURES 

By Carole Marsh 

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• and more!!! 

• geography 

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Table of Contents 

Unit 1: World Geography 6 

Chapter 1: Unique Features Around the World .......................................................... 7 

Unit 2: Characteristics of Civilizations 15 

Chapter 2: Unique Cultures ........................................................................................ 

16 

Unit 3: Ancient Civilizations 22 

Chapter 3: Ancient Greece .......................................................................................... 

23 

Chapter 4: Ancient Rome ............................................................................................ 

38 

Chapter 5: Let’s Compare Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome ................................ 

49 

Chapter 6: Ancient China ............................................................................................ 

53 

Chapter 7: Ancient Egypt ............................................................................................ 

60 

Chapter 8: Let’s Compare Ancient China and Ancient Egypt.................................. 

68 

Chapter 9: Empire of Mali ........................................................................................... 70 

Chapter 10: Reviewing Ancient Civilizations............................................................ 

74 

Unit 4: Economics 76 

Chapter 11: Basic Economic Concepts....................................................................... 

77 

Unit 5: Citizenship & Government 

80 

Chapter 12: Good Citizenship .................................................................................... 

81 

Chapter 13: Government ............................................................................................ 

86 

Appendix 

92 

End of Year Test ........................................................................................................... 93 

Glossary ........................................................................................................................ 

95 

Index.............................................................................................................................. 

96 

Sample 

Index 

Sample 



Icon Identification 

OrderSample 

MAP SKILL- 

RESEARCH IT 

MATH 

BUILDER 

FASCINATING 

VOCABULARY 

DISCUSS IT 

FACT 

CHARACTER 

PRIMARY 

EXPRESS YOUR 

COUNTS 

SOURCE 

OPINION 

COMPREHENSIVE QUIZZES & ACTIVITIES 

Apply What You Learned Compare and Contrast Inference 

Problem-<strong>Solution</strong> 

Assess Your Understanding Comprehensive Cross-Check Key Concept Check-Point Quick Review 

Cause and Effect 

Critical Thinking 

One More for Fun 

Rapid Recall 

Charts & Graphs 

Data Analysis 

Order of Events 

Reading for Information 

Chronological Order 

Fact or Opinion 

Point of View 

True or False 

Sample 

GraphsSample 

EffectSample 

Cause and 

Charts & 

Chronological Order 

InformationSample 

Classify Information 

Gather Information 

Predict Possible Outcomes 



A Word from the Author... 

Dear Third <strong>Grade</strong> Student, 

This is no ordinary book. You will not be able 

to sit in your chair and listen to someone else 

read it to you. In order to learn about your 

heritage, you must get involved! You must think about 

how the information in this book affects your life today! 

This year, you are going to learn about five fascinating ancient 

civilizations. Even though these civilizations existed long ago, they 

contributed to our culture today. 

We will learn about their history and geography. We will learn about their 

economies and government. We will also cover art, architecture, technology, 

and even sports! 

As you study these cultures, you will see that it is impossible to truly 

understand the world today until you know what happened in the past. 

Sample 

Come along with me on this <strong>Virginia</strong> <strong>Experience</strong>—it’s the trip of a lifetime! 

Come 

Sample 



Unit 1 

Sample 

World Geography 



Chapter 1 

UniqUe FeatUres aroUnd the World 

Correlates with 3.1b; 3.6 

Key Terms 

Sample 

Maps and Globes 

Maps and globes are useful geographic tools. They help us locate places. 

They help us see what places are like. We can find places we learn about on maps 

and globes. Then we can better understand the people who live there and how their 

location affects their lives. 

An ocean is a large body of water on 

A continent 

is a large body of land on 

Earth. Earth has five oceans. 

Earth. Earth has seven continents. 

Each continent has unique geographic features. Geographic features include 

landforms and bodies of water, such as mountains, rivers, deserts, rainforests, and seas. 

Map Skill-Builder 

Find each ocean on the map. 

Find each continent on the map. 

Write an S on the Southern Ocean. Color North America blue. 

Write an A on the Atlantic Ocean. Color Asia yellow. 

Write a P on the Pacific Ocean. 

Color South America red. 

Write an I on the Indian Ocean. Color Europe green. 

Write an AR on the Arctic Ocean. Color Africa brown. 

N 

W 

E 

S 

North 

Pacific Ocean America Atlantic 

Asia 

The equator 

Ocean 

Africa 

an imaginary line 

EQUATOR 

around the middle 

of Earth. 

Trace the equator 

on the map with 

a black crayon. 

maps 

globes 

ocean 

continent 

equator 

geographic features 

WSample 

SSample 

NSample 

ESample 

equatorSample 

South 

America 

Europe 

Southern Ocean 

Indian Ocean 

Antarctica 

Australia 



Geographic Features of Africa 

Major geographic features in Africa include: 

Nile River 

The Nile River is the longest river in the world! It is called the “father of African rivers.” 

