[bai-giai-den-roi-cham-com]-Luyen-doc-reading-voi-bo-giao-trinh-oxford-level-5

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James Styring
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Read and discover tnor(),rl)oul lltl worlrll
This series of ttott lit.ltott tr',trlcr', provrrlr",
interesting atttl ctltt

AffiM
lslands
James Styring
lntroduction
3
1 What ls an lsland? 4
2 Volcanic lslands 8
3 Tropical lslands t2
4 Amazing lsland Species 16
5 Remote lslands 20
6 Big lslands
24
7 Man-Made lslands 28
8 Protecting Our lslands 32
Activities
36
Projects
52
Glossary
54
About Read and Discover 56
OXTORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS

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I n t rr* # Es {". i: il'-l fi' I
An lstand can be very smatt, or lt can be blg, with
mountains, lakes, roads, and cltles. Some lslands are
hot, but others are covered wlth lce. Some lstands
have animals and ptants that don't llve anywheretse.
Onty about tO% of people live on istands.
Do you live on an istand?
What istands do You know?
What is the biggest istand?
Do you know any of these istands?
\\i\,
Now read and discover more
ibout istands around the world!

ANTARCTICA
An island ls a plece of land with water a[1 around it.
There are many differentypes of island.
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\vcrc vallcys lttrtl trtorttrtltitrs 20'(X)0
vcrlrs agtl bccltlllc sclls atlcl islatltls.
a__n
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lslands
I
AFRICA
./ Newcuinea
-\ tlsocotra
\ispaniola
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''"\'")uunu.tu
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Anuta
''- nir"r"nii,, | ^t.Ai^, I KALA)IA
,/l \r
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_Mauritiris.,..F,,,*/
t-t/
/ lr-/
| Tasmania
, Tristan da cunha
New Zeatand

Vrlcanocs undcr thc
occan crupt and thc
lava can frlrm volcanic
islands. In 2009, a new
volcanic island forrned
in the Pacific Ocean.
nearTonga.
Sometimes, waves move
the sand ar the bottom of
the ocean to form islands.
In warm oceans, coral grows to
form coral islands.
Another way is when rivers carry rainwater with small
pieces of soil, rocks, and plants. \trfhen the water in a
river goes slowly, these things in the water fall to the
bottom and they can build up and form islands in the
river. The Mekong River in Asia has a lot of islands
that are made in this wav.
Amazing Species
The animals and plants on some islands grow in
different ways from the species on the mainland'
Some species live on only one island and nowhere
else on Earth.
Hispaniolan solenodons live on one island called
Hispaniola, in the Caribbean Sea. Solenodons are
about 50 centimeters long. They have a long nose
and they are the only mammal with poison in their
teeth. They use their nose and teeth to hunt insects
and other small animals.
Hispaniolan solenodons lived at the time of the
dinosaurs, 65 million years ago!The solenodons are
now in danger because people are cutting down the
forests where they live, and dogs are hunting them,
too. If we don,t protect them, the last solenodons will
die and the species will become extinct.
) Go to pages 36-37 for activities.

Volllcram lilrcr lllsllla rndls
When votcanoes erupt, hot gases, ash, and tava fty
Into the alr. When a votcano under the ocean erupts,
the water cools the lava and lt becomes rock. After
lots of eruptlons, the tava can form a vo]canlc lstand.
Active Volcanic lslands
There are thousands of volcanic islands, and some
have active volcanoes. Mount Fuji on Honshu Island
in Japan is an active volcano, but it hasn,t erupted for
more than 300 years. The volcano on Stromboli
Island, in the Mediterranean Sea, erupts about every
two hours! Some of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantic
Ocean, have black beaches. This is because the lava
from volcanoes forms a black rock when it cools. The
wind and waves have changed the rock into sand.
Hot Rock
The underground rock on volcanic islands is often
very hot. tilflhen underground water meets hot volcanic
rock, the water boils. Some of the hot water evaporates
into steam, and the steam pushes the hot water up
into the air.when this happens, the hot water is called
a geyser. Iceland is a volcanic island with a lot of
geysers. Iceland is cold, but even in winter, there are
hot water pools where people can swim. Plants grow
well in the warm ground near the geysers.
f-tEl
V
z+:l7tr
-sit Birds have to keep their eggs warm. Most birds
-7 on their eggs, but incubator birds on some votcanic
isl.ands teave their eggs in warm votcanic ash.

Alicr volt'ltrrocs ct'ul)l orr islanrls, thc lnvl cools arrtl
lirnrrs rocl

There are a lot of tropical islandsnear
the equator in
the Pacific Ocean, the CaribbeanSea,
and the Indian
Ocean. Tropical islands are warmand many of thern
are made of corat.
(loral looks lil

'l'hcrc lrc :rborrl
]0,000 isluntls irr
thc l)lcilic ()ccun.
'l'hc cocontrt cra[-l
livcs on a lot ol'l)acilic
islancls. It's onc ol'thc
biggcst lancl crabs on llarth urrd
it's vcry str()ng. It can ()pc11 ll c()c()llLrt with its lcgs!
Bamboo plants gr()w tall and strong on many lracific
islands. Pcople makc houscs fiom bamboo. Marrv
pcoplc also eat young barnboo plants.
"#,cq w
66ry* F
' \CO/ On Pentecost
m
lsland in
Vanuatu, the young men
ctimb up bamboo towers
that can be 35 meters tat[.
Then they dive toward the
ground with ropes around
their ankles!
Tr
The dodo only lived on the island of Mauritius in the
Indian Ocean. Birds usually fly away from danger, but
thousands of years ago there weren't any other animals
on Mauritius that hunted the dodo. The dodo didn't
need to escape by flying, so it flew less and less every
year. \When Europeans came in 1507, the dodo wasn't
scared and it couldn't fly. The Europeans' dogs, rats,
and cats ate all the dodos. The last dodo died by about
1700. and the dodo became extinct'
Go to pages 40-41 for activities.

4Afinatzlilmr,E
lllslllar rndl $pxexcrlilers
Some lslands have amazlng specles of anlmals and
ptants that don't llve anywherelse. Most wlld
anlmals are scared of people, but some anlmals on
lslands aren't scared of anythlng. Do you know why?
Komodo lsland
The Komodo dragon is the largest lizard on Earth.
It's about 3 meters long. It has strong legs and a long
tail. It only lives on Komodo Island and on three other
small islands in Indonesia. The Komodo dragon can
run and swim fast. It has sharp teeth and it has poison
in its mouth. It eats deer and buffaloes - it even eats
other Komodo dragons.Young I(omodo dragons have
to live in trees so that the adults can't eat them.
New Guinea
New Guinea is a big island in the Pacific Ocean, near
Australia. The forests on this island are very wild, and
there are places that people have never visited.
Scientists keep discovering amazing, new species here.
There's a kangaroo that lives in trees, and a giant
woolly rat. The woolly rat is as big as a cat and it's the
biggest rat on Earth! Most wild animals run away
from people, but the woolly rat and the tree kangaroo
aren't scared. This is because they have never seen
people before, and they don't know that people hunt
some animals.
zrrl(t\
A-
'SIOP -\y 0n New Guinea, scientists have
also found a giant jumping spider
and a frog with teeth like Dracuta's!

il,*.r,
r-it'
rl:
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,p
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:":L,frflrffi;
t'ii*o i{"'-.,..1*.1
T'{ :. a5
l'hc (ialapauos Islar-rcls itrc in thc l'ltcific ()ccan, l-lcilr
I jcr-raclor.'l'hc islantls urc f atlous tirr tl-rc (ialapagos
tortoisc.'l'l-rcrc arc itlportant clifflrcnccs bctwccn tl-rc
tortoiscs on thc clil'l'crcnt Galapagos Islauds. Sttmc tlf
thc islar-rcls ilrc clry, and solttc arc rait-tv.
-I'he tttrtoiscs
on thc clr'l i*l'rr-rcls havc a krng ncck. This helps thctr-t
to cat thc lcavcs of trees. Tlic tortoises on thc rainv
islar-rcls huvc a short ncck bccausc tl-rc5r eat grass atrcl
othcr pl:lnts on the grouncl.'l'hcsc cliffercr-rccs hclp
scientists to unclcrstlrncl hou' atriurals ha'n'c gr()\\'tl
clillcrcr-rtlv in diflcrcnt placcs.
'l'hcrc lt-c rtt'rotrl 10,000 s1'rccics ol'plltt.tt on
i\lutlagasciu', il trig islantl in thc Intliurt ()ccltt. i\{ost
ol'thc plants clon't livc anl'r.l'hcrc clsc. Maclirgascar
baot-rab trccs arc hugc
thcv catr gr()\\' 30 r-nctcrs tall
and thc1, can livc firr 1,000 r,cars. Sotnctitlcs it clocst't't
rain firr nronths, but tl-rc baobabs can lir,c bccalrsc thcy
ere l'ull ()l \\'ltlcr.
Nrc{
(9U
rhere are about 6o types
of lemur and they only live
th- tSr
on Madagascar. A lemur uses th ,\,'',''
its long taiI to move in the
trees, and to communicate
with other lemurs.
,"w€
's- t* ",', ?,
u
\',,
tl"l|r
'- rdi6.,r**,. "1,*
Go to pages 42-43for
activities.

It can be hard to ilve on istands that are very far frorn
the malnland. On some remote islands, life hasn't
changed for thousands of years.
'll'istlrr tllt ( lrrrrhl is olrc ol'tltc n'l()st'cnl()lc isltrrrrls
on l:urth. It's irr thc rrrirltllc ol'thc Atluntic ()ccun.
'l'lrc wclthcr isn't coltl, l'rut thc Atlnntic wincls nrc
str()ng.'l'hcrc llrc a lot ol'()cclr) l'lirtls, lil

l')rstr.'r'lsllrrrtl is irr tlrc Itlcil'ie ()cclrr. j,5oo liilorrrcrcrs
li'onr ( llrilt', in Sotrtlr Arrrclicl. ()rrcc, it lrltl big lirrcsts
lttttl tr lot ol'birtls.'l'ltcrr nt()l'c thln I ,000 vclrr-s :.rgor
pcoplc cllnrc lo tlrc isllntl in clnocs.'l'hcy brrilt lirrrrrs
luttl t()wns, lntl lirr huntlrccls ol'yclrrs, tlrcV cr.rt clorvn :r
Iol ol'lilrcst trccs to tturl

-a
o
lslands in the middte of
The biggest islands are
islands do you know?
the oceans are often small.
a[[ near a continent. What biq
','
,",,&6n,
, '"" lt:hl.
'l'lris 1'rictru'c .l'l'llrth shows thc ciglrt biggest islantls.
(ir-ccnlunrl is thc t-riggcst islantl - it's rtrorc than
2 nrilli.n sqLlarc kilonrctcrs (knrr). Sonrc big islar-rds,
lil

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Solne parts of the world are very busy and there isn't
enough land for everyone. That's why people sometimes
buitd new istands for farms, homes, stores, and airports.
II
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t
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'l'hc Intlul pcoplc live trv lrtle [.ltl

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il wlsrt'l llrc lil'st ltir'1rr)t'l ()ll il tllltt)-tttlttlt' islltrrtl.'lr,vo
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()n ntalt-ltuttlc islltlttls, loo.'l'lrt' lirst rt'lts I(lttlslti
Itrtcrtrationll Air'porl itt .f ltplttr.
Airl-rrlrts:tt'c ol'lcrr btrilt ott islrttttls lr,.'t'ltrtst'lllct'c istr'l
cn()Lrgh latrcl Itcut-ltig citics. Air'pot'l isllttttls ltl'c big
about 4 kilonrcLcrs lottg.'l'ltcV ltt'c olicll c()llllcc'lctl to
thc mainlancl by lor-rg briclgcs.'l'hc trridgc li'ottl ltlcltcotr
to thc u-rainlancl is urtlrc than 20 kilomcLcrs loltg.
In l)ubai in thc Unitcd Arab Emiratcs, rourists
likc thc clcar bluc ocean., with prctty tropical
flsh and coral. Thc land is vcry dry and sandy,
and thcrc arcn't enough bcaches, so people
havc built islands in the ocean. The first
area of man-madc islands was Palm
Jumcirah. It has hotcls, storcs, and
rhousands of homcs.
(:JQJ
#%
rhe Burj At Arab in Dubais
one of the ta[[est hotels in the
wortd - it's 321 meters tatt. lt
looks tike the saiI of a boat and it's
built on a sma[[ man-made island.

ii,.i
Earth's islands have amazing animals and ptants, but
life on istands is often in danger. Species can become
extinct, and some istands could even disappear, so it,s
important to protect our istands.
()ur cars, factorics, and p()wcr stations producc
too many gascs likc carbon dioxidc. Earth is gctting
warmcr bccausc thcrc's too much carbon dioxide in
the air.'l'his is callcd global warming. Global warming
means that there are more storms and rain. More ice is
melting in the Arctic and the Antarctic, so the sea level
is getting higher, and some islands are disappearing.
A few islands between India and Bangladesh have
already disappeared underwarer.
Somc islands in thc Pacilic ()ccau will protrlbly
disappcar in 100 ycars if wc don't slow clowtr glotral
warming. Some of thc Maldive Islands in thc Inclian
Ocean will probably disappear sooner. Most o1'thc
land is less than 2 meters above sea level.
'We can try to slow down global warming by making
less carbon dioxide.\7e can drive and fly less, and we
can use cleaner cars.'We should use less coal and oil
to make electricity. There are cleaner ways of making
electricity.
I ro hetp the Mal.dive
lslands, people are designing
new islands and towns that
float! These istands won't
disappear undenvater.

Disappearing Species
Global warming is changing life on islands. When
the sea level gets higher, some species don't have
a place to live. Storms and floods can kill plants and
animals. Coral dies when seawater gets too warm.
Thousands of species live around coral reefs, but
they can't live there if the coral is dead. \U7e can help
species on islands by slowing down global warming.
\flhen too many tourists visit small islands, it's
sometimes bad for plant and animal life.\7e can
protect special islands by making them a
conservation area. The islands in this photo are
a conservation area inThailand.They are a safe
place for plants and animals to live.
lslands That Are Protecting Earth
The Svalbard Islands are in the Arctic Ocean.
Global warming probably won't melt Svalbard's
ice, and its high mountains probably won't disappear
underwater. This is why scientists from Norway
built the Svalbard Global SeedVault there in 2008.
It's a place where they will store an example of each
of Earth's 1.5 million seeds. A plant could disappear
because of global warming or a natural disaster, but
it won't become extinct. That's because people can
grow another plant from the seeds in the Glclbal
Seed Vault.
The Gtobat Seed
Vault is inside a rocky
mountain at the end of
a long tunnet. Most seeds wlll stay fresh at mlnus
18 degrees centigrade for 20,000 yearsl
) Go to pages 50-51 for actlvltles.

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Read and discover more abouthe wortd!
This series of non-fiction readers provides
interesting and educationaI content, with
activities and project work.
Series Editor: Haze[ Geatches
'j Audio CD Pack avaitable
Word count for this reader: 3,437
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Rachel Bladon
Introduction 3
1 Life Cyctes 4
2 Insects 8
3 Other Invertebrates L2
4 Fish 16
5 Amphibians 20
6 Reptites 24
7 Birds 28
8 Mammats 32
Activities 36
Projects 52
Glossary 54
About Read and Discover 56
OX-FORD
lJNIVERSITY PRESS

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ol Oxfbrd. It lurlh('N Ilx'I lniv('f\ily's |)l)lr( |rv('(rl ( x(( lk D( (
in researct, schoLtrship, :trtl crlt tcrt I ir rtt lry I rr tlrl i slr i t rg
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With thonk to: Ann Fullick for scierce checking
I:s
;:9,ffii'ffi,
Animals grow and change during their tife. To produce
young, some animals have babies, and others lay eggs.
These young animals then grow up and produce young,
too. This journey from being born to producing young is
called a life cycle. Animalife cycles are amazing.
How do male birds find a mate?
How big is a baby kangaroo when it's born?
How does a crocodile carry her babies?
What does a tadpole grow into?
Now read and discovermore about
some amazing animalifecycles!

ffi@eil@s
There are mil[ions of different species of animal in the
world. Some animats, like the blue whale, are very big.
Others are so small that we almost can't see them.
These animals all have very different life cycles.
Animal Groups
Scientists put animals into groups. The animals in
each group are the same in many ways, and they
often have very similar life cycles. The two biggest
animal groups are invertebrates and vertebrates.
2R
@
&ru
Invertebrates are animals that have no backbone.
More than 95% of the animal species in the world
are invertebrates, and most of them are very small.
There are many different groups of invertebrates.
The biggest group is called arthropods. Insecrs,
spiders, and animals like crabs that have a hard
shell, are all arthropods.
ocean ftatworm
threadworm
Animals that have a backbone are called vertebrates.
Only a few percent of the animals in the world are
vertebrates, and most of them are much bigger than
invertebrates. Because of this, we see vertebrates
more often than invertebrates. Scientists put
vertebrates into five big groups - they are called
fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
&#fuY.M
hummingbird

. :,,,,i,r,..],l'1,, ' '
r'
All animals need to find food to stay alive. Some
animals are carnivores. This means that they eat other
animals. Herbivores eat plants, and omnivores eat
plants and animals.
There are many dangers for animals. They have to
keep safe from predators - animals that hunt and eat
other animals. People hunt birds and other animals.
People also cut down trees and build houses and roads
on land. \When they do this, animals lose their homes
and their food. Many animals also become sick or die
because of pollution of the land, oceans, rivers, and
air. Life is very dangerous for animals. Many animals
die before they are old enough to produce young.
t.
Most species of animal have males and females.
Males produce sperm, and females produce eggs.
llaby animals are made when sperm from the male
yoins together with an egg from the female. This is
called fertilization.
Some animals give birth to baby animals. Other
animals, like reptiles and birds, lay eggs. Their babies
hatch - they break the egg open and come out.
Most reptiles and birds care for their babies. Most
insects and fish do not care for their eggs or their
babies. All mammals care for their babies and feed
them milk. Some big mammals stay with their
babies for many years.
:.-i!.
'| :i
Different animats live for different amounts of
time. A Galapagos tortoise can live for 150 years,
but an adult mayfty usually lives for just a few hours.
Go to pages 36-37 for activities.

Insects are sma[[ animals [ike butterflies, beetles, flies,
bees, and ants. There are more than a million species
of insect in the world. Many insects change in amazing
ways during their [ife.
Almost all insects start their life in an egg. The young
insect grows inside the egg and then it hatches. Some
baby insects, like bees, look very different from their
parents. These baby insects are called larvae. Other
baby insects, like locusts, look more like their parents.
These baby insects are called nymphs. Larvae and
nymphs are very small when they hatch.
A young insect eats a lot of fooC
and grows very quickly. It has a
hard cover, called an exoskeleton.
When the exoskeleton is too small
lirr the young insect, it breaks open
and comes off. A new exoskeleton
grows under the old one. This is
called molting.
Some insects grow wings that get bigger every time
they molt. After the insect molts for the last time, it
becomes an adult that can fly and produce young.
'l'his is called incomplete metamorphosis.
Most insects change by complete metamorphosis.
When the larva is ready to change into an adult, its
cxoskeleton comes off. Under the exoskeleton there's
a pupa - it's like a closed case. Inside the pupa, an
amazing change happens. The larva changes into
an adult that looks completely different!

i;, lit
When insects become adults, they are ready to breed
and produce young. First they need to find a mate.
Male crickets, cicadas, and grasshoppersing to find
females that they can mate with.
Female butterflies and moths produce special chemicals
called pheromones that have a strong smell. Male
butterflies and moths can smell the pheromones from
up to 2 kilometers away. They then fly toward the smell.
Mate firefties make speciat lights in their body.
They turn these tights on and off so that female
fireflies know that they are looking for a mate.
Some insects only lay a few eggs during their life,
but others lay thousands. Many insects are careful
to keep their eggs safe. The cardinal beetle makes
a hole in dead wood and lays her eggs inside. When
the eggs hatch, you can't see the larvae very well.
Cockroaches lay their eggs in a special case, and
beetle eggs are usually yellow, green, or black so
that they are camouflaged. When these insect eggs
hatch, the life cycle starts again!
rmite queens lay up to 30,000 eggs every day!
Go to pages 38-39 for activities.

There are many other groups of invertebrate, and they
a[[ have very different life cyctes. Did you know that
earthworms, octopuses, spiders, and tobsters are a[[
invertebrates?
All earthworms lay eggs, because they are
hermaphrodites. This means that they all have
male parts that produce sperm and female parts
that produce eggs, but they cannot fertilize their
own eggs. After earthworms mate, their bodies
make special rings with eggs inside. The ring moves
forward over the worm's body and then it comes
off. Then the ends of the ring join together. The
eggs hatch after about three months, and young
earthworms can mate when thev are 12 months old.
Baby octopuses live in the open ocean at first, but
when they grow, they move down to the bottom of
the ocean. Here they live on their own in dens.
Octopuses are ready to mate when they are one
or two years old. Some female octopuses lay about
200,000 eggs, and many put them in strings from the
top of their dens. The females keep the eggs safe from
predators and they carefully push water over them so
that they get enough oxygen. The octopuses do not eat
for up to ten months when they are caring for their
eggs.After the eggs hatch, the female octopuses die.

Spiders produce silk, and they use it to make webs,
where they catch flies and other insects. Most species
of spider also put lots of silk around their eggs ro make
a special cover, called a cocoon.
Most spider eggs hatch after a few days or weeks. The
baby spiders, or spiderlings, grow fast and they molt
a few times. They can soon make their own webs and
catch their own food.
A female lobster can lay up to l0'000 eggs, but
only about ten of them will live. The female lobster
carries her eggs hidden under her tail for almost a
year. When they are ready to hatch, she lifts her tail
and they float away.
When the eggs hatch, the larvae move to the top of the
ocean. Life here is very dangerous because of predators
and difficult currents. Lobster larvae look very different
from adult lobsters. \When they are about one month
old, the larvae move to the bottom of the ocean. They
molt about 25 times before they become adults.
, Mmy spiders di;#r. they tay their esss. Some
spidert?,pgg eat their fi,Iother's body after she dies!
ES
ftrir. \"
l-Jt J -iI
- V:i/ Lobsters often eat their old shett after motting.
This hel.ps their new she[[ to become hard.
Go to pages 40-41for activities.

Fish are vertebrates that are cotd-blooded. This means
that their body is as hot or cold as the water around
them. Att fish live and breathe in water, and most
baby fish hatch from eggs.
Female fish can lay hundreds of eggs. Inside every egg
there's a bag of food called the yolk. The unborn baby
fish eats the yolk, so that it can grow bigger and stronger.
trish often try to hide their eggs because many
other animals like to eat fish eggs. Female seahorses
lay their eggs into a special pouch on the male's front,
where they stay safe until they are ready to hatch.
Some species of shark lay their eggs in a hard egg case
to keep the eggs safe until they hatch.
\il7hen young fish hatch, the yolk bag is still stuck to
their body. The young fish use this as food at first.
Life is very dangerous for young fish. Most of them
don't have fins, so they can't swim well. They often
float into colder water or places where there's no food.
Alsc-r, many prcdators, like seals, birds, frogs, and othcr
fish, l-runt them. This is why fish lay so many cggs. A
large female tuna fish can lay up to six million eggs at
one time, but only about twcl of these will grow into
adult tuna!

Most fish never see their parents because they swim
away after they have laid their eggs.The young fish
have to find food for themselves so that they can grow
bigger. They eat small plants and insect eggs or larvae.
Most small fish grow into adults just a few months
after hatching, but whale sharks do not grow into
adults until they are 25 years old!
l;ish need to find mates so
tlrat they can breed.'When
thc male three-spined
stickleback is ready to breed, he builds a nest.
l'art of his body changes to a red color. Females see
his bright colors and they lay their eggs in his nest.
Many fish go back to the same place to breed every
year. Salmon live in the ocean, but to breed, they swim
back to the rivers where they hatched. Some salmon
travel hundreds of kilometers up rivers, and sometimes
they have to jump up waterfalls. They change color
from silver to red when they are swimming back to
their breeding places.
-J
/ The whate shark is the biggest fish in the world.
An adutt whate shark can be about 12 meters long
and it can weigh more than 21 metric tons.
{Fffin
W€
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Go to pages 42-43 for activities.

Like fish, amphibians are cotd-blooded vertebrates.
Most amphibians live forsome
of their life in water
and for some of their lifeon tand. Salamanders, toads,
and frogs are a[[ amphibians.
All amphibians have two different parts of life. At first
they are larvae that breathe in water through special
gills. Then they change into adults with lungs. This
change is called metamorphosis. Usually, amphibians
live in water for the first part of their life and on land
for the second part. Some salamanders live in water
all the time.
Amphibians often lay thousands of eggs. The eggs have
a sticky cover, and they float in water. Most amphibians
do not care for their eBBS, but the male midwife toad
carries them on his back until they are ready to hatch.
The young that hatch from eggs are called larvae, but
young frogs and toads are also called tadpoles. At first,
tadpoles don't have legs or feet and they breathe through
gills. It's easy for predators to catch and eat eggs and
tadpoles. Frogs can lay about 2,000 eBBS, but probably
only 5ol, lle to become adults.
The male Darwin's frog keeps his
tadpolesafe and wet in his throat,
until they are big enough to swim away.

Becoming Adults
When amphibians begin to change into adults, they
grow lungs inside their body and their gills close. At
the same time, most amphibians grow legs and feet.
An adult frog looks completely different from a tadpole!
\
GED
-/
Most adult amphibians can breathe through their skin
and their lungs!They can only breathe through their
skin if it's wet, so most amphibians live near water.
Amphibians are cold-blooded, so when it gets very
cold they have no energy. Some amphibiairs in colder
countries hibernate for the winter. They hide in a safe,
wet place and go into a special, long sleep.
Amphibian tarvae are herbivores, but during
metamorphosis, many amphibians become carnivores.
Breeding
Most amphibians go to wet places like ponds, lakes,
or rivers to breed, because their eggs and larvae live in
water. Many go back to the same place every year, and
some go back to the pond or stream where they were
born. Male frogs croak and shout to tell the females
that they are ready to breed. They push their throats
out so that their calls are louder. \(rhen the female has
chosen a mate, she lays her eggs in the water, and the
male covers them with sperm.
) Go to pages M-45 for activities.

Reptiles are cold-blooded, and their skin is dry and
covered with special scates. Lizards, snakes, crocodiles,
attigators, and turttes are a[[ reptiles. Some live on [and
and some live in water.
Most reptiles hatch from eggs, but a few are born as
living animals. Females lay their eggs in a warm, wet
place. They usually lay a lot of eggs, but many eggs
are eaten by predators. Most reptiles lay their eggs
and then they leave them, but pythons put their body
around their eggs to keep them warm. Alligators make
a big nest from mud and leaves. They lay their eggs
and stay near the nest. They don't eat for weeks when
they are keeping their eggs safe.
Crocodiles and alligators are very good parents after
their eggs hatch. The female Nile crocodile is very
careful - she puts her babies inside her mouth to carry
them to water. She stays near them to keep them safe
for up to two months.
\fhen snakes and lizards grow, they get too big for
their skin. The old skin comes off and there's a new
one underneath. This is called sloughing. Most snakes
lose their old skin three or four times everv vear.

{
Reptiles arc in danger from manv predators, and tl-tc1,
have lots of ways of keeping safe. If a prcdator catchcs
a lizard by its tail, the hzard can break its tail off and
cscape. It then grows a new tail. The stinkpot turtle
makes a horrible smell from its legs to make predators
go away. Many reptiles also use camouflage to keep
safe. Some chameleons can change color so that
predators do not see them, and the leaf-tailed gecko
can hide easilv becausc its bodv looks like a leaf.
{R
When reptiles are readv to brced, thcy have to find
a mate. Male crocodiles lift their head up and make
a loud sound. They also blow bubbles in the water
so that females will sec and hear them. Snakes find
their mate by smell. The females leave a special
smell that the male follows. Other male reptiles, like
monitor lizards, fight each other for a mate. The
females choosc the winner of the fisht because he's
the strongest.
L.J(J 'd
\{}/ Some whiptaiIlizards
can produce young without
mating! The eggsare not fertilized, but they stitt hatch.
Go to pages 46-47 for activities.

There are about 9,000 different species of bird, and they
alt tay eggs. Baby birds ca[led chicks come from eggs.
Birds are the onty animats that have feathers. Att birds
have wings and most birds can fly.
Courtship is when male birds try to find female birds
that they can mate with. Male birds do many different
things to find a mate. Some males show females their
colors. The male frigate bird pushes his red throar out
like a balloon. The blue-footed boobv shows his bie
blue feet.
llq.
Fr e_
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'llwtil$;,:
Songbirds sing for their females, and the bower
bird builds a special place with twigs and puts
bright colored things in it so that it looks pretty.
t:.*
,**

Eggs
The female bird lays her eggs in rhe nest. Then the
female or the male sits on the eggs to keep them warm.
When the chick is ready to hatch, it breaks the shell
with a special'tooth'on its beak.
Cuckoos lay their eggs in other birds' nests. When the
baby cuckoo hatches, it pushes the other eggs or chicks
out of the nest so that it can have more food. It often
grows much, much bigger than the adult bird that is
feeding it!
ostrich eggs are the biggest
bird eggs, and they can weigh
about 2 kilograms. lf you stand
on one, it wil.t not break!
\=
,*\
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Ch icks
Many chicks have no feathers, and they can't see or
move when they hatch, but some can run, swim, and
find food. Birds feed their chicks and keep them safe
until they can care for themselves. Birds often have
to fly to and from the nest hundreds of times a day
to bring enough food for their chicks.
Growing Up
Some small birds can fly just two weeks after they
hatch, but bigger birds take longer. Chicks watch their
parents and learn to fly, feed, sing, and keep safe.
Some baby birds do not become adults for months or
even years.
Many birds that migrate every year have to make long,
dangerous journeys when they are still very young.
These birds fly to warmer places for winter and come
back to their breeding places for summer.
) Go to pages 48-49 for activities.

A[[ mammals have fur or hair andthey produce milk to
feed their babies. Giraffes, bears, kangaroos, elephants,
and people are all mammats.
Most mammals do not lay eggs. The babies grow
inside the mother's body, and they get food and
oxygen from a special part of the body called the
placenta. This is called gestation.
ffi
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rhegestation
time for shrews is onty two
weeks, but for African elephants it's 22 months!
Whcn mammals are rcady to have their babics, manv
look fbr safe, quiet places. Polar bears dig spccial dens
in tl-re snow so that their babies will be warm and safe.
%..,
It's usually the fen-ralc rnammals r.vho choosc
a matc, so the malcs want thc f.emales to krok at
thcm. Leopards rn:rkc marks on trees with thcir
claws so thart thc t'cm:rles rvill knou' thcv arc there.
C)thcr animals m:rkc spccial smells.
Males oftcn tight u'ith each othcr to n'in a mate.
Malc girafl-es fight w,ith thcir hcacl and neck tcr
shou'which animal is the stronqcst.
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,r&.
.94,0y' ,' I
$,i,$i
'!'.' . t
Somcbaby mammals grow a lot inside their mother's
body, and they can stand up as soon as they are born.
Other baby mammals can't see or move when they are
born. Mammals produce milk for their babies, and
this is the only food or drink that they need ar first.
Marsupials are animals like
kangaroos and koalas. Baby
marsupials only grow for a
short time inside their
mother's body. After they
are born, they continue to
grow on the outside of thcir
mother's body, usually in a
pouch. Baby kangaroos are
only 5 centimeters long when
they are born. They climb into
their mother's pouch, where
they stay for up to a year.
Mammals are different from many other types of
animal bccause they feed and care for their babies.
Antcaters carry their babies on their back for the
first year, and elephants stay near their mother until
thcy are ten years old. Baby mammals learn from
their parents) and they learn by playing, too.
Life is very dangerous for a lot of animals. Many
are killed by predators. Also, pcople hunt them and
damage their habitats - the places where they live.
Many animals die beforc they become adults, but
if they grow up, then they can produce young. This is
all part of their lif-e cycle. Because of this, there will
always be millions of spccies of animal on Earth, if we
care for thcm and their habitats.
Go to pages 50-51 for activities.

f
Life Cycles
Read pages 4-7.
1 Complete the sentences.
1
2
3
4
5
vertebrates baeltbone invertebratesmatt arthropods
2 Comptete the chart.
threadworm Mammals tehinodemrs sponge
snaiI Reptiles Flatworms frog Arthropods
Mo[[usks
Sponges
Cnidarians
lnvertebrates
spider
jettyfish
Echinodermstarfish
Roundworms
Annetids
Animals that have no bacKbons are invertebrates.
Most invertebrates are very
The biggest group of invertebrates is the
95% of the animal species in the world are
Animals that have a backbone are
ocean ftatworm
earthworm
Fish
Amphibians
Birds
Vertebrates
tuna fish
snake
hummingbird
lion
3 Match
1 animals that eat plants and animals
2 when sperm joins with an egg
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
animals that have a backbone
animals that produce sperm
animals that eat plants
an important group of invertebrates
an important group of vertebrates
animals that eat other animals
animals that produceggs
animals that have no backbone
Answer the questions.
1 How do scientists put animals into groups?
When animals ars.ths aame in manl uaIs.
2 Why are people dangerous for animals?
3 How [ong can a Gatapagos tortoise ]ive for?
4 How long does a mayfly usually live for?
5 Do birds and reptiles give birth to baby anima[s?
6 How do mammats care for their babies?
carnrvores
invertebrates
herbivores
arthropods
omnivores
fertitization
males
reptiles
females
vertebrates

WInsee&m
d- Read pages 8-11.
I Complete the puzzle. Then write the secret word.
s -* [: l*l--f
----f ;1
t--[g"fu
2->
!->
I
il
tl
__+_._,_-1
i
I
___.1
: l-l
$->
J
1 An insect [arva changes into an adult inside a
2 A baby insect _ from an egg.
3 Insects have a hard cover ca[led an _.
4 _ are baby insects that look very different from their parents.
5 _ lay their eggs in a special case.
6 Insects _ when their exoskeleton becomes too smalt.
7 _ is when a tarva or nymph changes into an adult insect.
8 _ are baby insects that often look like their parents.
9 A butterfly larva is catled a _.
10 _ turn on lights in their body when they are looking for
a mate.
The secret word is:
2 Circte the correct words.
1 There are more than a mittion species ofl$sec"iil butterfty.
2
3
Most insectstart their Life in a pupa / an egg.
During complete / incomplete metamorphosis, an insect
becomes more like an adult every time it molts.
During complete / incomplete metamorphosis, an insect
changes into an adult inside a pupa.
Termite queens can lay up to 3,000 / 30,000 eggs
every day.
3 Answer the questions.
1 What is a baby bee catled?
2 What is a baby locust catled?
3 What happens to an insect's exosketeton when it molts?
How do male crickets, cicadas, and grasshoppers find
a mate?
5 Where does a cardinaI beette lay her eggs?
6 Why are beetle eggs usuattyettow, green, or btack?

