ARCH7216_La Perouse Final

L A P E R O U S E

1.Cowley, Rowan. “Healing Process Begins” Southern Courier, Jun. 25, 2002. Accessed March, 2018.
2.Thompson, Angus. “Bridge To The Past” Southern Courier, Oct. 21, 2008. Accessed March, 2018.
3.Fitzgibbon, Wendy. “Remains Returned to Park” Southern Courier, Jun. 25, 2002. Accessed March, 2018.
4.Taylor, James. “Author Tells of the Stolen Generation: Stories Make History Accessible to Kids” Southern Courier, Jun. 16, 2015.
5.Kensy, J. (2008). La Perouse. Retrieved from: https://dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/la_perouse.

I T I S T H E P E R F E C T L O C A T I O N F O R A L I T T L E G E T A W A Y

T H E H I S T O R Y O F L A P E R O U S E

T H E S I G N I F I C A N T S P O T S O F L A P E R O U S E

THE ROUTE OF THE CHRISTIAN MISSIONARY PROJECT

T H E J O U R N E Y B A C K H O M E

WHITE AND INDIGENOUS KIDS “DIVING FOR THE MONEY” IN WEEKEND

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T H E MACQUARIE TOWER
:
La Perouse is a unique suburb where people around Sydney would
visit and getting away from the busy urban life during the weekend.
In the first assessment of mapping the suburb of La Perouse, I started
to feel and understand the “spirit” of La Perouse – an isolated
community only 18km from Sydney CBD, a world within a world.
Therefore La Perouse has a very unique context compare to other
Sydney suburbs. First, there are lots of visitors come to here every
weekend for family activities which makes it a tourist spot rather than
a suburb; secondly, people in La Perouse cherish the natural
landscape and historical treasure, limited of urban development were
established there, this might be influenced by the local indigenous
history and culture; thirdly, the history of the suburb La Perouse was
quite long (date back to 1800s), many of the public facilities may have
been decayed and therefore moved to somewhere else.
Therefore it was a struggling process for me to both choose the
public building for my project and suit my own interest of finding the
“untold stories” of La Perouse. Instead of picking a building I
continued on researching the history of La Perouse. The fire of the
Macquarie Watch Tower in 1957 has captured my eyes. The complex
stories and dramatic transformation of the Macquarie Watch Tower
made me believed that this building is an essential element to
discuss when talking about La Perouse. Behind its historical value as
an old architecture, the different purpose of the building through
different period of time reflects the socio-cultural environment of the
time. In fact, there were some interesting individual stories hided
under the flow of the time and the disappeared space caused by the
fire.
Photo of the Macquarie Watchtower before 11957.
Elevation of Macquarie Watch Tower, 1822 Plan of Macquarie Watch Tower, 1822

In the 1820s, La Perouse was considered as an isolated back door
to the Colony, a small detachment of troops were set to watch and
take care of the Bay from smugglers and misguided vessels.
Therefore the Macquarie Watch Tower was built in 1822 to suit this
purpose and provided a shelter for the soldiers. The designer of the
Tower was remain a mystery. Although the watch tower was
named after the Governor Lachlan Macquarie, the tower was not
listed in his building works. The watch tower is made of Sydney
sandstone with the wall thickness of 600mm. Its exterior diameter
is 7240mm and has the height of approximately 7240mm as well.
The Macquarie Watch Tower served this role till 1826. During this
period of time, the soldiers have appropriated the Garden that was
established by Sir La Perouse in 1788.
Then in 1831, the tower was acquired by the Department of
Custom as the coastal customs out-station. However the tower
was too small to house the officers, tidewaiter and boatmen
therefore significant repair and renovation was essential in order
to serve its purpose. The entire renovation and expansion of the
“Coastal Custom Office” was rather a process fulfilled with failure
and unsuccessful approach. The initial improvement commenced
in 1832 by a stonemason called James Walsh but the result turned
out to be non-successful since the storm water was constantly leak
into the building through windows and roof. In 1835, a huge storm
destroyed the window and an added kitchen of the Macquarie
Watch Tower. The habitability of the tower was really bad of the
time which lead to another round of renovation development.
During the time between 1835 and 1850, an addition building with
skillion roof was constructed against the tower and by 1863, skillion
roofed additions have occupied three sides of the tower, became a
semi-circular addition surrounding the octagonal tower. Also in
1850, a pitched roof replaced the existing flat, lead lined roof for the
tower. The renovation also included a new fire place and a
chimney. The replacement of windows, roofs and door frames
were done by 1864.
In1868, the Botany Heads Provision School was established in the
Macquarie Watch Tower. Geographically, La Perouse was an
isolated and remote place which increase the difficulties in
establishing public facilities. From a historical point of view, La
Perouse was the place where a lot of Aboriginal people were living
of the time. Due to the concerns above, the colonial government
might just ignored the people and the development of the
community there. By that time, Michael McDermott was the
Custom Officer of La Perouse, he and his family were living in the
Tower. He realized the need of education in the area and started
the Botany Heads Provision School in his living room in the Tower.
On the first day, there were 25 students enrolled, both Aboriginal
and non-Aboriginal children. Also his 17 years old daughter and
governess also helped to teach the class with limited amount of
resources. Due to the expansion of the class, an additional building
(4m x 3m) was opened for the school use in 1873. An inspector
recorded it as the best school he ever seen.
Beyond the effort of people who were committed to education of
the area, tragic event occurred with external reasons. The pool
sanitation of the area caused death of children from diphtheria
epidemic. The school was forced to close for 2 months. There were
discussion about the extension of classrooms and fresh water
supply after this incident.
Plan of Macquarie Watchtower ,1864.
Front elevation of Macquarie Watchtower, 1864.
Section of Macquarie Watchtower, 1864.

