Heterosis of sorghum hybrid developed from local and introduced lines

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Int. J. Agri. Agri. R. Introduction Sorghum is still a minor crop in Indonesia, however, it is ranked number five as food crop in the World. It is grown on 42 million ha in 98 countries in Africa, Asia, Oceania and the Americas, Nigeria, India, USA, Mexico, Sudan, China and Agentina (Reddy et al., 2010). Many factors have made sorghum as one of the most important food crop in the world. Sorghum grains are important source of dietary proteins, carbohydrates, minerals, and B group vitamins with some values higher than rice (Ratnavathi and Patil, 2013). In addition sorghum has a wide adaptation to various abiotic stresses. Sorghum is a drought tolerant crop and suitable for cultivation in drought prone areas. According to Assefa et al., (2010) a medium-to-late maturing sorghum cultivar requires approximately 450 to 650 mm of water during a growing season. Water stress or drought reduces biomass, yield and HI more in maize than in sorghum, giving higher yields for sorghum under limited water. Under limited water condition, sorghum has great ability to extract water from deep soil layers due to its deep root system (Farre and Faci, 2006). In addition, several sorghum varieties are tolerant to acid soil and able to maintain growth and yield under high Al toxicity and low P found in many acid soil in Indonesia (Agustina et al., 2010). Therefore, sorghum is very potential to be develop as food crop in many marginal areas of Indonesia. The availability of improved varieties is a major component in the adoption of sorghum by farmers in Indonesia. Several sorghum varieties are available for farmers. All of the available varieties are pure line varieties developed through mutation breeding (Human et al., 2011; Puspitasari et al., 2012) or introduced lines. Most sorghum pure lines have low yield potential. The average yield of the national variety Numbu is 3.11 ton ha -1 and Kawali is only 2.9 ton ha -1 (Balitsereal, 2012). Hybrid variety has been cultivated in many sorghum producing countries with productivity of 7.0 to 9.0 ton/ha even in semi arid areas (Tadesse et al., 2008). The availability of hybrid variety in Indonesia will increase farmer adoption of sorghum as food crop. The high productivity of hybrids is due to hybrid vigor or heterosis. Shull (1948) defined heterosis as interpretation of increase vigor, size, fruitfulness, speed of development, resistance to disease and to insect pests, or to climatic rigors of any kind, as the specific results of unlikeness in the constitutions of the uniting parental gametes. The value of heterosis is determined by the gene action, general combining ability and specific combining ability of the parental line Hochholdinger and Hoecker, 2007). There are two kinds of gene action (additive, nonadditive) that can be affected development of hybrid varieties. Siles et al., (2004) showed that the presence of non-additive genetic variance is the primary justification for initiating the hybrid program. Knowing general and specific combining ability effect of genetic materials is practical value in breeding programs. Both components play an important role in selecting superior parents for hybrid combination and represent a powerful method to measure the nature of gene action involved in quantitative traits (Baker, 1978). GCA effects represent the fixable component of genetic variance and important to develop superior genotypes. Meanwhile SCA represent non fixable component of genetic variance and important to provide information on hybrid performance (Maarouf, 2009). In conclusion, These factors (gene action, GCA, SCA) should be use as consideration in the development of hybrid varieties. This study is aimed at obtaining information on combining ability of several IPB breeding lines and introduced lines which are considered as parental lines to develop the first sorghum hybrid variety in Indonesia. Materials and methods Evaluation of Performance of Parental Lines in Acid Soil The evaluation was conducted in a farmer field in Jasinga, West Bogor District, Bogor Indonesia with Rini et al. Page 2
Int. J. Agri. Agri. R. soil pH of 4.1 – 4.4 and exchangeable Al of 2.3 -5.8 cmol/kg from April to July 2012. The genetic materials used in this study were 17 F7 breeding lines from the cross of Numbu x UPCA-S1 developed by the Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University and four introduced lines from ICRISAT and one local variety. Two national varieties UPCA-S1 and Numbu were used as comparison. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates. The planting was conducted as direct seeding with 2 seeds per hole at 70 x 10 cm planting distance in a 4 m x 5 m plot. Fertilizers of Urea, SP36 and KCl was applied at the rate of 100 kg/ha, 100 kg/ha and 60 kg/ha, respectively. Two third of the urea was applied as base fertilizers at planting with SP-36 and KCl. The rest of the urea was applied at 7 weeks after planting. Plot maintenance and pest and disease control was conducted according to standard practices. Observations were made on ten plants per plot for the following variables ; plant height (cm), time to flowering, (days after planting) Time to harvest (days after planting), Length of spike, Seed weight (g) per spike t per plant (g) measured at 13% moisture content of 10 sample plants per line, weight of 1000 seeds (g) measured at 13 % moisture content. Study of Combining Ability of Parental Lines The experiment was conducted at the experimental field of the Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University, at Leuwikopo, Dramaga, Bogor in January to April 2014. The post-harvest processing was conducted at the Laboratory of Plant Breeding Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University in May 2014. The plant material used was seven female parental lines (line) namely N/UP-17- 10, N/UP-89-3, N/UP-32-8, PI-150-20-A, P/l-10-90- A, Pl-150-21-A, B-69, two varieties of male parent lines as tester ie varieties Numbu and Kawali, and 14 F1 from crosses of N/UP-17-10× Numbu, N/UP-17- 10×Kawali, N/UP-89-3×Numbu, N/UP-89-3×Kawali, N/UP-32-8×Numbu, N/UP-32-8×Kawali, PI-150-20- A × Numbu, PI-150-20-A×Kawali, PI-10-90- Rini et al. A×Numbu, PI-10-90-A×Kawali, PI-150-21-A × Numbu, PI-150-21-A×Kawali, B-69×Numbu, and B- 69× Kawali. The study was conducted in a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with genotype as treatment, consisted of parental lines and F1 genotypes with three replicates, in a total of 48 experimental units. Each experimental unit was a plot measuring 2.1 × 1.4 m2. Tillage was done two weeks before planting. There were three rows in each experimental plot. Each plot consisted of three different genotypes. The first row was the female parents (P1), the second row was the F1 (P1xP2) genotype, and the third row was the male parent (P2). The seeds were planted with a spacing of 70 cm × 20 cm. Urea was applied twice, i.e 1/3 of 50 kg ha-1 was given at the beginning as a basic fertilizer along with 100 kg ha-1 SP-36 and 100 kg ha-1 KCl, whereas the 2/3 of Urea 100 kg ha-1 was appllied at 4 weeks after planting (WAP). Observations were conducted on agronomic characters and yield components in 5 samples of each experimental unit. General combining ability value (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) predicted by the modified Singh and Chaudhary (1979) while the value of heterosis and heterobeltiosis character allegedly observed by Fehr (1987). General Combining Ability (GCA), was calculated based on the average genotype of female parents and both tester as General combining ability = Where, = means of line i × tester = means of all genotypes in line × tester s = Standard deviation of means of all genotypes in line × tester Special Combining (DGK) or Specific Combining Ability (SCA) was assessed based on a combination of a cross which has the largest mean. Heterosis and F1 Hybrid Performance The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of F1 hybrids in comparition with the Page 3
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Heterosis of sorghum hybrid developed from local and introduced lines

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