It starts south of the equator and flows northward. It drains into the Mediterranean Sea. 

Atlas Mountains 

The Atlas Mountains separate the coastlines of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic 

Ocean from the Sahara Desert. The mountains are divided into three sections. 

The southern section runs along the northern edge of the Sahara Desert. 

Sahara Desert 

The Sahara Desert is the largest hot desert in the world. It covers most of North Africa. 

Sahara means “The Great Desert.” 


Complete the following. 

1. Trace the Nile River in 

blue. 

2. Draw an oval around the 

Sahara Desert. 

3. Draw ^ ^ ^ ^ on the Atlas 

Mountains. 

4. Find the Atlantic Ocean 

and circle it in blue. 

5. Find the Mediterranean 

Sea and circle it in green. 

6. What is between these 

two bodies of water? 

___________________ 

Sample 

N 

W 

E 

S 



Geographic Features of Asia 

Major geographic features of Asia include: 

Huang He River 

The Huang He River, or Yellow River, flows through much of China. It is often called the 

“cradle of Chinese civilization” because China’s ancient civilizations began around the river. 

Himalaya Mountains 

The Himalaya Mountains are home to some of the highest mountain peaks on Earth. 

Mount Everest is part of this mountain range. The Himalayas run along much of India’s 

northern border. 

Gobi Desert 

The Gobi Desert is Asia’s largest desert. Most of the Gobi Desert is rock, not sand. 

Gobi means “waterless place.” 



1. Trace the Huang He River in blue. 

2. Draw an oval around the Gobi Desert. 

3. Draw ^ ^ ^ ^ on the Himalaya Mountains. 

Taklamakan 

Desert 

Plateau of Tibet 

Himalayas 

Gobi Desert 

Sample 

Huang He 

(Yellow) 

River 

N 

W 

E 

S 



Geographic Features of Europe 

Major geographic features of Europe include: 

Mediterranean Sea 

The Mediterranean Sea is an intercontinental sea. 

It is situated between Europe to the north, Africa to the 

Vocabulary 

south, and 

it.Sample 

Asia to the east. Several ancient civilizations 

intercontinental: 

: 

formed along the Mediterranean Sea. It connects to the 

between continents 

Atlantic Ocean through the Strait of Gibraltar. 

Alps Mountains 

The Alps Mountains are the largest mountain system in Europe. The Alps form part of 

the geography of eleven European countries. The countries that include the most alpine 

territory are Switzerland, France, Italy, and Austria. 

Italian Peninsula 

The Italian Peninsula is a boot-shaped peninsula in southern Europe. It extends from 

the mainland into the Mediterranean Sea. Today, the peninsula makes up much of 

Italy. The Italian Peninsula is home to several active volcanoes. 

Fascinating Fact: In 1991, a mummified man was found in the Alps! 

Experts think the mummy is about 5,000 years old. 



N 

W E 

1. Trace the Italian Peninsula 

S 

in green and label it. 

2. Color or the Mediterranean 

Sea blue and label it. 

3. Draw ^ ^ ^ ^ on the Alps 

Mountains. Label them. 

Sample 

^Sample 

^ ^ ^ 




~ This book is not reproducible. ~ 



1. Trace the Mississippi 

River and the Rio 

Grande in blue and 

label them. 

2. Color the Great Lakes 

blue and label them. 

3. Color the Rocky 

Mountains and 

Appalachian Mountains 

green and label them. 

4. Color <strong>Virginia</strong> red. 

Geographic Features of North America 

Major geographic features of North America include: 

Mississippi River 

The Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in North America. The Mississippi River 

and its tributaries drain all or part of 31 U.S. states. 

Rio Grande 

Rio Grande is Spanish for “Big River.” The Rio Grande forms part of the boundary 

between Mexico and the United States. 

Great Lakes 

The Great Lakes are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located in northeastern 

North America. They form a natural border between Canada and the United States. 

The Great Lakes make up the largest surface of fresh water in the world! 

Rocky Mountains 

The Rocky Mountains are located in western North America. They extend from Canada 

to New Mexico. The Great Plains are located to the east of the Rocky Mountains. 

Appalachian Mountains 

The Appalachian Mountains are located in eastern North America. They extend from 

Canada to Alabama. The Appalachians are one of the oldest mountain ranges on Earth. 

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E 

W 

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race the Mississippi 

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race the Mississippi 


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label them. 

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label them. 

or the Great Lakes 

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or the Great Lakes 


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or the Rocky Sample 

or the Rocky Sample 

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Geographic Features of South America 

Major geographic features of South America include: 

Amazon River 

The Amazon River is the second longest river in the world. It is the longest river in 

South America. At its deepest points, the Amazon River can be up to 300 feet deep! 