I
ṯ-_-
{,;$j Other Invertebnates
$ Read pages t2-L5.
1
E Find the words. Then complete the chart.
2
ffi-W, n g b c e b u t re r f ly h u
oLl
m miH g b i rdtobsrer
o P Lr s \ 3
cricketsnaketocustearthworrngor\\\a *
other Invertebrates
*pider
Complete the sentences.
t2 10,000 3 25 10 200,000 10
Some female octopuses lay about
Earthworm eggs hatch after about
When they are caring for their eggs, octopuses do not eat
for up to
months.
4 Young earthworms can mate when they are
months old.
5 A fema[e [obster can lay up to
about
6 Lobsters molt
adults.
4 Match.
of them wi[[ [ive.
eggs.
months.
eggs, but only
times before they become
Write about spiders.
Three things that I read about spiders on page 14:
1
2
3
Another thing that I know about spiders:
1 Lobsters
2 Earthworms
3 Octopuses
Lobsters
Earthworms
0ctopuses
Lobsters
Earthworms
Octopuses
are hermaphrodites.
live at the top of the ocean after
they hatch.
put their eggs in strings.
have male and female parts.
die after their eggs hatch.
often eat their otd shel.t after molting.
keep their eggs in speciaI rings.
live in dens at the bottom of the ocean.
carry their eggs hidden under their tait.
r

,ffi s&mk
{* Read pages 16-19.
g Complete the chart.
$t\$t\t\t[t\t\t\r\t\r\{\t\$t\t\$
t[
{I
Fish
Live in:
Warm-blooded
Cotd-btooded
Young Fish
Dangers:
Food:
;;;;;.; inl ,ln."nces
salmon shark stickleback
tuna fish wha[e shark seahorse
1 A male carries eggs in a speciaI pouch
on his front.
2 Some species of
egg case.
3A
4A
25 years otd.
lay their eggs in a hard
can lay up to six miltion eggs at one time.
onty grows into an adutt when it's
5 When a
is looking for a mate, he buitds
a nest and he changes to a red color.
To breed, a
it hatched.
swims back to the rivers where
Write true or false.
1 Most baby fish hatch from eggs.
2 Most fish onty lay one egg.
3 Insid every egg there's a bag of food called
the yotk.
5
6
When young fish hatch, the yolk bag is stil[ stuck
to their body.
When young fish hatch, they already have fins.
Most fish stay with their eggs untiI they hatch.
Complete the sentences. Then write the numbers.
1
2
3
breed die ffi?
swim
Sockeye salmon hat*h from eggs.
Then they
to the ocean.
They swim back to the rivers where they hatched
to
4 After breeding, they
tr**'
'7'

ffi
' *= &ffiffiWfueb#wrxs
$ Read pages 20-
S Write / or r(. Th
i' Amphibian
i Larvae i
*
t--* -.- '.- - ''
I A*^LrL.r-- I
Amphibian
' Adults
t Amphrbi;nm imnv-**, *$mm"t ?'*:av+ t*s"r{ls Ttrey have.
€?:e"q ssmunm&{w &frh'#,
funseh*ke{;ryvn mdw,ru&fm
Correct the sentences.
1 Most amphibians live for some of their life in air and for
some of their life on [and.
Mm*t nq"c*#hih*mcls Edvs {*r **qsre. oi thei!" trt*i trq
r-urtr,r mwnd t**q" ls#ffi"bc; *€: l1-c!r E:{e- *r; t;rrlu{
2 Onty 50% of the eggs that frogs tay witl become adutts.
3 During metamorphosis, many amphibians become herbivores.
4 Most amphibians go to dry places to breed.
Answer the questions.
1 How many eggs do amphibians [ay?
Write the words.
1 Some live in water a1[ their life.
(6ram3snsa[)
2 The male carries the eggs on his back until
they are ready to hatch. (dimifew dato)
3 The larva of a frog or toad. 16op1eat)
4 The ma[e keeps his tadpoles in his throat.
(swindra gorf)
mnt;rffit*ct**r
When amphibians change into adults what happens to
their gitts?
3 How do most adult amphibians breathe?
4 Why do most amphibians live near water?
5 How do mate frogs tetl femates that they are ready to breed?
: .' :::

-T
wSe
di
ffi*ptril$ffis
4S
& Read pages 24-27.
g Find and write the words.
-d1.
r;*rs n* &** r-f r Ur 7 a r drr r o i i t r { f e lo rc i'oc**Sg:'
e-
?
dr2
? Match. Then write sentences.
lf a predator catches
Monitor lizards fight
To find a mate, crocodites
When a snake grows,
Alligators make
a [izard,1 for a mate.
Lthe lizard can break off its tait.
its old skin comes off.
a nest from mud and teaves.
btow bubbles in the water.
Circte the correct words.
1 Reptites are cold-btooded / warm-blooded.
2 Their skin is covered with fur / scales.
3 The stinkpot turt[e makes a horrible sme[[ from its
tegs / tait.
4 Some whiptail,/ monitor lizards can produce young
without mating.
Write true or false.
1 The fema[e Nile crocodile carries her babies to
water inside her mouth.
2 Sl.oughing is when snakes lose their o[d skin.
3 Pythons [ay their eggs and then they leave them.
4 Attigators don't eat for weeks when they are
keeping their eggs safe.
Order the words.
1 reptiles / from / Most / eggs. / hatch
htrn":fi rq p$uhe,; \l*lr"h{ru:elr
f ;-;{Es
2 change / Chameteons / color. / can
breaY off it* t*tt,
3 tay / eggs / nest. / big / their / in / Attigators / a
4 their / smelt. / Snakes / mate / tind / bV

Birds
( Read pages 28-3L.
1 Write / or X. Then write sentences.
Birds ... have feathers.
1
2
3
4
5
6
have fur or hair.
lay eggs.
Answer the questions.
1 What is courtship?
a
n
D
have wings.
buitd nests.
feed their babies
milk.
D
n
T
3 Match. What does he do when he's looking for a mate?
1 frigate bird
'2 btue-footed booby
3 songbird
4 bower bird
Find and write the words.
He sings.
He buitds a specia,l Place with
bright colored things inside.
He shows his big feet.
He pushes his red throat out.
1 three things that birds use to make nests
---------_- ora6s
2 three places where birds buitd nests
3 four things that chicks learn from their parents
Order the words.
1 eggs / keep / Birds / warm. / their
2 Why do birds buitd nests?
2 biggest / the / Ostriches / eggs. / lay
3 What cotor are birds that buitd their nests on the ground?
3 their / have/tooth / a / on / beak./special/Chicks
Why do some birds have to make difficutt journeys when
they are very young?
4 Lay / birds' / eggs/ Cuckoos / their / other/ nests. / in

Mammals
.(- Read pages 32-35.
1 Find and write the mammals. Then write the numbers.
a a n t e a t e r
o t m k e r v t h
g I a f f e e o
f I u n s t p p
s v_ n g b e g h e
6 o ;" T b e a n
c 5 h I e w n n s
t u o k d n t o
p t e o p a r d n
1
6K
7*
8s
| ._J lts gestation time is onty two weeks.
i t I lt digs a den in the snow so its babies witt be warm.
L_ _j
lt grows in its mother's pouch for up to a year after it
is born.
l--"- -t
L_J lt stays close to its mother untiI it's ten years o[d.
i I lt carries its babies on its back for the first year.
2m
3f{
[*_J It makes marks on trees when it's looking for a mate.
I
n
4
5t
I tt fights with its neck with other males when it's ready
to mate.
You are one!
Ii
Circle the correct words.
1 The gestation time for shrews is 2 / 22 weeks.
2 Baby kangaroos are only 50 / 5 centimeters long when
they are born.
3 When mamma[s breed, the males ,/ femates usually
choose a mate.
4 Att mammals produce milk / water to feed their babies.
5 Mammals have fur or hair / scales or shells.
Complete the sentences.
ptacenta habitats marsupials gestation
1 When babies grow inside the mother's body, it's
called
2 Inside the mother's body, baby mamma[s get food and
3
4
oxygen from the
Koalas and kangaroos are
The places where animats tive are calted
4 Comptete the chart with animats from the book.
Insects
buttarfll
Other
lnvertebrates
Mammals Birds
Fish Amphibians Reptiles

A Life Cycle Poster
1 Complete the chart for an animal from this book.
Use other books or the Interneto help you.
Animal
What's its name?
Lays Eggs / Has Babies
How many?
wh11l!.yjk.?----.--
An lnsect Life Cycle
1 Choose an insecthat changes by complete
metamorphosis, for example a fty, beette, ant,
wasp, or bee.
2 Draw or find four pictures to show a life cycle below.
3 Write a sentence about each different part of the
insect's life cycle.
Where are they laid / born?
Babies
What do they took tike?
What do they eat?
How do they keep safe?
How do they grow?
Adults
How do they find a mate?
@),.--u"
;
-- --
.'"''-
1
I
I
:
i
Where do they go to breed?
\ ,,/
\*/
@
Make a poster. Write sentences abouthe animat's
life cycle and add pictures.
Disptayour poster.
ffiff

s1
G lossa ry ffi:iil:;"#:ITl: ffiilHlli f"J;:tiH:,:t-'*n::,
adult a person or animal that has finished crab an ocean animal with a hard sheu.
growing
alive [iving; not dead
alligator a [arge reptite with a long tail that
and eight legs
cricket a sma[[ brown jumping insecthat
makes a loud sound
Lives in rivers and lakes
croak to make a [ow, hard sound
amount howmuchthere isof something current a largeamountofwarmorcold
anteater an animal with a long nose; it water that moves around the ocean
eats ants
damage to make something bad or weak
attack to fight with someone or something danger when something could hurt or kitt
backbone the line of sma[[ bones that are peopte or animals
down the middte of an animal's back dead not [iving any more
balloon a small bag that becomes bigger den an animal's home
and rounder when you blow into it die to stop living
beak the hard pointed part of a bird's mouth dig to make a hote in the ground
become to change into; to start to be energy we need energy to move and grow
born when you come out of your mother's enough how much we want or need
body at the beginning of your life
escape to get away from something
bottom the opposite of top
feather birds have many of these; they are
breathe to take in and [et out air through soft and tight and cover their body
your nose and mouth
breed to have babies
bright strong and easy to see (for colors)
female a woman or girl; an anima[ that can
lay eggs or have babies
fertitize to join sperm from the mate with
bubbte a ba[[ of air
an egg from the female
call a loud sound that animals make fin a thin ftat part that sticks out from
camouflaged difficutto see because it's a fish's body and hetps it to swim
the same shape or color as everything float to move slowly on water or in the air
around it
case something to keep things in
chameleon a sma[[ lizard
change to become different; to make
fottow to go after somebody or something
gitt fish and some amphibians have these
on the side of their head; they are open
parts that they use for breathing
something different
give birth to to produce a baby or young
chemical a solid or tiquid that is made animal
by chemistry
grass a green plant
chick a baby bird
grasshopper an insect with long back legs
cicada a large insect
that can jump very high
ctaw a sharp nail on the end of an animal ground the tand that we stand on
or bird's foot
ctiff a high rock
grow to get bigger
hatch to come out of an egg
cockroach a large, brown insect with wings hibernate to go into a specia[, Long steep
cover a thing that is put over something hide to go somewhere where you wi[[ not
to keep it safe or to make it look nice be seen; to put something where it wilt
not be seen
hole a space in something
safe not in danger
insect a very sma[[ animaI with six legs scale hard material that covers the skin
join together to become one thing
of many fish and other animals
kill to make somebody or something die seahorse a small ocean fish; it swims
koala an Australian animal with gray fur, standing up on its tail
big ears, and no taiI
lake a big area of water
lay eggs to produce eggs
shark a large ocean fish
she[[ a hard cover on the outside of some
animals
leopard a wild animaI from the cat family shout to make a very loud sound
lung a part of the body that is for breathing; shrew a sma[[ animal with a long nose;
most animals and people have two
it's tike a mouse
male a man or boy; an animal that cannot silver a shiny gray color
usua[[y have babies
similar [ike someone or something
mark a cut or a sma[[ area of dirt on skin a thin [ayer that covers an animal
something
special different and important
mate an anima[ that another anima[ has species a group of the same type of animal
babies with
or plant
metamorphosis when an anima[ changes speckted covered with sma[[ marks
to look comptetely different
sperm mates produce it; it joins with an
migrate to move from one place to another egg to produce young
to [ive
spider a very sma[[ animat with eight legs
moth an insect [ike a butterfly, but not so sticky it stays with things that touch it
brightty cotored
stream a smatl river
move to go from one place to another stuck hetd together
mud wet soil
tail the part of an animat's body that comes
neck the part between the head and the out at the back
rest of the body
telmite an insect like an ant that [ives in
need to want something because it is very big groups
important
toad a small animal like a frog
ocean the satt water that covers most turtle (also tortoise) a [arge reptite with
of Earth
a hard, round shell
octopus an ocean animaIwith eight arms twig a very smatl, thin part of a tree
oxygen a gas that is in air and water; unborn not yet born
people, ptants, and animals need it to [ive waterfall where a river falts from a high
poltution something that makes air, [and, ptace
or water dirty
web thin strings of silk made by spiders
pouch a bag of skin on some animats to catch insects
predator an animaI that hunts and eats weigh if you weigh something you see
other animals
how heavy it is
produce to grow or make something wing part of a bird, insect, or bat's body;
push to make something move away
it is used for ftying
queen the most important female insect without not having something; not doing
In a group
something
river water on land that goes to the ocean young baby animals
road cars and other vehicles travel on it

Series Editor: Hazel Geatches . CLIL Adviser: John Clegg
Oxford Read and Oiscover graded readers are at four levels, from
3 to 6, suitable for students from age 8 and older. They cover many
topics within three subject areas, and can support Engtish across the
curricu[um, or Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL).
Avaitable for each reader:
. Audio CD Pack (book& audio CD)
. Activity Book
For Teacher's Notes & CLIL Guidance go to
www.o u p.c om / elt / te ach e r/rea d a ndd i scover
:.. Subject
\1rea
Levet \
@
600
headwords
ffi
\€g
The Wortd of Science
& Technology
How We Make Products
Sound and Music
Super Structures
Your Five Senses
s A[[ About Plants
, How to Stay Heatthy
750 o Machines Then and Now
headwords s Why We Recycle
@
900
headwords
@
1,050 a
headwordsa
. Materials to Products
'. Medicine Then and Now
,' Transportation Then
and Now
'' Witd Weather
o
Celts and Microbes
Clothes Then and Now
Incredibte Energy
Your Amazing Body
The Natural
World
Amazing Minibeasts
Animals in the Air
Life in Rainforests
WonderfuI Water
o At[ About Desert Life
o Atl About Ocean Life
. Animals at Night
'
a
a
a
lncredible Earth
Animals
A[[ About lslands
Animal Life Cycles
Exploring Our World
Great Migrations
Atl About Space
Caring for Our Ptanet
Earth Then and Now
Wonderful Ecosystems
The Wortd of Arts
& Social. Studies
Festivals Around
the World
Free Time Around
the Wortd
in Art
Wonders of the Past
, Homes Around
the Worl.d
' Our Wortd in Art
. Helping Around
the Wortd
o Food Around
the Wortd
For younger students, Dolphin Readers Levels Starter, l, and 2 are availabte.

Jacqueline Martin
Read and discover more about the world!
This series of non-fiction readers provides
irrteresting and educationaI content, with
activities and project work.
Series Editor: Hazel Geatches
r)
\J
ALrdio CD Pack avaitable
Word count for this reader: 3,489
r'r\
\. _/
'l
A\..t
f,r?\
\v
L.r'v*[ f,
I ,r'rii itr ,
()Xl (
lstll I
$i,llllti

Ourr World
Jacqueline Martin
Introduction 3
1 Exploring 4
2 Early Explorers 8
3 Exploring the Past
L2
4 Deserts 16
5 Rivers and Rainforests 20
5 The Arctic and Antarctic 24
7 Mountains 28
8 Oceans 32
Activities 36
Projects 52
Glossary 54
About Read and Discover 56
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An /\lr(lro ( | ) l',tr L t onl,ilril[t: t lils lrrrl

Thousands of years ago, early peopte knew about only
a very small part of the world. Today we know a lot more,
and some of our information comes from exptorers.
Explorers have changed the world!
Where Do People Fr prlr*r"e?
Early explorers wanted to find new places or people.
They crossed land and explored deserts, forests, rivers,
and mountains. Then they started to explore the
oceans. Today, many explorers want to be the first to
go somewhere a new way. Some try to find a different
route, or look for new ways to travel. Others want to be
the youngest, the fastest, or the first to do something,
for example, climb a mountain.
Why Do People Explore?
Early people traveled around to find food and water.
Most explorers travel because they are curious
and want to discover new places and to learn new
things. Some early explorers hoped to get rich by
discovering new plants, animals, or treasures, and by
selling them when they got home. Today, explorers
travel to have an adventure, to learn more about
remote places, to find something new to help
science, or maybe to be famous.

I
h,arlv cxplorers uscd
only the stars to flnd
their rn'ay. Expkrrcrs
wanted to sharc what
they found, sc-r they wrote
about their journeys and
made maps. On the maps they
drew mountains, rivers, and other
things that thcy had seen, to makc
casicr firr other travelers to follow
It
the same routc.
At-rtrr-rt 2,200 vears ago, Chinesc people inventcd the
c()n-lpass. A compass always points north, sct it tells vou
whicl-r direction vou are traveling in. GPS instruments
that use satellites help modern explorers to find out
where they are.
Information from somc carl1, cxpkrrcrs has helped
people to make maps to shou'what the world is like.
The things that thev wrote tell us what life was like
a long time ago in the places that they visited.
Explorers have learned about new plants and animals,
discovered new materials, and learned new languages.
Thcy have also discovered inventions, and different ways
of doing things, for examplc, ncw \vays of farming.
,w
\'!',,illt ,r
ff
i) t'
Modern explorers are sti[[ finding new things.
Scientists hope that in the future, they wit[ find cures
for many diseases in the rainforests and the oceans.
n,r' I
Go to pages36-37 for activities.
,il

Early people traveled around to look for food, but
they weren't exptorers. Explorers go from their home
land to discover something about another place, and
then they come back and te[[ peopte what they found.
People have lived in most parrs of the world for
thousands of years. Scientists think that early people
started in Africa and traveled to Asia. By about
401000 years ago, there were people in almost
every part of Africa, Asia,
and Europe. By about
15,000 years ago they
moved into America. ,l .,,".
'/,hang Qian was an early explorer from China.
IIc explored many other parts of Asia more than
2,100 years ago. Other people followed his route to
trade silk from Asia with things from Europe. The
route that he took is now called the Silk Road.
Marco Polo was an explorer fromVenice, now in Italy.
In 1271, he traveled from Europe to China.When he
returned to Italy 24 years later, he told people about
inventions like paper, money, pasta, and ice cream.
From about 1325 a Moroccan explorer, Ibn Battuta,
explored North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia.
He traveled 120.000 kilometers.
IBCTIE
OCTAN
West
North
fast
Zhang Qian
Marco Polo
lbn Battuta
Zheng He
Bartolomeu Dias
Christopher Columbus
Vasco da Gama
Ferdinand Magetlan
AbeI Tasman
James Cook
PTCIFIC
OCITN
NOBTN
AMEBIET
TOUTf,
AMERIEA
ANTANCTICA
INDIAN
OEEAN
SOUTIIIBN
OCEAN
*
PACIFIC
. OCIAN

i -r,,,, ;.;*f*mfl ffiWpXeXf*fg
Most early explorers traveled over land, but later,
explorers traveled over the ocean. The first explorer
to sail from China was Zheng He. In 1405, he sailed
south to Indonesia and then across the Indian Ocean
and down the east coast of Africa.
A Portuguese explorer, Bartolomeu Dias, was the
first explorer to travel west from Europe by ship.
In 1488 he sailed from Portugal around the south of
Africa. Ten years later another Portuguese explorer,
Vasco da Gama, sailed even further and reached India.
Christopher Columbus was an explorer from Genoa,
now in Italy. He sailed west from Europe. He reached
the'West Indies in 1492 and thought he was near India,
but he was near a place that no one in Europe knew
about - America!
A Portuguese explorer called Ferdinand Magellan
was the first explorer to travel to Asia by sailing west
from Spain. In 1520 he sailed around South America
and across the Pacific Ocean.
In 1616, some Dutch explorers discovered the west
of Australia. In 1642 another Dutch sailor called
Abel Tasman discovered New Zealand.
Antarctica was the last continent to be explored.
A British sailor called James Cook explored a lot of
places. In 1773, he was the first explorer to cross the
Antarctic Circle, but he didn't see Antarctica. People
think that the first explorers to land on Antarctica were
led by a Norwegian explorer called Henryk Bull in 1895.
Go to pages 38-39 for activities.

There are lots of people who explore the past. This
helps scientists to understand what is happening
on Earth today.
Geologists are scientists who study rocks to learn
how Earth was made and how it has changed. They
discovered that Earth is made of hot liquid rock that
is covered by big pieces of solid rock called plates.
The plates can move, and when they crash into each
other, they can push up and make a mountain or a
volcano, or they can cause an earthquake. Scientists
study how the plates move to try to tell when
earthquakes will happen or when volcanoes will erupt.
When ancient plants and animals died, they were
buried under sand and mud. After a long time, they
went hard and changed into fossils. Paleontologists
are scientists who study fossils to learn which plants
and animals lived on E,arth in the past. They hetvc
discovered fossilized plants and bones, tccth' cggs, atlcl
shells from fish, birds, insects, and other animals tl-rat
lived up to 500 million years ago. These discoveries
give us information about animals that lived a long
time ago - like dinosaurs!
ff6q-
\(}/ Scientists have found fossits of
ocean animats at the toP of Mount
Everest. This means that the rocks
on Mount Everest were once under
the ocean and were Pushed uP.
r/

1
Archaeologists study ancient placcs, buildings, bones,
or objects, to learn about how pcc-rple lived in the past.
These things tell us what skills and materials people
had, what they believed, and what clothes they wore.
Some old buildings, like the Great\Wall of China, are
easy to see. Sometimes, the things that archaeologists
look for havc becn buricd for a long time, and thcy
have to dig them up very careful
dszsC\d>
(=If ', -li
\f/ The discovery of the Rosetta
Stone in Egypt was very important.
It hetped peopte to understand the
Ancient Egyptian atphabet and to
learn about tife in Ancient Egypt.
Many ancicnt buildings and objccts have becn
found in Ccntral An-rerica, for cxample, in Mcxico.
By studying thcsc discovcrics, archaeologists havc
learned a lot about how the May'an pcoplc livcci
abclut 2,000 years ago, and how the Aztcc 1-rcoplc
lived about 500 years ago.
At Mohcnjo Daro) now in Pakistan, archaeologists
have found houses from 4.500 vears aso with toilets
and bathrooms!
Many important discoverics have also been
found in cavcs. In 2009. an archaeoloeist
=.: called Quirino Olivera found cave
,' paintings more than 6,000 years
:. olcl in tl-re Andes. Cave paintings
at lilkaclu National Park in
r\ustralia tcll archaeologists about
Ircr,ple uncl animals who lived
llrt'r't' r.rl) l() 23,000 years ago.
(ro lo lr.rges 40-41 for activities.

A desert is an area of land where less than
25 centimeters of rain fa[[s every year. At the
moment about 3O% of the tand on Earth is part
of a desert, but deserts are getting bigger.
There are four types of desert. They form in different
ways near the equator, near the ocean, near mountains,
or inland. Only 25% of deserts are sandy, and the rest
are made from stones. All deserts are very dry, but they
can be hot or cold. Antarctica is a desert. It's very cold,
but it doesn't snow there very often. The largest hot
desert in the world is the Sahara Desert in Africa.
,di*{i#Mdln
People have explored deserts for many ycllrs. Ilarlv
desert explorers went to find things ttl trltclc, ()l' llt'\\'
trade routes. Not much grows in thc clcscrt, l-rttt
underground there can be salt, oil, gold, ttr prcciotts
stones like diamonds. Today, explorers want to lcltrt't
about the people who live in deserts, and some just
want an adventure!
Archaeologists have found villages buried under the
sand. In 1922 an American explorer, Roy Chapman
Andrews, found lots of dinosaur bones in the Gobi
Desert in Mongolia.
4rc
L:lD "d
\3/ Explorers keep discovering new things
in the desert because the wind btows the
sand around and chartges the [andscape!
?

Desert Explorers
Many early desert explorers wanted to be the first
to travel all the way across a desert. The first person
to travel across the Sahara Desert was a French
explorer called Ren6 Caill6. In 1828 he traveled
across the Sahara with camels because they can
walk a long way without food or water.
In 1887 a British explorer, FrancisYounghusband,
crossed the Gobi Desert in 70 days. The first women
explorers to cross the Gobi Desert were British
explorers, Mildred Cable, Evangeline French, and
Francesca F'rench, who traveled in a mule-cart in
about 19261
The first European explorers went to the coast of
Australia, but no one knew what was in the center.
In 1860 two British explorers, Robert Burke and
tVilliam Wills, and an Australian explorer called
John King, were the first explorers to cross Australia
from the south to the north. They brought camels
from India to help them.
The first woman explorer to cross the Australian l)cscrt
from east to west was an Australian explorer callcd
Robyn Davidson. In 1977 she traveled 2,735 kilometcrs
by camel from Alice Springs in central Australia
to the west coast.
In 1992,American scientists
discovered the'lost' ciw of
Ubar on a space radar
image. Then some
explorers led by a
British explorer,
Ranulph Fiennes,
went to find the
city in the desert
in Oman.

Many parts of the world are hard to explore because they
are covered by rainforests
mountains. Explorers often
travet by river to get to some of these places.
In the past, some governments gave explorers money
if they found an easier route to another country,
because their country could then earn money by
trading things. In 1804, American explorers,
Meriwether Lewis and tVilliam Clark, explored the
Missouri River to look for a new trade route to the
Pacific Ocean. It took them 1B months, but they
made it!They drew maps and wrote about the things
they saw and the people they met. In I 542 a Spanish
explorer called Francisco de Orellana sailcd down
the Amazon River from its source to tl-rc Atlantic
Ocean. He found lots of new materials t() trade.
In 1895 a British explorer called Mary I(ingsley
traveled along the Ogowe River in Africa to lcart-t
about the people there. She also found many ltcw
types of fish!
Lots of river explorers wanted to be tl-rc llrst to lirttl
the source - where a river starts. Many explorcrs hltvc
tried to find the source of the Nile River in Afiica
the longest river in the world. They have all returncd
with different ideas.
Scientists stit[ don't atl agree where the source of
the Nite is, but most people think that it's Lake Victoria,

Amazing Bainforests
Rainforests are very important. They only cover 6%o
of the land on Earth, but more than half of all rypes of
animal and plant on Earth live there. Some rainforest
trees have more flowers and fruits than any other trees
in the world. Some medicines that we use are made
from plants from the rainforests, and scientists think
there are lots more plants to be discovered.
Sugar, chocolate, coffee, chewing gum, rubber, and
many fruits, nuts, and spices come from rainforests.
Rainforest Explorers
Many rainforest explorers are scientists looking
for new types of plant or animal. In about 1800 a
German explorer, Alexander von Humboldt, and
a French explorer, Aim6 Bonpland, looked for
new plants in the South American rainforests.
They returned with new
information about people
and wildlife.
In 1848 two British
explorers, Alfred Russel
\Tallace and Henry Bates,
went to Brazil to look for
new insects. Snakes and
insects bit them and some
people shot at them, but
they found L4,712 types
of insect including 81000
new ones!
In the past, explorers only
moved along the ground.
Today, explorers like this
American scientist, Meg
Lowman, use special ropes
to climb trees and explore
the top of the rainforest.
) Go to pages M-45 for activities.

The Arctic and Antarctic were the [ast places to be
exptored. Early explorers went to see what was there,
and later, others went to look for the minerals and
ocean animals that were found by earty explorers.
What's at ths ffm$*s?
The Arctic is like a giant ice cube!There's no land
there - just ice and water. The Antarctic has land, too
- it's called Antarctica. In the past, the Antarctic was
warm. Scientists have found fossils there of the same
plants and animals that they have found in Australia
and South America. They also found fossils of eight
types of dinosaur! Today there are lots of scientific
research stations in Antarctica. Scientists study the
wildlife, ice, fossils, weather, and climate to help us
to understand more about Earth. There are oil, gas,
and minerals under both places, but they are hard
to get to through the ice.
ffi*me h$mq &&xm ffi*$*s
Early explorers wanted to be first to reach the ends
of the Earth - the Poles. Modern explorers rry ro
get to the Poles more quickly or by using different
vehicles, for example, a hot-air balloon.
Near the Poles, the sun
doesn't go down in summer -
this is ca[[ed the midnight sun.

l'i,'.;1,;,,,ili-:]i'i,:'ii:i''r,"':
,'
The first Arctic explorers came from Asia. They
wanted to find new land to live on and animals to
hunt. The first European explorers arrived in about
1500. They were looking for a shorter trade route to
Asia from Europe through the Arctic.
In 1728, a Danish explorer,Vitus Bering, was the first
explorer to find the Northeast Passage around Russia.
In 1906, a Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen,
found a way around the top of Alaska - now called the
Northwest Passage.
Most people believe that the first explorer to get to the
North Pole was an American explorer, Robert Peary,
I
in 1909.
Roald Amundsen, and a British explorer, Robert Scott,
raced to be f,rrst to the South Pole. Amundsen got to
the Pole first in December 191 I . He used skis and dog
sleds, and returned safely with all his men. Scott's
men walked, pulling everything on sleds. They got
to the Pole a few weeks later and found that
Amundsen's Norwegian flag was already there.
Sadly, Scott and his team died on the way back.
The first explorers to cross Antarctica were led by a
British explorer calledVivian Fuchs in 1958. In 2001
an American explorer, Ann Bancroft, and a Norwegian
explorer, Liv Arncscn, wcre the first women to cross it.
Go to pages 46-47 for activities.

Mountains cover about 25% of Earth. They are made of
rocks and soi[, and they are much higher than the land
around them. They form when underground plates crash
together and push the land up. This takes millions of years.
&**,* r* -* r*, * !:; i': *,* ::,
l,r i: !: ii; :.'::;
The biggest mountain chain is the Himalayas in Asia.
Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world,
is in the Himalayas. Everest is still growing about
5 millimeters every year.
The longest mountain chain is under the ocean!
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge under the Atlantic Ocean is
16,000 kilometers long. The longest mountain chain
on land is the Andes in South America.
&i1u.. .:', !,* il'.,:i':,'
Geologists look at the rocks in
mountains to learn more about
how Earth was made. Some
mountain explorers have found
metals like gold, silver, copper,
and tin. They have also found
precious stones like rubies and
emeralds, and rocks, like granite
and limestone. Some mountain
plants, like the snow lotus, are
used to make medicines.
Mountain archaeologists look
for ancient remains on the
top of mountains. In I 999,
Constanza Ceruti from
Argentina was exploring
6,739 meters high at the top of
the Llullaillaco Volcano between
Argentina and Chile. She and
Johan Reinhold found food
pots, gold and silver statues,
and three Inca mummies that
were 500 years old.

'l'he first people to get to the top of Mount Everest
were Edmund Hillary from New Zealand and Tenzing
Norgay from Nepal in 1953. About 2,000 people have
climbed to the top of Everest, but more than 200 of
them never returned. Modern explorers try and find
new ways to climb it.
The first woman to get to the top of Everest was a
Japanese climber called Junko Thbei in 1975. In 1992
she also became the first woman to climb the highest
mountain in each of the seven continents.
Mountain explorers often want to be the first to climb
a mountain. A Frenchman called Antoine de Ville
climbed Mont Aiguille in the Alps in 1492.
Later, some people gave explorers money to climb
mountains to see what was there. Michel Gabriel
Paccard and Jacques Balmat climbed Mont Blanc
for a prize in 1786. Another French explorer called
Marie Paradis was the first woman to climb Monr
Blanc in 1808.
{. ,On. youngest person to climb Everest
'a Nepatese gir[ catted Ming Kipa Sherpa.
She ctimbed it with her brother and sister
t 15 years old. y;,,:;
r,,;:
iy'),,,,.
ooroo^n"fff,i,f

After exploring most of the [and, people started to
explore under the oceans. The oceans are enormous -
they cover about 70% of Earth. There are sti[[ thousands
of kitometers of seabed to be explored.
There are five oceans, but more than half of all the
water in the oceans is in just one ocean - the Pacific
Ocean. At first, scientists thought that the seabed
was flat, but now we know that there are mountains,
valleys, volcanoes, and plains under the water. By
studying the seabed, scientists have learned that the
oceans started to form 41000 million years ago. They
have found bones from land animals on the seabed,
which shows that the sea level is much higher now.
' "
''
':i:::''r-il:
:
The oceans are full of amazing plants and animals.
Some ocean plants, like seaweed, can be used ttr
make medicines. Today, scientists know about
25,000 different types of fish. They find more than
100 new types every year.
There are lots of precious things in the oceans. Pearls
are jewels that can form inside oyster shells. There are
metals like gold, iron, and copper in the seabed, too.
More than 20% of all the oil that we use comes from
under the oceans.
the oceans to cover Earth
with up to 150 meters of salt.
I
t
rsffi*
.zr.
-.
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Early ocean explorers could only explore for as long as
they could breathe. In 1943, two Frenchmen, Jacques
Cousteau and Emile Gagnan, invented Self Contained
Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA).This
allowed divers to stay underwater for longer and dive
deeper than ever before.
In 1960, a Swiss explorerrJacques Piccard, and an
American, Don\7alsh, dived down almost 11 kilometers
in a small submarine to the deepest part of the Pacific
Ocean. It's the deepest that anyone has dived. No one
thought anything could live that far down, but they
found some new types of fish.
An American explorer called Silvia Alice Earle holds
the record for the deepest woman diver in
a submersible. She has spent more
than 71000 hours underwater.
'#h,rf *{*xi:
Modern explorers have better equipment and they can
explore further than ever before, but they don't even
have to go anywhere. Today we can send robots to
explore places and bring back information!
The oceans are the least explored part of Earth, but
there are still things to find in rainforests, mountains to
climb, and thousands of places to explore. What part
of our world woulcl you like to explore?
Go to pages 50-51 for activities.

Exploring
+ Read pages 4-7.
1 Write the words.
river map ffiorffitain
forest compass sateltite
T
3 Order the words.
1 explorers / Early / find / new / wanted /to / places.
Sart-{ sspt#rfl"{.*, qa;}qnhm.*{ tm find new D[a6eB.
2 deserts, / They,/ mountains. / exptored / rivers, / and
3 tand / They / crossed / oceans. / and / explored
1 mmuntuin 2
4 to / want / new /somewhere/ a / Explorers / go / way.
5 travel./Some/took /ways/for/ new / exptorers/to
6 be / others / to / want/something./ the / to / fastest/do
Write true or false.
1 Explorers have changed the wortd.
2 Early peopte traveled to find food.
3 Explorers aren't curious.
4 Explorers want to discover new p[aces.
5 Some earty exptorers hoped to get sick.
6 Some earty explorers wanted to find new
things to se[t.
Some exptorers want to be last to find
something.
Some explorers want to be famous.
?nmm
rr
Complete the sentences.
instruments maps mountains
s'tafs rivers compass north
1 Early exptorers used the starg to find their way.
2 Explorers wrote aboutheir journeys and made
3 They drew and on the maps.
4 About 2,200 years ago Chinese people invented the
5 A compass always points
6 Modern exptorers can use GPS

EarlyExplorers
+ Read pages 8-11.
1 Write the words.
Antarctica North America Asia
Africa Attantic Ocean pacific Ocean
Europe South America Indian Ocean
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Match. Then write comptete sentences.
140s
1488
L492
1498
L520
L642
L773
1895
1
2
Vasco da Gama from Europe to Asia
Ferdinand Magetlan to New Zeatand
Abe[ Tasman to the Antarctic
Zheng Ha
from Europe to India
James Cook \--from
-.
China to East Africa
Bartotomeu Dias from Europe to America
Henryk Butt
from Europe to Africa
Christopher Cotumbus to Antarctica
ln t405. Lhonq He travelod from Lhina lo Oasl Africa.
Correcthe sentences.
1 Early peopte traveled around to took for rocks.
2 Zhang Qian was an earty exptorer from Europe.
3 Marco Polo traveted from Africa to China.
4 Whichexplorer do you think was the most important?
whv?
lbn Battuta exptored North America, the Middte East,
and Asia.

C
Exploring the Past
Read pages !2-t5.
T
3 Comptete the chart.
wore made fossils ffis rocks
archaeotogists animals paleontologists
Circle the correct words.
1 Exploring the past hetpscientists to read /fu-i6f gr]
what is happening today.
3
4
Geotogists study weather / rocks to learn how Earth
was made.
Earth is made of pieces of sotid rock catted cups / ptates.
When the ptates crash they can cause an earthqu ake t
a storm.
5 Paleontologists study buitdings / fossits to learn about
ptants and animats in the past.
6 Fossits give us information about ptants and ptates /
animats from a [ong time ago.
Complete the sentences.
exptore the past make a mountain on Mount Everest
earthquakes wilt happen under the ocean
Who?
qeoloqists
_J_'-
What do they
find or study?
Answer the questions.
What does this tett us?
how Earth was
and how it changed
which plants and
[ived a long time ago
ancient buitdingswhat peopte did, believed,
or objects and
1 What did the Rosetta Stone hetp people to understand?
tt hslped lhem to undsrstand tha Ancient 6$ptian alphabet
2 Where was the Rosetta Stone found?
What have archaeologists learned from ancient buitdings
in Mexico?
1
2
3
4
5
There are lots of peopte who
When plates crash, they push up and
Scientists study ptates to tett when
Pateontotogists have discovered fossits
The rocks on Mount Everest were once
4 How otd were the houses found in Mohenjo Daro?
5 What have archaeologists found in Kakadu National Park?
6 Where did Quirino Otivera find paintings?

