Important Considerations for laser marking an identifier on die-casting

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dark <strong>an</strong>d pale part of the bar code. A contrast closest to 1 is desired. The unused error is a value between 0 <strong>an</strong>d 100. It represents the amount of error correction that was needed to read the code. An unused error of 100 me<strong>an</strong>s that no error correction was needed <strong>an</strong>d there<strong>for</strong>e the code was not damaged at all. An unused error of more th<strong>an</strong> 75 is considered satisfactory. PAINTING ONLY After the painting process, it became clear that the cell size was very import<strong>an</strong>t <strong>for</strong> the readability of the Data Matrix. Of the four dimensions that were tested, only two resulted in 2D codes that were readable. Those with cell sizes of 0.5 mm <strong>an</strong>d 0.75 mm were not readable regardless of the parameters used. This me<strong>an</strong>s that cell sizes of 0.75 mm <strong>an</strong>d below is not suitable <strong>for</strong> this application. The influence of the <strong>marking</strong> parameters on the resist<strong>an</strong>ce to painting of the codes was also investigated. Two different <strong>marking</strong> speeds <strong>an</strong>d three different line-spacings were studied. Each combination gave enough contrast to result in good readability. We did not see a signific<strong>an</strong>t difference between results, so the fastest parameters should be selected. In figure 10a <strong>an</strong>d 10b, we c<strong>an</strong> see a picture of the code after painting, with <strong>an</strong>d without a white background, respectively. a) b) Figure 10- Pictures of data matrices after E-coating with a white background (a) <strong>an</strong>d without a white background (b), with cell size of 1 mm The parameters presented in table 5 were determined to be the best <strong>for</strong> resist<strong>an</strong>ce to E-coating. This was done without a white background. In addition to being the fastest set of parameters, it also showed a good visual aspect (figure 10b), a good contrast <strong>an</strong>d was readable from six different <strong>an</strong>gles. The unused error value of these marks is 100, so no error correction was necessary to read the code. As these parameters are st<strong>an</strong>dard parameters <strong>for</strong> <strong>marking</strong> on aluminum, it was also possible to read the code be<strong>for</strong>e the process of e-coat painting. Laser <strong>marking</strong> is then <strong>an</strong> effective solution <strong>for</strong> identification of parts in the die cast industry that have e-coating process in their production line. Table 5- Best parameters <strong>for</strong> resist<strong>an</strong>ce to paint. The average contrast <strong>an</strong>d unused error come from six tests with the barcode reader at different <strong>an</strong>gles. They were all readable <strong>an</strong>d the unused error valued varied between 83 <strong>an</strong>d 100. Marking time 2 s Cell size 1.25 mm Code size 20 mm Marking speed 600 mm/s Linespacing 0.175 mm Best contrast/unused error 0.753/100 Average contrast/unused error 0.733/69 Figure 11 shows pictures of the same barcode taken from different <strong>an</strong>gles. In both cases the contrast is high, but <strong>for</strong> the second situation the barcode is white while the background is black. This does not influence the readability of the code, since unlike the 1D code, only a difference in gray level is required without giving import<strong>an</strong>ce to which element is which color. This shows that the <strong>an</strong>gle at which the camera is located with respect to the illumination has a great impact on the observed result.
SHOT BLAST ONLY Figure 11- Data Matrix seen from two different <strong>an</strong>gles with cell size of 1 mm. Shot blast is <strong>an</strong> abrasive treatment that ch<strong>an</strong>ges the roughness of the surface. To resist these kinds of treatment, much deeper codes must be marked. A “deep <strong>marking</strong>” technique, described below, is there<strong>for</strong>e used. The individual cell size is <strong>an</strong> import<strong>an</strong>t factor influencing the readability of the 2D code after shot blasting. The marks done with 0.4 mm cells were not readable after the shot blast treatment while the 0.6 mm <strong>an</strong>d 0.8 mm show very good results. Figure 12 presents the evolution of the contrast with respect to the number of etching passes <strong>for</strong> the 0.6 mm <strong>an</strong>d 0.8 mm cell sizes. We saw a higher drop of contrast <strong>for</strong> the 0.8 mm th<strong>an</strong> <strong>for</strong> the 0.6 mm cell size code. We think this is due to the fact that the bottom of the etched cases, where the black <strong>marking</strong> is located, is more exposed to the shot in the process. The optimal cell size seems to be 0.6 mm since at 0.4 mm they are not readable <strong>an</strong>d at 0.8 mm contrast is lost. Note that the average contrast be<strong>for</strong>e the shot blast process was 0.61, so the contrast drop due to the shot blast process is only in the order of 10% or less. The cycle time is dependent on the depth of <strong>marking</strong>. As we c<strong>an</strong> see in figure 12, it is not necessary to mark deeply. In fact, there is a depth beyond which the <strong>marking</strong> is protected. It was observed that the fastest mark, with three <strong>laser</strong> passes, was not deep enough. It was completely erased <strong>an</strong>d there<strong>for</strong>e not readable. After 6 passes, these marks became readable, but a subst<strong>an</strong>tial amount of error correction was needed. With 9 passes good results were achieved, both in contrast <strong>an</strong>d unused correction error. With 12 passes, the contrast reaches a maximum which is very close to the average contrast of 0.61 measured be<strong>for</strong>e the shot blast process. For the 6 different reading <strong>an</strong>gles, the contrast varies between 0.525 <strong>an</strong>d 0.616 while the unused error is between 10 <strong>an</strong>d 90. With these parameters, it takes 37 seconds to mark a 12.3mm Data Matrix with the 100W <strong>laser</strong>. Such a code has a data capacity of 60 numeric characters or 43 alph<strong>an</strong>umeric characters. Figure 12- Best contrast of 6 readings after shot blast as a function of the number of passes <strong>for</strong> cell size of 0.6 mm <strong>an</strong>d 0.8 mm. The technique of deep <strong>marking</strong> c<strong>an</strong> produce 2D codes resist<strong>an</strong>t to shot blasting but requires a relatively high cycle time. Some applications may not allow such a long cycle time <strong>an</strong>d part <strong>marking</strong> should never be the bottleneck in the process.
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