Andes Mountains 

The Andes Mountains make up the longest continental mountain range in the world. 

The Andes Mountains are like a large wall between the Pacific Ocean and most of 

South America. 

Amazon rainforest 

The Amazon rainforest is the largest tropical 

rainforest in the world. It includes many types of 

plants and animals. There are four layers to the 

rainforest, with different types of plants and animals 

in each layer! 



1. Trace the Amazon River in green. 

2. Draw a circle around the Amazon rainforest. 

3. Color or the Andes Mountains brown. 

4. Which ocean is on the east side of South America? 

_________________________ 

5. Which ocean is on the west side of South America? 

_________________________ 

Research It 

Sample 

What kinds of plants and animals live in each layer of the Amazon rainforest? 

Emergent Layer Canopy Layer Understory Layer Forest Floor 

Create a table like this on a separate sheet of paper. 

W 

N 

S 

E 




Find each geographic feature listed and write its letter in the correct blank. 

Sample_____ 

8. 9. 

10. 

D 

C 

_____ 1. Atlas Mountains 

_____ 2. Sahara Desert 

A 

G 

H 

_____ 4. Gobi Desert 

_____ 5. Alps Mountains 

F 

I 

W 

N 

S 

J 

Sample 

E 

_____ 8. Appalachian Mountains 

_____ 9. Andes Mountains 

_____ 3. Himalaya Mountains _____ 6. Italian Peninsula 

_____ 10. Amazon rainforest 

_____ 7. Rocky Mountains 




Find each geographic feature listed and write its letter in the correct blank. 

A B 

D 

_____ 1. Nile River 

_____ 2. Huang He River 

Sample_____ 

Sample7. 

6. 

7. 

E 

_____ 3. Mediterranean Sea _____ 6. Great Lakes 

_____ 4. Mississippi River 

F 

W 

N 

E 

S 

G 

Sample 

_____ 7. Amazon River 

_____ 5. Rio Grande 



Unit 2 

Sample 

Characteristics of 

Civilizations 



Chapter 2 

UniqUe CUltUres 

Correlates with 3.1j; 3.9 

Connects to 3.2; 3.3; 3.4; 3.5a-c; 3.7; 3.8 

Key Terms 

What Is a Civilization? 

The word “civilization” comes from a Latin word that means “city.” But a civilization is 

more than just a city! A civilization includes an advanced society’s culture and way 

of life. It includes customs and traditions. It includes daily life. It includes how people 

meet their needs and wants. 

Common traits of civilizations include: 

architecture writing system 

the arts 

social structure 

sports 

government 

economy beliefs/religion 

Ancient civilizations include civilizations in Greece, Rome, Egypt, China, and Mali 

that existed long ago. Each of these ancient civilizations had the common traits of 

civilizations. For example, they each developed architecture, an economic system, 

government, art, a social structure, etc. However, the 

specific characteristics of these traits were different 

Vocabulary 

for each civilization. Each ancient civilization 

ancient: existing long ago 

developed its own unique society and unique culture. 

Gather Information 

Use a dictionary to help you match the traits of civilization with 

definitions.Sample 

their definitions. 

_____ 1. architecture 

_____ 2. social structure 

_____ 3. government 

_____ 4. the arts 

civilization 

culture 

geographic features 

resources 

A. creative activities like painting, music, or dance 

B. how people live together in a society 

C. the design of buildings 

specialization 

trade 

Sample 

rchitectureSample 

D. how money is made and used in a society 

_____ 5. economy 

E. the authority that sets rules for a society 



What Is Culture? 

Culture can describe a group of people who have a similar way of life, such as 

an ancient culture or a country today. Used this way, the meanings of culture 

and civilization are the same. 

Culture can also describe the learned behavior and 

way of life of a group of people. This can include the 

group’s traditions, beliefs, language, and other customs. 

When used this way, culture describes the characteristics 

of how people live, but not where they live. 

People do not always stay in the same place all their lives. When people move, 

they take part of their culture with them. When people move, they introduce 

their culture to other people and places. They also are introduced to new 

cultures in their new communities. 

Over time, a place—and the people who live 

there—can develop a unique, new culture! 

This new culture is based on the 

diverse 

cultures shared and adopted by the people 

who live there. 

Discuss It 

Think of a way you have been influenced by your culture. How have you 

adapted to your culture? How does your culture influence your life? 

Writing Prompt 

Vocabulary 

diverse: varied or different; not all 

the same 

People preserve their culture by 

passing it down to their children and 

grandchildren. 

Sample 

Write a definition of “culture” in your own words. Then, write a 

paragraph describing some things that are part of American culture. 