2
Deserts
+ Read pages 16-19.
1
2
3
4
5
Complete the sentences.
1 At the moment about qA'/, of the land on Earthis part
of a desert.(30% / 50%)
2 A desert is an area of land where than
25 centimeters of rain fatls every year. (tess/ more)
3
4
5
6
Deserts are getting
There are _
Only 25% of deserts are
A1[ deserts are _,
(dry/ wet)
7 The largest
Desert. (cotd/ hot)
Match.
People have exploredeserts
Some early desert explorers
went to
Some explorers want to learn
Some explorers want
There can be salt, oi[, or gold
6 Archaeologists have found
villages
An American explorer found
(smatler / bigger)
types of desert. (four/ five)
. (rocky / sandy)
but they can be hot or cold.
desert in the world is the Sahara
under deserts.
buried under the sand.
dinosaur bones in the
Gobi Desert.
for many years.
find new trade routes.
abouthe people who
live in deserts.
an adventure.
Correcthe sentences.
1 Many earty desert explorers wento find deserts to trade.
2 Ren6 Caitt6 traveled across the Sahara Desert by train.
3 Camels can walk a long way without food or clothes.
4 Francis Younghusband crossed the Austratian Desert.
5 Robyn Davidson crossed the Sahara Desert int977.
Complete the chart.
new famous lost hot
1 Good things about being
i _ '9g1"ilglq!g_11' _-
lyou coutd find
i something -
I
jvou coutd become
Bad things about being
a desert exptorer:
it's easy to get
it's very _
very cold
5 Woutd you like to be a desert explorer? Why / Why not?
or

Rivers and Rainforests
+ Read pages 20-23.
Write true or false.
1 Countries can earn money by trading
things with each other.
Governments sometimes gave explorers
food if they found a new route.
Lots of explorers wanted to be the first
to find the source of a river.
The River Nite is the [ongest river in
the world.
Comptete the sentences.
1
2
3
4
5
6
[and rainforest flowers ctimb discover ptants
Rainforests cover 6% of the
More than half of the animals and
live in rainforests.
Rainforest trees have more fruits and
other trees.
Some medicines are made from
Scientists think that there are more plants to
on Earth.
Modern rainforest exptorers use speciaI ropes to
the trees.
on Earth
than
ptants.
rf
FF'
3 Find and write the words.
od6
Ro
t
4
7
o
ffi
tDices
s m E p c e 3 o r
p e a r t a x n b u
e d k a u t e g n b
s i I d t c t t u b
u c h o c o t a t e
g i c o e t f V s r
a n h p w t r u i t
I e o s s e a t m 5
o s b I o e r s o o
c h e W I n g g u m
2
5
Answer the questions.
1 What are many rainforest explorers looking for?
Which river did Meriwether Lewis and Witliam Ctark
exptore? Where is it?
3 What did Mary Kingsley find in the Ogowe River?
What did Atfred Russel Wallace and Henry Bates find
in Brazi[?
3
6
o
4"w
o
&t#
d

llF"
w
t f,+;: .&rtrtiffi &ffid Arttmr"e€.$a.
4: Read pages 24-27.
quickty
1 comptete the sentences.
minerals
Antarctic -see ends vehicles
1 The Arctic and _ were the last places to be
exptored.
2 Early exptorers went to _
3 Later, other exptorers went to look for
ocean anima[s.
4 Early explorers wanted to be first to reach the
of the Earth.
what was there.
5 Modern explorers try to get to the Poles more
or by using different
and
3 Match'rhen write comprete sentences'
1500
t72g
1906
1909
1911
195g
2001
Vivian Fuchs
Roald Amundsen
European explorers
Robert Peary
Roal.d Amundsen
Ann Bancroft and
Liv Arnesen
Vitus Bering
found the Northwest
passage
crossed Antarctica
were the first women
to cross Antarctica
reached the Arctic
sailed into the Northeast
Passage
reached the South Pote
reached the North Pole
P. Write Arctic or Antarctic.
1 In the past, it was warm.
2 lt has land.
3 lt's tike a giant ice cube.
4 Scientists have found fossils there.
5 The first explorers went there from Asia.
6 There are lots of research stations there today.
7 The North Pole is there.
8 The South Pole is there.
4 Would you like to be a polar explorer? Which Pole
would you visit? Why / Why not?

&
*%&wwm&m&mm
Read pages 28-3L.
& Correcthe sentences.
1 Mountains are lower than the land around them.
2 Mountains cover about 50% of Earth.
3 The smaltest mountain chain is the Himatayas.
4 Mount Everest is growing about 5 miltimeters every week.
5 The Mid-Attantic Ridge is under the Pacific Ocean.
6 The ta[[est mountain chain on [and is the Andes.
Why do explorers climb mountains? Write four answers.
1
2
3
4
Complete the sentences.
1 Exptorers have found precious
mountains. (stones / money)
2 Some mountain ptants are used to make
(medicines / clothes)
3 Marie Paradis was the
Mont Blanc. (first/ [ast)
woman to climb
4 About 2,000 have climbed to the top of
Mount Everest. (peop[e/ fish)
5 Junko Tabei was the first woman to ctimb the
mountain
each continent. (shortest / highest)
s. Complete the chart.
tn some
Mont Aiguitte Ming Kipa Sherpa Edmund HitLary volcano
Mont Blanc 1808 Everest Gabriel Paccard 1975
r* "-'-* '' ***-
i****-"*:** 1
i Y"rr i Exptorer I nnountain Fact . i
i"---"i----
i---
--|
: t492 I Antoine de Vitte i first person to ctimb I
| i*- --------.-l
i ---- i-
- .
--*----i
- I/O0 t786 -- - ,'n1 ctimbed for a Prize
. JacquesBalmat
I'tll
q
'r
;rrrav
'
tsatmar
!.-- .,,--"..-- '-i--
'*-,. --*f-*
i- _
;J*i-- i*ip;'pG t' *;;h the top
1953 _
I I lenzlng NorgaY i
of Everest
i I Junko
Jqrrr\v Tabei rsvvr i first trrJl woman to ctimb
i.-,--. -...*--., -. i -'.---*- - '--'
i i , found Inca mummies at the top
1999 Constanza Ceruti
of a
i,l
i zoo: i :_ lt-lln-.-tll"ttl1toclimbEverest

.
t
Saean$
Read pages 32-35.
* Circle the correct words.
1 The oceans are enormous / famous.
2 There are five ,/ seven oceans.
3 More than half / a quarter of the water is in the
Pacific Ocean.
4 At first, scientists thoughthat the seabed was round / flat.
5 There are mountains, valteys, and plains / ptanes under the
water.
6 Sea [eve[ is higher / Iower now than in the past.
Complete the sentences.
I
1 More than 20% of atl the
.D that we use
comes from the oceans.
2 There's enough $ in the oceans to cover
Earth up to 150 meters.
3 @_--- are jewels that can form inside oyster shelts.
Today, scientists know about 25,000 types of
5
6
#F _- in the oceans.
There are metals tike gotd,
@
in the seabed.
_
Some ocean plants, like
to make medicines.
, and copper
can be used
3 Order the words.
1 Oceans / full / are / animats. / of / plants / amazing /and
2 more / t00 / Scientists,/ new / find / of / year. / fish /
every/types/than
exptore /for / Early / long/ aslexplorers/ could / only /
ocean / coutd / as / they / breathe.
1960/explorers / ln /dived/ two / to / deepest / the /
of / Pacific / part / the / Ocean.
Answer the questions.
1 What did Jacques Piccard and Don Watsh dive in?
2 What did they find?
3 How long has Silvia Alice Earte spent underwater?
4 Why don't modern explorers have to go anywhere?
5 Where would you like to explore and why?
1"ri,r ..!.i r r,,, r1.r:iu4![1]ti4r!1ri1iL1ra,*e-, I N ii',
-r
-,,

Famous Places
1 These places have the same name as the explorers who
found them. Look in books or on the lnternet and find
out where they are.
Cook lslands Bering Strait Tasmania
2 Write notes about the explorers who found these places.
qa
aa

agree to think the same thing
a[[ow to make something possible
ancient from thousands of years in the past
archaeologist someone who studies
history, by tooking at ancient objects
area a part of a place
become to change into; to start to be
believe to think that something is true
bite to break something with your teeth
blow to move with the wind
bone the hard part of a sketeton
breathe to take in and let out air through
your nose and mouth
bury to put a person into the ground when
they are not living any more
cause to make something happen
center the middle
chain a [ine of mountains
change to become different; to make
something different
climate the usual type of weather in a
cou ntry
coast the land next to the sea or ocean
coffee a hot drink made from coffee beans
cover to put something over something; to
be over something
cross to move from one side to another
cure something that makes a medicaI
problem go away
curious wanting to know more about
something
deep going a long way down
die to stop living
dig up to get something out of the ground
dinosaur an animaI that lived mitlions of
years ago
disease a medical problem that makes you
verv sick
Here are some words used in this book, and you can che(.k
what they mean. Use a dictionary to check other new worrt.,
dive to swim underwater
earn to get money for work that you do
earthquake when the ground moves
end the part of a thing that is farthest fronr
the center
enormous very big
equipment things that help you to do
something
famous known by many people
flag a piece of materiaI with a special
design for a country
forest a ptace with a lot of trees
form to make or be made
fruit the part of a plant that has a stone or
seeds
further a longer way
gas not a sotid or liquid; tike air
gold an expensive yellow metal
ground the [and that we stand on
grow to get bigger
half one of two parts
hot-air balloon a ba[loon that peopte can
fty in
hunt to try to catch animals to kitt them
ice cube a small, square piece of ice used
to make drinks cotd
intand far from the ocean
insect a very smat[ animaI with six legs
invent to make or design something new
jewel a precioustone
land when a plane or boat touches the [and
tandscape what the tand is tike
language the words that people speak and
write
tead to be the first in a group
tiquid not a solid or gas; [ike water
material something that we use to make
other things
medicine something that you take when
you are sick, to make you better
metal a hard material made from minerats
mineral a material, like gotd or satt, that's
in the ground
modern not from the past
move to go from one Ptace to another
mule-cart a vehicle that is putled by an
anima[ike a horse
mummy (plural mummies) a dead bodY
covered with soft materiaI
object a thing
ocean the salt water that covers most of
Earth
oil a fue[; it's a black liquid used to make
gasotine
oyster an ocean animal with a shetl
past many years ago
ptain a [arge area of ftat land
precious speciaI and exPensive
prize something you get when you win
push to make something move away; the
opposite of pu[[
race to try and go somewhere faster than
someon etse
record for example, the best or highest
thing that there is
remains Parts of ancient objects
remote far from other Places
return to come back
river water on land that goes to the ocean
robot a machine that is moved bY a
com0uter
rock a very hard, naturaI materiaI
route the way you go to get from one place
to another
rubber a soft material that you use to make
tires
safely not being damaged
satellite a machine that goes into space
seabed the ftoor of the ocean
sea level how high the water is irl llte sea
or ocean
shett the hard, outside part of an egg or of
some animats
ship a large boat
shoot to use a gun
silk a soft materiaI that is used to make
ctothes
skilt something someone can do wetl
sted a vehicle that travels over snow
snake an animaI with a thin body and no
tegs
sotid not a tiquid or gas; [ike hard rock
specia[ different and important
spend to use time doing something
spice seeds or powder from ptants that we
use to give taste to food
statue a shape of a person or animal made
of stone or metal
stone a very hard, natural material
submarine a ship that can travel
uncterwater
top the highest part
trade to buy and setl things
treasure a specia[, expensive object
valley the land between hitts or mountains
vehicte something for moving goods or
people
vittage a few houses in the countryside;
smalter than a town
without not having something; not doing
something
:; : ,..

Series Editor: Hazel Geatches . CLIL Adviser: John Ctegg
Oxford Read and Discover graded readers are at four levels, from
3 to 6, suitabte for students from age 8 and otder. They cover many
topics within three subject areas, and can support Engtish across the
curricu[um, or Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL).
Availabte for each reader:
. Audio CD Pack (book& audio CD)
. Activity Book
For Teacher's Notes & CLIL Guidance go to
www.oup.c om / elt/ teacher/reada ndd iscover
y Subject
\ Area The Wortd of Science
leueN. & Technology
n How We Make Products
@ * Sound and Music
600 * Super Structures
headwordss Your Five Senses
@
750
headwords
r A[[ About Plants
. How to Stay Heatthy
r Machines Then and Now
. Why We Recycte
. Materials to Products
@ ' Medicine Then and Now
900 . Transportation Then
headwords and Now
. Wild Weather
. Celts and Microbes
@ r Clothes Then and Now
1,050 o Inoedible Energy
headwordso YourAmazing Body
The Natural
Wortd
Amazing Minibeasts
Animats in the Air
Life in Rainforests
Wonderful Water
. At[ About Desert Life
. All About Ocean Life
r Animals at Night
. Incredible Earth
All About lslands
Animal Life Cyctes
Exploring Our World
Great Migrations
r Al[ About Space
. Caring for Our Planet
o Earth Then and Now
r WonderfuI Ecosvstems
The Wortd of Arts
& SociaI Studies
* Festivals Around
the Wortd
. Free Time Around
the World
r Animals in Art
. Wonders of the Past
a
a
Homes Around
the Worl.d
Our World in Art
Helping Around
the World
Food Around
the Wortd
For younger students, Dotphin Readers Levels Starter, l, and 2 are availabte.

Great
Mi rations
Rachel Bladon
Rea and discover aU about great animal
migrations ...
• Why do animals migrate?
How do they find their way?
Read and discover more about the world!
This series of non -fiction readers provides
interesting and educational content, with
activities and project work.
Series Editor: Hazel Geatches
Audio CD Pack available
Word count for this reader: 3,463
Level 3
600 headwords
III ff:\ Level 5
'\::iY 900 headwords
Level 4 Level 6
750 headwords 1,050 headword
"EliiI
9 UJ
OXFORD ENe.1 1 II
ISBN 978·01'1 II I'·",
..\ 1"

Migrations
Rachel Bladon
Introduction 3
1 On the Move 4
2 Bird Migrations 8
3 Insect and Bat Migrations 12
4 Migrations by Land 16
5 Migrations in Africa 20
6 Ocean Migrations 24
7 Going Home to Breed 28
8 Changing Migrations 32
Activities 36
Projects 52
Glossary 54
About Read and Discover 56
OXFORD
UN IVERS ITY PRESS

OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
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First published 2010
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reproduced, stored in a retrieval system. or t~ansnlltt~d~
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public domain and their addresses are proVIded by Oxford
University Press for information only. Oxford Umverslty
Press disclaims any responsibility for the content
ISBN: 9780194645010
An Audio CD Pack containing this book and a CD is also
available. ISBN 9780194645416
The CD has a choice of American and British English
recordings of the complete texl.
An accompanyi ng Activity Book is also available.
ISBN 9780194645119
Printed in China
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ACKNO WLEDGEMENTS
IIIl1stratio,lS by: Kelly Kennedy pp. I 9. 30: Dusan Pavlic/Beehive
Illustration pp.40. 45. 48: Mark Ruffle pp.5. 8. 9. 17. 20. 24. 38.
The Publishers would also like to thank the followingfor their kind
pennission to reproduce photographs and other copyright material:
Alamy pp.5 (B.A.E. Inc.). 6 Uack Milchanowski{ Papllio). 12 .
(Danita Delimont). 33 (Blickwinkel): Corbls pp.3 (Frans Lannng/
elephants). 7 (Frans Lanting). 14 (Pierre Holtz/ Reuters): 16 (Nlk
Wheeler). 19 Uohn Van Hasselt/ Sygma). 22 (Frans Lannng). 24
(Dennis Scott): Getty Images pp.1 3 (George Lapp). 23 (Bobby
Haas/ National Geographic). 25 (Daisy Gllardml/ The Image
Bank). 26 (Paul Sutherland{ National GeographIC). 29 Uohn
Wardenl Stone). 31 (Bill Curtsinger/ Nanonal Geographlcfbaby
turtles): Nature Picture Library pp.3 (Inaki Relanzon/sea turtle.
Mark Taylor/albatross. Peter Scoones/salmon). 4 (Steve Knell).
10 (Allo/geese). 11 (Tom Hugh-Jones). 15 (Mark Carwardine).
21 (Anup Shah). 27 (Constantinos Petnnos). 28 (Peter Scoones).
30 Uane Burton). 31 (Inaki Relanzon/sea turtle). 32 (Mark
Taylor): Oxford University Press p.17: Photohbrary pp.9 (Ted
Mead). 10 (Tobias Bernhard/sooty shearwater). 18 (Peter Liha):
Still Pictures pp.34 (Biosphoto/ Vernay Pierre/ Polar Lys). 35 U·
FreundfWILDUFE).
With thanks to: Ann Fullick for science checking
Around the world, day and night, and in every season,
animals are moving from one place to another. They
move over land, in the air, or through water. Some make
short journeys, others go across the world. These animals
are aU migrating. Animal migrations are amazing.
What animals can you see below?
Why do animals migrate?
How do animals find their way when they migrate?
What animal has made the longest migrati on? -
What animals migrate to or from your country?

Migration is when animals move from one place to
another. Sometimes huge numbers of animals migrate
together, but some animals migrate thousands of
kilometers all alone.
Ani Is i ratp?
Many places are not good for animals to live in all
year long. The places are sometimes too cold or hot,
or not good for baby animals. Sometimes there is not
enough food. Animals have to move away for part of
the year or for part of their lives. They migrate to find
food, water, and a safe place to live or breed.
Sometimes all the animals in a species migrate. This
is called complete migration. If only some animals in
a species migrate, it's called partial migration.
Arctic terns migrate from the Arctic to the Antarctic
and back every year. That's almost 50,000 kilometers!
When To Go
Animals that migrate are called migrants. Many
migrants leave their home at the same time every year.
They reach the end of their journey at about the same
time, too. So how do they know when it is time to
leave? Animals see things in the world around them
that tell them to leave. The days get longer
or shorter. The weather gets hotter or
colder, or there is less food to eat.
Scientists think that when
migrants see that these things
are changing, their bodies
make special chemicals called
hormones. The hormones
make an animal eat lots of
food so that it has enough
energy for its journey.

F"ndi
TheirW y
Animals are very good at finding their way. Some use
landmarks - important places that they can see, for
example, mountains and coasts. Others use the sun
during the day, or the moon and stars at night. Some
animals use smells to help them to find their way.
Scientists think that some animals can even feel
Earth's magnetic field and use it to tell them where
they are. It's like the animals have a compass inside.
ng r
Migrating is often dangerous. The journey is very
tiring for animals, and they sometimes find it difficult
to get food and water. They are in danger from bad
weather and predators - other animals that want to kill
and eat them. There are many dangers, but these do
not stop migrants. They have to make long journeys to
find safe places to breed and a home with lots of food!
lions Hunting ~eb~~ . ~. '
Some animals, like bats
sounds when they are moving.
The echoes from these sounds
help them to find their way.

There are many different species of bird, and about
half of them migrate. Some birds only travel a few
kilometers, but others go all the way around the world!
o
"
"d 19
In the northern half of the world, days are long in
summer, and birds can easily find food for their
young. In winter, many of these birds fly south
because it's too cold in the north and there is not
enough food. Birds in the southern half of the world
fly north for winter and back south for summer.
Many birds also migrate between east and west,
usually looking for warmer winter weather near the
ocean. Most birds in the Tropics do not migrate
because it's always warm there.
- - - migration routes
_~ '_ r"
-:...- ....;d--. /"~,,:
J
'_,..
r../--
- ?'-:--:: -.r .J ,,~ ---- "
" -.J' ;.~.J~;-:--~ -.. ..,.;I .... _J :-.•. - - t
'._r-.... . \ ', \ .. ~;""'" -- " • -J",rT
,/ - "", ~ • ,'" ' ., / ; " j
.. ~ ~ I . ~ ,;,.:;, , " '. I ~' '
" " , , ..... ... I "
: \ ,'i/-' .J!:'i;__ , ~ : :: ,#-:'/
I
·: " >II ~t ....
..
" ·.. " ./ : 'j;-"+ f~: ) ::r
~,.. --_"", I \ '.,/ ..... . ' / '
-.......,... '" I"' ...&., " I " ) ~ ,
, ~ ' /
..: "', .+
'~ ,-,
The Tropics ' ~ y' :+))
' ~~; .~
~
. ~ ~ \
' -f' ~'J
'or' J "
V /
Bar-tailed godwits from
New Zealand fly further
without stopping than
any other bird. They fly
11,500 kilometers to China.
Then.after feeding, they fly
another 5,000 kilometers
to Alaska to breed! ,--. .J
J /'NEW ZEALAND (
ad
Before birds migrate, they need to eat a lot of food so
that they have enough energy for their journey. Some
birds double their weight before migrating. Their
muscles become stronger, too. Before migrating, many
birds also molt - they lose their old feathers and new
ones grow. They wait for good weather, and then they
are ready to go!
o

I
Le
ing Wh r To Go
A sooty shearwater
from New Zealand flew
64,000 kilometers in 2005.
This was the longest an imal
migration ever recorded.
Many large water birds, like geese and cranes, learn
where to go from their parents or other older birds.
They also have to learn the best way to fly. Geese and
cranes always fly in a V-shape because the air from the
wings of the bird at the front helps the other birds to fly.
Whooping cranes
in the U SA almost
became extinct - this means
that there were very few birds of
that species left. In 1999, scientists
brought some young whooping cranes to
Florida in the south of the USA. Whooping
cranes lived here many years before, and always
migrated to Wisconsin in the north. of the USA.
The new young cranes could not learn this from
their parents, so the scientists had to teach them. The
scientists flew to Wisconsin in special planes. Because
the scientists made the cranes listen to the sound of
the planes when they were in the egg, the cranes
followed them!
ge
There are many dangers for migrating birds. Hunters
often wait for them because they know where and
when they will fly. Tall buildings, like skyscrapers and
wind turbines, kill many migrating birds. Also, because
of farming or building, many birds lose their habitats
- the places where they stop or migrate to.
l.
Go to pages 38- 39 for activities.
c
r

Many species of insect, like dragonflies, butterflies,
and Locusts, make short or Long migrations by air.
Many species of bat aLso migrate by flying .
Dragonflies
Dragonflies live underwater for most of their lives, as
larvae. Then they become adults - they climb out of
the water, their old skin comes off, and their wings
slowly open. Dragonflies only live for a few months
as adults, but some species migrate. They use the
wind to carry them to warmer habitats in the fall.
Mon
h B tte f· s
Every fall, millions of
monarch butterflies from
North America fly up to
3,000 kilometers south to
Mexico. H ere, they rest and
sleep in trees for the winter
months. Then, when spring
comes, they fly back to
North America. They breed
before they die.
The migration of the
monarch butterflies is
beautiful, and it's also
amazing. Because monarch
butterflies live for less than
a year, no butterfly ever
makes the same journey
again. The monarch
butterflies that leave North
America have never flown
south to Mexico before, but
they know where to go.
Every year, millions of new
butterflies move north and
south, going the same way
every time and resting in
the same trees.

ts
In places that get cold in winter, there are fewer
insects, so many species of insect-eating bat migrate.
Some bats make only short journeys, but others
migrate more than 1,000 kilometers.
Every year, during the wet season when there is a lot
of rain, millions of fruit bats in Africa migrate to
Kasanka National Park in Zambia. At this time, there
is lots of fruit on the trees. At night, the bats feed on
the fruit, and then at dawn, they fly into forests where
they rest and sleep. They eat as much as 5,000 metric
tons of fruit every night.
Desert locusts
Desert locusts migrate when there are too many
locusts in one place. This is called irruptive migration.
Desert locusts usually live alone, and they only move
around at night. When there are too many locusts, the
young locusts change color, and they change how they
live. During the day they fly around in large groups
called swarms. They travel up to 200 kilometers every
day to find new places with food and fewer locusts.
A locust swarm can have up to one billion locusts.
A locust can eat its own weight in food every day, so
thousands of people starve every year when locust
swarms eat food crops.

When animals migrate by land, they do not have help
from the wind or ocean currents. Their journeys are often
shorter than air or ocean migrations, but the animals
sometimes have to cross deserts, mountains, or ice.
R indeer
Reindeer are a species of deer that live in the Arctic.
They are called caribou in North America. They make
longer migrations than any other land animal. Some
reindeer walk more than 4,000 kilometers every year.
Because they live in large groups, or herds, they
quickly eat up food and then they have to move to
another place.
In summer, the reindeer move north, or into the
mountains, where they can find good grass to eat.
They can feed their young here, too. They are also
safer because they can see predators like bears and
wolves, and they can escape from them more easily.
In winter, when the snow is deep, the reindeer move
to places where there is less snow, so they can find
lichens to eat. Reindeer stop growing in winter, so
they need up to 70% less food than in summer.
Altitudinal Migration
Chamois, deer, wild sheep, and
goats move up mountains in
summer because there are
fewer predators. In winter,
there is too much snow
and not enough food, so
they move down the
mountains. This is called
altitudinal migration.

Frogs and Toads
Every year, frogs and toads migrate from their hom 's
on the land to water where they can breed. They nly
move about 1 or 2 kilometers, but their journeys arc
very dangerous. They can die if they become too h l
or dry, and it's easy for predators to find them when
they are migrating. Many frogs and toads are also
killed if they have to cross roads to get to the places
where they breed.
Q
~ In some countries, people tHfiokt
special tunnels or stop cars so that
frogs and toads can cross roads safely!
Lemmings
When there is a lot of food, Norway lemmings breed
very quickly - they can have up to eight babies every
month. Then there are too many lemmings, and not
enough for them to eat, so large numbers of young
lemmings migrate a long way to find food. They even
try to swim across rivers and lakes to find a new place
to live with lots of food. Many die, but the lemmings
keep having more new babies.
Because our climate is changing, there are fewer big
lemming migrations now.

llooI"ad ..
~aMd.
About 200,000 zebras
Some of the most amazing animaLs in the worLd live
in Africa. How many African animaLs can you think of?
Do you know if they migrate?
Th Wildeb e t Migr fo
On the African plains, there is a wet season and a dry
season every year. All year long, herds of wildebeest
move across the plains in Tanzania and K.enya looking
for fresh grass. There are more than a million wildebeest.
The animals follow the rain, so their movements are
diffe rent every year, but the journey takes them in a
big circle from the Masai Mara National Park in the
north down to the Serengeti National Park in the
south - up to 3,000 kilometers. At the Serengeti,
where the grass is very good in the wet season, the
wildebeest have their young.
AFRICA
Masai Mara"""-: - +
......
Serengeti X
- - - migration routes
,
I
~ '.
, ~ I I
", I I
"., 1 I I
I., "
'" I I I
",' ,I,
..
~ ... -­
Jt
••
".
KENYA
Dangers
There are many dangers for the migrating wildebeest,
zebras, and gazelles. Predators, like lions, leopards,
and hyenas, want to kill and eat the herds. The animals
also have to cross big rivers. If the rains have been
heavy, the rivers are sometimes very dangerous, and
many animals die. Crocodiles attack the herds, too.
Also, people are using more and more land for
growing food, so there is less land for the herds to
move around on - and less grass for them to eat.

Go to pages 44-45 for activities.
ts
Elephants migrate to look for food and water. Male
elephants also make long migrations to look for a mate
- a female elephant to breed with. For most of the
year, male elevhants eat and make their bodies strong.
Then they have a special time of year, called musth,
when they migrate hundreds of kilometers to find a
mate. They have to fight other male elephants, too. So
when they come back after mating they are very thin,
and they have little energy.
V
An adult elephant needs about 100 kilograms of
food every day, and up to 300 liters of water. So for
about 80% of the day, elephants feed or look for food.
The 0 kavango Delta is in the Kalahari Desert in
Botswana in Mrica. For six months it's dry and sandy,
and nothing grows here. Then every summer, it floods,
and grass covers the land. When the water comes,
many birds and other animals migrate here.
Dragonflies, cranes, deer, buffaloes, elephants, giraffes,
and many other animals all migrate to the Okavango
Delta to look for food and water.

Many fish migrate around the ocean, and some ocean
mammals migrate, too. Some make very long journeys.
ale
Many whales, like humpback whales and gray whales,
migrate to polar oceans in summer. Here they can find
lots of their favorite food, krill. Young whales cannot
keep warm enough in very cold oceans, so in winter, the
whales migrate back to warmer, tropical oceans to breed.
Humpback whales migrate further than any other
mammal- up to 17,000 kilometers every year. They
migrate for the first time with their mothers, and then
they usually make the same journey every year for the
rest of their lives. During their journeys, humpback
whales make special sounds, like a song. All humpback
whales in the same part of the world sing almost the
same song, and it changes every year!
Em eror
In summer in the Antarctic, emperor penguins hunt
for krill, fish, and squid in the ocean. In March, when
the ice gets thicker, adult penguins migrate up to 200
kilometers across the ice to their breeding places. After
the females have laid their eggs, they go back to the
ocean to feed. The males keep the eggs warm on their
feet. They often have to wait for up to 16 weeks for the
eggs to hatch, and they do not eat during this time.
The Arctic
- - - migration routes
Penguins cannot
waLk weLL, so they often
push themseLves across
the ice on their stomachs.
The Antarctic

igr tions
Animal plankton are very small animals that live in the
() ean. Every day, they make vertical migrations - they
migrate up and down. They move up the ocean at
night, to eat plant plankton that live at the top of the
ocean. Then they move down the ocean in the day.
Jellyfish, squid, and small fish that eat plankton
migrate up and down the ocean with them. Bigger
nimals, like sharks, dolphins, and sea turtles, eat the
small fish, so they follow, too. Every day, billions of
animals move up and down the ocean.
Some fish move away from coral reefs at night to feed.
Then they go back there in the day because they can
hide easily from predators under the coral. Other reef
fish make longer migrations to breed. They lay their
eggs near the edge of the reef, so that ocean currents
will carry the eggs away from predators. Some bigger
fish, like tuna, make very long journeys of up to
10,500 kilometers between the places where they
feed and breed.

Ii 0 i!rlil'(tJ I ...
t:a[lreed]
Many animals migrate to breed. Some make long and
difficult journeys to get to special breeding places.
Most water animals live either in salt water or in
fresh water. Salmon are unusual. Salmon eggs hatch
in freshwater streams and then the salmon migrate
down rivers to the ocean. When they get to the ocean,
salmon often make long journeys to places where
there is lots of food. They stay in the ocean for up to
six years. Amazingly, the salmon then swim back up
rivers into the streams where they hatched. Some
salmon travel hundreds of kilometers. They use smell
to find their way home. They go back to breed, and
most species of salmon then die.
. Before sockeye salmon breed,
they change color from silver to red.
Dangers for Salmon
It's tiring and dangerous for salmon to migrate up
rivers, because the water moves them in the opposite
direction. Because salmon usually migrate at the same
time each year, many predators, like birds, bigger fish,
and bears, wait for them. Salmon are also in danger
when trees are cut down, or when rivers are polluted,
because this damages their habitats. Dams can stop
salmon migrating, or they can kill or hurt them. Dams
are often built with fish ladders so that salmon can
jump up from pool to pool.

Eel
Eels migrate from fresh water to salt water to have
their young. Eel larvae move across the ocean with
ocean currents, and young eels then migrate up rivers
and streams. After many years in rivers, the eels grow
into adults. Then they migrate back to the ocean to
breed. They become silver so that they are hidden
from ocean predators. Some eels migrate up to
8,000 kilometers across the ocean before breeding.
Sea Turtles
Sea turtles migrate
thousands of
kilometers to breed.
Scientists think that
many turtles go back
every year to the same
place to lay their eggs.
How do they know where
to go? Scientists think that
they follow Earth's magnetic
field. The turtles lay their eggs on land,
and they cover them with sand. They then swim away
to the places where they feed. When the eggs hatch,
the young turtles dig their way out of the sand. They
then go to the ocean and swim away.
When adult eels move from
fresh water to salt water, their
stomachs become smaller and
their eyes become much bigger.

a.a,OOrlill.
.~,rd ..
Animals that migrate move through different habitats
and they need different types of food in different places.
Because of this, they are in danger from things that
change in the world around them.
Problems for Mi rant
Many migrants, like tuna, cod, birds, and sea turtles,
are in danger from too much fishing or hunting.
Roads, power lines, and wind turbines stop other
animals from migrating. Also, people damage the
habitats of many migrants when they cut down trees,
take out ponds, build dams across rivers, or build
fences around land. Pollution damages habitats, too.
The erma e
Earth is getting too warm because our vehicles,
factories, and power stations are making
too many gases like carbon dioxide.
The climate is changing, so there
are more storms, and deserts are
getting bigger. There is less ice
on polar oceans, and ocean
currents are changing.
Journeys are now more
dangerous for migrants.
It's also more difficult
for animals to reach the
right place at the right
time for feeding and
breeding. Scientists
think that many animal
species will stop
migrating or they will
migrate to new places
because the climate is
changing.
Q
~ Many birds that migrate north for summer, like
the willow warbler, are now staying there for longer
than usual. Some birds are not migrating back south.

Polar Bears in Danger
Polar bears live on the ice in the Arctic in winter.
Here they can hunt seals, their main food. In summer,
there is not enough ice for hunting, so polar bears
migrate south to the land. Because the climate is
changing, there is now less ice on the ocean, and the
ice is melting earlier in spring. So in winter, the bears
have less time on the ice for catching seals. Also, it's
sometimes difficult for the bears to migrate to land
because there is less ice to walk on and they often
have to swim too far across the ocean.
How an We Help?
Scientists are now putting special markers on some
migrants. These markers help scientists to see where
the animals are migrating, and how their journeys are
changing. Scientists hope that if they learn m ore about
migrants, they can help to save their habitats.
A Polar Bear on Melting Ice
In the wet season on Christmas Island in Asia, millions
of red crabs migrate to the ocean to breed. Markers have
helped scientists to learn about their migration.
We need to keep our planet Earth clean and safe to
protect animal migrations!
Go to pages 50- 51 for activities.

On the Move
Read pages 4- 7.
Complete the chart.
chemicals hotter bad weather sounds foot} sun
longer water breed food landmarks moon live stars
Earth's magnetic field smells shorter colder predators
2 Match.
1 migration ---
2 migrant
3 complete migration
4 partial migration
5 predators
...
animals that kill and eat
other animals
when, only some animals
in a species migrate
when all the animals in
a species migrate
when animals move from
one place to another
an animal that migrates
"""""""""""
1 Animals migrate to find:
food and ----
a safe place to ____ or ___ _
2 Animals know when to migrate because:
the days get ____ or ___ _
the weather gets ____ or ___ _
there is less ___ _
their bodies make special ___ _
3 To find their way, animals use:
Correct the sentences.
1 If a place is not good all year long, animals often breed.
If a p\al.e. if, not 900d aU 1e.ar \on9, an rna 'i)
ofte.n mi9rate..
2 Arctic terns migrate from the Arctic to the Antarctic and
back every week.
3 Some animals can feel Earth's magnetic garden.
4 Zebras and whales make special sounds when they are
moving.
5 The smells from these sounds help them to find their way.
4 When animals migrate, there are dangers from:
____ or ___ _

Bird Migrations
.. Read pages 8-11.
1 Write the places.
Wisconsin Florida China New ZC'a-~a-i1d Alaska
1 Ne.w l.e.a\and
2
3
4
5 - - cranes godwits
2 Complete the sentences.
east Tropics north south north west Soatl-T
1 Many birds from the northern half of the world fly
Match.
1 Bar-tailed godwits
2 Bar-tailed godwits
...
3 Geese and cranes
4 Geese and cranes
5 Whooping cranes
6 Whooping cranes
4 Answer the questions.
learn where to go from
their parents .
fly further without stopping
than any other bird.
fly in a V-shape.
1 Why do some birds fly south for winter?
~e.c.ause.
food.
almost became extinct in
the USA.
fly 11,500 kilometers
without stopping.
have learned to migrate by
following planes.
if s too c.o\d and the.re. is not e.nou9h
2 Why do birds fly north for summer?
3 What things often happen to birds before they migrate?
south for winter and back for summer.
2 In the southern half of the world, many birds fly
_____ for winter and back ____ for summer.
3 Other birds migrate between ____ and _____
because in winter it is usually warmer near the ocean.
4 What do birds wait for before they migrate?
5 What things are dangerous for migrating birds?
4 Most birds in the _____ do not migrate .