Later on, Botany Heads Provision School became La Perouse
Public School and was located to Bunnerong Street in 1910 and
moved to the present site in Yarra Bay in 1944. Through the rapid
change and transformation of the school, great effort was made to
ensure the integrity of the school that was Aboriginal children’s
rights to attend the school. The school has evolved to be the
educationally vibrant and culturally rich institution it is today
through the dedicated teachers and the efforts and support of
families living in the area over generations from 1868.
In 1903, the Custom Station transferred to NSW Government. The
Macquarie Watch Tower became the house for the Caretaker of
the local areas. In 1957, the additional structures and part of the
original Macquarie Tower was destroyed by accidental fire. The
Tower was burnt to what it was like when it was originally built.
The brief story of the Macquarie Watch Tower ends here. Now it
becomes a monument echoing the history of La Perouse. The
tower has witnessed the colonial development, the suffering of the
local Aboriginal people, it was the first Custom Office of Sydney
and the first school that enrolled both Aboriginal and
non-Aboriginal children. The Macquarie Watch Tower, being there
for nearly 200 years, has grown, expanded and ruined over times,
now standing there and continue to witness the story of La
Perouse. What’s different from before is that now the story fulfill
with the laugh of families of different cultures and background.
1. Jill Sheppard Heritage Consultant, La Perouse Headland Conservation
Management Plan (Sydney, 2008/2009).
2. “Macquarie Watchtower, La Perouse,”Randwick & District Historical Society,
accessed April 20, 2018, http://www.randwickhistoricalsociety.org.au/school.htm.
3. State Records NSW 5/15041.3
4. “The Watchtower Fire - 1st October 1957,” Randwick & District Historical Society,
accessed April 20, 2018, http://www.randwickhistoricalsociety.org.au/macqfire.htm.
5. “Botany Heads Public School,” Randwick & District Historical Society, accessed
April 20, 2018, http://www.randwickhistoricalsociety.org.au/school.htm.
6. Brief historical account of La Perouse School for its foundation in 1868 to 1940
Mission Publications, Australia 1968.

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T H E C A B L E S T A T I O N
:
La Perouse, located at the northern headland of the Botany Bay, is
a unique suburb where it seems so peaceful and settled with its
natural beauty situating around and within. However, if you
observe and study it furthermore, you will realise the hidden
history of its nature, people and industry.
A throwback to my first visit to La Perouse, it was a Sunday
afternoon. I saw a lot of visitors that were taking photos and
playing around at the site, and I was one of them. At that time I
was only fascinated by the beautiful natural elements, the fresh air,
the greens, the land, the water and the sky. Little did I know the
land I was walking on and the air I was breathing in, have a variety
of story that happened and weaved into them.
The story should start from the very beginning when La Perouse
was not called La Perouse. The land was known as “Gooriwal” by
the indigenous Muruoradial people who were believed to live on
this land since thousand years ago. The indigenous Muruoradial
people have never claimed the ownership of the land, they were
only living and protecting it with their traditional ways. They used
fishing to protect the water and treated everything as a whole.
However, with the geographic location of “Gooriwal”, where it
performed as an entrance to a beautiful bay. On the 26th of
January in 1788, French explorer Jean-Francois de Galaup, Comte
da Laperouse and his expedition found this beautiful site where
they can sail in and repair their ships while resting before they
headed back to Europe. They camped on the site for about six
weeks, and they witnessed the beginning of the British settlement
in Sydney, and that was another chapter of the story. This land was
later named “La Perouse”, in order to honour the navigator of the
scientific expedition, Jean-Francois de Galaup, Comte da
Laperouse.
I was walking along the driveway where the people were getting
fewer and fewer, and I saw this building that situates in the centre
of the meadow, with three kids chasing around each other at the
front of the building, it is the La Perouse Museum.
Side view of the La Perouse Museum
Kids playing in front of the museum