Locations Vary 

Why do different civilizations develop different 

cultures? One reason is because they are located 

in different environments. 

A location’s physical environment includes its geographic features. 

Geographic features are the natural characteristics of an area. They include: 

Civilizations Adapt to Their Environment 

Human activities develop in response to physical environments. When the 

environment does not meet human needs, people adapt to meet their needs. 

People in ancient world cultures adapted to their environment in different ways. The 

physical environments of ancient world cultures affected how people traveled, worked, 

and lived. The physical environment influenced how people met their needs and wants. 

People work with the resources of their environment to meet their needs for food, 

shelter, and clothing. The way they meet these needs depends on the resources 

available. The environment influences the way resources are used. 

Different physical environments have different resources. Resources include: 

natural 

resources 

materials that come 

directly from nature 

Examples: 

water, soil, wood, coal 

capital 

resources 

goods used to produce 

goods & services 

Examples: 

machines, tools, buildings 

human 

resources 

people working to 

produce goods & services 

Examples: 

teacher, farmer, doctor 

climate 

landforms 

bodies of water 

Vocabulary 

environment: surroundings 

Sample 

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are the natural characteristics of an area. They include: 

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resources 

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resources 

resources 

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resources 

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of their environment to meet their needs for food, 

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natural 

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natural 

resourcesSample 

resources 

materials that come Sample 

materials that come 

directly from natureSample 

directly from nature 

Examples: Sample 

Examples: Sample 

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human 

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human 

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climate 

Sample 

climate 

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People Produce What They Need 

Producers use resources to produce goods and to 

provide services to meet people’s wants. Producers 

of goods and services are influenced by natural, 

human, and capital resources. 

In ancient civilizations, people (human resources) 

used soil, water, and other natural resources to 

become farmers, fishermen, traders, and shipbuilders. 

They used tools (capital resources) to do their jobs. 

Inference 

The Inuit is an American Indian cultural group from right here in North 

America. How did the Inuit’s environment affect their culture? Read about 

the Inuit people who lived in North America before the first European 

explorers arrived. Circle the correct answer to each question. 

The Inuit people lived in present-day Alaska and Canada. They 

lived in Arctic areas where the temperature is below freezing 

much of the year. The Arctic has lots of ice but not many 

trees. The Arctic does not have good soil or climate for 

farming. But, the Arctic has lots of fish in the ocean. 

There are many wild animals in the Arctic, including 

polar bears, caribou, seals, whales, and more! 

1. The Inuit lived in homes made of blocks of ________. 

wood 

2. The Inuit made clothing from animal fur because it helped them stay ________. 

warm 

3. The Inuit ate lots of ________. 

fish 

4. The Inuit created art from ________. 

pieces of whale bone 

ice 

cool 

vegetables 

bird feathers 

Vocabulary 

goods: things people make or use 

to satisfy wants 

services: activities people do or 

use that satisfy wants 

Sample 

warmSample 

woodSample 

Sample 

wood 

warm 



Civilizations Specialize 

Specialization occurs when people focus on the production of selected goods and 

services. People and regions specialize because they cannot produce everything 

they want. People and regions specialize in what they can produce most efficiently. 

What people and regions specialize in is influenced by their environment and the 

resources available. 

Specialization Leads To Trade 

Specialization encourages trade because people want 

goods and services they do not have. To get these 

things they want but do not have, they trade. 

Trade is a voluntary exchange that occurs when both 

sides benefit. Trade helps people get goods and 

services they want. 

More Goods and Services for All! 

When people and regions specialize on what they do best, they are able to produce 

a higher number of goods and services. This occurs because they produce what they 

are most efficent at, rather than trying to produce everything. Specialization and 

trade result in more goods and services being available to consumers. 

When people or groups specialize, they become interdependent. They depend on 

each other and trade for the goods and services they do not produce themselves. 

Ancient civilizations Comprehensive traded. 

Cross-Check 

Use the Word Bank to complete the sentences. 

1. ___________________ encourages trade. 

2. Trade is ___________________. 

Ancient civilizations specialized. 

Sample 

benefit 

interdependent 

3. People trade when they ___________________ from the trade. 

WORD BANK 

4. When people or groups specialize, they become ___________________. 

specialization 

voluntary 





Civilizations Change 

Civilizations change over time. They start, they grow, and 

they may have many ups and downs. Sometimes they even 

disappear. What causes civilizations to change? 

What causes them to grow or shrink, to thrive or to falter? 

Many things can have this kind of influence. 