Insect and
Bat Migrations
.. Read pages 12-15.
1 Complete the sentences. Then write the numbers.
old skin {ai-va€ habitats
1 Dragonflies live underwater as \arvae
2 When they become adults, their comes off
and their wings open.
3 Then they flyaway to find warmer ____ _
3
1
2
3
4
Circle the correct words.
1 Dragonflies migrate to warmer habitats in fal >/ spring.
2 Green darner dragonflies weigh less / more than 2 grams.
3 Every falL millions / thousands of monarch butterflies fly
up to 3,000 kilometers to Mexico.
4 A locust can eat as much food as the weight of its own
wings / body.
5 Insect-eating bats migrate for the winter / summer
because there is not enough food.
Match.
larvae
irruptive migration
wet season
swarms
when animals move away because
there are too many in one place
the rainy time in the Tropics
large groups of insects
baby animals that change when
they become adults
eggs trees south 4
4 Every fall, monarch butterflies fly _____ to Mexico.
5 They rest and sleep in _____ for the winter.
6 In spring, they fly north, lay their ____ I and die.
Answer the questions.
1 Why do monarch butterflies only migrate once?
2 How do locusts change when there are too many locusts?
3 How far do some insect-eating bats migrate?
4 When do fruit bats migrate to Kasanka National Park?

Migrations by Land
Read pages 16-19.
Match. Then write sentences.
Answer the questions.
1 Why do reindeer eat up the food in each place so quickly?
2 Why do goats move up mountains in summer?
Reindeer
Lemmings
Frogs and toads
migrate to new places when there
are too many of them.
migrate to water to breed.
migrate in big herds to find grass
and lichens.
3 Why do goats move down mountains in winter?
4 Why do lemmings sometimes swim across rivers and lakes?
1
2
3
CompLete the sentences.
grow Arctic north deer snow grass lichens
1 Reindeer are a species of _____. They live in the
Complete the puzzLe.
2+
1~
5~
6~
7
~
2 In summer, the reindeer move _____ where they can
find _____
3 In winter, the reindeer move to places where there is less
_____, so they can find _____
4 Reindeer do not _____ in winter so they need less
food.
8~
1 They help frogs and toads to cross roads safely.
2 Animals that can have up to eight babies every month.
3 Plants that reindeer eat in winter.
4 An animal that dies if it becomes too hot or dry.
5 Animals that make altitudinal migrations.
6 Reindeer herders who migrate with their animals.
7 A large group of animals.
8 Predators that attack rei ndeer.

Migrations in Africa
Read pages 20-23.
1 Write the numbers.
300 200,000 ooe 100 500,000 six 80 3,000
1 More than _-'o"-'o=e.=---_ million wildebeest migrate in
herds across the African plains.
Complete the sentences. Then write the numbers.
thin fight eat migrate
1 For most of the year, male elephants ____ and make
their bodies strong.
2 Then they ____ to find female elephants to mate with.
3 They have to other male elephants.
4 When they come back after mating they are very ____
2 The wildebeest migrate up to _____ kilometers
every year.
3 About _____ zebras and _____ gazelles
migrate, too.
4 An adult elephant needs about _____ kilograms of
food every day, and up to _____ liters of water.
5 Elephants feed or look for food for about % of
the day.
6 The Okavango Delta is dry and sandy for
months of the year.
2 Find and write the animals. d
1 9iraffe. 5 \
b
2 1.. 6 b z i P s f
3 h 7
{, e r h y f
4 9 8 \ l c n f h a
l e 0 p a l
e C c r a e 0
4 Circle the correct words.
1 Wildebeest migrate to follow the rain / lions.
2 They migrate from the Masai Mara in the north / south to
the Serengeti in the north / south.
3 They have their young in the Masai Mara / Serengeti.
4 Many wildebeest die when they cross big rivers / oceans.
5 Because people are growing more food on the land, there is
less rain / grass for the wildebeest.
6 Female / Male elephants migrate to look for a mate.
7 Musth is a special time when male elephants want to eat /
find a mate.
8 Birds and other animals migrate to the Okavango Delta in
summer because there is lots of sand / grass .

Ocean Migrations
Read pages 24-27.
Complete the chart. Name: humpbac." \t4ha\e
Favorite food: ________________
Lives (summer): ___ ____________
Lives (winter): _____ ___________
Amazing facts: _______________
Write the animal words.
1 duqsi squid 4 anUt
2 Pinhold
5 tannklop
3 -~
Complete the puzzle.
lt
2~
6~
Answer the questions.
1 Large fish that migrate
up to 10,500 kilometers
between places.
2 A bird that migrates across
the Antarctic to breed.
3 A species of whale that
sings a song when it is
migrating.
4 Small animals and plants
tha.t live in the ocean.
5 Very small animals that
whales eat.
6 An animal with sharp teeth
that migrates up and down
the ocean.
1 How far do humpback whales go when they migrate?
3 gunpine
Circle the correct words.
6 aseruttel
2 Why do whales migrate to warm oceans in winter?
1 Humpback whales migrate for the first time with their
fathers / mothers.
2 The male / female penguin keeps its new egg warm.
3 The penguin often does not eat for up to 6 / 16 weeks
when it is keeping the egg warm.
4 Fish move away from coral reefs to feed / hide.
3 Why do whales migrate to cold oceans in summer?
4 Why do reef fish lay their eggs near the edge of the reef?
5 Why do animal plankton move up the ocean at night?
5 Billions of animals make vertical / altitudinal migrations
in the ocean every day.

Going Home to Breed
.. Read pages 28-31.
1 Complete the sentences. Then write the numbers.
migrate breed hatch adult ocean
1 Salmon eggs _____
2 The young salmon down rivers to the ocean.
3 They live in the for a few years.
4 The salmon migrate up rivers.
5 They _____ and then die.
Match.
1 Salmon hunt salmon when they swim up rivers.
2 Bears
lay their eggs on land.
3 Eels
migrate from the ocean to rivers to breed.
4 Sea turtles migrate from rivers to the ocean to breed.
Complete the sentences.
ocean sand land ocean
1 Sea turtles lay their eggs on _____ and they cover
them with sand.
2 Then they go back to the _____
3 When they hatch, the young turtles dig their way out of
the -----
4 Then they go into the ____ _
4 Answer the questions.
young rivers ocean larvae
1 How do salmon find their way when they migrate?
6 Eel move across the ocean with ocean currents.
----
7 The eels migrate up rivers and streams.
8 The eels live in for many years.
-----
9 They migrate back to the to breed.
2 What happens to sockeye salmon before they breed?
3 What helps salmon to swim over dams?
4 What happens to eels when they move from fresh water to
salt water?
, .

Changing Migrations
Read pages 32-35.
1 Complete the chart.
trees power lines ice on polar oceans deserts
wind turbines fishing ponds storms
ocean currents hunting dams roads fences
\\\,\,\,\\\\\\\\\\\,\\\\\\\
1 Migrants like tuna and sea turtles are in danger because of:
_______ or ______ _
2 Animals sometimes cannot migrate because of:
r 2 Complete the sentences.
Polar bears willow warbler Cod seals albatrosses
1 Every year, many _________ are killed by fishing hooks.
2 Birds like the are staying in the north for
longer than usual.
3 migrate from the ice to the land in summer.
4 Because the ice is melting earlier in spring, polar bears
have less time for catching _________
5 _____ are in danger from too much fishing.
3 Answer the questions.
1 Why is Earth getting too warm?
3 Habitats are damaged because people:
cut down -------
2 Why do scientists think that many animal species will
migrate to new places or stop migrating?
take out -------
build -------
3 Where do polar bears live in winter?
build -------
4 Journeys are more dangerous for migrants now because:
there are more -------
there is less --------
________ are getting bigger
_______ are changing
4 Why has the climate changing made it difficult for polar
bears to migrate to land?
5 Why are scientists putting special markers on some
migrants?
~ ------------Y

A Migrants Poster
Complete the charts for these migrant animals.
Name: Monarc.11 e.uttertl'f Name : ~eindeer
What does it
look like?
--
How far does it
migrate?
J
What does it
look like?
How far does it
migrate?
A Migration Diary
Write the names of some animals that migrate to, from ,
or through your country.
Complete the chart. Try to do this for a whole year!
Migrates from:
Migrates to: r
Migrates
Migrates from:
to: r
Interesting fact: Interesting fact:
J
L--
Choose two more migrant animals. Complete the charts.
Name :
What does it
look like?
How far does it
migrate?
Migrates from:
Migrates to:
Interesting fact:
[
t
1-
Name:
What does it
look like? f
l How far does it
migrate?
I
Migrates from:
Migrates to:
Interesting fact:
~
+ j
+ +
+ +
+
Make a poster. Write sentences about the migrant
animals and add pictures. Display your poster.

Glossar
adult a person or animal that has finished
growing
alone without any other people or animals
attack to fight with someone or something
bear a large wild animal
breed to have babies
buffalo (plural buffaloes) a large animal
like a cow
carry to take something to another place
change to become different; to make
something different
chemical a solid or liquid that is made by
chemistry
climate the type of weather in a country
coast the land beside the sea or ocean
cod a large ocean fish that people eat
compass something that helps you find
the way north, south, east, or west
coral reef a long line of small, bright
animals that look like rocks in the ocean
cover to be over something
crop a plant that we grow in large
amounts
cross to move from one side to another
current large amounts of warm or cold
water that move around the ocean
dam it's built across a river to stop water
damage to make something bad or weak
danger when something could hurt or kill
people or animals
dawn the time of day when you first see
light
deep going a long way down
deer (plural deer) a wild animal
die to stop living
dig to make a hole in the ground
double to get two times bigger
echo a sound that comes back
edge the outside of something
Here are some words used in this book, and you can check
what they mean. Use a dictionary to check other new wor d ••
energy we need energy to move and grow
machines need energy to work
enough how much we want or need
escape to get away
feather the soft parts that cover a bird
female a woman or girl; an animal that
can lay eggs or have babies
fence it goes around land to keep animals
in or out
flood when a place becomes covered with
water
follow to go after somebody or something
forest a place with a lot of trees
fresh not old (for food or grass)
gas not a solid or liquid; like air
gazelle an animal like a deer
goat an animal with a hairy coat
grass a green plant
group a number of people or things that
are together
grow to get bigger
habitat the place where an animal or plant
normally lives
half one of two parts
hatch to come out of an egg
herder someone who controls a herd or
group of animals
hide to go somewhere where you will not
be seen
hook a rounded, sharp thing used for
catching fish
huge very big
hurt to give pain
hyena a wild animal like a dog
insect a very small animal with six legs
jellyfish an ocean animal with long, thin
parts like arms
kill to make someone or something die
krill very small ocean animals with shells
l'Idd r you use it to climb up and down
luk a big area of water
I.llva (plural larvae) a young animal that
looks different from its parent; it changes
wh n it becomes an adult
I.ry eggs to produce eggs
l opard a wild animal from the cat family
lichen a very small plant that grows on
rocks or trees
magnetic field an area around something
with a force that pulls some metals
toward it
male a man or boy; an animal that cannot
usually have babies
mammal an animal that has babies
and feeds its babies milk; people are
mammals
marker it shows what something is
mate an animal that another animal has
babies with
melt to become liquid because of being hot
move to go from one place to another
muscle a part of your body that you
contract or relax to move your bones
ocean the salt water that covers most of
Earth
opposite different
plain a large area of flat land
plankton very small animals and plants
that live in the ocean
polar near the North or South Pole
polluted made dirty
pollution something that makes air, land,
or water dirty
pond a small area of water
power line a thick wire that carries
electricity
power station a building where electricity
is made
protect to keep safe from danger
push to make something move away
reach to get to
rest to do little or nothing after working
river water on land that goes to th e ocean
road vehicles travel on it
safe not in danger
seal an ocean mammal that eats fish
shape for example, circle, square, triangle
shark a large ocean fish
sheep (plural sheep) an animal that we
raise for wool and meat
silver a shiny gray color
skin a thin layer that covers an animal
skyscraper a very tall building in a city
special different and important
species a group of the same type of animal
starve to become ill or die because you do
not have enough to eat
storm bad weather; lots of wind and rain
stream a small river
thicker less thin
tiring making you feel tired
tropical from the Tropics
tunnel a long hole under the ground
vehicle something for transporting things
or people
way a route or road that you take to get
somewhere
weigh if you weigh something you see
how heavy it is
weight how heavy something is
wet season the time of year in the Tropics
when there is a lot of rain
wind turbine a tall machine that makes
energy from the wind
wing birds and planes have wings to help
them to fly
without not having something; not doing
something
wolf (plural wolves) a wild animal in the
dog family
young baby animals

Series Editor: Hazel Geatches • CLiL Adviser: John Clegg
Oxford Read and Discover graded readers are at four levels, from
3 to 6, suitable for students from age 8 and older. They cover many
topics within three subject areas, and can support English across the
curriculum, or Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLll).
Available for each reader:
• Audio CD Pack (book & audio CD)
• Activity Book
For Teacher's Notes & CLiL Guidance go to
www.oup.com/ elt/ teacher / readanddiscover
~
Level
®
Area The World of Science
& Technology
How We Make Products
The Natural
World
Amazing Minibeasts
Sound and Music
Animals in the Air
600 Super Structures Life in Rainforests
headwords Your Five Senses Wonderful Water
• All About Plants • All About Desert Life
@
• How to Stay Healthy • All About Ocean Life
750 • Machines Then and Now • Animals at Night
headwords • Why We Recycle Incredible Earth
~
Materials to Products
All About Islands
Medicine Then and Now Animal Life Cycles
900 Transportation Then Exploring Our World
headwords and Now Great Migrations
Wild Weather
~
• Cells and Microbes
• All About Space
• Clothes Then and Now • Caring for Our Planet
1.050 • Incredible Energy • Earth Then and Now
headwords • Your Amazing Body • Wonderful Ecosystems
"\
The World of Arts
& Social Studies
Festivals Around
the World
Free Time Around
the World
• Animals in Art
• Wonders of the Past
Homes Around
the World
Our World in Art
• Helping Around
the World
• Food Around
the World
For younger students, Dolphin Readers Levels Starter, 1, and 2 are available.

o
es
Aroun t e
or
Jacqueline Martin
Read and discover all about homes aro
• What materials are homes made of?
• Why do people build homes on stil
Read and discover more about the world!
This series of non-fiction readers provides
interesting and educational content, w ith
activities and project work.
Series Editor: Hazel Geatches
Audio CD Pack available
Word count for this reader: 3,357
Level 3 Level 5
600 headwords 900 ... ~~, ... ,
Level 4 Level 6
750 headwords 1,050 III

ffhuIrn
Around the World
Jacqueline Martin
Introduction 3
1 Homes in the Past 4
2 Homes Today 8
3 Different Climates 12
4 Homes that Move 16
5 Famous Homes 20
6 UnusuaL Homes 24
7 Homes for Everyone 28
8 Future Homes 32
Activities 36
Projects 52
GLossary 54
About Read and Discover 56
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UN IVERS ITY PRESS

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
nIustrations by: Roger at KJA Artists pp4 (cave people). 5 (straw
hut); Alan Rowe pp36. 37. 40. 42; Martin Sanders/Beehive
Illustration pp12. 40 (map); Gary Swift pp14. 16.
The publisher would like to thank the fOllowingfor their kind pemission
to reproduce photographs and other copyright material: Alamy Images
pp3 (Yurt house. Mongolia/lmagestate Media Partners Limited
-Impact Photos). 5 (Tulor ancient village. Chile/Megapress).
9 (White house/Stock Connection Distribution). 11 (Tin city.
South Africa/John Crum). 16 (Yurt house. Mongolia/lmagestate
Media Partners Limited . Impact Photos). 17 (Floating Village
Catba Island. Vietnam/dbimages). 21 (Buckingham Palace.
London/Mark Richardson). 21 (Windsor Castle. England/Jon
Arnold Images Ltd). 27 (Casa Batllo at night. Barcelona. Spain/
Art Kowalsky). 29 (Civilian houses in Fujian. ChinafView
Stock). 30 (Rwanda Orphanage SchoollJenny Matthews). 32
(Strawbale house/Camera Lucida); British Museum Images p5
(Terracotta model houserrhe Trustees of the British Museum);
Bruno Bellec p26 (Reflection of Mineral/Atelier Tekuto); Corbis
pp10 (Vimanmek Teak MansionlJean-Pierre Lescourret). 25
(Building made of cans/Roger Ressmeyer); Getty Images pp 12
(Detached country house/Oliver Beamish). 25 (House made out
of plastic bottles/AFP). 31 (Eldoret. Kenya/Christian Science
Monitor). 34 (Girl watching 1V screenslJohn Eder); iStockphoto
pp3 (TaoslJohn Woodworth). 6 (Machu Picchu. Peru/Jamo
Gonzalez Zarraonandia). 18 (Monument Valley/Steven Allan).
28 (TaoslJohn Woodworth); Lonely Planet Images pp3 (Hi-rise
residential apartments/Ricard l'Anson), 8 (Hi-rise residential
apartments/Ricard rAnson). 8 (Gabled buildings. Amsterdam/
Thomas Winz); National Geographic Image Collection pp3
(Stilt house. Cambodia/Michael S. Yamashita). 15 (Stilt house.
CambodiafMichael S. Yamashita); Nordic Photos pp3 (Mountain
cottage. Switzerland/pictor). 13 (Mountain cottage. Switzerland/
Pictor); OUP pp4 (Cave drawings/photodisc). 4 (Pyramids. Egypt/
Digital Vision). 4 (Great Wall ofChina/photodisc). 5 (parthenon/
Photodisc). 5 (Colosseum. RomefPhotodisc). 5 (Machu Picchu/
Photodisc). 35 (Space Station illustration/photodisc); Photolibrary
pp6 (Paldalmun gate. Hwaseong Fortress. South Korea/Jose
Fuste Raga). 14 (Berber mud house. Morocco/Alan Keohane).
17 (Reed Island. Titacaca Lake. Peru/JTB Photo). 23 (Topkapi
Palace. Istanbul/San Rostro). 24 (Troglodyte houses. Spain/
Brigitte Merle). 27 (Pennsylvania. USA/Peter Cook). 33 (row of
sod-covered houses/Kristian Maack); PunchStock p19 (Couple
cooking food over campfire/pixland); Robert Harding World
Imagery pp3 (Thatched cottage/Ellen Rooney). 9 (Thatched
cottage/Ellen Rooney). 18 (Horse-

I •••
l.tIlIe'ad
About 50,000 years ago people lived in caves. Then
about 5,000 years ago people started to build homes.
People in the past didn't have homes like we have
today. How were these homes different?
Cav s
Caves were dark and
didn't have windows.
They protected people
from bad weather and
wild animals. The doors
were made from animal
skins. There was no
kitchen or bathroom.
Cave people cooked
their food on fires.
traw and Mud Houses
The first houses were made from dry
plants like straw. These houses weren't
very strong.
The Ancient Egyptians built houses with bricks made
of mud and straw. They put the mixture into molds and
left them in the sun to dry. Then they built walls with
the bricks and put wet mud on top.
There were holes in the walls for
windows and doors. Egyptian houses
had flat roofs. People often slept on
the roof because it was nice and cool.
In the past other people in Asia, Africa, and South and
North America built mud houses, too. Different-colored
mud made different-colored bricks!
In hot weather they didn't
live in homes at all - they
lived and slept outside.
In some places where there were no natural caves,
people had to dig caves out of the hills.
50,000 years ago
Cave peopLe
5,000 years ago
Ancient Egyptians
3,400 years ago
Ancient Chinese
2,400 years ago
Ancient Greeks
2,000 years ago
Ancient Romans
600 years ago
Incas
Today

Stone Houses
Some people in the
past built houses
from stone because it
was strong. Poor people
lived in small houses with
only one room. Important
rich people built stone castles to
live in. These took many years to build.
The Ancient Greeks built houses with mud bricks on
top of stone blocks. The roofs were usually made of tiles.
Wooden Houses
The Ancient Chinese people built wooden houses.
They had long roofs made of a wood called bamboo.
Many Chinese houses were built on platforms to
protect the wood from water.
The Ancient Romans built houses with wood, mud,
and stone. They also used some materials that we use
today, like concrete. Some Roman houses had a
bathroom, plumbing, and heating.
T he Incas lived in Peru. They built houses with stone
blocks. Each block was carefully cut and polished so
the houses looked great when they were finished. The
houses had thatched roofs made of straw.
Inca walls were strong because there were spaces
between the bLocks. When there was an earthquake,
the bLocks moved, but the walls didn't faLL down!
+ Go to pages 36-37 for activities.

Some people today Live in homes made of
natural materials Like mud, stone, or wood.
Many people Live in homes made of manmade
materials Like concrete, bricks, plastic,
and glass. What is your home made of?
Homes in the City
In big cities many people live in
apartments. These are homes on
one floor of a bigger building.
Some apartments are above
shops or in old houses. Others
are in tall buildings called
skyscrapers. Apartments
are often built on top of
each other in one building
because there isn't enough
land for a lot of houses.
Other Homes
Outside the city there is more land for homes. People
often have gardens or land to grow vegetables. Some
people live in big houses detached from each other.
Detached houses have space all around them.
Other people live in houses called bungalows, or ranch
houses. These are detached houses with all the rooms
on one floor.
The old building below is called a cottage. It is made
of bricks and has a thatched roof. People in many
parts of the world build homes with thatched roofs.
Some houses in towns are built together in a row.
These are called row houses, or terraced houses.
They are narrow so you can build many on one street.

Homes for Rich People
Rich people sometimes live in big houses called
mansions. They have electricity, running water, central
heating, air conditioning, nice bathrooms, expensive
furniture, carpets, and sometimes even swimming
pools! They often have big gardens, too.
The mansion below is in Thailand. It is made of a
wood called teak. A natural oil in the wood protects
it from the weather and insects. Teak is very good for
building houses and furniture.
Homes for Poor People
Poor people often don't have enough money to buy
or build their own home. Some families share small
apartments with other families. The whole family
sleeps in one room, and two or three families share
one bathroom.
Some very poor people can't live with other families,
so they have to build homes with things that other
people throwaway, like bits of metal, fabric, or wood.
Places where there are lots of these homes together
are called shanty towns. There's no electricity or
running water.
Many people today are homeless and do not have a
home at all. Homeless people sometimes sleep on the
street in big cities. In some places there are shelters
where they can stay, but sometimes the only thing they
have is a cardboard box!
.. Go to pages 38-39 for activities.

DWleNat
aJ~1UtaI
The climate is different in different parts of the world.
People build different homes depending on the climate.
What type of climate do you have in your country?
Climates
• polar (cold)
temperate (mild)
• tropical (hot and wet)
desert (dry)
• mountainous (cold)
Cold Climates
In cold mountainous climates homes are often built
with stone. If forests grow there, wood is also used.
The lower walls of this chalet are built with stone
because it is strong. This helps the chalet to stay up if
there's an avalanche. The upper walls are built with
wood because wood keeps the heat in. These homes
have long sloping roofs so that heavy snow falls off.
Some people, like the Inuit people in the Arctic, even
build their winter homes with snow. These homes are
called igloos. Snow walls keep the wind out and make
it quite warm inside. Some large igloos have five or six
rooms and more than 20 people live in them.
Temperate Clima
In temperate climates weather is usually mild.
Homes are often built with bricks. Bricks keep water
out and keep the homes dry. Homes often
have large windows to let the sun in,
and a chimney so people can light
a fire when it's cold. Where it
rains a lot, people build
houses with sloping roofs
so that all the water runs
off and doesn't get into
their houses.

pica I Climates
I n tropical climates the weather is hot and wet. People
need homes to protect them from sun, wind, and rain.
Lots of forests grow here and the people use the trees to
make wooden houses. Mud bricks would break!
There are often floods in tropical climates, so people
build houses on stilts. The stilts keep the house cool
and protect it from snakes and water! Long roofs
provide shade, and wooden shutters on the windows
keep the sun out.
A House on Stilts
i
Hot Desert Climates
In hot deserts the temperature is very hot in the day
and cold at night. People need homes that protect
them from sun, heat, wind, and cold. Where there
aren't many trees or rocks, people build houses with
mud and grass. The houses have small windows to
keep the sun out. This makes the house cool, but it is
dark inside so people spend most of the day outside or
on the roof. Thick walls keep the house cool in the day
and warm at night. They also protect the house from
the strong desert winds.
In some deserts it's so hot that
people make homes underground
because it's cooler there.

Most homes stay in one place, but some people travel
and take their home with them. Can you think of any
homes that can move?
Homes that Float
Lots of people in the
world live on houseboats.
People sleep, cook, eat, and
sometimes work on them.
Some houseboats are used as
floating shops, so you don't have
to get to land to buy food!
Some people live on canal boats. These
boats are long and narrow, so that they can
travel along narrow rivers or canals. About 200 years
ago these boats carried materials for big industries, but
today the boats are used as homes.
l n Homes
Nomads look after animals and move their homes
when their animals need fresh grass to eat. They live in
tents that can be folded up and carried. Many people
in Mongolia are nomads. They travel around with their
animals and live in tents called gers.
The U ros people in Peru make floating houses from
the plants that grow in the lake. First they make a
floating island for the house to stand on and then they
make a house, all from plants!
In summer some Inuit people in the Arctic live in tents
made from deer skins and whale bones.
Q
~ Some Native Americans lived
in tents called teepees. These tents
were made from animal skins.

Homes with Wheels
About 150 years ago in North America some people
lived in wagons. The wagons were pulled by oxen.
People traveled around looking for new places to live.
At night they slept in the wagon or outside on mats.
Today some groups of people still live in wagons and
travel around looking for work. Their wagons are
usually pulled by horses.
Modern wagons are called travel trailers, or caravans,
and they are usually pulled by cars.
Vacation Homes
Many people like to go camping. They sleep in tents
and cook their food outside on a fire.
Some people have two homes - one home for the winter
and one for the summer - and they move between
them. The home doesn't move, but the people do!
Some people drive motor homes, or RVs. These are
like a big car or van that you can live in. Many people
like to drive in these on vacation because they can
travel to lots of different places and see the countryside.
You don't need to sleep outside caravans or RVs. The
seats and tables change into beds at night!

, .•••••••
~ ... ~< :
Buckingham PaLace
There are lots of famous people in the world. Some
of their homes are quite famous, too. Can you think
of any famous homes in your country?
The Forbidden City
The Forbidden City in Beijing in China is a big palace.
There are palace gardens and nearly 1,000 buildings.
It is the largest ancient palace in the world. It took
15 years to build and it is surrounded by a high wall
and a moat. For 500 years it was the winter home
of the emperors of China. In summer they moved
to the summer palace 12 kilometers away. Today the
Forbidden City is a museum.
Homes for a Queen •
The Queen of the United IZingdom has two homes.
When she is in London she lives in Buckingham
Palace. Part of the palace is now an art gallery and
you can also visit the gardens.
The Queen's main home is Windsor Castle. It is one of
the largest castles in the world. Many kings and queens
are buried here. In November 1992 there was a big fire
at the castle. It took 15 hours and a lot of water to put
out the fire. The fire destroyed a big part of the castle,
but most of it has been built again.
I
Windsor Castle

The White House
The White House is in the USA. It is the home of the
American president. The first White House was built
in 1800, and 43 presidents have lived here - that's
all the presidents except for the first president,
George Washington. About 5,000 people visit the
White House every day!
Topkapi Palace •
Topkapi Palace is in Istanbul in Turkey. It was the
home of the sultans. Up to 4,000 people lived in the
palace. There were schools, shops, libraries, gardens,
and other buildings, so the people who lived there
never had to go out! Some parts of the palace were
destroyed by fires and earthquakes, but you can
visit the other parts because there is a museum.
The White House today has:
147 windows 1 bowling alley
132 rooms 28 fireplaces 1 movie theater
412 doors 35 bathrooms 1 jogging track
3 elevators 1 tennis court 1 swimming pool
iii ,
. ,~ .. Go to pages 44- 45 for activities .
•' . ' . ' . , i1 ..__!:._E!....I___ ~-=.

Most homes around the world have four walls and a
roof and they are built with bricks, stone, mud, wood,
or concrete. Some people live in more unusual places.
Would you like to live in any of these homes?
Rock Homes
Some people still live in caves! The strong rock walls
protect them from all types of weather. Cave homes
can be very comfortable today, and they usually have
windows and electricity.
Almost half of the people who live in Guadix in Spain
live underground in caves. Many of the homes have
chimneys, but these aren't to let smoke out - they are
to let air in! These homes have water and electricity,
and many have televisions and Internet connections.
Unusual Materials
Some people make homes out of unusual materials.
The house above is in New Mexico in the USA. Its
walls are made of mud, car tires, and cans! The people
who live here didn't use these materials because they
had nothing else to use - they wanted their house to
look different!
The woman below lives in EI Salvador in Central
America. She built her house from plastic bottles
because she didn't have enough money for bricks! It
took nearly two months to collect all the bottles and
three months to build the house.

Unusual Shapes
Some people live in homes that
are unusual shapes. Sometimes
their homes look like other
things. Sometimes there is a
reason for the unusual shape.
This house in Japan looks like
a diamond, and it has a parking
space for the car!
The first people who came to live
in Toraja in Indonesia came in boats.
There is a story that a big storm damaged
their boats so they couldn't float. The people
then used the boats as roofs for their houses. Now
they still build houses with roofs shaped like boats!
Designer Homes
Architects sometimes
design homes to look
different. Sometimes they
copy things from nature.
Can you think of any
famous architects? What
famous designer homes are
there in your country?
The house on the right is in
Spain. It was designed by
Antonio Gaudi.
The house below is in the USA. It was
designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and is built over
a waterfall. You can hear the waterfall from every room!

I .... r
..,...
Some people in the world Live alone. Other people Live
with their families, other families, or with friends.
Who Lives with you?
family Homes
In big towns each family often has its own small home,
but in many places in the world lots of generations of a
family often live together. This can be helpful because
the grandparents can look after the children while the
parents work. Sometimes lots of different families live
together in the same building, but on different floors.
The people who live in this house in Mexico use
ladders to get between floors. On summer nights they
often sleep on the roof like the Ancient Egyptians did.
It's cool and it doesn't rain very often.
Community
Homes
This house is in
China. It's called
a tulou. It's a big
round house, three
or four floors high,
and it's made of
mud. There is only one
door and all the main
windows are inside so it is
well protected. Lots of families
live here, sometimes up to 800 people!
Each family has two or three rooms. The house
is plain on the outside, but the inside is often
brightly decorated.
The Yanomami people live in the Amazon rainforest
in South America. In each village, everybody lives
together in a big round home called
a yano. It's built with wooden
poles and a thatched roof
made from leaves. There
aren't any walls. Up to
400 people live here.
Each family has its
own area where they
have hammocks to
sleep in.

Other Homes
In Europe, North America, and Australia most people
live in homes built for one family. Old people often live
in a separate home. Sometimes they live near their
families, but sometimes they are far away. Some old
people live in an old people's home with lots of other
people. They can talk, play games, and keep each other
company when they can't see their families.
living without a -Home
Some people's homes are destroyed by hurricanes,
earthquakes, floods, or wars. People then live together
in refugee camps and they all try to help each other.
Sometimes people have to live here for many years.
Children with no parents are called orphans. If they
have no other family to look after them, they can live
together in a big home called an orphanage.

PlJ6gNI •••
About 100 years ago we didn't have flushing toilets,
stoves, or central heating. What will we have in our
homes in another 100 years?
EcoHomes
People are damaging the environment by using too
much coal, oil, and gas for energy. Maybe in the
future all homes will be more environmentally friendly
and will use clean energy from the sun and the wind.
We can save energy with homes that are insulated to
stop energy escaping through roofs, doors, or windows.
The house below is made of straw inside. It's warm
and environmentally friendly.
These houses in Iceland have roofs covered in grass
because grass is a good insulator.
Homes that Protect Us
Our climates are changing and there are more and
more hurricanes and floods. How can we protect
our homes?
Some new homes have walls made of steel and concrete.
They won't fall down in a hurricane. Architects are also
designing homes for the future that will float. Scientists
are investigating new waterproof materials for homes.
People living in brick houses can die in earthquakes
if the houses fall on them. New homes made from
cement and foam won't fall down in an earthquake
because they are light. They are cheap to make and
environmentally friendly.

?
Maybe in the future, homes will look quite different
from what we see today. What materials do you think
we will use to build homes? What shapes will they be?
Maybe our homes will make all their own energy.
Maybe they will be made of recycled materials.
Maybe we will all live in outer space! What do you think?
The International Space Station is like a home in space.
It was built in 1998. Astronauts from 16 countries have
lived there since it was built.
Hi
In the future what technology will homes have?
Scientists say that we will be able to use one computer
to watch television, look at the Internet, turn the lights
on and off, and tell us if there's a burglar in the house!
They say that lights will turn on when we walk into a
room, and refrigerators will tell us when food is bad to
eat! We will be able to talk to other people through an
electronic screen and see who's at the front door on
our television!
Astronauts are investigating
living in space. What do you
think a space home will be like?

Homes in the Past
+ Read pages 4-7.
1 Write the words.
mud house wooden house St&iI~ hOuse
castle cave straw house
3 Write true or false.
1 Cave homes had windows.
2 In summer cave people slept outside.
3 The Incas built houses with stone.
4 Ancient Greek houses were built on a platform.
5 Ancient Egyptian houses had thatched roofs.
6 Ancient Chinese houses had plumbing.
4 Match. Then write the sentences in order.
fa' t
1 stone. house. 2 ____ _
3 ____ _
4 _____ 5 _____
6 _____
Write the numbers.
5,000 3,400 58, S0 2,400 2,000
1 About 50.000 years ago people lived in caves.
2 The Ancient Egyptians built mud houses about ___
years ago.
3 Chinese people built wooden houses about ___
years ago.
4 About ___ years ago the Ancient Greeks built stone
houses.
5 About ___ years ago some Roman houses had heating.
(TI Leave holes for windows
and doors.
0 Build a wall. c
0 Put the mixture into molds. ~~
0
0
0
Leave the molds in the sun.
Put wet mud on the wall.
Mix mud and straw.
How to make bricks from mud and straw:
1 Miy. mud and stra\ll.
2
3
V
4 ____________________ ___
5 ____________________ ___
6 ____________________ ___

Homes Today
+ Read pages 8-11.
1 Write the words. Then compLete the diagram.
terraced houses skyscraper bungalow
detached house cottage
1 an old building with a thatched roof
2 houses built together in a row
3 a very tall building
4 a detached house with rooms on one floor
5 a house with space all around it
City
City and Country
bun9a\o~
2 Write true or false.
1 Houses in a row are called apartments.
2 People without homes are called homeless.
3 Poor people live in mansions.
4 Bungalows are all on one floor.
5 Homes in the city often have gardens.
6 Terraced houses have space all around.
7 Cottages have thatched roofs.
8 Rich people live in shanty towns.
Write sentences with these words.
rich terraced country detached skyscrapers
1 Houses in a ro~ are loaUed
2 ____________________________________ ___
3
4 ____________________________________ ___
5 ____________________________________ ___
4 Where do you live? Write about your home.
Country

Different Climates
+ Read pages 12- 15.
1 Write the words. Then color the map.
temperate tropicaL p-MM desert mountainous
3 Complete the chart.
+tet wet coLd windy sunny mild snowy icy dry
PoLar TropicaL Desert Temperate
hot hot
Climates
3 ___ _ =.
=. 2 ___
1 po\ar
4
__ _ = 5 ___ _
4 Complete the sentences. Then write sentences for the
extra words.
flM stone coLd wet snow mild
underground floods chaLet stilts
1 In hot pLaces peopLe sometimes live underground .
2 IgLoos are made of ___ _
3 In temperate climates the weather is _ ___
4 Homes in the mountains are often made of _ ___
5 In hot deserts it is ______ at night.
6 In tropicaL climates it is hot and ____ _
7 There are often _____ in tropicaL climates.
8 In some deserts peopLe buiLd their homes ____
9 ______________________
2 Where do you live? Draw * and write the country on
the map.
10

Homes that Move
.. Read pages 16-19.
1 Write boat, wagon, or tent.
1 a home that floats boat
2 a home on wheels
3 a home that's made from animal skins
4 travelers live in this
5 nomads live in this
6 a car or a horse can pull this
7 a home on a canal
2 Circle the correct words.
3 Order the words.
1 made f are / Teepees / skins. / from / animal
Te.e.pe.e.s are. made. from animal s~ins.
2 shops. / houseboats / are / floating / Some
3 thin. / long / boats / and / are / Canal
4 by / Wagons / pulled / oxen. / were
5 to / people / like / Many / go / camping.
6 people / make / The / Uros / houses. / floating
4 Answer the questions.
1 Why do nomads move their homes?
1 wagon / tent 2 motor home / wagon
2 Why are canal boats long and thin?
3 What are wagons pulled by today?
4 What do people do when they go camping?
3 canal boat / houseboat 4 wagon / motor home

famous Homes
3 Write'/ or )(. Then write sentences.
+ Read pages 20-23. Buckingham The White Topkapi
Palace House Palace
2 Match. Then write sentences.
The Queen of the United Kingdom
the USA.
In November 1992 there was \ is in Beijing.
The White House is in
has two homes.
The
Forbidden
City
high walls
X X X ./
gardens
museum
art gallery
moat
movie
theater
flag
swimming
pool
1 1he Forbidden C.it1 has high 'IIa\\s.
43 presidents have lived 15 years to build. 2 ________________________________ ___
The Forbidden City
The Forbidden City took
a fire at Windsor Castle.
in the White House.
1 The Queen of the United Kingdom has t'110 homes.
2 ______________________________________ _
3 ____________________________________ ___
4 ____________________________________ ___
5 ____________________________________ ___
6 ____________________________________ ___
3 ________________________________ ___
4 ________________________________ ___
5 ________________________________ ___
6 ________________________________ ___
7 __________________________________ _
8

Unusual Homes
3 Find and write the words.
1 four things that cave homes have today
.. Read pages 24-27.
1
Complete the chart.
mt:t6 Natural Man-Made
concrete
wood
mud
glass
stone
bottles
cans
plastic
bricks
2 four unusual building materials
3 two famous architects
4 four countries
2
Correct the sentences.
1 Cave homes today are very€ comfortable)
C-ave. home.s toda~ are. ve.r~ £.omfortab\e..
2 The cave homes in Guadix have chimneys to let smoke out.
4 Which unusual home do you prefer? Why?
3 Cave homes today don't have I nternet connections.
4 The Toraja houses have roofs shaped like cars.
5 Architects sometimes copy things from books.
l
•

Homes for Everyone
+ Read pages 28-31.
1 Write the words.
refugee camp orphanage tulou oLd peopLe's home
1 This is a home for chiLdren with no parents. ------
2 OLd peopLe can live together here. ________
3 PeopLe can live here when their homes are destroyed.
4 This is a big round house. ________
2 Order the words.
1 live / oLd / Some / peopLe / families. / their / near
3 Write the numbers.
800 400 3 or 4 2 or 3 0 1
1 The number of rooms each family has in a tulou is ___
2 Up to peopLe live in a tulou.
3 Up to peopLe live in a yano.
4 The number of floors in a tulou is
5 The number of doors on a tulou is
6 The number of walls on a yano is
4 Answer the questions.
1 Where can peopLe who have Lost their home live?
2 What can oLd peopLe do in an oLd peopLe's home?
2 tulou / mud. / A / made / is / of
3 Why is it heLpfuL for grandparents to live with families?
3 doesn't / any / yano / have / waLLs. / A
4 What is the roof of a yano made from?
4 orphans. / parents / with / called / ChiLdren / are / no
5 Where do peopLe sLeep in a yano?
5 destroyed / Some / are / homes / peopLe's / floods. / by
6 What is an orphanage?
~
.
6 live / million / in / 12 / About / camps. / peopLe / refugee
~ .

