Literacy-Based Prison Construction

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profiling is unreliable in ensuring school safety, as this practice over identifies students from minority populations. There were no students involved in the 1990s shootings who were Black or Latino and the 1990s school shootings were the main basis for the increase in presence of police in schools. A Justice Policy Institute report (2011) found a 38% increase in the number of SROs between 1997 and 2007 as a result of the growing implementation of zero tolerance policies. In 1999, 54% of students surveyed reported seeing a security guard or police officer in their school, by 2005, this number increased to 68%. The education system has seen a huge increase in the number of students referred to law enforcement. In one city in Georgia, when police officers were introduced into the schools, "school-based referrals to juvenile court in the county increased 600% over a three year period". There was no increase in the number of serious offenses or safety violations during this threeyear period. In 2012, forty-one states required schools to report students to law enforcement for various misbehaviors on school grounds. This practice increases the use of law enforcement professionals in handling student behavior and decreases the use of in-classroom (non-exclusionary) management of behaviors. In 2014, the United Nations Human Rights Committee (HRC) expressed concern with increasing criminalization of students in response to school disciplinary problems, and recommended that the US government "promote the use of alternatives to the application of criminal law" to address such issues. The HRC also noted its concern with the use of corporal punishment in schools in the US. In the second Universal Periodic Review of the United States' human-rights record, the government avowed taking "effective measures to help ensure non-discrimination in school discipline policies and practices". Restorative Justice Model Alternative Approaches Restorative justice approaches provide the space for students, teachers, families, schools, and communities to "resolve conflict, promote academic achievement, and address school safety". The use of restorative justice in schools began in the early 1990s with initiatives in Australia. Restorative justice models are used globally and have recently been introduced to school disciplinary policies in the United States as an alternative approach to current punitive models, such as zero tolerance. Editorial policies of major media A substantial body of research claims that incarceration rates are primarily a function of media editorial policies, largely unrelated to the actual crime rate: Beginning especially in the 1970s, the mainstream commercial media in the U.S. increased coverage of the police blotter, while reducing coverage of investigative journalism. This had at least two advantages for the commercial media organizations: Page 30 of 91
1. Poor people can be libeled and slandered with impunity, and stories based on interviewing police are easy and cheap to create. 2. This reduces the space that might otherwise be filled with investigative journalism, which too often threatens major advertisers. Advertising rates are set based on the audience. Because "if it bleeds, it leads," the media were able to accomplish this change without losing audience. Beyond this, the growth of private prisons increased the pool of major advertisers who could be offended by honest reporting on incarcerations and the school-to-prison pipeline: It makes financial sense to report on this only to the extent that such reporting is needed to maintain an audience. ______ How The School-to-<strong>Prison</strong> Pipeline Is Created Columbia University Professor Describes The “Symbiotic Relationship Between Urban Neighborhoods, Public Education, And The Criminal Justice System.” The Atlantic Carla Shedd, Contributor Oct 27, 2015 America’s school and criminaljustice systems have been veering toward a curious alliance—with dangerous repercussions for the children in their grasp. Often, programs for establishing new schools result in the closure and combination of many schools without much care for how students would experience having to cross race, class, neighborhood, and gang lines to get to school. Many schools, instead of providing avenues out of poverty in low-income neighborhoods, become highly policed environments that reinforce racial inequality and Page 31 of 91
Page 2 and 3: Turning the Improbable Into the Exc
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Page 8 and 9: 6. 1 We disseminate Quarterly publi
Page 16 and 17: correction official once noted, “
Page 18 and 19: Inmates have a 16 percent chance of
Page 20 and 21: View School, related to me Thursday
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Page 26 and 27: Enough of the changes listed here a
Page 28 and 29: the student", and concluded that "t
Page 32 and 33: distrust of authority. With the ris
Page 36 and 37: Nebraska 8,500 600 454 Nevada 19,90
Page 38 and 39: Nevada 37,500 1,750 17,600 820 19,9
Page 40 and 41: me used to read my books. It gave m
Page 42 and 43: Literacy Statistics And Juvenile Co
Page 46 and 47: student is 13 times less likely to
Page 48 and 49: from low-income families. Take that
Page 50 and 51: the child’s health and healthy de
Page 54 and 55: The “pipeline” isn’t just hur
Page 56 and 57: high school graduates complete a co
Page 58 and 59: Educators can certainly strive to r
Page 60 and 61: Notes _____________________________
Page 64 and 65: NDTAC The National Evaluation and T
Page 66 and 67: 2 The GED and Its Relationship to L
Page 68 and 69: 4 Figure 1. Percent of Long-Term St
Page 72 and 73: The Cost of Illiteracy Nearly 800 m
Page 74 and 75: Attachment C Organizing to End The
Page 76 and 77: Alternatives to the School to Priso
Page 78 and 79: As described above, relationship bu
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American Psychological Association.
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Advocacy Foundation Publishers The
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XVI for Drug-Free Communities Landm
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Vol. VIII 2022 ComeUnity ReEngineer
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Vol. XV 2029 Inner-Cities Revitaliz
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The e-Advocate Monthly Review 2018
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The e-Advocate Journal of Theologic
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Issue Title Quarterly Vol. I 2015 I
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The e-Advocate Juvenile Justice Rep
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2018 - The Theological Law Firm Aca
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www.TheAdvocacyFoundation.org Page
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