Examples include: 

● new technologies, including inventions and innovations 

● discovery of new resources, or depletion of existing resources 

● natural events such as droughts, storms, earthquakes, and floods 

● internal uprisings to force changes in leadership and government 

● cooperative interaction and trade with other cultures 

● conflicts with other cultures, including wars for control of people and land 

Civilizations Create Lasting Legacies 

Civilizations create lasting legacies. They influence 

future civilizations. The culture they develop becomes 

the foundation of the next culture that develops. 

Some parts of a culture are kept. Some parts of a culture are discarded. Over 

time, most parts of a culture evolve and change into something new. But, influences 

of the old culture are still there. You can see them if you know where to look and 

what to look for! 

● Where to look includes all the areas of key characteristics of civilizations: 

architecture government economics 

language art technology & more! 

● To know what to look for, you must first learn about previous civilizations. 

Then, you can look for signs of their cultures in our culture today! 

Good news: That is what we are going to do! 

Vocabulary 

legacy: something handed down 

from one generation to another 

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discovery of new resources, or depletion of existing resources 

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natural events such as droughts, storms, earthquakes, and floods 

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internal uprisings to force changes in leadership and government 

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cooperative interaction and trade with other cultures 

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conflicts with other cultures, including wars for control of people and land 

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Unit 3 

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Ancient 

Civilizations 



Chapter 3 

anCient GreeCe 

Correlates with 3.1a-g; 3.3; 3.5 a-c; 3.6c; 3.7; 3.8 

Connects to 3.9 

Key Terms 

city-states 

Greek architecture 

Greek law 

Location of Ancient Greece 

Ancient Greece When It Began... 

More than 3,000 years ago, people in 

ancient Greece created an advanced 

civilization that has influenced the lives 

of people today. Many people call 

Greece “the birthplace of Western 

civilization.” 

Ancient Greece was located on a 

peninsula and many nearby islands. 

It was surrounded by the 

Mediterranean Sea. 

Ancient Greece At Its Period 

of Greatest Influence... 

The Greeks sailed the 

Mediterranean Sea to trade 

with other peoples. Later, 

Greek armies led by Alexander 

the Great moved east and 

W 

conquered lands all the way to 

India! Ancient Greece spread 

throughout the Mediterranean region. 

Olympic Games 

columns 

direct democracy 

sculpture 

pottery 

Map 1: Ancient Greece 

The Greeks spread their culture to many places in Africa, Europe, and Asia. 

N 

S 

E 

W 

N 

S 

EUROPE 

GREECE 

E 

Mediterranean Sea 

Map 2: Greece 334-323 B.C. 

ASIA MINOR 

Sample 

Greek Empire 



Ancient Greece Today... 

The country of Greece is located on 

a peninsula and nearby islands. It is 

surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. 

Map 3: 

Greece Today 


Review the maps of ancient Greece and modern Greece. 

Complete the activities and answer the questions. 

1. Circle ancient Greece on Map 1. 

2. Circle the empire of ancient Greece on Map 2. 

3. Compare Map 1 and Map 2. What caused the growth of the Greek empire? 

____________________________________________________________ 

____________________________________________________________ 

____________________________________________________________ 

4. Circle modern Greece on Map 3. Compare it to Map 1. Put a ✓ by the items that 

Greece has in common on both maps. 

W 

N 

S 

E 

Italy 

Greece 

Who Was Alexander the Great? 

Mediterranean 

Sea 

Alexander the Great was the powerful ruler of Greece during 

the fourth century B.C. Once he became king at the age of 20, 

Alexander gained control of all the Greek city-states. Alexander 

and his armies then set out to expand the Greek empire, conquering 

peoples in the modern-day countries of Egypt, Turkey, Iran, Iraq, 

Syria, Afghanistan, Jordan, Israel, and Pakistan. Alexander ruled 

one of the largest empires of the ancient world! 

Sample 

❑ A. has many islands 

❑ B. located on a peninsula 

❑ C. surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean 

❑ D. surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea 



Impact of Physical Environment on Ancient Greece 

The physical environment of ancient Greece influenced Greece’s economy 

and how people met their needs and wants. 

● Most of Greece’s land is mountains and hills. 

This meant ancient Greece had limited flat land 

and fertile soil for farming. Greeks grew crops 

on hillsides and in areas that were flat enough 

to farm. This allowed Greece to produce some 

types of crops, such as wheat and barley. 

● Since most of ancient Greece was located 

on a peninsula or on many small islands, all of 

Greece was near water. As a result, Greeks 

fertile: producing or capable of 

ate lots of fish! Greece’s location near water 

producing a lot of crops 

had many influences on life in ancient Greece: 

Greece needed lots 

Ships not only helped Greeks 

Fishing became 

of boats for fishing, 

to fish, they also allowed 

an important 

so building ships 

Greeks to trade with other 

occupation for 

developed into an 

civilizations across the 

getting food. 

important industry. 

Mediterranean Sea. 