Future Homes
2 Circle the correct words.
1 Architects have designed houses that will fly / float.
.. Read pages 32-35.
1 Complete the puzzle. Then write the secret word.
1 Straw houses are environmentaLLy _.
2 Clean energy comes from the _ .
3 In the future we will see who is at our door on our
4 Our _ wiLL teLL us when our food is bad.
5 Scientists are investigating _ materials.
6 Houses made from steel and _ won't faLL down in a hurricane.
7 We can save _ by insulating our homes.
8 Using too much coal, oil, and gas _ our environment.
9 Maybe in the future we wiLL live in _!
10 Clean energy also comes from the .
11 In the future a _ wiLL teLL us if there's a burglar in the house.
1~ 1 f r i e- n d \ 'f
2~
3 ~ I I
4~
5 ~ I I
6~
I
2 Using coaL is bad / good for the environment.
3 Clean energy comes from the sun and the windows / wind.
4 Straw houses are coLd / warm.
5 Foam / Brick houses can fall down in earthquakes.
6 Foam houses are expensive / cheap to make.
3 Write about homes in the future. What will they look
like? What will they be made of?
8~
9 ~ I I
10~
11~
I I I
7~
The secret wo rd is :1 L.. ----'_...1...---L..----'-...1....---L---1-...1....--L---1--.J
-'--~~-~-"j

A Homes Survey
1 Draw a pLan of your home and your street.
2 Do a survey of homes in your area.
How many different types are there?
What are they made of? How oLd are they?
I---
~
What type of
What's it made of? How oLd is it?
home is it? -
An Unusual Home
1 Design an unusuaL home. First make notes.
,\\\,\,\"\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\,\
What shape is it?
What is it made of?
-
-
Does it have stairs, windows, doors, waLLs, a roof?
~ -
How many rooms does it have?
What are the rooms used for?
How is it decorated?
Why is it unusuaL?
3 Make a summary to show your resuLts. DispLay your resuLts.
Draw your home and write about it. DispLay your design.

Glossary
air conditioning something that cools the
air in a building
alone without any other people
ancient from thousands of years in the past
art gallery a museum for art
avalanche a lot of snow that falls down a
mountain
block something that is a rectangle with
flat sides
bone the hard part of a skeleton
brick a man-made building material that is
a rectangle with flat sides
bright strong and easy to see (for colors)
burglar someone who steals things
bury to put a dead person into the ground
canal it is man -made and like a river
cardboard very thick paper; boxes are
made of this
carry to take something to another place
cement a building material that sticks
bricks together
central heating it keeps your house warm
with hot air or water in pipes
cheap not expensive
chimney it's on the roof of a building;
smoke goes through it
climate the type of weather in a country
coal old wood that you burn to make fire
comfortable nice to be in, for example, soft
beds or chairs
community all the people who live in a
particular place
concrete a building material made of
cement, sand, stones, and water
countryside the land outside a town or city
damage to make something bad or weak
decorate to make something look nice; to
put things on it
Here are some words used in this book, and you can check
what they mean. Use a dictionary to check other new words.
deer a wild animal
destroy to damage something very badly
die to stop living
dig to make a hole in the ground
earthquake when the ground shakes
electricity a type of energy
elevator (or lift) it carries people up and
down a building
emperor a king
energy we need energy to move and grow,
and machines need energy to work
environmentally friendly being kind to the
environment
escape to get away from something
fabric a soft material
famous known by many people
fire this is produced when something burns;
it's very hot
fireplace the place where you make a fire
in a house
flag a piece of material with a special
design for a country
float to stay on the top of water
flood when there is a lot of water where it
is usually dry
foam a soft, light building material
forest a place with a lot of trees
fresh not old (for food )
fridge a machine that keeps food cold
furniture things in a house, for example, a
sofa or a bed
gas it's not a solid or a liquid; it's used for
cooking
generation grandparents, parents, and
children are different generations of a
family
glass a hard material; you can make
windows and bottles with it
grass a green plant
hammock a type of bed
heat something that is hot; to make
something hot
hole a space in something
homeless when you don't have a home
hurricane a very strong wind
industry the production of things,
especially from factories
insect a very small animal with six legs
insulate to use a material to keep
something warm
investigate to find out about something
island a piece of land with water all around
keep company to be with somebody so
they are not alone
keep in to stop something going out
keep out to stop something gOing in
lake a big area of water
land the part of Earth that is not water
lower the bottom part
main the largest or most important
man-made made by people; not natural
mat a small, thin piece of material that you
put on the floor
material what things are made of
meal breakfast, lunch, and dinner are meals
metal it's hard and made from minerals
moat the water that goes around a castle
mold (or mould) you put mud and straw
into it to make a brick
mud wet soil
narrow thin
natural comes from nature; not made by
people
nature all plants, animals, and things that
are not made by people
oil a liquid from plants or animals that we
use for cooking
outer space where the moon and stars are
ox (plural oxen) an animal like a cow
past many years ago
plain not decorated
plastic a hard, man -made material
platform a flat area higher than the ground
plumbing the pipes that carry water to homes
pole a thick, circular piece of wood
poor not rich
protect to stop something being damaged
provide to give
recycle to use again
rock a very hard, natural material
roof the top part of a building
row objects in a line
RV a recreational vehicle
screen the front of a computer or television
seat something to sit on
shade somewhere not sunny
shutter you put it on the outside of a window
skin the part of an animal that covers the
outside of the body
sloping not flat
smoke it comes from a fire
snake an animal with a thin body and no
legs
space an area where there is nothing (see
also outer space)
steel a strong, hard metal
stilts wooden poles
stone a very hard, natural material
storm bad weather; lots of wind and rain
stuck held together
sultan a king
surround to be all around something
technology the design of new machines
thatched grass or plants tied together to
make a roof
tile a small piece of hard material used to
make a roof
tire (ortyre) the thick, soft ring on a wheel
upper the top part
war when people or countries fight
waterproof can keep water out
wheel a round object that makes cars and
bicycles move

Series Editor: Hazel Geatches • CUL Adviser: John Clegg
Oxford Read and Discover graded readers are at four levels, from
3 to 6, suitable for students from age 8 and older. They cover many
topics within three subject areas, and can support English across the
curriculum, or Content and Language Integrated Learning (CULl.
Available for each reader:
• Activity Book
• Audio CD Pack (book & audio CD)
For Teacher's Notes & CUL Guidance go to
www.oup.com/ elt/ teacher/ readanddiscover
~
Area
Level
The World of Science The Natural
& Technology
World
• Super Structures
• Amazing Minibeasts
• Your Five Senses • WonderfuL Water
600 • How We Make Products • ALL About Rainforest Life
headwords • Sound and Music • Animals In the Air
0
• ALL About PLants
• ALL About Ocean Life
• Machines Then and Now • IncredibLe Earth
750 • Keeping Fit and HeaLthy • ALL About Desert Life
headwords • Recycle, Recycle, Recycle • AnimaLs In the Night
• Transportation Then • Great Migrations
and Now
• Exploring Our World
900 • WiLd Weather
headwords • MateriaLs To Products • AnimaL Life Cycles
• Medicine Then and Now • Life On Islands
0
• CLothes Then and Now • ALL About Space
• Your Amazing Body • Caring For Our PLanet
1,050 • Cells and Microbes • Earth Then and Now
\. headwords • Incredible Energy • Wonderful Ecosystems
The World of Arts
& Social Studies
• Free Time Around
the WorLd
• Festivals Around
the World
• Wonders
Of the Past
• Animals In Art
• Homes Around
the World
• Our World In Art
• Food Around
the WorLd
• Helping Around
the World
I'
Oxford Read and Discover readers shown in GRAY available early 2011.
For younger students, Dolphin Readers Levels Starter, 1, and 2 are available.

Materials
To Products
Alex Raynham
Read and discover all about the materials
that people use to make products ...
• How is glass made?
• What are microchips?
Read and discover more about the world!
This series of non-fiction readers provides
interesting and educational content, with
activities and project work.
Series Editor: Hazel Geatches
~ Audio CD Pack available
Word count for this reader: 3,437
level 3
600 headwords
V fib level 5
"W 900 headwords
level 4 level 6
750 headwords 1,050 headwords
Cover photograph_ Photolibrary (Iron and Steel Factory/ Yang l lu Redlink - As ian P
ISB N 978-0-1 9 -1/, 1',11
9 78019 4 (, 1' 01/ I
• • • I.!::==:!I......:..--:""':""'"

fro P~odu~ts
ALex Raynham
Introduction 3
1 The First MateriaLs 4
2 Rocks and MineraLs 8
3 GLass and Concrete 12
4 MateriaLs That We Grow 16
5 IncredibLe OiL 20
6 New MateriaLs 24
7 Finding MateriaLs 28
8 In the Future 32
Activities 36
Projects 52
GLossary 54
About Read and Discover 56
OXFORD
UN IVERS I TY P RESS

OXFORD
U N IVI' ltS I I Y PIU- SS
Great C1ill'l'ndo n Sl n .'l.'!, O x l()I"d ox :! 61)1'
Oxford LJ ni vl'l's il Y Press is ;1 dcp;lrlllH.·nt oft h

A very long time ago, people didn't build homes.
They slept in forests and caves, hunted animals, and
collected fruit. They also made things from materials
that they found around them. What did they make,
and what materials did they use?
n
People made the first tools from a stone called flint.
They used the flints in their hands or they fixed them
to pieces of wood or animal bones. People used flint
tools to cut wood and to hunt animals. In cold countries,
they used animal fur to make clothes and shoes.
Wood an Plants
People used wood and plants to make shelters -
simple places to sleep in. They cut wood from trees
to make the shape of the shelter. Then they used
other plants to make the roof and the walls. Some
people still make homes like this today.
People used grass to make threads. They pushed
threads over and under other threads to make
clothes and beds. This is called weaving. They also
made baskets by weaving thin sticks. Baskets are
great for carrying food and catching fish.
People make lots
of things from grass and
sticks, like this basket
boat from Vietnam.

A Bronze Weapon from China
Br n e an I 0
Some rocks have metals in them. About 8,500 years
ago, people discovered how to use a process called
smelting to get metals out of rocks. The first metals,
like gold, were very soft. Then people mixed two
metals together to make a hard metal called bronze.
They used bronze to make tools and weapons. Later,
they used another metal called iron.
C ay
About 10,000 years ago, people mixed sand and grass
with a type of soil called clay to make a material called
adobe. They put the adobe into molds and left it to
dry. Adobe becomes very hard in the sun. People used
adobe bricks to build the first houses. In many hot
countries, people still build adobe houses today.
People also learned how to make shapes from clay.
They put the clay shapes into a fire to make pottery.
Pottery can hold water so it's great for cooking and
keeping food .
Stone
About 5,000 years ago, people started to live in big
towns. They built stone walls around their towns.
They also used stone to make buildings like temples
and palaces. Stone is waterproof, and much stronger
than adobe.
The Great Pyramid
at Giza in Egypt is about
4,500 years old. To build it,
people used about 5 million
metric tons of stone.

The ground is made of rocks. In rocks there are
chemicals called minerals that make the rocks different
colors. What do people use rocks and minerals for?
n
Stone comes from rocks. About 600 years ago, the
Inca people built their cities from stone. They used
triangles of wood called wedges to break rocks into
huge pieces of stone. Hundreds of people used long,
round pieces of wood to move the stone.
G
For thousands of years people
have collected pretty stones
called gems. Gems are minerals,
and they can be many different
colors - rubies are red, and emeralds are
green. Some gems, like diamonds, are transparent -
they don't have any col or. The prettiest gems are very
expensive. People make beautiful jewelry from gems
and metals. In the past, artists used some gems to
make colors for paints.
er stals
Some gems, like diamonds, are also crystals. Crystals
are made of stones that always have a regular shape.
Some crystals are transparent. Some are very big, like
these huge crystals in Mexico.
• ~ To build the Inca city of Sacsahuaman,
people moved huge pieces of stone to the
top of a hill. Some pieces were more than
50 metric tons!
....,~~rl.~

Ores are rocks that have minerals in them, like
metals. Metal ores are a mixture of metals and
other chemicals. People get metals from ores by
using a process called smelting.
During iron smelting, people put iron ore, a chemical
called carbon, and a stone called limestone into a very
hot place called a blast furnace. At 2,000 degrees
centigrade, the carbon and limestone take the other
chemicals from the ore, and iron is made. The iron
is a hot liquid, and it becomes hard when it cools.
People made iron tools for hundreds of years.
Today, people mix liquid iron with other chemicals
to make a stronger metal called steel.
People make things from lots of different metals, but
many things are made of steel, aluminum, and copper.
Steel is very strong, so people use it to build cars and
very tall buildings called skyscrapers. Aluminum is
strong, too, and it's lighter than steel. People use it to
make things like drinks cans and planes. Copper is a
soft metal. Electricity can go through copper easily,
so people use it to make electrical parts.
People can use copper to
make statues. There are more
than 80 metric tons of copper in
the Statue of Liberty in New York.
Go to pages 38-39 for activities.

Tiny pieces of materials are called grains. People can
make a lot of things from grains of rock, soil, or sand.
For example, they can make glass and concrete.
Glas
The grains of sand on many beaches are made of a
mineral called silica. To make glass, people put silica
and other chemicals into a furnace. At 1,500 degrees
centigrade, the mixture becomes hot, liquid glass. In
the past, people called glass blowers blew air through
a long, metal tube into the liquid glass to make glass
things. Today most glass is made by machines, but
some people still blow glass. They mix colors with
glass to make beautiful things.
From about 1900, people invented new ways to make
things like flat, glass windows. Today there are lots of
types of glass. The glass in some sunglasses becomes
darker in the sun, and lighter in a room. Some glass is
very strong. At the Grand Canyon Skywalk in Arizona
in the USA you can walk on glass!
Long, thin fibers of glass are called fiberglass. People
can mix fiberglass with plastic to make things like
boats. Fiberglass is good for insulating things - hot
and cold don't go through fiberglass. People use it
in special clothes for very hot or cold places.

Concrete
Cement is a material that's made by heating grains
of rock and clay. When people mix cement with water,
sand, and stones, it becomes a liquid called concrete.
After a few hours, crystals grow inside the concrete
and it becomes a solid material.
About 2,000 years ago, the Ancient Romans used
concrete to make beautiful buildings, like the
Pantheon - the dome is made of concrete.
Later, people forgot how to make
concrete for more than 1,000 years!
Modern concrete was invented in
1756. Today, it's the world's most
important building material.
Concrete becomes hard very
quickly, so machines only make
the concrete when people need it.
To make concrete stronger, people put long pieces
of steel in it. This is called reinforced concrete.
Many of the world's tallest skyscrapers are
made of reinforced concrete. Huge machines
called pumps move liquid concrete
hundreds of meters above the ground.
Today, there are many different types
of concrete. Waterproof concrete is
great for building bridges. Another
type of concrete has materials in
it that take dangerous chemicals
from the air. In the future, this
will help to make
cities cleaner.
becomes transparent.

Farmers grow plants and raise farm animals to collect
materials from them. People even grow materials in
the ocean. What do we produce from these materials?
t n
Cotton comes from the flowers of the cotton plant.
Farmers grow the plants and collect round pieces of
cotton from them. People use machines to wash the
cotton and to pull it into long strings called fibers.
Then machines spin the fibers into cotton threads.
Other machines weave cotton threads into fabric.
People use the fabric to make lots of things, like
clothes and curtains. People can use special colors
called dyes to make the fabric different colors.
w
Wool comes from sheep and other animals. Sheep
grow a coat of wool to keep them warm. Once a year,
farmers cut the wool off the sheep. This is called
shearing. Farmers can collect the wool from hundreds
of sheep in one day!
People pull wool into fibers and spin it. This usually
happens in factories, but some people still spin wool
at home. Wool is very soft and warm, so it's great for
from animals like llamas,
goats, and rabbits.

P rls
Oysters are animals that live
in the ocean. Oysters produce
beautiful pearls when things
like grains of sand get into their
shell. In the past, people collected
and destroyed hundreds of oysters to
find one pearl. Now we grow pearls by
putting small pieces of shell inside the oyster's shell.
People made the first paper from small plants, but
now they make most paper from trees. At a factory,
people mix small pieces of wood with chemicals and
water to make a liquid called pulp. Later, machines
make the pulp flat, then they heat it to make it dry.
Then, long pieces of paper come out of a machine
and go onto a roll.
We print on paper to make books, and we fix paper
together to produce cardboard, for making boxes. We
should not waste paper because we cut down trees to
make it, and it's bad to cut down too many trees. We
can reuse old paper to make new things, for example,
newspapers or even materials for building things.
Natural rubber comes from
rubber trees. When farmers
cut the tree, it produces
liquid rubber. People mix
rubber with chemicals to
make things like waterproof
boots and tires. Many
rubber products are made
from synthetic rubber that
comes from chemicals, but
natural rubber is better for
our world.
About 3,500 years ago, t he Mayan people of Central
America played sport with natural rubber balls!
Go to pages 42-43 for activities.

Sneakers, plastic toys, plastic shopping bags, and lots of
other things are made from chemicals that come from
oiL. How are they made, and where does oil come from?
n~
Oil is made from tiny plants and animals that lived in
the seas and oceans millions of years ago. After they
died, the sand above them slowly became rock. The
rock and heat under the ground changed them into
a black liquid called oil, and a gas called natural gas.
-- -
- - -
It takes millions of years to make oiL but we
are using it very fast. In a hundred years, there
won't be any oil if we don't use it more slowly.
i@Bi
We can't use oil from the ground because it's a mixture
of different chemicals. At an oil refinery, people heat
oil until the different chemicals in the oil become a
gas. These chemicals become liquids again at different
temperatures, so people can collect different chemicals
when the gas cools. Then people can use them.
People use some chemicals from oil to burn as fuels ,
like gasoline for cars. Other chemicals are made into
new chemicals called petrochemicals. We use
petrochemicals to make lots of different products. For
example, petrochemical fertilizers help plants to grow,
petrochemical detergents clean things, and cosmetics
make your skin look nice. We use a lot of oi l when w .
make these things.

s
Plastics are materials that people make from chemicals.
Most plastics are made from petrochemicals from oil.
Some plastic objects are hard, but others are soft.
Some plastics are fibers or liquids. People use plastics
to make lots of different products.
We can put hot, liquid plastics into a mold. The plastic
cools and becomes an object with the same shape as
the mold. This is how we make toys and plastic bottles.
Plastic shopping bags are made from a plastic called
polythene. People throwaway a lot of polythene waste.
That's bad because scientists think it could take
hundreds of years for polythene to decompose!
Nyon
Nylon is a soft plastic.
It was invented in 1935.
We can put nylon into
molds to make sneakers.
We make fibers out of
nylon, too. People weave
them with cotton or wool
to make different types
of clothes. Nylon fibers
are very strong, so we use
nylon to make parachutes.
Ac ylic
People use a type of
plastic called acrylic to
make paints. When acrylic
paints are wet, you can
mix them with water.
When they're dry, they
become waterproof.
We use acrylic for lots
of other things, like the
windows in planes and
the fur on teddy bears.
Go to pages 44- 45 for activities.

People are making new materials aLL the time. We use
them to make bigger planes, warmer clothes, thinner
televisions, and products that are better for our world.
Fi
Fiber-optic cables are long, plastic tubes with transparent
fibers inside. The fibers are made of glass or plastic, and
light can travel through them. We use fiber-optic cables
to send signals like television pictures and phone calls
around the world. Doctors use fib er-optic cables with
cameras to look inside people's bodies.
Microchips are electrical parts that control computers.
People make them from silicon, a material that we get
from silica, in sand. To make microchips, machines use
chemicals to put tiny electrical parts onto pieces of
silicon. When computers work, electricity goes through
these parts.
Before microchips, electrical parts were very big.
The first computers were as big as a room! Modern
computers are very small because we can put millions
of electrical parts onto one microchip. Microchips are
used in cars, televisions, washing machines, and many
other things that we use every day.
Cyt
Liquid crystals are like liquids, but electricity makes
the minerals inside them move. This makes the liquid
crystals change col or. People use liquid crystals to make
pictures on LeD televisions and computer screens.
~ Liquid crystal glass is transparent
when electricity goes through
the glass. When you turn off the
electricity, you can't see through it!

ials
Materials have different properties, like being
strong or transparent. Composite materials are
made by weaving, using molds, or fixing two
materials together. They have the best properties
of both materials. Composite materials are very
light and very strong, so we use them to make
things like fishing rods, tennis rackets, and planes.
Some composite materials are made of plastic, glass,
or metal fibers. You can weave them into special
clothes. Some of these clothes are stronger than
steel. They protect police officers from people with
weapons, and they protect firefighters from fires.
Aer gel
Aerogels are made from chemicals like silica and
carbon. Silica aerogel is the lightest material in the
world. It's difficult to see because it's 99.8% air! Hot
and cold don't go through aerogel, so people use it to
insulate things like windows, machines, and special
clothes for astronauts.
atf' .
It's bad for our world to throwaway too many things.
This uses energy and materials, and produces waste.
It's good to recycle as much waste as possible. Then
in factories, people can make new materials from
these recycled materials. We use new materials made
from recycled plastic inside cars because these
materials are light and strong.
Go to pages 46-47 for activities.

It can be very difficult to find materials, and many of
them come from under the ground or underwater.
How do we find and collect these materials?
We find different minerals
in different types of rock.
People called geologists
study different rocks to
find minerals in them.
They also study rivers
and oceans to see what
minerals are in the water.
Other scientists use
machines to measure how
electricity and radio signals
go through different rocks
in the ground. They also
use trucks that hit the
ground, and then machines
measure how the ground
moves. This tells them
about the rocks and
minerals under the ground.
ound
Machines called drills make holes in the ground and
collect small pieces of rock. Geologists study this rock
to look for minerals. People also use drills to take oil
from the ground. They make holes called oil wells, and
they use pumps to take liquid oil from the ground.
People use oil platforms to get oil from under the
ocean. Some platforms stand on big legs under the
water. It's difficult to get the oil because the water is
very deep and the weather can be bad, too.
The Petronius oil
platform between Mexico
and the USA is 609 meters
tall. and 435 meters of it
is under the water!

M" s
Coal is a black mineral that people burn for heat in
homes or factories. People dig mines to get coal and
other minerals like gold and diamonds.
Opencast mines are big holes in the ground. Huge
digging machines take the rock from the mines.
Sometimes, people use dangerous chemicals called
explosives to break the rocks.
Underground mines have tunnels deep under the
ground. Miners work in the tunnels and cut the rock.
It's very dangerous work because rocks can fall, and
water or gas can get into the tunnels.
r nd
i I
Salt is a mineral that we use for cooking and lots of
other things. People can get salt by putting sea water
into pools. When it's sunny, the water evaporates, but
the salt stays in the pool. Later, people collect the salt.
In some places there
are gems or minerals
in the soil. People use
water to get them out
of the soil.
To find gold, people
put soil into a round
object called a pan.
When they wash the
pan with water, the
grains of gold go to
the bottom of the pan.

PHILlPS
We are inventing new materials and new ways to use
old materials all the time. What type of materials will
we use in the future? What products will we make from
them? What do you think?
All chemicals are made of tiny things called atoms.
Now, scientists are making materials from tiny tubes,
fibers, or balls of atoms. They are called nanomaterials.
People will use nanomaterials to make computer parts
and tiny machines called nanobots.
Nanobots will be smaller than grains of sand, but
computers will control them. We will use them to build
things and clean our cities. Maybe doctors will put
nanobots inside sick people to repair their body.
Electronic fabric feels like normal fabric, but it has
electrical parts and threads. Today some clothes have
MP3 players in them. In the future, clothes will have
phones or computers in them. They'll have screens on
the arms for using the Internet.
Some types of electronic fabric will have fiber-optic
threads or liquid crystals that can change col or.
Imagine you're wearing a nice jacket, but it isn't the
right color for your shoes. No problem - you'll push
the buttons on your jacket and change the color.
Today, all football teams wear adverts on their shirts.
In the future, the adverts will probably change during
the match!

The first people used materials like grass, rocks, and
fur. Then, people learned how to make products from
new materials like metals and glass. Later, people
invented computers.
In the future, the properties of materials will be
different, and they will help people to make amazing,
new products. Maybe furniture will change color, and
maybe our carpets and windows will produce
electricity. When we tear our jeans, maybe nanobots
in the fabric will repair the hole. Maybe televisions
will be as thin as paper.
The first people hunted animals and lived in caves.
Then, adobe bricks and metal tools changed the
world - they helped people to build farms and to live
together in cities. The materials and products of the
future will change our world again.
ec
It's bad for our world to make too many materials like
petrochemicals and metals because this produces
waste and dangerous chemicals. In the future, we will
grow more objects from living things like trees. Today,
people grow objects like garden furniture from living
trees. In the future, people will grow modern and
comfortable homes from living things!

The first Materials
.. Read pages 4-7.
1 Write the words.
3 Find and write the words from pages 4-7.
1 two th i ngs that people made out of stone
temp\es
2 two things that you can make by weaving
stone wood fl-o-f'rc
fur grass metal
I
3 two things that you can make with clay
4 a soft metal and a hard metal
1 bone 2 _ ___ _ 3
~
~
4 5 ____ _ 6
4 Answer the questions.
1 What did early people use to make clothes?
The,! used anima\ fur and 9rass to ma\(e dothes.
2 What did they eat?
2 Complete the sentences.
weaving shelters feJ'i-cS"t
smelting flint sticks
3 Why is clay good for cooking and keeping food?
1 There are a lot of trees in a forest .
4 When did people start to make bricks?
2 People made the first tools from a stone called ---
3 We can use wood and plants to make _ _ _ to sleep in.
4 We can make baskets by weaving thin _ _ _
5 We can make clothes by ___ threads.
6 We use a process called to get metal out of rocks.
5 How did people make bronze?
6 What did people make from bronze and iron?
G

Rocks and Minerals
Read pages 8-11.
Circle the correct words.
1 The Inca people used stones /~edg e5) to break rocks.
2 We make jewelry with gems and metals / rocks.
3 Gems / Crystals are made of stones with a regular shape.
4 Rubies / Emeralds are red.
3 Write the words.
electricity statue jewelry cans liquid mi~ia{'S
1 chemicals that you can find in rocks minerals
2 this is pretty and people wear it
3 your television uses this
4 something that moves like water
5 we put liquids in these
6 looks like a person and it's often made of metal
5 People make iron in a skyscraper / blast furnace.
6 People mix ore / steel with other chemicals to make iron.
Write iron, steel, copper, or aluminum.
4
Write true or false.
1 Today, we usually use iron to make tools. false
2 The Inca people used gems to move stones.
This metal ...
1 is very soft.
2 is made with carbon and limestone.
3 is used to make planes.
4 is in a lot of skyscrapers.
5 is used to make statues.
6 is very light.
7 is made from iron.
8 is used to make electrical parts.
copper
3 All gem stones are crystals.
4 We use copper to make electrical parts
because it's very light.
5 We can make metals from minerals in rocks.
6 Steel is a very soft metal.
Write about how we make steel. Use these words.
ore -+ carbon + limestone -+ blast furnace -+ heat -+
liquid iron -+ + more chemicals -+ steel

Glass and Concrete
Read pages 12- 15.
Complete the puzzLe.
L-~~~ __ ~~~~~~+-
1 Long, thin fibers of glass 1 ~
are called
2 Concrete with steel in it
is called concrete. 4 ~
3 A _ is a very tall
building in a city.
4 is a material made
from rock and clay.
5 We use a machine called
a _ to move liquid
concrete.
6 A _ is a tiny piece of
material.
7 _ things are not from
the past.
7~
8~
8 To _ something means to make or design something new.
Write correct sentences.
1 The sand on many beaches is made of cement.
The sand on man1 beac.hes is made. of si\ic.a.
2 Glass blowers blow water through a long, metal tube.
3 People forgot how to make glass for a long time.
4 Fiberglass is made of thin fibers of metal.
5 Concrete becomes hard when fibers grow inside it.
6 The dome of the Pantheon is made of stone.
4 Answer the questions.
1 What is special about the glass in some sunglasses?
2 Why do we use fiberglass in some clothes?
Find and write the words from pages 12-15.
1 two types of buildings
2 two things that you can put in concret e
3 a person who makes things from glass
3 What do we mix with cement to make concrete?
4 Who made the first concrete buildings?
5 When did people invent modern con crete?

Materials That We row
Read pages 16-19.
Write the words.
tire cotton curtains wool sheep boots
Complete the sentences.
1 Natural rubber comes from trees, but _ _ __ rubber
comes from chemicals. (ticthnYSe)
2 _ _ __ are animals that Live in the ocean. (terYosS)
3 We make paper from a Liquid caLLed ____ . (PlPu)
4 We use machines to wool and cotton into
- ---
threads. (n Si p )
5 are colors that you can use with fabric. (yedS)
1 2 _ _ __ _ 3
6 We use a type of paper caLLed to make boxes.
(ordacadrb)
Answer the questions.
1 What things can we make from cotton?
4 5 ___ _ _ 6
Number the sentences in order.
People use dyes to make the fabric different colors.IJ
People use machines to wash the cotton. -.J
Cotton grows on plants. CG
People make clothes with the fabric. 0
Machines puLL the cotton into fibers. 0
Farmers coLLect the cotton. 0
Machines weave threads to make fabric. 0
Machines spin the cotton fibers into threads. J
2 Why is wool great for making sweaters?
3 When do oysters make pearls?
4 What did the Mayan people use natural rubber for?
5 What materials do people grow in your country?

Incredible Oil
... Read pages 20-23.
1 Write the words.
fertilizer refinery gas fuel temperature
1 something that isn't a liquid or a solid
2 something that you burn
3 where we get different chemicals from oil
4 farmers use this to help plants to grow
5 how hot something is
2 CompLete the diagram.
detergent fertilizer paint plastic toys
nylon shirt 'p&tytr~n OOg
3 Find and write the words from pages 20-23.
1 two things that you can use to make fibers
2 two things that you can make with nylon
3 two things that you can make by putting plastic into a mold
CompLete the sentences.
1 We use gasoline to _ _ _ ___ _ ___ ___ _
2 We use a mold to _ _ ___ _ _______ _
3 Plastic bags are bad for our world because _ _ _ ___
4 Nylon is very strong. We _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ ___
5 When acrylic paints dry, _ _ _ ___ _ _____
5 Answer the questions.
1 What is oil made from?
2 How do we get different chemicals from oi l?
3 What oil products do you use every da y?
1 _po\~thene ba9
2 _____ _
3 _ _ ___ _

New Materials
Read pages 24- 27.
Complete the sentences.
screens Firefighters fishing rod
Microchips properties protect
1 We can use a _ _ ____ to catch fish.
2 ___ _ __ control computers.
3 We use liquid crystals to make pictures on television and
computer _ _ _ __ _
Complete the puzzle. Then write the secret word.
1 Computers have lots of
tiny electrical _ .
2 We use cables to
send signals.
3 You can hit a tennis ball 4 ~
with a 5 ~
4 _ control computers.
5 Liquid crystals can _ calor.
6 We can materials
and use them again.
2 ~ I
-
1~
----I
L-
:1
I I
6~
7"* I
I
3 "* 1
The secret word is:
7 comes from sand. II ]
I
4 Different materials have different ------
5 _ _ _ ___ work in very hot places.
6 Special clothes _____ _ police officers from people
with weapons.
Write correct sentences.
1 Liquid crystal glass is always transparent.
What do we use the materials for? Match.
1 silicon to look inside people's bodies
2 aerogels to make pictures on screens
3 composite materials to make tiny parts for computers
4 fiber-optic cables to build planes
5 liquid crystals to insulate things
2 Composite materials are strong and heavy.
3 Doctors use liquid crystals to look inside people's bodies.
4 Silica aerogel is made mostly of water.
Answer the questions.
1 Why do we need to invent new materials?
2 Why are computers smaller now than in the past?
3 Why do we put composite materials in clothes?

finding Minerals
+ Read pages 28-31.
1 Write the words.
pool pan mine rocks oil platform geologist
3 Match. Then write sentences.
Explosives
Coal
Radio signals
Gold
Salt
Soil
is a mineral that we burn for heat.
is a mineral that we use in cooking.
is in soil or rocks under the ground.
can have gems or minerals in it.
can travel through the ground.
are dangerous chemicals that we
use in mines.
1 2 __ _ 3
4 ____ _ 5 ____ _ 6
~
1 £~p\osives are dangerous c.hemic.a\s that we use in mines.
2
3
4
5
6
2 Complete the sentences.
coal opencast drill miners evaporates legs
1 When a liquid becomes a gas, it ____
2 You can _ ___ a hole in the ground to look for oil.
3 Some oil platforms stand on ____
4 An ____ mine isn't under the ground.
5 People burn to heat their homes.
6 Some work in tunnels under the ground.
Answer the questions.
1 How do people get oil from the ground?
2 Why is it difficult to get oil from under the ocean?
3 Why is underground mining dangerous?
4 How do people find gold?

