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HOW PRIMITIVE ARE WE? Are we really a unique, highly evolved “human” species, far from primitive Neanderthals, or are we more alike than previously thought? As much as 2.6% of modern human DNA was contributed by Neanderthals, our closest extinct relative. Utilizing modern genomic sequencing techniques allows us to trace human evolution and pinpoint when the “primitive cavemen” turned into “modern” humans. Written By: Jenny Weiss | Designed By: Shemona Singh 5 MILLION YEARS AGO Homo erectus migrated into East and West Asia 4 MILLION YEARS AGO Genus Australopithecus appeared on African savannahs 5 MILLION YEARS AGO Group of early “proto-human” species emerged 7 MILLION YEARS AGO The first hominids appeared in Africa
Around 7 million years ago, the first hominids (a group including humans and their extinct ancestors or relatives) appeared in Africa, having diverged from ancestral primates. Ardipithecus , a group of early “proto-human” species that lived around 5 million years ago, reflected characteristics of both primates and humans, combining tree-climbing with elements of upright walking. The genus Australopithecus , (of which the famous “Lucy” specimen belongs), appeared on African savannahs between 4 and 2.5 million years ago. These species pioneered bipedalism, allowing for the development of more advanced brains and behaviors. After the extinction of the Ardipithecus and Australopithecus groups, the genus Homo appeared in Africa. Large brains, fully bipedal movement, stone tool-making, and complex social groups allowed this genus to thrive and evolve into increasingly human-like species. Homo erectus , the first hunter-gatherer, migrated into East and West Asia between 1.8 million and 143,000 years ago. Homo heidelbergensis hunted large prey with spears, and built sturdy shelters. This was also the first species that distinctly utilized fire for survival in cold environments. Three distinct species evolved from Homo heidelbergensis : Homo neanderthalensis , Homo sapiens, and a third mysterious group known as the “Denisovans”. Homo neanderthalensis and the Denisovans moved throughout Eurasia, while Homo sapiens remained in Africa. Homo neanderthalensis emerged in Europe and moved through Asia between 400,000 and 40,000 years ago, and was highly social and incredibly proficient in hunting large prey. Short, sturdy bodies and thick bones helped with retaining heat in cold regions, and allowed for powerful movement. They mastered the use of weapons and tools, made clothing, shelters, and ornamental objects, and practiced complex burials. Homo sapiens appeared in Africa 200,000 years ago, emerging at roughly the same time that Homo erectus and Homo heidelbergensis disappeared. Agile, smarter, dexterous, socially sophisticated, and well adapted for running, Homo sapiens quickly flourished as other species slowly disappeared. Around 70,000 years ago, groups of Homo sapiens moved from Africa into Europe and Asia (and eventually spread to Australia and the Americas). The overlap between Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens often led to intense competition, interbreeding and possible warfare, and contributed to the decline and eventual extinction of Homo neanderthalensis. Early humans, thousands of years ago Neanderthal DNA is extracted from ancient bone fragments often found in burial sites located in caves and mountain regions throughout Eurasia. Of the discovered fragments, genetic information is scarce, due to protein degradation over time. Because of this, only two separate Neanderthal individuals have been found with completely intact genomes. However, the DNA that has been found reflects fascinating interactions between humans, Neanderthals, and Denisovans. DNA quenced from Neanderthal individuals found in Siberia, Croatia, and Spain have suggested multiple waves of interspecies breeding. Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany proposed the following theory based on genetic evidence; Homo sapiens emerged in Africa 200,000 years ago, with some groups moving into Eurasia. One expanding group mated with Homo Neanderthalensis from Middle Eastern regions
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