Charts & Graphs 

List resources used in ancient Greece to provide food for people to eat. 

Needs 

Natural 

Human 

Capital 

Resources Resources Resources 

fish 

to eat 

SampleVocabulary 

Sample 

eatSample Sample 

fish to 

grains 

to eat 



Ancient Greece: Environment Affects Where People Live 

The physical environment of ancient Greece also influenced where people lived. 

Mountains created barriers between different areas of the land in ancient 

Greece. Villages and settlements were separated from each other by these 

mountains. As a result, many independent cities developed. These cities were 

called city-states. 

Ancient Greece expanded throughout 

the region surrounding the Mediterranean 

Sea. Greeks would sail across the sea 

and establish new villages or colonies 

where they landed. As small villages 

grew, they often became new city-states. 

At one time, ancient Greece included 

hundreds of city-states and was spread 

out across the coasts of three continents! 

Fascinating Fact: 


This paragraph is full of mistakes! Find them and correct them. 

The united states is hug compared to Greece. The U.S. has approximately 3.5 

million squar miles of land. The state of Greece has only about 50 

000 square 

miles of land. Greece is just a little bigger than Virrginia But, nowhere in 

Greece is less than 85 miles from water! 

Greek city-states 550 B.C. 

When a city-state’s population grew, it often ran short 

on food. One common solution was to send people out 

to start a colony. Crops grown on farmland in the new 

colony could be shipped home to help feed the citizens! 

Sample 

W 

N 

S 

E 

Hint: there are 2 capitalization, 3 spelling, 2 punctuation, and 2 factual errors. 



Ancient Greece: Culture 

The areas of ancient Greece shared many cultural characteristics: 

● Spoke same language 

● Ate similar foods, like fish 

● Worshipped numerous gods 

● Organized into city-states 

● Were devoted to the arts and sports 

● Created unique Greek architecture 

● Created democratic government 

Ancient Greece City-States 

City-States Shared Common Characteristics 

Greeks believed that good events 

were rewards because the gods 

were happy, and bad events meant 

the gods were angry! 

Most city-states included a strong fortress built atop a steep hill. This was known 

as an acropolis. Public buildings and many homes were built around the acropolis. 

Public buildings included a temple, a theater, a gymnasium, and a stadium. 

Greeks often built high walls surrounding their city for protection from enemies. 

Farmers lived on farmland outside of the city walls. 

Primary Source 

Look at the photograph of the acropolis in 

Athens and answer the questions. 

1. What is an acropolis? Circle the correct answer. 

Sample 

school 

fortress 

neighborhood 

2. What was the purpose of the acropolis? 

____________________________________________________________ 

____________________________________________________________ 

3. Why do you think the Athenians built their acropolis on a hill? 

____________________________________________________________ 

____________________________________________________________ 



City-States Were Also Unique 

Each city-state had unique characteristics. Often, city-states made their own 

rules and had their own leaders. At other times, stronger city-states ruled the 

smaller, weaker city-states. Sometimes city-states fought each other for power. 

Each city-state had its own god or goddess watching over it. This contributed to 

the uniqueness of each city-state too. 

Two of the most powerful city-states were Athens and Sparta. They each 

contributed unique aspects to Greek culture. 

Point of View 

Athens 

Athena, goddess of wisdom and the arts, was believed to be the god of Athens. 

Education and the arts were very important in Athens. Boys from 7 to 

14 years of age attended school. They studied subjects like drama, art, 

music, math, and public speaking. At age 18, they attended two years 

of military school. Girls were taught at home by their mothers. They 

learned how to be good wives and mothers. 

Sparta 

The people of Sparta were believed to be descendants of Hercules, the god 

of strength. Therefore, strength and power were important in Sparta. 

Sparta was a military-focused city-state. Boys were trained for military 

service and they were expected to be athletic. Education focused on 

strength and obedience. All men participated in the army. Girls were 

encouraged to be athletic too—Spartans believed strong women would give 

Sample 

Read each statement. Decide if it was said by someone who lived in Athens 

or Sparta. Write A for Athens and S for Sparta. 

1. ____ “Athena watches over my city-state.” 

2. ____ “I attend school, learning about things like music, poetry, and math.” 

3. ____ “I have been trained to be in the military since I was very young.” 

4. ____ “My role is to become a good wife and mother.” 

5. ____ “Even though I am a girl, it is good to be athletic in my city-state.” 



Ancient Greece: Sports 

The Greeks were very serious about sports. They thought it was important to be 

physically fit so their bodies would be pleasing to their gods. The Greeks created 

games and competitions like field hockey that would keep young men strong. 

Greece’s most famous contribution to sports was the 

Olympic Games, which began in ancient Greece. Initially, 

the games were only for Greeks. Athletes participated 

in just a few sports. They included discus throwing, 

javelin throwing, wrestling, running, and chariot racing. 