In the future
Read pages 32- 35.
Complete the diagram.
f""ui dothes fiberglass bronze weapons concrete
nanobots electronic fabric flint tools steel
living homes petrochemicals grass clothes
fur dothes
~
The Present
..----......
/
The Future
Write living objects, electronic clothes, or nanobots.
1 They can change color.
2 They are very smaLL mach ines.
3 They are good for our world.
4 They can repair things.
5 You can use living trees to make them.
6 They have electrical parts.
7 Scientists make them from atoms.
Answer the questions.
1 Why are petrochemicals bad for our world?
2 What have people made from living things?
Complete the sentences.
button adverts atoms furniture living feels
3 What makes electronic clothes change color?
4 What are nanomaterials made from?
1 Animals and plants are ____ things.
2 Dad bought my desk from the ____ store in town.
3 I've lost a ____ on my jacket.
Which material do you think wiLL change our world the
most? Why?
4 There are lots of for products on television.
5 ALL chemicals are made of tiny things caLLed ___ _
6 Electronic fabric like normal fabric.
----

Products in My Home
1 Choose ten materials from this book and find products
made of these materials in your home.
1 Complete the timeline. Write about the materials and
products.
2 Complete the chart.
What is the
materiaL?
What product
is made of this
materiaL?
I -
What do you use
the product for?
10,000
years ago
8,500
years ago
About 10.000 1ears a90. peop\e made adobe.
lhe1 used adobe to bUi\d houses.
5,000
years ago
years ago
years ago
years ago
Copy the chart and draw or add pictures of the materials
and products.
4 Display your chart.
Make a poster. Copy the timeline and draw or add
pictures.
3 Display your poster.

Glossary
advert information about a product that
tries to make you want to buy the product
aluminum (or aluminium) a light, strong
metal
ancient from thousands of years in the past
become to change into; to start to be
bone the hard part of your body that forms
your skeleton
brick a man-made building material that is
a rectangle with flat sides
bronze a hard metal
burn to make flames and heat
button a smalL round thing on clothes or
machines
cardboard very thick paper; boxes are
made of this
carry to take something to another place
cement a building material
change to become different; to make
something different
chemical a solid or liquid that is made by
chemistry
comfortable nice to be in, for example, soft
beds or chairs
concrete a building material usually made
with cement, sand, stones, and water
control to make something work
cool to become colder; to make something
colder
copper a soft, orange or yellow metal
cosmetic something that we put on our
hair or skin to make it look nicer
crystal a solid chemical that has a regular
shape, like a diamond
dangerous something that is bad for you or
can make you sick
decompose to break down into small parts
destroy to break something or make it bad
or weak
detergent a chemical that we use to clean
things
die to stop living
Here are some words used in this book, and you can check
what they mean. Use a dictionary to check other new words.
dig to make a hole in the ground
electrical uses electricity
electricity a type of energy
energy we need energy to move and grow,
and machines need energy to work
evaporate to change from liquid into gas
fabric a soft material that we use to make
clothes
fertilizer a chemical that helps plants to
grow
fiber something that looks like a thin string
fire when something burns
forest a place with a lot of trees
fuel something that we use to produce heat
or energy
furniture things in a home, for example, a
sofa or a bed
gas not a solid or liquid; like air
glass a hard material; you can make
windows and bottles with it
gold an expensive, yellow metal
grain a tiny piece of something, like soil or
sand
grass a green plant
ground the land that we stand on
grow to get bigger; to make something
bigger
heat something that is hot; to make
something hot
hole a space in something
huge very big
insulate to use a material to keep
something warm or cold
invent to make or design something new
iron a type of metal
jewelry (or jewellery) pretty objects that
we wear
LeD Liquid Crystal Display; a type of screen
for computers and televisions that uses
liquid crystals
liquid not a solid or a gas; like water
material something that we use to make
other things
measure to find out how big, small, or
heavy something is
metal a hard material made from minerals
microchip an electrica l part that controls a
computer
mine a place with minerals
mix to put more than one thing together
mixture different things together
modern not from the past
mold (or mould) you put hot liquid into it
to make objects with the same shape as
the mold
move to go from one place to another; to
take something from one place to another
MP3 player a small machine that plays
music
natural something that comes from nature;
it's not made by people
normal usual; not different
object a solid thing that we can see
ocean the salt water that covers most of
Earth
oil a liquid from plants or animals that we
use for cooking or to make gasoline
petrochemical something that we make
from the chemicals that come from oil
plastic a type of material that is made from
chemicals and is man-made
pottery things made from clay that are put
into a fire
print to use a machine to put words or
pictures onto paper
process when things happen one after
another
produce to grow or make something
product something that people make or
use
property something that a material has,
like being strong, soft, or transparent
protect to keep safe from danger
pump a machine that moves liquid
push to make something move away; the
opposite of pull
racket you can hit a ball with this
radio signal something that a radio gets
when you listen to it
raise to feed and take care of animals
recycle to use again
river water on land that goes to the ocean
rock a very hard, natural material
roof the top part of a building
rubber a material that you use to make tires
salt a white mineral that comes from sea
water, that we use for cooking
screen the front of a computer or television
shape for example, circle, square, triangle
sheep (plural sheep) an animal that we
raise for wool and meat
shell a hard cover on the outside of some
animals
soil the ground that plants grow in
solid not a liquid or a gas; like rock
sort to put the same things together
special different from what is normal
spin to make threads from fibers
steel a very strong metal that's made from
iron and other chemicals
stick a long, thin piece of a tree
stone a piece of rock
synthetic made from chemicals by people
tear to pull something into pieces
temperature how hot or cold something is
temple a religious building
thread a long, thin string
tiny very small
tire (or tyre) the thick, soft ring on a wheel,
that's made of rubber
tool something that we use to do a job
town a place with a lot of buildings, larger
than a village and smaller than a city
transparent you can see through it
tube a long, round thing that has a tunnel
going through it
waste things that we throwaway
waterproof can keep water out
way how to do something
weapon something that soldiers use when
they fight
weave to push or pull threads over and
under other threads
wool the soft, thick hair of a sheep

Series Editor: Hazel Geatches • CLlL Adviser: John Clegg
Oxford Read and Discover graded readers are at four levels, from
3 to 6, suitable for students from age 8 and older. They cover many
topics within three subject areas, and can support English across the
curriculum, or Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLlLl.
Available for each reader:
• Audio CD Pack (book & audio CD)
• Activity Book
For Teacher's Notes & CLlL Guidance go to
www.oup.com/ elt/ teacher / readanddiscover
~
Area The WorLd of Science The Natural The World of Arts
LeveL & TechnoLogy WorLd & Social Studies
• How We Make Products • Amazing Minibeasts • Festivals Around
W Sound and Music
• Animals in the Air
the World
600 • Super Structures Life in Ra i nforests
Free Time Around
headwords
the World
• Your Five Senses Wonderful Water
®
• All About Plants • All About Desert Life • Animals in Art
• How to Stay Healthy • All About Ocean Life • Wonders of the Past
750 • Machines Then and Now • Animals at Night
headwords • Why We Recycle • Incredible Earth
• Materials to Products • All About Islands • Homes Around
~ • Medicine Then and Now • Animal Life Cycles
the World
900 Transportation Then • Exploring Our World Our World in Art
headwords and Now
• Great Migrations
• Wild Weather
~
• Cells and Microbes • All About Space • Helping Around
• Clothes Then and Now • Caring for Our Planet
the World
1,050 • Incredible Energy • Earth Then and Now • Food Around
headwords
the World
• Your Amazing Body • Wonderful Ecosystems
./
For younger students, Dolphin Readers Levels Start r, 1.. and 2 are availabl .

Our World
In Art
Richard Northcott
Read and discover all about our world in art '"
• What are still lifes?
• Why do artists use perspective?
Read and discover more about the world!
This series of non -fiction readers provides
int r sting and educational content, with
, Iivili and project work.
'II' I dil r: Haz l Gea tches
Word ( 011111 f r thl reader: 3,360
I( V l 3
V @ level 5
(,00 IH'tldwords 900 headwords
Level 4
@ level 6
750 headwords 1,050 headwords
I.OVI'I I,holograph Bridgeman Art Library Ltd (The Jetty at Le Havre, Bad Weatll<
1870, Monet. Claude (1840" 1926) / Private Collection / Photo © Christie's 1m.
ISBN 97H (J
I , I
• • •
gUJI

In Arrt
Richard Northcott
Contents ,
'"
Introduction 3
1 Cities 4
2 Indoors 8
3 Outdoors 12
4 Sti LL Lifes 16
5 Machines 20
6 Light 24
7 Movement 28
8 Art in Our World 32
Activities 36
Projects 52
Glossary 54
About Read and Discover 56
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS

OXFORD
1J N I VE I(S I'l'V I'It Ji'\'\
G r~al Cl.lrl'l\dlll1 SIIT'''-'!. Ox lo rd OX:l 6 DI'
Oxfo rd UlliV(-'rsll y I'n '!-o~ I ~ .I

Cities are interesting places. There are lots of different
buildings. Cities are also full of people, and all the
people are different. Artists have always been interested
in cities and in the people who live in them.
A City from Outside
In about 1600, an artist called EI Greco painted
a picture of Toledo, a city in Spain. Toledo was an
important city at that time. There were great buildings
there. EI Greco's painting shows Toledo from the
countryside. The city looks quiet. The sky is dark and
there's going to be a storm, but the city looks strong.
Inside a City
N ow let's go inside a city. There are streets and
buildings, and there are lots of people. It's fun to
watch people in cities, and artists like painting them.
In 1876, Gustave Caillebotte painted some people
on a bridge in Paris. A man and a woman are crossing
the bridge and talking. Another man is leaning on the
bridge and watching something. A dog is walking
across the bridge, too.
When we look at this painting, we think that we are
on the bridge. We think this because the artist has
used perspective .

P rsp ctive
vanishing point
You can 't go inside
a painting. It's just a picture
on a fl at piece of paper or
canvas. ometimes we think
thal we're insid e a painting,
because the artist h as used
perspective. When there's
per pective the lines in a picture go to a place
on the horizon, called the vanishing point.
T his painting of N ew York is by Hippolyte Sebron.
The tops of the buildings, the windows, and the lines
in the snow go to the vanishing point. The vanishing
point looks far away, but the horses look near.
Now look again at the painting on page 5. Where is
the vanishing point?
Artists don't always use perspective. When there's
no perspective, everything looks near. There's no
vanishing point, and there are no buildings far away.
A Russian artist called Natalia Goncharova painted
this big picture of a Russian city. It was scenery for
a ballet. There are hundreds of towers and domes in
her painting, but there's no perspective.
Artists can play with
perspective and make amazing
shapes. Look carefully at this
shape. Which is the front of the
shape? Which is the back?
.. Go to pages 36- 37 for activities.

A painting of the inside of a building is called an interior.
When artists paint interiors, they often use perspective
so that we can see through one room into another room.
M Kong' House
In this interior from China, we can see a big room
with tables, chairs, and five big lamps. At the back
of the room there are two doors. We can look
through the doors and see another, smaller room.
The room is in the house of a rich man called
Mr Kong. Maybe he's the man in the blue coat
who's playing a type of guitar, but we don't really
know. We also don't know the name of the artist.
Usually, artists write their signature in small letters
on their paintings, but not always.
The Boy with the Bre d
One day, a boy went to the baker's for some bread.
Then he went to a big house, walked through the
courtyard, and knocked on the door. A woman
opened the door and took the bread. We see this
little story in this painting by a Dutch painter called
Pieter de Hooch.
The artist used perspective to show us the house,
the courtyard, and the street outside. Look at the
lines on the floor. They go to a vanishing point that's
behind the building and far away.
o

· gh from Outside
In this interior, the artist shows a room in Cairo in
Egypt, long ago. Two young women are watching an
old man, who is writing in a book.
Look carefully at this painting and you will find lots
of small interesting things. For example, three cats
are sleeping on the fl oor. They like this place because
it's warm. We can't see outside, but we know that it's
sunny. T he arti t shows the sunlight that's coming
through the door.
Stores
Busy stores are fun because lots of things happen
there. Customers look, talk, and buy things. Sales
clerks help the customers, show them things, and
take their money. Stores are interesting places, so
artists like painting them.
A Spanish artist called Luis Paret y Alcazar was
born in 1746. He painted this store interior where
lots of things are happening. There's a woman in a
beautiful dress. A little baby wants to touch her. A
man is sitting and a sales clerk is showing him things.
These people are important customers, so everyone
in the store is busy.
... Go to pages 38-39 for activities.

Paintings of the countryside are called landscapes.
In a landscape, the people are usually very smaLL,
and sometimes there aren't any people. The most
important thing in a Landscape is the countryside.
Many artists like painting mountains. Sunlight
and shadows on mountains can look amazing.
Jose Velasco was born in Mexico in 1840. He painted
beautiful landscapes of mountains. In this landscape,
Jose Velasco puts big shapes together. Near us there
are some plants. They are big, bright, and green.
Far away, there's a mountain, with snow on the top.
It looks big and cold.
Oceans and Islands
Ando Hiroshige was born in Japan in 1797. He
painted busy streets, but he's also famous for his
landscapes and pictures of the ocean. His pictures
often surprise us because he put very different
shapes together. He liked putting big, strong
shapes at the front of his paintings.
For example, look at his picture of A Plate from China
the ocean. The biggest things in
the picture are the waves, and
they look very near.
There are beautiful landscapes
in Chinese art, too. Some of
them are on bowls and plates.
This plate shows lots of small,
rocky islands with houses.

Old Maps
A map shows the roads, rivers, and cities in a country.
In the past, maps were different from maps today. The
artists painted little pictures on the maps.
Look at this map from 1625. It shows the southeast
coast of North America. For the mountains, the artist
painted lots of little mountains. For the forests, there
are tiny trees. The artist drew lines to show the water
in the ocean. Can you see the three ships?
P ople in a andsca
When Italian artists painted an important person, they
often painted a beautiful landscape behind the person.
Benozzo Gozzoli was a painter from Florence, now in
Italy. He was born about 600 years ago. He painted
this picture of a rich and important man with his
friends. They are riding though the
countryside. This landscape is
very clean and pretty.
Cl i
:,
~
Benozzo GozzoLi put his face
in his painting. He's this man who
is wearing an orange hat. Can you
find him in the big painting?
.. Go to pages 40- 41 for activities.

Paintings of flowers are called still lifes. A still life
can also be a painting of food, bottles, or musical
instruments - anything that doesn't move and is still.
Fowers
Everyone can draw a flower. You just draw five or
six petals and color them. That's easy, but try to
paint flowers like the ones in this painting. That's
much harder!
This beautiful still life is by Jan van Kessel, an artist
from Flanders, in northern Europe. He was born in
1626. If you look carefully, you can also see some
animals. There's a butterfly and a parrot.
ood
This still life with fruit is by Paula Modersohn-Becker.
She was born in Germany in 1876. There's a big piece
of melon, some pears, an orange, and maybe some
strawberries. This still life is very different from the
painting by Jan van K.essel. The artist didn't use many
colors. There's no pretty bowl and no butterflies. We
can't see the front of the table, so the fruit looks near.
Behind the fruit, the edge of the table looks like the
horizon. The shapes of the fruit are as strong as the
shapes of rocks or mountains in a landscape painting.

Shapes and Shado
The paintbrushes in Grinling Gibbons's sculpture
look like real paintbrushes. The guitar in this painting
doesn't look like a real guitar. This guitar is a funny
shape. It's on a table, and the table is a funny shape,
too. The black shadows on the table and on the floor
are big, strong shapes.
This still life is by a Spanish artist called Juan Gris.
He painted it in 1920. Things in Juan Gris's paintings
often have funny shapes. They surprise us, so we think
about them more.
Woo
Sculptures
Not all stilllifes are paintings. This wooden sculpture
is a still life. The paintbrushes and the tools are made
of wood. The book is a very thin piece of wood. The
artist used sharp tools, but he didn't break the wood.
That's really amazing!
The artist was called Grinling Gibbons. He was
born in 1648 in the Netherlands. He went to the
United Kingdom when he was about 20 years old,
and he made sculptures for big houses and important
buildings. He died in 1721, but his family still makes
beautiful things with wood.
Go to pages 42-43 for activities.

Machines can be beautifuL. Planes are smooth and shiny,
so maybe they are beautiful machines. What about the
engine in a car? Engines are often dark and dirty. Are car
engines beautiful? What do you think?
?
An artist from Ukraine called Grygoriy Shyshko
painted a building site in 1966. He painted cranes
and other big machines. In front of the machines
there's a man who works on the site. He looks
relaxed with these machines. This isn't a pretty
picture, but the artist shows us an interesting
moment. People and machines are working together.
.
nes
In the museum in Detroit in the U SA, you can see
27 big paintings by a famous M exican artist called
Diego Rivera. The paintings show workers in a car
factory. Detroit is famous for its car factories.
The artist shows us people's movem en ts when
they work with machines. The factory looks like
one big machine, but the workers are not robots.
Diego Rivera's people are all different. They are
interesting and sometimes funny. They are people
like you and me!
The paintings are called Detroit Industry. Diego
Rivera painted them on the walls of the museum
in 1933. Paintings on walls are called murals.
Detroit Industry. north wall. 1933
(fresco) (derait), Rivera, Diego

s
Try drawing a person, then try drawing a robot. How
are people and robots different from each other?
Robots are made of metal. They have lots of straight
lines. People have soft hair and soft skin, but robots
arc hard.
\ .
• 7 ' • '
¥ .
When artists make robots, they use materials that are
usually in machines - materials like metal and plastic.
This sculpture of a robot is made from old machines
and parts of machines. There are pieces of computers.
There's also part of a calculator. Can you find it?
A Sculpture of a Robot
Flying Machines
In 1452, an artist called Leonardo da Vinci was
born in Florence, now in Italy. He was interested in
machines. He had lots of ideas for flying machines,
and he drew them in his notebooks. This is amazing
because Leonardo da Vinci lived about 400 years
before the first planes! In about 1490, he drew this
idea for a flying machine. It looks like a helicopter.
Leonardo da Vinci was an amazing man. He was
interested in everything - machines, animals, science,
and the human body. He was one of the greatest
artists of all time.
Leonardo da Vinci wrote with
his left hand. He also wrote from
right to left. The writing in his
notebooks looks like writing
reflected in a mirror.
.. Go to pages 44-45 for activities. •

There are different types of Light - Light from the sun
or the moon, eLectric light, and Light from candles. With
pencils and paints, artists can show these different lights.
Ie
A l:' rcnch artist called Georges de la Tour was good at
painting the light of candles. He painted this picture
of a mother and her baby in about 1650. The room is
dark, but one of the women has a candle. We can't see
the candle because the woman's hand is in front of it.
We can see candlelight on the baby's head. The artist
used different colors to show light and shade.
Reflections
Light shines on people's faces and clothes, then it
bounces off. This is called reflection. Painters use
reflections to show different types of fabric in people's
clothes. For example, in about 1512, an artist called
Titian painted this portrait of a man. The man is
wearing a jacket made of a soft, shiny fabric. If you look
carefully at the man's arm, you can see the different
gray colors that show the reflections from his jacket.
Titian was from Venice, now in Italy. He was good at
mixing paint and making new colors.

sharp tool
Moo I"g t
Moonlight is not as bright
as sunlight. When the moon
shines, there are no colors.
Everything is gray. In 1938,
a Japanese artist called
Kawase Hasui drew a
garden in the moonlight.
We can 't see the moon in
his picture, but we know
that the moonlight is strong
because he used different
gray inks for the garden.
This type of picture is
called a woodblock print.
To make a woodblock
print, artists draw on flat
pieces of wood. Then they
cut the wood with a sharp
tool, to make the different
parts of the picture. They
put ink on the wood, then
press a piece of paper on
it. They use a different
piece of wood for each
color, but they press the
same piece of paper on
each piece of wood.
Su lig t
The sun is shining. People are sitting by the river. It's
a hot day. No one wants to move. Georges Seurat was
a French artist who painted this picture of people by
the river near Paris in 1884. The painting is made of
thousands of little dots. G eorges Seurat used these
dots to give the idea of bright sunlight.
Georges Seurat painted different
colored dots close together. You
only see them if you go near to the
painting. If you stand 2 or 3 meters
away, the different colors mix and
make new colors.
•
l.~
..;.
.. ..::
\
•• • •••••
: .
....•.. -:.-..
\
: ..:-•....
t •••:.....
• ••
.. Go to pages 46- 47 for activities.

People in paintings don't move, but artists can
use lines and shapes to give the idea of movement.
Let's look at some examples.
Da
n
In this painting of dancers, the artist shows us the
movements of a crowd. The crowd is dancing at
a party or a rock concert. The dancers are moving
fast. How many people are there in this painting?
It's hard to know. We can see heads, arms, and legs
here and there, but most of the bodies join together
in the movement and we can't see them very well.
This painting is by an artist from Nigeria called
Bayo Iribhogbe. He painted it in 2000.
In a soccer match, there
are lots of different
movements at the same
time, like running,
jumping, and kicking.
In 1908, a French artist
called Henri Rousseau
painted some soccer
players. Each player is
moving in a different way,
but they are all watching
the ball. They look funny
because they are wearing striped clothes. They are
playing a funny type of soccer, too. One player is
touching another player, who is going to touch the ball!
Umberto Boccioni was an Italian artist. In his drawing
of a cyclist, he shows lots of movement. The cyclist's
legs are moving very fast, so it's hard to see then'}.

lind
We can't see wind, but we can
see what it does. Trees bend,
leaves go everywhere, and
people's hats flyaway!
An Austrian artist called
Ida Schwetz-Lehmann made
these small sculptures of women
in 1926. She uses the women's shapes to give us the
idea of a strong wind. Their bodies are bending, and
they are holding their hats to stop them blowing away.
You can't see the horizon in this painting of a storm
on the ocean. The water and the sky join together,
and the waves are enormous. The artist's name
is Ivan Aivazovsky, and he was from Russia. He
painted this storm in 1868. He mixed gray, white,
and green colors to show the strong movements of
the wind and the water.
Speed
When you're in a fast car or a train, try looking at
the ground outside. You can't really see it. It's just
lots of lines that move very fast.
A British artist called Philip William May painted
this car in 1929. This was the fastest car in the
world at that time. We think that we are moving
at the same speed as the car. We can see the car
well, but the ground is made of lots of lines.
r
Go to pages 48- 49 for activities.

Are there any sculptures or murals in a town that you
know? It's fun when art is part of the place where we
live. Streets and parks are more interesting if there's
art for everyone to enjoy.
Ar
In Jeddah in Saudi Arabia, there's a beautiful park
called the Corniche. It's n ear the ocean and it's full of
amazing art. One artist has used old boats to make a
type of sculpture. fhe boats are on big, white blocks.
T hey are near the ocean, but they can't sail away.
T his type of sculpture is called an installation. In
installations, artists use things that we know, but they
show them in a new and different way.
G"ant Bees
The walls of big buildings are a good place for
sculptures or installations. Everybody can see
them when they visit the building, or if they are
just walking by.
On the front of a building in Melbourne in Australia,
there are some big, golden bees made of m etal.
There's one big bee at the top, and 12 smaller bees.
The sculpture is by an Australian artist called Richard
Stringer. He thinks that a city is like a beehive . The
people who live there are always with lots of other
people, like bees in a beehive.

Park
In Barcelona in pain, there's a
big sculptu re by a Spanish artist
called Joan Mira. The sculpture
is in a park, and it's called
Woman and Bird. Joan Mira
started with the idea of a woman
and a bird, then he played with
different shapes and colors. He
loved bright, sunny colors, like
red and yellow. He used them
in many of his paintings and
sculptures. For Woman and Bird,
he used thousands of bright,
colored tiles.
Joan Mira was 89 years old when
he made this sculpture. He's very
famous in Spain. His art is in
museums all around the world.
A Par ?
In 1995 two artists wrapped a building! Christo
and Jeanne-Claude wrapped the parliament building
in Berlin, the capital of Germany. They used more
than 100,000 square meters of fabric, and more
than 15 kilometers of rope. The building looked like
a big parcel.
The wrapping only stayed on the building for about
two weeks. In that time, thousands of people came
to see the building and took photos. They knew the
building well, but they saw it in a new way.
Art shows our world in a diffe rent way. W hen we look
at our world in art, we can learn something new.
Go to pages 50- 51 for activities.

Cities
Read pages 4-7.
1 Write the words.
bridge dome ~ocri'ltrysi6e
sky snow window
3
~
i s'
/
3 Match. Then write the sentences.
Gustave Caillebotte painted \ a woman.
The people are
are talking.
There's a man and
some people in Paris.
They
perspective in this picture.
Another ma n
on a bridge.
The artist used
is watching somet hing.
1 &tustave c..ai\\ebotte painted some peoQ\e In ParIs
2
3
4
5
4 5 _____ 6
, Complete the sentences.
art ist Cr:"~y painting people perspective Spain
1 New York is a c.it~ in the USA.
2 Toledo is a city in
3 There are usually lots of in cities.
4 In El Greco's , we see Toledo from the
countryside.
5 Natalia Goncharova was a Russian
6
4 Answer the questions.
1 Which city did El Greco paint in about 1600?
f,\ &trec.o painted To\edo In abou l(POO
2 Where are the people in the painting on page 5?
3 What animal can you see in the painting on page 5?
4 What is the season in the painting on page 6?
6 When artists don't use , everything looks near .

Indoors
Rea d pages 8- 11.
Complete the sentences.
artist China interior perspective vanishing room
1 An ___ __ is a painting of the inside of a building.
2 In some interiors, we can see through one _ ____
into another room.
3 The interi or on page 8 shows a house in _ ___ _
4 We don't kn ow the name of the _____
5 Pi eter de Hooch used _____ in his painting.
6 The lines go to a ___ _ _ point far away.
3 Order the words.
1 the / painting / on / page / 10. / carefully / Look / at
Loo~ c.are.fu\\1 at the. paintins on pase. 10.
2 a / room / It's / a / painting / in / Cairo. / of
3 in / this / painting. / interesting / things / There / are
4 Three / cats / the / floor. / on / are / sleeping
5 warm / and / sunny. / it's / Outside
6 the / door. / through / is / coming / Sunlight
Circle the correct words.
1 Mr Kong lived in ~ hin ~ / Spain.
2 He was / wasn't a rich man.
3 The picture shows four / two rooms in his house.
4 There are lots of people / buildings in this painting.
5 Some of the people are painting / talking.
6 One man / woman is playing a guitar.
7 Maybe that's Mr Kong, but we don't real / really know.
4 look at the painting on page 9. Complete the sentences.
1 In this painting, we can see t~o pe.op\e..
2 There's a woman and _ _ ___ ___ ___ ___
3 Theboyhas _____________________________
4 In this picture, the artist used ___________
5 The vanishing point is ___ _ _ ________
6 The artist is ___ _____________ _

Outdoors
.. Read pages 12-15.
1 Match. Then write the sentences.
Answer the questions.
1 Where was Jose Velasco from?
2 What are the biggest things in Jose Velasco's painting?
A landscape is a painting
In some landscapes
The countryside is
Some landscapes are of
Sunlight on mountains
Do you
there aren't any people.
like paintings of mountains?
of the countryside.
can look amazing.
the most important thing.
mountains.
3 Who are the people in the painting by Benozzo Gozzoli?
Complete the sentences.
countryside born beautiful Mexico
1 ______________________________________
2 ______________________________________
3
4
5
6
2 Circle the odd one out.
1 trees mountain snow Q mazing) plants
2 important landscape beautiful pretty amazing
3 Mexico Japan Chinese America Italy
4 portrait landscape painting picture countryside
5 island map ocean waves mountain
1 Jose Velasco was from ---- - -
2 He was ____ _ in 1840.
3 He painted the ___ ___ in Mexico.
4 His landscapes are _ ___ _
Write sentences about Ando Hiroshige.
1 (Ando Hiroshige / Japan)
I\ndo t\iroshiSe. ~as from Japan.
2 (born / 1797)
3 (painted / countryside / Japan)
4 (landscapes / beautiful)

Still Lifes
Read pages 16-19.
Write the words.
bowl paintbrush butterfly
flowers guitar melon
Order the words.
1 was / Europe. / Jan van Kessel / from
2 flowers. / with / He / painted / a / still / life
3 painting. / beautiful / a / It's
1 2 3 -----
4 1648. / Grinling Gibbons / in / was / born
5 sculptures / made / for / houses. / big / He
4 5 ____ _ 6
6 family / still / makes / things / His / with / wood.
Write correct sentences.
1 In a still life, there are often people or food.
In a still life, there are often flo\'4ers or food.
2 In the still life on page 17, there's a big piece of apple.
3 This still life is by an artist from France.
4 The artist was a man.
5 His painting has big, strong shapes.
.---_~r ____
________ ~
~
________ _
f--_
Complete the chart.
food landscape e-i"i"r~ fruit beautiful easy interior
musical instruments funny still life portrait flowers
Adjectives I Types of Painting Things in Still Life
amaz.ins +
_
t
I

Machines
-+ Read pages 20-23.
Complete the sentences.
3 Match.
1 Grygoriy Shyshko machines in his painting.
2 He painted the machines.
3 There are big a building site.
4 We can also see a painting?
building site factory mural helicopter notebook robot 5 He works with is from Ukraine.
1 A is a type of machine that can work like
-----
a person.
2 A is a big building with lots of machines.
-----
3 A is a painting on a wall.
6 Is this a beautiful man.
Complete the sentences.
factory famous machines Mexico
4 Builders work on a ____ _ 1 Diego Rivera was from ____ _
5 You can write your ideas and do drawings in a ____ _ 2 He painted a _____ in 1933.
6 You can fly in a ____ _ 3 He was interested in people and _ ___ _
2 Answer the questions.
1 How many people can you see in the picture on page 21?
2 Where are they?
3 What are they doing?
4 Who painted this picture?
4 He was a _____ man.
5 Write sentences about leonardo da Vinci.
1 (Leonardo da Vinci / Florence)
2 (drew / flying machines / about 1490)
3 (interested / everything)
4 (amazing / man)

Light
.. Read pages 24-27.
1 Write the words.
candle dots ink moon shade sun
~
, .
1 2 _ ___ _ 3
~
~
4 5 ____ _ 6
Circle the correct words.
1 Titian was from Venice, now in Italy / Mexico.
2 He was / wasn't good at making new colors.
/
Complete the sentences.
bright brighter candlelight dots gray shade
1 Sunlight is _____ than moonlight.
2 When the moon shines, everything is
3 The light from candles is not as as
electric light.
4 Artists use different colors to show light and
5 Georges de la Tour was good at painting
6 Georges Seurat painted little _____ to show sunlight.
4 Look at the picture on page 27. Answer the questions.
1 How is the weather in this picture?
2 How many people are there in this picture?
3 Where are they?
4 What are they doing?
3 Kawase Hasui was a Japan / Japanese artist.
4 He used different red / gray inks to show moonlight.
5 Georges Seurat was from France / French.
5 What animal can you see in this picture?
6 The people in his painting are sitting / shining by a river.

Movement
Read pages 28-31.
Match. Then write the sentences.
Order the words.
1 on / page 28 / painting / The / shows / some / dancers.
2 they / are / Maybe / at / a / party.
Henri Rousseau was
He painted
They are wearing
Ida Schwetz-Lehmann was
She made
The women are
1
an Austrian artist.
some soccer players.
holding their hats.
some small sculptures of women.
funny clothes.
a French artist.
3 made / An / Austrian / artist / on / page 30. / the / sculptures
4 They / are / women / in / the / wind. / sculptures / of
5 of / a / storm. / a / painting / there / is / On / page / 30
2
3
4
5 _________________________________________
6
4 Answer the questions.
1 How many soccer players are there on page 29?
2 What are they wearing?
2 Write correct sentences.
3 Who painted the picture on page 3D?
1 In the painting on page 28, the people are swimming.
4 What can you see in the painting on page 31?
2 They are moving slowly.
3 We can see them very well.
5 What does the artist use to give the idea of speed
and movement?

Art in Our World
Read pages 32- 35.
Complete the sentences.
artists blocks installations boats park full
1 The Corniche is a in Jeddah.
2 It's of amazing art.
3 For example, there's an installation made of old ____ _
4 The boats are on big _____ and they can't move.
5 Some use things that we know to make
-----
i nsta llations.
6 Are there any _____ where you live?
Answer the questions.
1 Where is Jeddah?
2 Who made a sculpture of bees in Melbourne?
3 How old was Joan Mir6 when he made Woman and Bird?
4 What did Christo and Jeanne-Claude wrap in 1995?
4
Circle the odd one out.
1 white yellow golden bird red
2 tile red boat park museum
3 painting people sculpture mural installation
4 park ocean building street idea
5 Germany Saudi Arabia Melbourne Australia Spain
Find the art. Write the page numbers.
1 Where is the painting of a storm on
the ocean? pa9t "30
2 Where is the sculpture of some bees?
3 Where is the painting of people by a river?
4 Where is the sculpture of a robot?
5 Where is the painting of a landscape
in Mexico?
6 Where is the painting of a building site?
Choose your favorite picture in this book. Answer the
questions.
1 Whatpageisit on? _ ____________ ~
2 What is in the picture? _
3 Who is the artist? _ _ _
4 Why do you like this picture?

~ A famous Artist
My Favorite
II
I
ur
1 Find out about a famous artist. Look in books or on
the Internet. Answer the questions.
-------­
Where was the
artist born?
most famous work?
Where can you see
the artist's work?
What is the
artist's name?
Where does / did
the artist work?
What type of art
does / did the artist make?
Why do you like
this artist?
Make a poster. Write sentences about the artist, and add
pictures of the artist and their work.
1 Find a picture or a sculpture that you like. Look in books
or on the Internet.
2 Write notes.
~
~ What is the painting or sculpture of?
~
~
~
~ Who is the artist?
~
~
~
~ What do you know about the artist's life?
~
~
~
~ Why do you like this painting or sculpture?
~
~
~
~ Other interesting facts :
~
~
~
~
u;;;;p3
~
~
3 Write sentences about your picture and display
your work.
3 Display your poster.
a~ ______ ~~ ____ ~~~~~

Glossar
ballet a type of dancing that tells a
story with music, but no words
beehive a place where bees live
bend to become not straight
block something that is a rectangle
with flat sides
blow away to move away with the wind
born when you come out of your mother's
body at the beginning of your life
bright strong and easy to see (for colors)
candle it burns to give light
candlelight light from a candle
canvas a strong, heavy fabric
capital the main place in a country
countryside the land outside a town or city
courtyard an open place inside a building
or between buildings
crane a big machine with a long metal
arm that lifts heavy things
cross to move from one side to another
crowd lots of people together
customer someone who buys something
die to stop living
dome the round top of a building
edge the outside of something
electric using electricity (a type of energy)
engine a machine that produces energy
to move a vehicle
enormous very, very big
fabric a soft material
famous known by many people
far not near
forest a place with a lot of trees
fruit the part of a plant that has a stone
or seeds
full having a lot
funny unusual or amusing
golden with the color of gold, an
expensive, yellow metal
Here are some words used in this book, and you can check
what they mean. Use a dictionary to check other new words.
ground the land that we stand on
guitar a musical instrument
horizon the line between the land and
the sky
human from people
installation a large piece of art made from
things that we know
interior a painting or drawing of the inside
of a building
island land with water all around
join together to become one thing
knock to hit something with your hand
landscape a picture of the countryside
lean to put your body against another thing
machine a thing with moving parts that's
made to do a job
material something that we use to make
other things
melon a large fruit with green, yellow, or
orange skin
metal a hard material made from minerals
mix to put different things together
moment a very short time
moonlight light from the moon
move to go from one place to another
movement moving or being moved
mural a picture painted on a wall
need to want; to have to use
notebook a book that you can write your
ideas and do drawings in
ocean the salt water that covers most
of Earth
paintbrush (plural paintbrushes) a long,
thin tool that you use for painting
parcel something with paper around it; you
send or carry it
parrot a bird with bright colors that's
sometimes a pet
petal one of the colored parts of a flower
plastic a man-made material
portrait a drawing or a painting of a person
real that exists
reflect to send back light (for sunlight)
reflection light that is sent back
river water on land that goes to the ocean
road cars and other vehicles travel on it
rock a very hard, natural material
rocky with lots of rocks
scenery things on the stage of a theater
that make it look like a real place
sculpture art made from things like stone
or wood
shade somewhere not sunny or light
shadow a dark, flat shape that something
makes when it stops light
shape for example, circle, square, triangle
sharp with a point that cuts easily
shiny light and bright
ship a big boat
signature your name as you usually write
it, for example, at the end of a letter
Note for Parents and Teachers
The following works of art are pictured in the book but not named in the text:
p4 View of Toledo by El Greco (c.1598 )
p5 Le Pont de I'Europe by Gustave Caillebotte (1876)
p6
Street Scene in New York
by Hippolyte sebren (19 th century)
p7 Stage Design by Natalia Goncharova (1926)
p8
p9
A Room in the House of Mr Kong. a Peking Merchant
by Ch inese School (19th century)
A Boy Bringing Bread by Pieter de Hooch (c.1663)
p10 The Arab Scribe. Cairo
by John Frederick Lewis (19th century)
pll Interior of a Shop by Lui s Paret y Alcazar (18th century)
p12 A Small Volcano in M exican Countryside
by Jose Velasco (1887)
p13 (top) Wind blown waves at Sh ichi-ri
by Ando Hiroshig e (19th century)
p14 The Journey of the M agi by Benozzo Gozzoli (c.1460)
p16 Still Life with Flowers and Parrot
by Jan van Kessel (17th century)
p17 Still Life with Slice of Melon
by Paula Modersohn -Becker (1906)
p18 Allegory of the Arts by Grinti ng Gibbons (17th century)
site a place where a building is
skin the part of an animal that covers the
outside of the body
sky (plural skies) where the clouds and
the sun are
stone a very hard, natural material
storm very bad weather
strawberry (plural strawberries) a soft,
red fruit
street cars and other vehicles travel on it
sunlight light from the sun
tile a small piece of hard material that's
used to decorate a wall or a floor
tiny very, very small
tool a thing that you use to do a job
tower a tall, thin building
vanish to go away; to stop being seen
wave a line of water that moves across
the top of the ocean
wooden made of wood
wrap to put something around another
thing
p19 Guitar and Clarinet by Juan Gris (1920)
p20 On Construction Site by Grygoriy shyshko (1966)
p21 Detroit Industry. north wall (detail! by Diego Rivera (1933 )
p23 Flying Machines. fol. 83v from Paris Manuscript B
by Leonardo da Vinci (c.1490)
p24 The New Born Child by Georges de la Tour (late 16405)
p25 Portrait of a Man by Titian (Tiziano Vecellio) (c.1512)
p26 Garden in Moonlight by Kawase Hasui (1938)
p27 Bathers at Asni;,res by Georges seurat (1884)
p28 Dance 1 by Bayo Iribhog be (2000)
p29 (top) Foo tball Players
by Henri Rousseau (Le DOllani er) (1908)
p29 (bottom) Dynanllslll 0 1 ,1 Cycll>1
by Um berto Bocclo"i ( I ~ 13)
p30 (top) Girls ill Ille Wind by ItI., \l llWl' 11 I dll1l1l1l 11 ( 1926)
p30 (bottom) rhe /I,lillllOW lJy Iv"" Aiv,l/ov, ky ( I UfrU)
p31 Segra ve SCI> 1111' 11'1 1I/lIIIy 1'llllIp WII II, II " M"y ( 1929)
p33 Queen Bee by III( 1,,,,iI \ 111111)1'1 (/111111 1
p34 Donaioccllhy 10"" Mil " ( 1'111)1
p35 (bottom) Wr"IIIII'rI Ill'll 11',1,1'1
by Cl1ri sto .I11t 1 11 '.1 11111 ' ( 1. 11111. · ( 1IPl'd

Series Editor: Hazel Geatches • CLiL Adviser: John Clegg
Oxford Read and Discover graded readers are at four levels, from
3 to 6, suitable for students from age 8 and older. They cover many
topics within three subject areas, and can support English across the
curriculum, or Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLlL).
Available for each reader:
• Audio CD Pack (book & audio CD)
• Activity Book
For Teacher's Notes & CLiL Guidance go to
www.oup.com/ elt/ teacher/ readanddiscover
"c:.
Subject
The World of Science The Natural
Area
Level & Technology World
~
How We Make Products
Amazing Minibeasts
Sound and Music • Animals in the Air
600 Super Structures Life in Rainforests
headwords Your Five Senses Wonderful Water
@
• All About Plants
• All About Desert Life
• How to Stay Healthy • All About Ocean Life
750 • Machines Then and Now • Animals at Night
headwords • Why We Recycle • Incredible Earth
@j
Materi als to Products
Medicine Then and Now
All About Islands
An imal Life Cycles
900 Transportation Then Exploring Our World
headwords and Now Great Migrations
Wild Weather
The World of Arts
& Social Studies
Festivals Around
the World
Free Time Around
the World
• Animals in Art
• Wonders of the Past
Homes Around
the World
Our World in Art
'\
~
• Cells and Microbes
• Clothes Then and Now
• All About Space
• Caring for Our Planet
1,050 • Incredible Energy • Earth Then and Now
headwords
\.
• Your Amazing Body • Wonderfu l Ecosystems
• Helping Around
the World
• Food Around
the World
~
For younger students, Dolphin Readers Levels Starter, 1, and 2 are available.
56

Transportation
Then and Now
James Styring
Read and discover all about transportatlon
in the past and today ...
. What were the first planes made of?
. How fast can solar cars travel?
Read and discover more abouthe worldl
This series of non-fiction readers provides
interesting and educationaI content, wlth
activities and project work.
Series Editor: HazeI Geatches
@ Rudio CD Pack avaitabte
/ a nl8ou*?*',',
Cover photograph: Robert Harding Wortd lmagery (Tranrrr blrilrerl ||xrlton fft|ldtr

Then and Now
James Styring
lntroduction
1 Then and Now
2 Boats and Ships 8
3 Trains, Buses, and Truckst2
4 Bicycles and Motorcycles 16
5 Cars
20
6 Aircraft
24
7 Around the World 28
8 ln the Future
Activities
Projects
Glossary
About Read and Discover
3
4
32
36
52
54
56
OXTORD
I'NIVBRSITY PRESS

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(;nrbl | & (i). K(;. All rights rcseNed p 32: 'lbpForo p 2 I (The
(;r.rnr(.r (irllc( tionl.
Transportation is the movement of people or goods
from one place to another. We can transporthings in
the water, in the air, or over land. We can use animals,
vehicles, or just our feet. Sometimes we travel for
work, and sometimes for vacation or just for fun.
What transportation can you see here?
What transportation have you used?
What other transportation do you know?
Air Audio CD Prck containing this book and a CI) is illso rvilihl)lc
IsBN:971t o 19 464539 3
l ht'(ll) lr:rs.r (hoitc ol Arncricln irn

flhen andNow
Until about 7,00O years ago, people had to walk
everywhere. Then they started to use animals for
transportation. later, people invented vehicles.
Animals
People used horses and donkeys for transportation
in lots of places. People also used camels in Africa,
elephants in Asia, and llamas in South America.
People still use animals for transportation today.
The First Vehicles
People made rafts from tree trunks. They floated
on their rafts along rivers and on lakes. It was easier
than swimming, and they didn't get wet. These were
the first vehicles.
The Wheel
About 51500 years ago, people
added wheels to sleds. Farmers
and traders made carts with
two or four wooden wheels.
Cows and horses pulled the
carts. Carts with wheels were
much faster than sleds.
Sleds were like rafts,
but they were used on
land. They were useful
because it's easier to
pull heavy things than
to lift them.
The wheel is one of the most important inventions
in history, and today you can see wheels everywhere.
Cars, buses, trucks, trains, bicycles, motorcycles,
and planes all have wheels. \il(rheels are important
ln englnes, too.
A truck with
a lot of trailers is
called a road train.
The longest road
train was Austratian.
It had 117 trailers
with 2,126 wheels!

i,i r-i ,itrcnal Transportation
Until about 10,000 years ago, people lived in small
family groups and they didn't travel a lot. Then, as
villages and towns became bigger, people had to travel
to find food. People used animals to carry goods like
meat and fur.
Then about 61000 years ago, people started to travel
long distances to trade metals, salt, and spices. Ships
began trading in the Middle East 4,500 years ago.
People used ships because animals could not travel
over water. Soon, people were trading all around
Europe and Asia.
Traders took Chinese
sitk to Europe atong the
Sitk Road 2,500 years
ago. They used horses
and camets to carry the
silk more than 3,000 kilometers.
Transportation Today
Today, every country in the world uses water, air,
and land transportation to trade food, fuel, clothes,
and other goods like cars and televisions.
Tourists started to go on vacation by train and boat
200 years ago. From about 1960, with the invention of
large passenger planes, tourism became very popular.
Today, about 900 million tourists travel to another
counffy every year.
In 2001, an American called Dennis Tito was the first
space tourist. He flew in a Russian spaceship to the
International Space Station. tVill tourists travel to
the moon one dav?
-rn Go to pages 36-37 for activities.
,i;

ffi@@tumd
We use boats and ships to transport passengers and
freight. Boats and ships can travel along rivers and
across lakes and oceans. What boats or ships have
you traveled onj
'
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The first vehicles that people used on water were rafts
made from tree trunks. Then more than 51000 years
ago, people made canoes. They used paddles to power
their canoes. People still use canoes today.
ln t947, Thor Heyerdaht buitt
a raft similar to the ancient rafts. He
saited Kon-Tiki 8,000 kitometers from
Peru to an island in the Pacific Ocean.
The Fix"st S&:ips
Egyptian traders sailed the first ships about 4,500
years ago on the River Nile. Later, the Ancient Greeks
sailed larger ships around the Mediterranean Sea.
Their ships were fast because they used sails, and at
the same time men rowed with oars. Traders sailed
between the Middle East and India in small ships with
triangular sails. Chinese, Korean, and Japanese traders
had large ships with square sails.
Chinese people invented the
compass about 21000 years
ago. Compasses point to
north, and they help people
to sail in the right direction
across oceans. They are still
important for sailors today.
{
i!i!r 1:1i

'l'lrc Vil
t;l( .-\"
-\r/
some supertankers
are as long as the taltest
skyscrapers. Knock Nevi s
is 458 meters [ong.
Saitors use bicyctes to
traveI along the ship!
Go to pages 38-39 for activities.

Transportation became much faster after the
invention of engines. We use buses to transport
people and goods, trucks to transport freight, and
trains to transport people and freight.
In 1804, Richard Trevithick built the first train in
\Wales in the United I{ingdom. fts steam engine used
coal to heat water. The hot water made steam, and the
steam powered the engine. The train moved along two
metal tracks called a railroad. In 1825, the world's first
railroad system opened in the United I(ngdom. Soon,
railroads with steam trains were common all around
the world. By 1930, steam trains could travel at about
150 kilometers per hour
.:,,,,.,:r:r"r,,.':,ii,':,,:.:
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ln 1862 the first underground train system opened
in London in the United ICngdom. Today, more than
160 cities around the world have underground trains.
Modern trains have electric motors or diesel engines.
Some long-distance trains have restaurants, and
sleeper cars with beds for passengers to sleep in. Trains
are good because they use less fuel per passenger than
cars, buses, or planes. Some high-speed trains can
travel at more than 300 kilometers per hour.
rhe tongest train
journey in the wortd
--=-**{tt':.
is 9,288 kilometers. The
Trans-Si berian Express
takes six days to travel
across Russia, from
Moscow to Vladivostok.
Moscow I*\ \
\-/
d
Vladivostok

Hnrses pulled the first buses 200 years ago. Buses
became popular as cities became bigger, because
people traveled on buses to get to work. Modern buses
have diesel engines or electric motors. Most buses can
carry more than 40 passengers, and some very long,
articulated buses can carry 120 people. In many
countries, special buses take children to school. In
places with no trains, buses carry passengers long
distances between cities.
In some countries, buses carry a lot of passengers and
goods. \il7here the hills are very big, people use trucks
instead of buses because they are more powerful.
'frains can only go on railroads, but trucks can go
anyr;vhere where there are roads. Trucks can carry
many different things. Tanker trucks carry gasoline or
milk. Refrigerator trucks keep food cold. In mining
areas, people use huge trucks to carry coal and rocks.
Long trucks often have a cab for the driver and a
separate trailer for the freight. The cab with a separate
trailer helps long trucks to turn. Some cabs have a
bed, so the driver can drive a long distance and then
stop and sleep.
Go to pages 40-41 for activities.

In busy cities, bicycles and motorcycles are usefu[.
They are narrow so they can go past cars and buses
in traffic jams. Can you rlde a bicycte?
ffila'p'e les
6'm
_ i3i
fd
The first bicycles were made of wood. Then
after 1850 they were made of metal. Early
bicycles, called high-wheel bicycles, were
uncomfortable because they had no
tires. The front wheel was very big,
and there were no gears or brakes.
Cyclists often crashed.
.&.,
How Bieyc{es \'Vmrk
The cyclist sits on the saddle and turns the pedals.
The pedals move the chain, and the chain powers the
back wheel. Gears help the bicycle to go faster, or to
go up hills. The cyclist stops the bicycle with the
brakes. It's good for cyclists to wear a helmet and
gloves. These protect their head and hands in a fall
or a crash.
brake
Modern bicycles are safer because
they have brakes and their wheels are
both the same size. They also have
rubber tires so they are comfortable.
People cycle to work or school, and
for fun and sport. Bicycles are good
because they don'r produce pollution.
There are 1,000 mitlion bicycles in
the world, and only 600 mittion cars.
front whee{
back wheel

BMX bicycles are small. They are for
doing tricks. Mountain bikes are for
off-road cycling, so they have thick tires
and strong frames. Mountain bikes are
one of the most popular types of
bicycle.
Recumbent
bicycles look funny,
but they are very
comfortable. The
cyclist lies down
and the pedals are
at the front of the
bicycle.
Racing bikes are light. They have
narrow tires, and they can travel at
40 kilometers per hour. The mosr
famous bicycle race is the Tour de
France in Europe.The race is about
3,500 kilometers and it usually takes
23 days every summer.
In2008, Mark Beaumont cycted 29,440kitometers
aroundthe wortd. He visited 20 countries in194 days.
Motorcycles can carry one or two people. The engine
powers the back wheel with a chain, like a bicycle.
Motorcycles are heavier than bicycles, and they have
a strong, metal frame, and thick tires. Motorcyclists
have to wear a helmet and leather clothes to protect
themselves. Motorcycle racing is a popular sport. The
riders lean very near to the ground so that they can
turn quickly. Some motorcycles can go faster than
300 kilometers per hour!
,(z:\i/\,
&6'.x
\C/ In 1991, Yasuyuki Kudo rode for
331 kitometers on the back wheel of
his motorcycle in Tsukuba, Japan.
Go to pages 42-43 for activities.

ff,6 rr'*$
Cars are the most popular type of motorized
transportation. we use cars to go to work or school, to
go shopping, and for vacation. There are family cars, fast
sports cars, and special cars tike potice cars and taxis.
Tfre *{istory of Cars
can you imagine a world without cars? we have only
had cars for about l2o years. people laughed at the
first cars. They were slow and noisy. Two German
engineers, Daimler and Benz, made the first car with
a gasoline engine in 1885. It only had three wheels.
From about 1905, companies like Rolls-Royce started
to make cars. They were very expensive because
people made each car by hand. Then, in 1913, the
Ford Motor Company started to make their Model T
car in a special factory. Ford's factories produced cars
quickly, so the Model T was less expensive than other
cars. By I 927 , there were more than 15 million
Model Ts on the roads.
Gasoline in the USA was cheap and people wanted to
travel long distances, so by 1950, American cars were
large. In Europe and Asia, drivers preferred small cars
that were better in city traffic.

Most cars have a gasoline or a diesel engine. The
drivcr starrs the engine with a key. The engine can
powcr the front wheels, the back wheels, or all
four wheels. The driver uses the pedals to go
faster, to change gears, and to stop. Drivers of
automatic cars don't need to change the gears.
Cars usually have five gears for going forward and
one gear for going backward. The driver turns the
steering wheel and the steering wheel turns the
front wheels. You have to wear a seat belt to
protect yourself if there is a crash. Airbags also
protect you, but older cars don't have them.
Sports cars, like
the BugattiVeyron,
are low. This helps
the car to go fast because
air can move easily over it. The
Bugatti Veyron goes faster than 400 kilometers per hour.
It costs 1.5 million US dollars, and the people who
make the cars have only sold a few hundred since they
started to produce them in 2005.
The Peel P50 is the
smallest car in the world.
It was first made in I 963.
It's 134 centimeters
long and 99 centimeters
wide. Its top speed is
61 kilometers per hour.
The world's longest car is the
American Dream. lt has 24 wheels and
it's 30.5 meters [ong! lt has a swimming
poo[, and a heticopter can [and on it.
Go to pages 44-45 for activities.

,gl'
Peopte have dreamed about ftying
for thousands of years, but there weren't
any planes until just over 100 years ago.
Before planes, peopte flew in hot-air batloons.
Hot-Air Balloons
How do hot-air balloons fly? Hot air goes up. A fire
under the balloon heats the air inside the balloon, so
the balloon goes up. In France in 1793, the Montgolfier
brothers built the first hot-air balloon for passengers.
Airships
Airships were popular between 1900 and 1940, and
they are popular again now. Inside an airship, there's
a gas that is lighter than air. This makes the airship
stay in the air. Airships have engines and they can fly
at 90 kilometers per hour.
Fla nes
Planes have changed a lot since the first flight by
theWright brothers in 1903. For many years, planes
were wooden, and they had two pairs of wings.
Today, people make planes from very thin metal and
plastics. Airliners can carry hundreds of passengers
and their bags. Planes carry freight and letters, too.
Some very rich people have their own small plane.
Concorde was an airliner that flew between 1976
and 2003. It could fly from Europe to the USA in
three hours and 20 minutes - twice as fast as other
airliners. It flew at2,140 kilometers per hour.
The biggest airliner is the Airbus A380.
It can carry more than 850 passengers. lt's a
double-decker and its wings are longer than
a soccer pitch!

( riirtrlr r
How Planes Work
Planes usually have engines on the wings. The
wings are a special shape. Vhen air goes over
the wings fast, the air under the wings pushes the
plane up, and it flies. The engines make the plane
go very fast.
Pilots sit in the cockpit, ar the front of the plane.
They use the rudder to turn left and right, and they
use the tail flaps ro go up and down. The wing flaps
control the speed. passengers sit in the cabin.
Other Types of Aircraft
The Daedalus is a very light plane. A person pedals
the plane, like a bicycle.
Helicopters have rotors above the cabin. The rotors
lift the helicopter into the air. Helicopters are useful
because they can keep still in the air and they can fly
in any direction. Planes can only go forward.
Planes with skis instead of wheels can land on snow.
There are also special seaplanes that can land on
water. Space shuttles and rockets take astronauts
and machines into space.
Yves Rossy, from France,
is called Rocket Man. He has
built a very sma[[ ptane with
four engines on the wings.
D
) Go to pages 46-47 for activities.

\' 1.. t i tl
I j , 't
\o,t{:.{ i,,flii
',
Most places in the world havevehicles
like cars
and bicycles, but some placeshave speciaI types
of transportation. What do youthink
these are?
3
It's very cold in Nunavut in the north of Canada. Some
Inuit people use dogs to pull their sleds over rhe ice and
snow. Today, many people also travel by snowmobile -
a small, motorized vehicle.
In Mongolia, roads and railroads go between cities, but in
the I(hangai mountains there aren't many vehicles. Farmers
use a donkey or an ox to pull their carts. Traders use camels
to transport goods over mountains and across deserts.
People also travel long distances on horses.
There aren't any cars' buses, trucks, or even bicycles
inVenice.This is because there are no roads.The city
was built on a lot of small islands and there are
bridges between them. People walk on small roads
called paths, and over bridges, but most iourneys in
Venice are by boat.
People take water buses to work and to school, and
water taxis to the airport and to the train station'
Ambulances and fire engines are boats, too!The
people of Venice have traveled by gondola for
hundreds of years. A gondolier stands at the back and
powers the gondola with an oar. Today, most gondolas
are for the tourists.

Delhi is a busy city, and the traffic is slow.
Most people travel on buses, trains, or
underground trains.
Bicycles and rickshaws are also popular.
A rickshaw is a cart for goods or passengers.
A rickshaw has two wheels and a person pulls
it. A cycle rickshaw has three wheels. The
front is like a bicycle and the driver pedals the
rickshaw. An auto rickshaw has a small engine.
It's the fastest type of rickshaw, but it,s noisv
and it makes a lot of pollution.
Oxford is a small city and there
aren't many hills, so bicycles are
popular. Also, bicycles are cheap
and people enjoy cycling in the
fresh air. Many of the city's
streets are small and old, so it's
much quicker to travel by bicycle than by car or bus.
Some cyclists carry their shopping and even their
dogs in baskets or bicycle trailers.
People enjoy punting on the river in Oxford. A punt
is a wooden river boat. To move the punt, You push
on the bottom of the river with a long wooden or
metal pole.
'ifu
.-!i.-,

[nffieffiq@ffie
The world needs to produce less po[lution. Electric motors
produce less pottution than diesel and gasolinengines.
Wilt att vehicles have electric motors one day? What witt
transportation be tike in the future?
Ca rs
Some modern cars use biodiesel. Biodiesel comes
from plants, and it's a clean fuel. We can also produce
clean energy from the sun and the wind. Machines
can put this energy into batteries that power electric
motors. In the future, most cars will have electric
motors or thev will use biodiesel.
Ships
After 100 years of
ships with engines,
sails will be important
again for ships in
the future. Sails will
help to power ships,
so they use less fuel.
Solar Vehicles
In some countries where it's very sunny, there are solar
cars. They use energy from the sun. Most solar cars
are racing cars. The fastest solar cars travel up to
90 kilometers per hour.
People have made some solar planes, too. Solar planes
are very light and they can't carry much. Maybe more
vehicles in the future will use solar energJ.
Tra ins
Maglev trains use magnets to float in the air above
the track. They are much faster than usual trains.
tVill maglev trains be common in the future?

,* i' fr,Xr-sgfi
Passenger planes with scramjet engines will fly faster
than 5,000 kilometers per hour. A scramjet plane will
fly from NewYork in the USA to Hong I(ong in China
in 90 minutes. This journey takes l4 hours in an
airliner. The only problem with going fast is that it
uses a lot of fuel, which produces more pollution.
t;r.,'11p Y'AV*|
Do you dream of being an astronaut? Perhaps your
dream will come true! Soon, tourists will be able to
travel a long way above Earth in space planes. Space
tourists will see Earth from space. It won't be cheap,
but it will be an amazing experience.
Whmt New&?
What transportation will You use
in the future?\0fhat about an electric
bicycle? It has a small electric motor
that makes it easier to pedal quickly'
An electric bicycle is great for going
up hills.
Or do you want to try a Personal
transporter? It has two wheels and
an electric motor.You lean forward
to go forward, and to the left or
the right to turn. It can travel at
20 kilometers Per hour. A jet Pack has one or
two iet engines, but it
doesn't have anY
wings. It can flY
anYwhere! Do You
want to try a jet Pack?
Where will You flY?
'' Go to pages 50-51for activities'

Then and Now
:ij Read pages 4-7.
Write the words.
3 Find the words. Then complete the chart.
e--
t.lil:].elc.rs
--" u\buu.4 .,outt"'uon'',,,
"r,,r,o*\t' _.,Qr(*
I a & -
d%od
f u e t\r ou'u\ l"' "'^r,
s,\\"t
k
camel eatt ship sled spaceship trailer
G-
t;il.q\-
',4-
1 r:St-i
@
2 Does it have wheets? Write yes or no.
1 a sled
2 a motorcycle
3 a raft
4 acar
5 a cart
6 an engine
6
Answer the questions.
1 How did peopte travel before there were vehicles?
t?r"mtyt# qamt'F:#*$ *s" th+*,
Why were sleds usefu[?
3 What was one of the most important inventions
history?
4 Why did peopte start to travel 10,000 years ago?
5 How long is the Sitk Road?
6 How did Dennis Tito travel to the International Space Station?

m
I
Foats arrd Ships
* Read pages 8-11.
I Write the words.
paddte compass oar propetter sait steam engine
ffi
Match.
1 Thor Heyerdahl sailed
from Peru
2 Egyptian saitorsaited on
3 The Ancient Greeks
sailed around
4 The Vikings lived in
5 The Vikingsailed across
6 Tradersailed between
Japan, Korea, China,
i
the Atlantic Ocean.
the Mediterranean Sea.
Denmark, Sweden,
and Norway.
the River Nite.
and Southeast Asia.
\ to an istand in the
Pacific Ocean.
tflr
r?i'[
ff
3 Write true or false.
1 The first canoes were made from tree trunks.
2 Peopte powered canoes with steam engines.
3 Chinese ships had triangutar sai[s.
4 The Ancient Greeksaited to Canada.
5 Piratestole gotd and sitver.
6 A cruise ship is a passenger ship.
& Number the vehictes in order. 1 = earliest, 5 - tatest.
r-r
i I canoes
supertankers
r"l
f*-l saitinships
[Tl rafts
Answer the questions.
1 Why were the Ancient Greek ships fast?
2 How do sailors know which direction to saiI in?
3 What probtems did European sailors have about 500 years ago?
4 What fuels do modern ships use?
5 What ships do tourists use when they go on vacation?
6 How do sailors travel along Knock Nevis?

d
Trains, Buses, andTruck*
* Read pages t2-t5.
1 Write the words.
tanker truck refrigerator truck bus
high-speed train steam train articulated bus
1 lt's the fastestype of train.
2 lts engine uses coal and water.
3 lt's very long and it carries people on roads.
4 lt carries gasotine or mitk.
5 lt carries chitdren to school.
6 lt keeps food cold.
2 Write the numbers.
150 160 200 300 9,288
1 By 1930, steam trains could travel at l5O kitometers
per hour.
2 Modern high-speed trains can travel at
kilometers per hour.
3 The [ongest train journey is
4 There are underground trains in more than
cities around the wortd.
5 Horses putted the first buses
ki[ometers.
years ago.
3 Number the vehicles in order. 1 = earliest, 4 : latest.
I
i
i diesel trains
r underground trains :
4 Complete the sentences.
high-speed trains
steam trains
coat steam coaI engine steam water engine water
1 Steam engines use coat.
2 The heats
3 The hot makes
4 The
5 The
5 Answer the questions.
powers the
moves the train along the tracks.
1 Where did peopte buitd the first train?
2 What uses the most fuel per passenger, a train or a car?
3 How long does it take the Trans-Siberian Express to travel
across Russia?
4 Where was the world's first underground train system?
5 Why did buses become poputar?

d
T
Bieycles and Motorcyles
+ Read pages 16-19.
I Write the words.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
2 Complete the sentences.
back wheel brake chain frame
front wheel gears hetmet pedat
gtove sadd[e tire
3 Circle the correct words.
1 Bicycles have6-e@ an engine.
2 The Tour de France is a famous motorcycle / bicycle race.
3 The first bicycles were made of metal / wood.
4 Motorcyctes are slower / laster than bicycles.
4 Write true or false.
1 Motorcycles and bicyctes have chains.
2 lt's good for cyclists to wear a helmet.
3 There are more bicyctes in the world than cars.
4 Mountain bikes and motorcyctes have
strong frames.
Mark Beaumont cycted 29,440 kilometers
on his back wheel.
Bicycles are heavier than motorcycles.
Answer the questions.
1 Why were the first bicycles uncomfortable?
1
2
3
4
5
comfortable light
Racing bikes are
BMX bicycles are
Recumbent bicycles are
Mountain bikes are the most
Their tires are
popular sma[] strong thick
and their frames are
type of bicycle.
2 Why do people cycte?
3 How does a cyclist stop the bicycle?
4 Why do racing motorcyclists lean near to the ground?
rlr

Read pages 20-23.
Write the words.
brake engine front wheel
gears pedals back wheel
seat belt steering wheel
Complete the chart.
were driving large cars. Ford opened tffi.
15 mi[[ion Modet Ts were Rotls-Royce
The Peet P50 cars. was first made.
1885 Daimler and Benz made llie firsi *ar.
190s
started to make
1913
t927
1950
1963
200s
Americans
The Bugatti Veyron
the mode[ T factory.
on the road.
was first made.
Write true ot false.
1 The first car had four wheets.
2 The Ford ModelT was expensive to produce.
3 Rotls-Royce sotd 15 mittion cars between
1913 and L927.
4 Smatl cars are good in city traffic.
5 Cars usuatty have six gears.
6 A car's steering wheel turns the front wheels.
7 Otd cars have the biggest airbags.
8 The Bugatti Veyron is 134 centimeters long.
Answer the questions.
1 What was the first car [ike?
2 Why did Americans buy large cars?
3 What does a driver need to start a car?
4 What two things protecthe driver and passengers?
5 Why are sports cars [ow?

Fil
ffi
Aircraft
Read pages 24-27.
Complete the words.
\
1ta
\ LL
\
rI
f
4 _ng_n_
2l
3 w_ng
..,11
f1-p
3 Find and write the aircraft.
s p a c e s h u t t I e d
h t b a I t o o n e s I d
m g h d u I e w r s o a
p a I r t n e r t o c I
t e I s p e c s h e p k n
a t r h e t c o p t e r
n e r a s t r d e r t s
e t I p e n a s t r e r e
Answer the questions.
1 Why do balloons go up?
t airliner
2b
3r
4a
5h
6 P__
7s
cbn
F
wh_ _t
J
NS
2 What is inside airships?
Match.
9 c_ckp_t
h
10 p_1_
3 How do planestay in the air?
4 Where do passengers sit?
1 Concorde stopped ftying
2 an airship'speed (kilometers per hour)
3 Concorde's speed (kilometers per hour)
4 the first hot-air ba[]oon for passengers
5 the first ptane ftew
6 the passengers that an Airbus A380 can carry
t793
90
1903
2003
850
2,140
5 What powers the Daedalus?
6 Why are helicopters useful?
7 What aircraft have you traveled in?

Around the World
3 Read pages 28-31.
1 Write the words.
snowmobile gondola punt
cycle rickshaw sted auto rickshaw
Write the countries. Then write the types of
transportation.
Canada United Kingdom lndia ltaly Mongolia
1 Khangai
2 Dethi
3 Oxford
4 Nunavut
5 Venice
Answer the questions.
1 In Nunavut, how do people travel?
2 What animals do people in Mongolia use for transportation?
3 Why are there no trucks in Venice?
2 Complete the sentences.
1
2
3
4
cycle rickshaw gondotier ox sled
A Mongolian farmer can use an
A
A
travets quickly over snow and ice.
has three wheels, but no engine.
works in Venice.
6
to putl his cart.
4 What is a gondola?
What is the difference between a rickshaw and a
cycte rickshaw?
6 How do some people in Oxford transport shopping or dogs?

6 In the Futurw
* Read pages 32-35.
Complete the puzzle.
1 Biodiesel is made from them.
2 lt uses energy from the sun.
3 lt's a special high-speed engine.
4 lt has two wheets, but it
isn't a bicycle.
5 It has jet engines, but no wings.
6 They witt help to power
modern ships.
It uses magnets
to float above
the track.
You can travel a
long way above
Earth in this.
6
5+t
1
t
3 Write true or false.
1 Diesel engines produce more pollution than
electric motors.
2
3
4
Biodiesel is a clean fuet.
We can put gasotine into batteries.
Scramjet planes wi][ use less fuel than
today's airliners.
Solar cars are faster than personal
transporters.
Answer the questions.
1 How witt ships use less fue[?
2 What do we use to make biodieset?
3 Where can we get c[ean energy from?
4 Why are electric bicycles good for going up hitts?
2 Does it fty? Write yes ot no.
1 maglev train
2 electricar
3 solar plane
4
5
6
scramjet ptane
etectric bike
jet pack
5 What transportation do you use now? What wilt you use in
the future?