The winners of the events were national heroes! 

The Olympic Games of today are modeled after 

the games of ancient Greece but have important 

differences. Today, people all over the world 

participate in the Olympic Games. Unlike the original games, today’s Olympic Games 

take place in different cities each time they are held. In addition, there are many 

more sports in today’s Games. 

One of the biggest differences between the Greek Olympic Games and the modern 

Olympics is the fact that women are allowed to participate today! 

Compare and Contrast 

Use the Venn diagram to compare the ancient Greek Olympic Games and today’s 

Olympic Games. 

Greek Olympics 

Both 

Today’s Olympics 

Sample 



Primary Source 

Ancient Greeks didn’t just play sports. This vase shows the ancient Greek 

heroes, Achilles and Ajax, playing checkers together! 

Why do you think this art was put on a vase? 

Discuss your answers as a class. 

_________________________________________________ 

_________________________________________________ 

_________________________________________________ 

_________________________________________________ 

True or False 

For each statement, write T if it is true or F if it is false. 

Then, correct any false statements to make them true. 

_____ 1. Ancient Greeks played field hockey. 

_____ 2. Ancient Greeks wanted to stay physically fit to please their gods. 

_____ 3. The Olympic Games began in the United States. 

_____ 4. Men and women can compete in the Olympic Games today. 

_____ 5. Chariot racing is an Olympic sport today. 


The Olympic committee needs new symbols for today’s Olympic sports. 

Look at the symbol for Alpine Skiing. 

Sample 

Design symbols for the sports listed here. 

re Skating 

Table Tennis Skateboarding 



Ancient Greece: Architecture 

Ancient Greece is famous for its unique style of 

architecture. The Greeks used tall columns in 

the construction of their temples and government 

buildings. The columns supported the weight of a 

building’s roof. Greek columns also gave buildings a 

look of strength, order, and balance. 

Vocabulary 

architecture: the design of 

buildings 

Sample 

The Greeks built three 

types of columns: 

Many ancient Greek temples and public buildings can still 

be seen today. The Parthenon in Athens, Greece, is an 

example of Greek columns and architecture. It was built 

as a temple to honor the goddess Athena. 

The Greeks also built other types of buildings and structures. One example is the 

amphitheater. Amphitheaters were theaters built into the side of a hill with rows of 

seats surrounding a central stage. They were specially designed so that even people 

in the back rows could hear the actors speaking! 

Greek architecture has influenced architecture today. Many banks and government 

buildings in the United States use Greek columns. Examples include buildings in 

Washington, D.C., such as the U.S. Capitol and the U.S. Supreme Court building! 

Assess Your Understanding 

Circle the correct answers. 

1. The design and construction of buildings is known as: 

composting 

architecture landscaping 

2. Greeks used ___________ in temples and government buildings to support roofs. 

windows steel beams columns 

windowsSample 

Sample 

Gr 

Sample 

3. The Parthenon is a ___________ and an excellent example of Greek architecture. 

bank temple government building 

4. In what U.S. city can you see examples of the influence of Greek architecture? 

Atlanta, Georgia Miami, Florida Washington, D.C. 



Compare and Contrast 

Look at the photographs and answer the questions. 

The Parthenon 

on the Acropolis 

in Athens 

Erechtheion 

on the 

Acropolis in 

Athens 

Temple of 

Olympian 

Zeus 

Ancient 

Greece 

Modern 

Day 

1. What do these ancient Greek buildings and modern-day buildings have in common? 

____________________________________________________________ 

____________________________________________________________ 

2. Which words describe ancient Greek architecture? Circle the correct answers. 

balanced weak strong orderly uneven 

3. Which type of buildings typically use columns? 

Lincoln 

Memorial 

White 

House 

houses schools government buildings 

U.S. Capitol 

Sample 

4. Where are the Lincoln Memorial, the White House, and the U.S. Capitol located? 

___________________________________________________________ 


Write an acrostic poem using the word “column.” Try to use words 

or phrases related to Greek architecture. 





Ancient Greece: Art 

The people of ancient Greece created many types of art, 

from sculpture to pottery to storytelling. The Greeks wanted to 

honor their gods with their art. Because of that, Greek artists 

worked toward perfection and excellence in all their works. 

Sculptures and Paintings 

Many Greek sculptures and paintings were of people. 

The Greeks thought the human body was very beautiful. 

Greek artists wanted to capture the way people looked in 

real life. You can see many Greek sculptures placed on 

buildings as decorations. These works of art became an 

important part of Greek architecture. 

Pottery 

Pieces of pottery were pieces of art, as well as vessels to store 

liquids like wine and water. The art on Greek pottery often 

featured heroes and gods or people in scenes from ordinary life. 