@
A Transportation Poster
1 Find or draw pictures of two vehicles.
2 Write notes about the vehicles.
ttIttttttttttt d. tttttttttttttt
@
ATransportation survey $
1 Write the names of five frie;rds or people from your
family at the top of the survey.
2 Ask questions and complete your su:vey with / or
ffi(6
l.
Tlpo of transportation:
Tlpo of transportation:
w
What's it made of?
What's it made of?
Names
plane
heticopter
Where doss it come from? * \rlhers dose ii Lorno from?
sled
camel
\rlho invonted it? \rlhen?
I Who inventad it? \rlhan?
rickshaw
bicycte
motorcycle
truck
bus
@
3
Write abouthe vehicles and make a poster.
Disptayour poster.
canoe
3 Write abouthe results. Displayour resutts.
^-d
Llr
i

So & ,. .#4 d| .*. *cf, r h
{,# $ Pr,f S t 6t F y
a
Here are some words used in this book, and you can check
what they mean. Use a dictionary to check other new words.
aircraft (plural aircralt) a vehicle that float to move stowly on water or in the air
can fly
freight goods that ships, planes, and trains
ambulance a vehicte that takes very sick transport
people to hospital
freighter (or cargo ship) a ship that
ancient from thousands of years in the past carries freight
area part of a place
fresh clean and cool (for air)
attack to fight with someone or something fuel something that we use to produce
become to change into; to start to be heat or energy
bottom the opposite of top
brave not scared
cab where a truck driver sits
canoe a sma[[ boat powered with a paddte
funny unusual or amusing
gas not a solid or liquid; like air
gasoline (orpetrot) a liquid that burns and
powers an engine
carry to take something to another place gold an expensive yellow metal
change to become different; to make goods things that we buy and setl
something different
cheap not expensive
ground the land that we stand on
heat to make something hot
chitd (plural chitdren) a very young person huge very big
coal old wood that you burn to make fire imagine to think of a possible situation
comfortable nice to be in, for example, soft invent to make or design something new
beds or chairs
invention a new idea or thing
commercia[ about buying and setling island tand with water around it
common usuat; seen in many places lake a big area of water
company a group of people that makes land to fty a ptane from the air onto the
money by producing or selling things land
cross to move from one side to another leather the skin of an animal; we use it to
diesel a type of gasoline; a liquid that make shoes and jackets
burns and powers an engine
direction the position someone or
something moves toward
distance the space between two ptaces,
lie down to rest in a comfortabte ptace, for
example, when we sleep
low not high
metal something hard and made from
for example, meters, kilometers
minerats
donkey an animal like a small horse mining finding minerals under the ground
double-decker a vehicte with two ftoors modern not from the past
electric using etectricity (a type of energy) motor an engine, often small or electric
energy we need energy to move and grow; motorized with a motor
machines need energy to work
move to go from one place to another
engine a machine that produces energy to narrow thin
move a vehicle
famous known by many peopte
ferry a ship that transports peopte
noisy making a loud sound
oit a fue[; it's a btack [iquid used to
make gasotine
and goods
ox(plural oxen) an animal like a cow
pair two things the same
soccer pitch (orfootbalt pitch) the ptace
passenger someone traveling in, for
where you ptay soccer
example, a bus, train, plane, or ship sotar from the sun; using energy from
peda[ to push with your feet on a pedal the sun
pirate someone on a ship who attacks and space where the moon and stars are
steals things from other ships
spaceship a vehicte that takes astronauts
plastic a man-made material
' into space
po[[ution something that makes air, [and, space shuttte a vehicte that takes
or water dirty
popular tiked by many people
power to make something move or work
astronauts into space
space station a buitding in space where
astronauts live and work
powerfu[ having great power; being strong special different and important
prefer to like better
spice we use it to give ftavor to food; it
probtem something that is not easy
comes from plants
produce to grow or make something steam the hot gas that water makes when
propeller a machine that turns quickly to it boits
power a ship or aircraft
protect to keep safe from danger
push to make something move away; the
storm bad weather; lots of wind and rain
street vehictes travel on it
thick not thin
opposite of putl
river water on land that goes to the ocean
tire (ortyre) the thick, soft ring on a wheet,
made from rubber
road vehicles travel on it
rock a very hard natura[ material
rotor btades, like a propelter, on a
top speed the fastest that someone or
something can go
town a place with a lot of buildings, [arger
helicopter
than a vittage and smatler than a city
row to move a boat through water with oars trade to buy and se[[ things
rubber a soft material that you use to traffic vehictes moving atong a street
make tires
safe not in danger
sail to travel in a ship or a boat using saits
traffic jam vehictes that can't move
because there are too many other vehictes
transport to take something or someone
or an engrne
from one place to another in a vehicle
sailor someone who works on a ship or tree trunk the thick part of a tree
a boat
separate not connected; apart
shape for example, circle, square, triangle
triangular in the shape of a triangte
uncomfortable not comfortable
useful that helps someone to do something
ship a large boat
silver an expensive gray metal
vehicle something for transportingoods
or peopte
similar like someone or something vittage a few houses in the countryside;
sink to fall to the bottom of water
smaller than a town
size how big or smalt someone or
without not having something; not doing
something is
something
steeper car where you can steep on a train wooden made of wood
in a bed

Series Editor: Hazel Geatches . CLIL Adviser: John C[egg
Oxford Read and Discover graded readers are at four levets, from
3 to 6, suitable for students from age 8 and o[der. They cover many
topics within three subject areas, and can support English across the
curriculum, or Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL).
Available for each reader:
. Audio CD Pack (book& audio CD)
. Activity Book
For Teacher's Notes & CLIL Guidance go to
www.ou p.c om / elt/ teacher,/reada nddiscover
.... Subiect
\:rea
Leve[ \
@
600
headwords
The World of Science
& Technotogy
How We Make Products
Sound and Music
Super Structures
Your Five Senses
* A[[ About Plants
@ * How to Stay Healthy
750 r Machines Then and Now
headwords, Why We Recycle
@
900
headwords
@
a
a
1,050 a
headwordsa
Materials to Products
Medicine Then and Now
Transportation Then
and Now
Wild Weather
Cetts and Microbes
Clothes Then and Now
Incredibte Energy
Your Amazing Body
The Natural
World
Amazing Minibeasts
Animals in the Air
Life in Rainforests
Wonderful Water
' At[ About Desert Life
. All About Ocean Life
. Animats at Night
r lncredibte Earth
a
a
a
a
Alt About lsl.ands
Animal Life Cycles
Exploring Our World
Great Migrations
The Wortd of Arts
& Social Studies
Festivals Around
the World
Free Time Around
the World
r Animals in Art
' Wonders of the Past
u Homes Around
the Wortd
, Our World in Art
Alt About Space . Hetping Around
Caring for Our Ptanet the Wortd
.
Earth Then and Now Food Around
the Wortd
Wonderful Ecosystems
For younger students, Dotphin Readers Levets Starter, t, and 2 are available.

lid
Weather
Jacqueline Martin
nd I cov r all about different types
of weather ...
• What is a hurricane?
re i th coldest place on Earth?
Read and discover more about the world!
This series of non-fiction readers provides
interesting and educational content, with
activities and project work.
Series Editor: Hazel Geatches
.f Audio CD Pack available
Word count for this reader: 3,397
LeveL 3
600 headwords
Level 4
750 headwords
V rJ!\ Level 5
"i.J 900 headwords
Level 6
1,050 headword
9 UJ,
II]
ISBN 978 () 1'1 II I

oct]
Weather
Jacqueline Martin
; Cont~nt~ , Introduction 3
1 What Is Weather? 4
2 World Weather 8
3 ALL About Clouds 12
4 Here Comes the Rain 16
5 Cold Weather 20
6 Hot Weather 24
7 Windy Weather 28
8 In the Future 32
Activities 36
Projects 52
Glossary 54
About Read and Discover 56
OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS

OXFORD
UNIVERSITY PRESS
Great Clarendon Street. Oxford OX2 6DP
Oxford University Press is a department of the University
of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence
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First published 2010
2014 2013 2012 2011 2010
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All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
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in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly
permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate
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to the ELT Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at
the address above
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cover and you must impose this same condition on any
acquirer
Any websites referred to in this publication are in the
public domain and their addresses are provided by Oxford
University Press for information only. Oxford University
Press disclaims any responsibility for the content
ISBN: 9780194644983
An Audio CD Pack containing this book and a CD is also
available, ISBN 9780194645386
The CD has a choice of American and British English
recordings of the complete text.
An accompanying Activity Book is also available.
ISBN 9780194645089
Printed in China
This book is printed on paper from certified and
well-managed sources.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
nlustrations by: Kelly Kennedy pp.5, 9, 15, 17, 22, 31; Ian Moores
pp.4, 8, 10, 15, 16, 32, 38; Dusan Pavlic/Beehive Illustration
pp.36, 44; Alan Rowe pp.36, 44.
The Publishers would aIso like to thank the folWwingfor their kind
pennission to reproduce photographs and other copyright material:
Alamy pp.12 Uason Smalley/Wildspace/stratus, A.T.WilIett/
cumulus, FB Rose/imagebroker/cirrus), 13 (Andrzej Gorzkowski
Photography), 26 (Andrew McConnell), 35 (Charles Crust/
Danita Deiimont, Agent/solar panels); Corbis pp.7 (Staffan
Widstrand), 9 (Fridmar Damm), 19 Uayanta Shaw/Reuters).
20 (Galen RoweIIfLatitude ), 22 (Visuals Unlimited), 30 Uim
Reed Photography), 35 (Hashimoto Noburu/Corbis Sygma/
solar boat); Getty Images pp.11 (Alan Copson/photographer's
Choice), 18 (Sebastian D'Souza/AFP), 27 (Peter Turner/Stone);
Oxford University Press pp.3, 5, 6, 14, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 34;
Photolibrary p.21 (Mark Cassino/Superstock); Science Photo
Library p.17 (Simon Fraser); StilI Pictures p.33 (Biosphoto/
Vemay Pierre/Polar Lys).
With thanks to: Ann FuIIick for science checking
Wind, rain, cloud, and snow are all types of weather.
Weather is different in different places around the
world. In some places the weather is the same
every day, and in other places it changes every hour.
Weather can be calm or wild!
What are these types of weather caLLed?
Do you know what pLaces have these types of weather?
What types of weather are there where you live?
Now read and discover more
about different types of weather!

Around Earth, there is a blanket of air called the
atmosphere. Weather is the different conditions in
the atmosphere. What types of weather do you like?
How Does Weather Happen?
Most of the weather on Earth happens because of
two things - the sun, and air pressure. The sun heats
some parts of Earth more than others, so air is
warmer in some places and cooler in others. Areas of
warm or cold air, called air masses, move around and
bring different types of weather. When two masses
meet, the weather changes.
You can't feel it, but the air is pushing down on you.
This is called air pressure. Air pressure can change.
Low air pressure brings rain and wind. High air
pressure brings clear skies, which means hot, sunny
days in summer, but cold days in winter.
Air Masses Meeting
Knowing About the Weather
We need to know about the weather so that we can
build the right type of homes, wear the right clothes,
and travel at the right time. If people on ships and
planes know about the weather, they can avoid bad
storms. If farmers know about the weather, they
can plant and cut down crops at the right time.
In 1992, weather forecasters warned people in the
USA that Hurricane Andrew was coming. Sadly,
54 people died, but lots of people survived.
( cold air mass)
( warm air mass)
In the past, the Chippewa Indians
in North America thought that the sun
was in a bag aLL winter. They believed
that every spring, a mouse bit a hole
in the bag and the sun came out!

Many years ago, scientists flew in hot-air balloons to
measure the weather. Today, they collect information
from weather stations, weather planes, weather
balloons, and satellites, to understand what the
weather will do. Millions of measurements are taken
every day. The information helps scientists to predict
the weather.
icting the W
her
A good way to predict the weather is to look at
the types of cloud in the sky. Today, scientists use
computers to predict the weather, but in the past,
people watched nature. They watched what
happened to plants, animals, the moon, or the
stars. Many people still do this.
Some people think that cows or sheep can predict
the weather. They think that if animals sit down, it
will rain. People also believe that a red sky at night
means good weather the next day, but a red sky in
the morning means bad weather .
weather stations around the worLd.
.. Go to pages 36-37 for activities.
II

Weather can be very different around the world
depending on the climate and the landscape.
The climate is the usual weather for a place. The
landscape is what the land is like.
eather and Climat
Weather can change, but climates stay the same most
of the time. There are different types of climate
because of the sun. The sun shines most strongly on
the middle of Earth, called the equator. Places near
the equator have hot climates with lots of hot, sunny
weather. Places far from the equator have cold
climates with cold, snowy weather. Places in between
have temperate climates, where the weather is mild.
d p .
to Climate
Different things live and grow in different climates.
Plants and animals adapt to where they live, for
example, animals in cold climates often have thick
coats to keep them warm.
Only plants with short roots can grow in cold climates
because the ground is frozen for most of the year.
Very few plants can grow in deserts because
there isn't enough water. Cactus plants
survive because they can store water.
If lightning hits a cactus,
it can expLode. The lightning
boils the water inside the
cactus and the steam makes
part of the cactus expLode!
temperate
coLd

Weather an
Earth goes around the sun. For some of the year,
one half of Earth is nearer the sun, so it has warmer
weather called summer. At the same time, the other
half is away from the sun, so it has colder weather
called winter. This is how the seasons work.
How the Seasons Work
We the
nd Land r
The weather of a place can change depending on the
landscape. If you climb a mountain, the air gets about
6 degrees centigrade (OC) colder every 1,000 meters
that you climb. So there can be snow at the top of a
mountain near the equator!
Land gets warm faster than the ocean, so in summer,
inland places are warmer than places near the ocean.
Inland places cool down faster, too, so they are colder
in winter.
sun
summer here
Most places have summer and winter, but in
temperate climates there are also seasons called
spring and fall, when the weather isn't as hot as
summer or as cold as winter. Places near the equator
are usually hot, but they have wet and dry seasons.
PLains have some of the hottest weather.
They have hot summers, and coLd, dry winters
because they are far from the ocean and they
can be protected by mountains, too.

CLouds Look light, but even a small cloud can be
as heavy as 100 eLephants! Every cloud is made
of millions of tiny drops of water.
There are many cloud shapes, but they all come from
three types of cloud. If we look at the type of cloud in
the sky, this can help us to predict the weather.
Stratus clouds are low, thin blankets of cloud. These
can bring light rain. Cumulus clouds usually bring
good weather, but if they get too big or low they can
change into cumulonimbus clouds - and that means
storms! Cirrus clouds form high in the sky. They are
made of ice crystals and they often mean that bad
weather is coming.
stratus clouds
Mist a d Fog
At night the ground cools down and it also cools the
air above it. When the air gets cold, the water in it can
turn into mist. Mist is like a very thin cloud.
Fog is like mist, but it's a thicker cloud that forms
nearer the ground. It's very hard to see in fog and you
can easily get lost, so it can be dangerous. Driving in
fog is also dangerous, but cars have special fog lights to
help other drivers to see them.

Storm Clouds
When hot air rises on a hot day, it can change into
storm clouds. In a storm, strong winds make the tiny
drops of water inside clouds hit each other, and this
makes electricity. The electricity moves between
the cloud and the ground, and it makes very bright
flashes of light called lightning. Lightning is about
30,000 degrees centigrade! Lightning heats the air
around it, and the air moves away very fast and makes
a loud noise called thunder. There are about 40,000
thunderstorms every day!
ightning F cts'
There are many different types of lightning. Forked
lightning and zigzag lightning are the most common,
but there are also sheet lightning and rocket lightning.
• ~ Light travels faster than sound, so you see
lightning before you hear thunder. Count the
seconds between lightning and thunder. If you
count three seconds, the storm is a kilometer away.
About 100 lightning flashes happen every second
on Earth, but most of them don't hit the ground.
Lightning usually hits tall things like trees and
buildings. The Empire State Building in New York
in the USA is hit by lightning about 100 times
every year. Lightning doesn't usually hit people,
but a park ranger in Virginia in the USA has been
hit seven times!
Go to pages 40-41 for activities.

leNCo ••
tIIelaln
People, animals, and plants all need water. Enough
rain falls every day for 100 baths for every person on
Earth! Sadly, some people don't have enough water
because more rain falls in some places than others.
What
Rain?
Rain is water that falls from clouds onto the ground
and into rivers, lakes, and oceans. When the sun heats
the water, some of the water changes into a gas called
water vapor. This is called evaporation. Water vapor
rises into the sky where it cools and changes back into
tiny drops of water that make clouds. The drops of
water get bigger and then they fall as rain. Rainwater
goes into rivers, rivers go into lakes and oceans, and
the process starts again. This is called the water cycle.
The Water Cycle
Rainbows
When there is rain and sun at the same time, raindrops
break light from the sun into different colors and we
see a rainbow. There are seven different colors in a
rainbow - red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and
violet. Sometimes you can see two or more rainbows
in the sky at the same time. You can only see a rainbow
if you are between the sun and the rain.
Have you ever seen a rainbow at night? Rainbows
made in the light from the moon are called moonbows!
If you see a rainbow from
a plane, it will look like a circle.

Is Rain Good or Bad?
We need rain to help things grow, but if there is
heavy rain, rivers sometimes overflow and make
floods. Floods can happen anywhere, even in deserts.
Floods can destroy buildings and crops, and they can
kill animals and people. Floods can be good, too. The
mud from a flood makes soil more fertile, so crops
grow better.
In Bangladesh, there are floods after the monsoon
almost every year. Bangladesh has the most fertile
soil in the world!
Monsoons
In tropical climates, where it's hot and wet, there are
only two seasons. For half of the year, winds blow
from the land to the ocean and there is a hot, dry
season. For the other half of the year, winds blow
from the ocean to the land and there is a long, wet
season. When the winds change, and they blow from
the ocean, it's called the monsoon. Monsoon winds
bring heavy rain. People need monsoon rain for their
crops to grow, but it can bring problems, too.
.-
• ~ One of the wettest places on Earth is Cherrapunji in
India. About 11.5 meters of rain falls there every year!
Go to pages 42-43 for activities.

About 11,000 years ago, more than 30% of Earth was
covered in ice! Earth is warmer today, but we still
have cold weather.
nowan
e
When the air temperature is less than 0 degrees
centigrade, water drops in the clouds change into ice
crystals. As more drops freeze, the crystals get bigger.
Then, as the crystals fall through the clouds, they hit
each other and form snowflakes.
Snow can be fun, but it can make it difficult for people
to travel. When it's cold, you must keep your hands,
toes, and nose warm or they can go numb. If you get
too cold you can get hypothermia - this is when your
body is so cold that it stops working.
If the temperature near the ground is more than
o degrees centigrade, snowflakes start to melt and they
change into sleet. Sleet is a mixture of rain and snow.
Snowflakes
e Is It 0 d?
The coldest climates on Earth are near the North and
South Poles. Most of the ice there never melts. Some
ice has been there for more than two million years!
The coldest place in the world is Vostok in Antarctica.
The temperature there is usually about minus
57 degrees centigrade, but in 1987 it reached
minus 89 degrees. That's the coldest temperature
ever recorded!
All snowflakes have six parts,
but every one has a different pattern.

Blizzards
A heavy snowstorm with icy winds and temperatures
less than minus 12 degrees centigrade is called a
blizzard. Blizzards can happen very quickly and the
snow can cover buildings, cars, and trains. Power
cables can fall down, leaving people in their homes
with no electricity.
In a strong blizzard you can't see where the sky meets
the ground. This is called a whiteout. In white outs,
planes can crash and birds can fly into the ground!
Hail
When air rises and carries water drops up to where
the air freezes, the drops freeze and form hailstones.
Small hailstones start to fall, but they are pushed up
again by more rising air, and another layer of ice
forms on top of the hailstone. This keeps happening
until the hailstones are heavier than the air, and
then they fall to the ground. If you cut a hailstone in
half, you can count how many times this happened
by counting the layers of ice!
Heavy snow can also make avalanches happen -
this is when a lot of snow falls down mountains very
quickly. Avalanches cover everything as they move.
Q
~ Most hailstones are
very small, but the biggest
hailstone ever recorded was
almost 18 centimeters wide.
That's as big as a soccer ball!
Go to pages 44-45 for activities.
•

let Wexailixer
Weather is hottest in places near the equator because
they are nearer the sun. Weather here can be hot and
dry, or hot and wet. The highest temperature recorded
was in Libya in 1922. It was 58 degrees centigrade!
Hot Deserts
Places with less than 25 centimeters of rain every year
are called deserts. Deserts can be hot or cold, but they
are almost always dry because the winds there blow
from the land to the ocean. During the day, the skies
are usually clear and sunny, but with no clouds to
keep the heat in, the nights can be very cold!
The driest place in the world
is the Atacama Desert in Chile.
It once had no rain for 400 years!
Droughts and Fires
If rain doesn't fall for a long time, rivers and lakes
can dry up. When this happens it's called a drought.
Crops can't grow without water, so if there's a long
drought, people don't have enough to eat and there
can be a famine.
Hot sun can start fires. Fires can be a big problem in
hot, dry countries because trees and other plants are
dry. Forest fires are not always bad because they clear
up dead leaves and help the soil. Some plants need
strong heat for their seeds to grow!

urnid
eath
Hot places are not always dry. Hot places near water
are often humid because air sucks up the water that
evaporates from oceans and rivers. The amount of
water vapor in the air is called its humidity.
In hot, humid weather your sweat can't evaporate, so
you can't cool down. You must drink lots of water in
hot weather. If your body gets too hot you can get
heatstroke and be sick.
a ~ On a clear, humid day you can sometimes see the
water vapor in the air - this is called a heat haze.
A Heat Haze
andstorm
When storm clouds form after a hot day in the
desert, sandstorms can happen. Most sandstorms
are not dangerous and they are only a few meters
high, but sometimes strong winds blow the sand up
to 3 kilometers in the air and carry it for thousands
of kilometers. Big sandstorms can break rocks and
they can last for three or more days! It's difficult to
see and breathe in a sandstorm.
•
Go to pages 46- 47 for activities.

As Earth moves, air moves with it. Warm air rises and
cooL air takes its pLace. As air moves, the pressure
changes. Air goes from the high pressure to the Low
pressure, and this makes wind.
so Wind
Winds get their names from the direction that they
blow from. For example, a north wind blows from
north to south. We can see which direction a wind
is blowing from by looking at a weathervane.
torm
ind
Storm winds are called hurricanes over the Atlantic
Ocean, cyclones over the Indian Ocean, and
typhoons over the Pacific Ocean.
A hurricane starts as a thunderstorm over the
ocean. The warm, wet air rises quickly and as Earth
moves, it makes the storm spin upward. The center
of a hurricane is called the eye - here the weather is
calm, but around it there is heavy rain, and winds
of up to 350 kilometers per hour. It's difficult to
predict where hurricanes will go because they can
change speed and direction very quickly. Hurricanes
can last for a week!
Q
~ Since 1978, every hurricane has had a name.
The strongest hurricane ever recorded is Hurricane Wilma.

A Tornado
Tornadoes
Tornadoes, or twisters, are the fastest winds
on Earth. The storm clouds are a funnel
shape, and they spin down from
thunderclouds. When the tornado
touches the ground, it starts to move
like a vacuum cleaner, sucking up
things from the ground. Tornadoes
move quite slowly, at about
40 kilometers per hour, but
winds inside the funnel can
have speeds of up to 800
kilometers per hour!
Tornadoes are much
smaller than hurricanes
and they usually only
last a few minutes,
but they are
very strong!
Measuring the Win
A British man called Francis Beaufort found a way
to record the strength of the wind. This is called the
Beaufort scale.
0
1
~a:-~ :
2 ~~4f
3
calm
= 0 kph
light air
= 3 kph
light breeze
-tif

Earth is getting warmer. The climate has become
warmer and coLder in the past, but scientists think
that it's now getting warmer faster than ever before
and that it will stay warmer in the future.
hv Is the lim t On ?
Earth gets heat from the sun. Some heat escapes,
but some is trapped by a blanket of gases like carbon
dioxide. This keeps Earth warm enough for us to live
here. It's called the greenhouse effect. The problem
now is that our vehicles, factories, and power stations
have made a lot of carbon dioxide. So we're trapping
too much heat, and Earth is getting too warm!
Weather in the Future
More heat means that there will be more rain,
stronger winds, and storms in some places, and
more droughts and famines in others. It also means
that the snow and ice on mountains and around
the Poles will melt, so sea levels will rise. If all the
glaciers in the world melt, sea levels will rise more
than 60 meters, and places near the ocean will go
underwater! Ocean ice also helps keep Earth cool.
If it melts, Earth will get even warmer!

tCanWe 0 .,
It's probably too late to stop the climate changing,
but we can help to slow it down. We must make less
carbon dioxide to help to keep Earth cool. We can
use our cars less - we can walk or ride a bicycle. We
can also plant more trees. Trees use carbon dioxide
to make food, so if there are more trees, there will
be less carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.
in Energy f 0 e ea h r
We need electricity, but we don't have to make it in
power stations. Instead, we can make it from energy
from the weather. Wind energy and solar energy
are called green energy. Green energy makes less
carbon dioxide.
To make electricity, we can use strong winds to turn
windmills that power turbines. Lots of windmills
together are called a wind farm. Wind farms
are often on hills or out in the ocean
because the winds are
stronger there.
Solar panels can change
light from the sun into
electricity. This electricity
can power small machines
or heat homes. People use
solar panels all around
the world.
The sun can even power cars and boats! Solar-powered
vehicles can be expensive, but they don't make carbon
dioxide. People keep finding new ways to use our
amazing weather!
In 1996, Kenichi Horie from
Japan crossed the Pacific Ocean
in this solar-powered boat.

What Is Weather?
.. Read pages 4-7.
1 Write the words.
1
4
sun sky moon cloud re+rt stars
/ / /
/
rain 2
2 Circle the correct words.
5
" .... ~ ..
",. . ..
• • >t
. .'
3
6
~
, .
1 Around Earth, there is a blanket of water I@called
the atmosphere.
2 Weather is the different conditions in the atmosphere I
ocean.
3 Most weather happens because of the moon I sun, and
air pressure.
4 An area of warm or cold air is called an air mass I pressure.
5 The air is falling I pushing down on you.
3 Write complete sentences. Use these words.
plant avoid mme crops "e",e~ storms drive
1 We need to know about the weather, SO that \>Je Gan
bUi\d the right t~pe
of homes.
2 Drivers need to know about the weather, ______ _
3 Farmers need to know about the weather, _____ _
4 Pilots need to know about the weather, ______ _
4 Correct the sentences.
1 A good way to predict the weather is to look at the stars.
A. good \>Ja~ to predid the \>Jeather is to \oo\( at
the douds.
2 Today, scientists use cows to predict the weather.
3 In the past, people watched food to predict the weather.
4 Some people think that if animals stand up, it will rain.
5 People believe that a red sky in the morning means
good weather the next day.
6 High I Low air pressure brings rain and wind.

World Weather
+ Read pages 8-11. equator hot climates
cold climates temperate climates
1 Write the words.
1 _____
2 _____
3 _____
4 _____
4 Complete the sentences.
winter short l!I"iml!l~~ four
spring summer water coats
1 Plants and anima\s adapt to where they live.
2 Animals in cold climates have thick _____ to keep
them warm.
3 Plants with _____ roots can grow in cold climates.
4 Few plants can grow in deserts because there isn't
enough ____ _
5 We have colder weather in -----
6 We have warmer weather in -----
2 Complete the chart. Write five more places.
Hot Climate Cold Climate Temperate Climate
3 Write weather or climate.
I\ntarc.tic.a
1 the usual weather for a place dimate
2 this changes all the time
3 this stays the same most of the time
4 there are different types of this
because of the sun
5 sun, rain, and snow are types of this
7 Temperate climates have _____ seasons.
8 The season after winter and before summer is
called ____ _
5 Order the words.
1 place. / usual / a / climate / the / The / is / weather / for
The dimate is the usua\ weather for a p\ac.e.
2 warm / Land / ocean. / faster / gets / the / than
3 hottest / have / the / weather. / Plains
4 Plains / dry / have / winters. / summers / cold, / hot / and
6 this changes every season

~ All About Clouds
.. Read pages 12-15.
1 Match. Then write sentences.
Cirrus clouds are ~ low, thin blankets of cloud.
Cumulus clouds are thick cloud near the ground.
Stratus clouds are made of ice crystals.
Mist is
clouds that often bring good
Fog is
weather.
very thin cloud.
1 Girrus douds are made of ic.e c.r'lsta\s.
2 __________________________________________
3 __________________________________________
4 __________________________________________
5
2 Order the words.
1 elephants. A I can I cloud I be l as I heavy I 100 I as
Complete the sentences.
lightning electricity clouds
thunderstorms thunder tall
1 When hot air rises on a hot day, it can change into
storm ____ _
2 Water drops inside clouds hit each other and this
makes ____ _
3 Electricity from the cloud makes bright flashes of light
called ____ _
4 When the hot air around lightning moves away, it
makes ____ _
5 There are 40,000 _____ every day.
6 Lightning usually hits things.
4 Answer the questions.
1 How can you know how far away a storm is?
Gount the sec.onds bet~een \ightning and thunder.
2 What are the most common types of lightning?
3 How often does lightning hit the Empire State Building?
2 of I are I Clouds I of I millions I water. I of I made I drops
4 How hot is lightning?
3 many I different I shapes. I are I There I cloud
5 Have you ever seen a thunderstorm?

; Here Comes the Rain
+ Read pages 16-19.
3 Match. Then write sentences in order.
The sun heats
rivers and oceans.
Water vapor rises
the water.
1 Write the coLors in the correct order.
Then coLor the rainbow.
yellow red violet green orange indigo blue
1 _...---!-r~e.d=--__
Some water changes
Rain falls into
Drops of water fall
Water vapor cools
and changes back into water.
into the sky.
into water vapor.
from the clouds as rain.
2 ______
3 ______
4 ______
5 ______
6 ______
7 ______
2 CompLete the sentences.
animals overflow fertile deserts soil year
1 If there is heavy rain, rivers sometimes
2 Floods can happen anywhere, even in
3 Floods can destroy crops and kill
4 In Bangladesh there are floods almost every
5 Mud from a flood makes soil more
6 Bangladesh has the most fertile in
the world!
1 ______________________
2 ____________________
3
4
5 ____________________
6 ____________________
4 Answer the questions.
1 How many seasons are there in tropical climates?
2 Why do people need the monsoon rains?
3 Write two things that floods can do.
4 Have you ever seen a flood?

, ,
Cold Weather
.. Read pages 20-23.
1 Write the words. snow hail sleet ice
2
3
1 2 3 4
Match.
1 biggest hailstone ever recorded DoC
~
. I
2 parts of a snowflake 11,000 years ago
3 the temperature when water freezes minus 89°C
4 30% of Earth covered in ice two million years
5 some ice has been near the Poles 6
6 coldest temperature ever recorded 18 centimeters
Number the sentences in order.
Rising air carries water drops up into the sky. CD
Hailstones are pushed back up by the rising air. 0
Hailstones become heavier than the air. 0
Heavy hailstones faLL to the ground. 0
Water drops freeze and form hailstones. 0
Another layer of ice forms on the hailstones. 0
SmaLL hailstones start to faLL. 0
4 Complete the puzzle. Write the secret word.
9~
1 ~ I f i r I e Ie z. e s
2~
4~ r 1
7~ 1 I I
I I I 1 11
3~
8~
5~
6~
1 Water _ below 0 degrees centigrade.
2 Rain changes into this below 0 degrees centigrade.
3 If your fingers get very cold, they can go _.
4 If the temperature near the ground is above 0 degrees
centigrade, snow changes into_.
5 When water drops freeze high up in the air they form _.
6 In a whiteout, _can crash.
7 When you can't see where the sky meets the ground,
it's ca LLed a _.
8 A heavy snowstorm is caLLed a _.
9 A lot of snow that faLLs down mountains.
Th e sec ret wo rd is: L..I ---I'--...1-..--L.._.l..--....J1
5 Write about blizzards. Use these words.
whiteout cover power cables cars
faLL down buildings electricity
I I I I
I
L..I ----l_...1-..--L..----l

Hot Weather
+ Read pages 24-27.
1 Correct the sentences.
1 Weather is coldest in places near the equator.
2 Places with more than 25 centimeters of rain are
called deserts.
3 Winds in the desert blow from the ocean to the land.
3 Find and write the hot weather words.
h ( d e s e r t) r t 1 def>ert
0 s w e a t c a f 2 ...... f>o

Windy Weather
.. Read pages 28-31.
3 Write hurricane or tornado.
1 starts as a thunderstorm
2 spins down from a thundercloud
1 Write the words 3 is also called a twister
1 north-~est
e 4 is also called a cyclone
N 2
5 can last for a week
3
6 only lasts a few minutes
4
7 the fastest winds on Earth
5
8 has a center called an eye
6
9 is like a funnel
S
7
10 can change direction very quickly
o
8
2 Complete the chart. 4 Complete the sentences.
3 light breeze 15 strong breeze storm
118 fresh gale hurricane 35 81
buildings ground things Australia
cars house damage road
The Beaufort Scale
0 calm = 0 kph
I 7 moderate gale = 56 kph
1 light air = _ kph 8 = 68 kph
2 = 9 kph 9 strong gale = _ kph
3 gentle breeze = _ kph 10 whole gale = 94 kph
4 moderate breeze = 25 kph 11 = 110 kph
1 Strong winds can a lot of
2 A level 1 tornado can push off the
3 A level 5 tornado can lift a off the
4 Level 5 hurricanes can destroy
5 A big hurricane can be as big as
5 Write about storms in your country.
5 fresh breeze = _kph 12 =_kph
a
-
~"'
6 = 45 kph
'""" ,",.,,, .. ",.
~'''';".'''
I
I

In the Future
+ Read pages 32-35.
3 Complete the puzzle.
1~
1 Circle the correct words.
1 Earth's climate is getting warmer / colder.
2 Scientists think that it's getting warmer slower / faster
than before.
3 The sun heats Earth / the moon.
7~
4 Factories make too much air / gas called carbon dioxide.
5 Carbon dioxide traps the heat / light.
10~
8~
9~
6 It's bad / good to trap some heat.
-
~
2 Complete the chart.
walk levels go heat less power stations energy
storms droughts bicycle famines warm trees
Why is the
climate changing?
What will happen
in the future?
What can we do?
Factories and There will be more We can make
. More places carbon
make a lot of will have , dioxide. We can
carbon dioxide. and there could plant more
We are trapping be . We
too much If sea can
and rise, some places or ride a
Earth is getting could We can use green
too
underwater.
-= -",-
./
1 The usual weather for a place is its_.
2 Green makes less carbon dioxide.
3 Energy from the sun is called _.
4 The season after winter and before summer.
5 When sun and rain happen at the same time you can get a _.
6 Lots of windmills together _ .
7 A heavy snowstorm _.
8 A thick, low cloud.
9 A lot of carbon dioxide is making Earth too_ .
10 The fastest wind on Earth.
4 Write about the weather where you live.

A Weather Report
1 Record the weather where you live for a week. Write
notes in the chart.
World Weather
1 Find some worLd weather information in the newspaper
or on the Internet.
2 Choose a city in your country and three more cities in
different countries. Then write notes.
Day
Monday
Tuesday
Temperature Wind
at _ o'clock Direction
Types of
Weather
M~ 'it~:
C.ountrf
Date:
lemperature:
¥-ainfa\\:
Other information:
C.it~ l:
c.ountr~:
Date:
lemperature:
¥-ainfa\\:
Other information:
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
C.it~ 2:
C.ountrf
Date:
1 emperature:
¥-ainfa\\:
Other information:
C.it~ 3:
C.ountrf
Date:
lemperature:
¥-ainfa\\:
Other information:
2 How was the weather? Write a report.
3 DispLay your report.
3 Write about the information. Was the weather the
same or different? Which city was the hottest, the
coLdest, had the most rain?
4 DispLay your worLd weather information.

Glossary
amount how much there is of something
area part of a space or a place
avoid to stay away from
become to change into, to start to be
believe to think that something is true
blanket a piece of material that covers
something
blow to move (for wind)
boil to heat a liquid like water until it's so
hot it changes into steam
breathe to take in and let out air through
your nose and mouth
breeze a light wind
bright with lots of light
calm not wild (for weather)
carry to take
center the middle
change to become different; to make
something different
clear up to make clean
coat a name for an animal's fur or skin
common usual, seen in many places
condition how something is
cool down to become cooler
cover to put something over something;
to be over something
crop a plant that a farmer grows
damage to make something bad or weak
dangerous can damage something or
someone
dead not living any more
destroy to damage something very badly
die to stop living
difficult not easy
direction the position something or
someone moves toward
drop a very small amount of liquid
electricity a type of energy
energy we need energy to move and grow
enough how much we want or need
Here are some words used in this book, and you can check
what they mean. Use a dictionary to check other new words.
escape to get away from something
evaporate to change from liquid into
gas (for example when water changes
into steam)
famine when there isn't enough food for
a long time
far not near
flash a bright light that shines for a very
short time
flood where there is a lot of water where
it is usually dry
forest a place with a lot of trees
form to make or be made
freeze to be less than 0 degrees
centigrade; to change into ice
fresh strong and cold (for wind)
frozen so cold that it is very hard
gale a strong wind
gas it's not a solid or a liquid; like air
gentle not very strong (for weather)
glacier a large amount of ice, formed by
snow in mountains
ground the land that we stand on
grow to get bigger
half one of two parts
heat something that is hot; to make
something hot
humid warm and wet
hurricane a very strong wind
ice crystal a small piece of ice
icy very cold, made of ice
information what you know about
something
inland far from the ocean
kill to make something or someone die
lake a big area of water
last to happen for an amount of time
leaf (plural leaves) the flat green part of
a plant
lightning a flash of very bright light in the
sky, made by electricity
lost when you don't know where you are
low not high
measure to find out how big or small
something is
melt to make something so hot that it
changes into a liquid
mild not too hot or too cold
mixture different things together
moderate between light and strong
(for wind)
move to go from one place to another
mud wet soil
nature all plants, animals, and things that
are not made by people
noise a loud sound
numb so cold that you can't feel anything
ocean the salt water that covers most
of Earth
once one time
overflow to rise over the top of something
(for a liquid)
park ranger someone who works in a park
past many years ago
plant to put plants or seeds in the soil to
make them grow
power to use energy to make something
move or work
power cable it carries electricity from
place to place
power station a building where electricity
is made
predict to say what will happen
problem something that is difficult
process when things happen one after
another
protect to keep something safe from
danger
push down to make something move down
push up to make something move up
reach to get to
record to write down what happens
rise to go up
river water on land that goes to the ocean
rock a very hard, natural material
root the part of a plant that holds it in
the soil
safely not being damaged
satellite a machine that goes into space
sea level how high the water is in the sea
or ocean
second it measures time; there are 60
seconds in a minute
seed what a plant grows from
shape for example, circle, square, triangle
sheep (plural sheep) an animal used for
meat and wool
sky (plural skies) where the clouds and
sun are
soil the ground that plants grow in
solar from the sun
spin to turn around quickly
steam the hot gas that water makes when
it boils
store to keep something to use later
storm very bad weather
strength how strong something is
suck up to lift something up into the air
survive to live
sweat water that comes out of our bodies
when we get very hot
temperature how hot or cold something is
thick not thin
tiny very small
trap to keep something in a place where it
can't escape
vacuum cleaner a machine that picks up
dust and dirt from floors
vehicle something for transporting goods
or people
warn to tell people when something bad is .
going to happen
way how to do something
weather forecaster someone who tells us
how the weather will be
whole all of something
without not having something; not doing
something

Series Editor: Hazel Geatches • CUL Adviser: John Clegg
Oxford Read and Discover graded readers are at four levels, from
3 to 6, suitable for students from age 8 and older. They cover many
topics within three subject areas, and can support English across the
curriculum, or Content and Language Integrated Learning (CULl.
Available for each reader:
• Audio CD Pack (book & audio CD)
• Activity Book
For Teacher's Notes & CUL Guidance go to
www.oup.com/ elt/ teacher / readanddiscover
~
Area
LeveL
~
'\
The World of Science The Natural The World of Arts
& Technology World & Social Studies
• How We Make Products • Amazing Minibeasts • Festivals Around
• Sound and Music
• Animals in the Air
the World
600 • Super Structures • Life in Rainforests • Free Time Around
the World
headwords • Your Five Senses • Wonderful Water
~
• All About Plants • All About Desert Life • Animals in Art
• How to Stay Healthy • All About Ocean Life • Wonders of the Past
750 • Machines Then and Now • Animals at Night
headwords • Why We Recycle • "Incredible Earth
• Materials to Products • All About Islands • Homes Around
~ • Medicine Then and Now • Animal Life Cycles
the World
900 • Transportation Then • Exploring Our World • Our World in Art
headwords and Now
• Great Migrations
• Wild Weather
• Cells and Microbes • All About Space • Helping Around
• • Clothes Then and Now • Caring for Our Planet
the World
1,050 • Incredible Energy • Earth Then and Now • Food Around
the World
~eadwords • Your Amazing Body • Wonderful Ecosystems
./
For younger students, Dolphin Readers Levels Starter, 1, and 2 are available.