Storytelling 

In ancient Greece, storytellers traveled the area telling myths and fables. 

The stories were often about the Greek gods and how they interacted with humans. 

The storytelling was important because it gave the Greeks a common language, 

history, religion, and heroes. 

Rapid Recall 

Match each type of Greek art with the correct description. 

_____ 1. sculpture 

_____ 2. pottery 

_____ 3. storytelling 

A. “I am a beautiful piece of art used to carry water 

or wine.” 

B. “Greek artists created me to capture how people 

looked in real life.” 

C. “I helped unite Greece with a common language, 

history, religion, and heroes.” 

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Ancient Greece: Government 

Before Greeks developed official laws or punishments, 

people took the law into their own hands. For example, if 

someone was killed, the victim’s family went after the murderer. 

Then, a Greek man named Solon set up a legal 

system. His laws were known for being fair. They 

were made for the good of the people and the 

state, not for any one ruler. This is called positive 

law. Solon set up specific penalties for crimes. 

He also set up guidelines for how laws should be 

enforced. In addition, he set up a court and jury system. 

Ancient Greeks developed a system of written laws. 


Circle the words that best describe the ancient Greek legal system. 

fair positive king court unfair jury 

Much of our legal system today is the result of ancient Greek law. Our laws are 

made to be fair to all people. Our legal system has procedures that must be 

followed when someone breaks the law. We also have a court and jury system, or 

“trial by jury.” The right to a trial by jury is guaranteed in the U.S. Constitution. 

Quick Review 

Vocabulary 

legal: having to do with the law 

enforce: to make someone abide 

by a rule or law 

Sample 

List three similarities between ancient Greece’s legal system and ours. 

1. __________________________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________ 

2. __________________________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________ 

3. __________________________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________ 



Follow the Leader 

Athens was an important city in ancient Greece. 

The Athenians had a history of being ruled by rich 

landholders and tyrants. The Athenians did not want to 

be ruled by rich men or anyone who wanted to control 

them. They wanted leaders who represented the people’s 

best interests. They established the idea that a community 

should choose its own leaders by voting for them. 

Comprehensive Cross-Check 

Match each leader to the community he or she leads. 

1. mayor 

Americans 

2. U.S. President 

B. Athenians 

3. leader of Athens 

C. citizens in a town 

The Athenians’ idea that a community should choose its own 

leaders is still an important idea today. It is an important part 

of many governments today, including the United States! 


Imagine you want to be elected mayor of your town. Write a 

paragraph telling citizens what you want to do for their town. 

Explain why they should elect you as their leader! Then write 

another paragraph from the point of view of a leader in 

Greece.Sample 

ancient Greece. 

Sample 

Quick Review 

Circle the correct answer. 

Athenians established the idea that Americans choose their leaders by __________. 

drawing straws lottery voting 



Democratic Decisions 

Ancient Greece was the “birthplace” of 

democracy. A democracy is government where 

the power belongs to the people. Greece believed 

that every citizen should be able to participate in 

government. Ancient Greece was a direct democracy. 

direct democracy: 

a government in which people 

vote to make their own rules 

and laws 

A direct democracy is when people decide on issues by voting or forming an 

agreement. Direct democracy is sometimes called “pure democracy.” Laws are 

determined by the people voting directly, not by having a representative vote for 

them. To be a true democracy, even court decisions are voted on by the citizens. 

The United States government is based on the democratic principles, or ideas, 

developed in ancient Greece: power belongs to the people! 


Answer the questions. 

1. What is democracy? ___________________________________________ 

__________________________________________________________ 

2. How do people decide on issues in a direct democracy? 

__________________ 

__________________________________________________________ 

3. What is another name for a direct democracy? _______________________ 

4. Who determines the laws in a direct democracy? ______________________ 

5. Which country based their government on ancient Greece? 

_______________ 

Quick Review 

Sample 

influencedṢample 

On the line under each picture, write what the people of ancient Greece 

influenced. 



Lasting Legacies of Ancient Greece 

People of ancient Greece contributed to society in 

many ways. Even though the ancient Greeks lived 

thousands of years ago, the influence of Greek 

sports, architecture, art, and government is still 

strong today. 

Vocabulary 

contribution: the act of giving or 

doing something 

Sample 

Charts and Graphs 

How has ancient Greece influenced society today? For each area (art, 

architecture, government, and sports) list examples from ancient Greece 

in Column 1. In Column 2, describe how ancient Greece influenced that 

area in our world today. 

Legacies of Ancient Greece 

Influence Today 

Art 

Architecture 

Government 

Sports 

Sample

Virginia Experience 3rd Grade Solution Focus on Ancient World Cultures

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