The heritage building which housed the La Perouse Museum
today was initially designed and built as a Cable Station by the
colonial architect James Barnet in 1882, and it was the only link to
New Zealand and the rest of the world at that period. Throughout
the time, the building was renovated and extended a few times in
order to meet the new requirements of the cable company. Also,
before the building was selected to house the La Perouse
Museum, it has changed its role from a cable station staff
accommodation to a nurse’s home and a variety of other purposes
from 1917 to 1944, and established as a salvation army women’s
and children’s refuge from 1944 to 1987. The exterior of the
building was painted white to help comfort the feared women and
children to calm down and let go of the past. It is important to
note that, this refuge was the only one in Sydney that helped the
female victims and the children from misfortune and violent
marriage at that time. The building has started to function as a
connection to the outside world, and became a shelter, a home for
the women and the kids who were in need, provided them with a
place to settle down, move on and start a new chapter in their life.
Another throwback to my last visit to La Perouse Museum, I found
a single bride who was in a photo shooting process near the
staircase. My curiosity got me wondering why is she taking the
photo alone and why is she here instead of the more beautiful
beach. However, I did not want to interrupt the bride and her
team, so I continued my journey to the museum. I started to
collect the information that I need for my research, and I was
refreshing myself with all the resources that I have learned and
tried to combine it with my narrative. I sat on the chair on the
wooden floor verandah in front of the building entrance, and there
was an elder lady who was sitting next to me. “Isn’t this beautiful?”
she asked, I said, “yes, my mom will love this place for sure.” Later I
knew that the elder lady grew up here in the salvation army refuge
for women and children, and she left when she was 13 years old.
She told me that in the past 20 years, she has been coming back to
this building every now and then, not for any specific reason. Every
time she comes back, she will just be sitting in the same spot,
looking towards the ocean and the sky. That was how she and her
mom found peace when they were helped here, and this is just the
way she keeps the memories with her mom.
The bride taking photos at the stairs of the museum
After all, I found the La Perouse museum does not only exhibit the
history of Australia and France. Instead, it provides a sense of
belonging to those who were lost to find their way back home.
Moreover, the definition of this place has transformed from a
“temporary destination” for the foreigners to a “permanent
beginning” for all the people who were saved and helped here. It is
truly amazing to see how the good and bad past can mix and form
a better and more thoughtful future together with all classes,
colours, and races in Australia.
1 Curby, P. (2009). Randwick. Randwick, N.S.W.: Randwick City Council, pp.116-119.
2 Laperouse Museum. (1988). Sydney: A N.S.W. Bicentennial Council project jointly
with the Laperouse Association for the Australian Bicentenary and the French
Government, pp.1-6.
3 Aboriginal Display at La Perouse. (2009). Mankind, 1(4), pp.86-87.
4 NSW, M. (2018). La Perouse Museum. [online] Museums & Galleries NSW. Available
at: https://mgnsw.org.au/ organisations/laperouse-museum/ [Accessed 24 Apr.
2018].
5 SBS News. (2018). La Perouse's unknown historical significance. [online] Available
at: https://www.sbs.com.au/news/ la-perouse-s-unknown-historical-significance
[Accessed 25 Apr. 2018].
6 Ross, J. (2016). An end to isolation – the La Perouse Cable Station. Sydney, pp.31-46.
The corridor view towards the ocean

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T H E B A R E I S L A N D F O R T
:
History of Bare Island started from a piece of description from
Captain Cook’s journal. The name of Bare Island was first
mentioned when he described Botany Bay as a harbour and wrote:
“to sail into it, keep the south shore on board until within a small
bare island which lies close under the north shore”.(1) This “small
bare island” is what we known today The Bare Island at La Perouse.
However, since the first mention of bare island from Captain Cook,
this small island was little more than a landmark for almost 100
years, as the colony grew and industry and settlements appeared
in the La Perouse area, Bare Island still remained undeveloped.
Fortress
Bare Island 1777
Until the year of 1877, due to the Russian threat to the Colony, two
defence experts named Sir William Jervois and Peter Scratchley
were sent by British government as part of a co-ordinated plan to
strengthen the defences of Botany Bay, and they advised that a
fort need to be built on bare island to safeguard against this.
Because geographically speaking Botany Bay was considered as
the back door to get into Sydney, this will cause vulnerable
problem of Sydney, the construction of a port on Bare Island would
reduce attack from entry point. (2) Though the Crimean wars had
ended some 20 years already at that time, those pre-nuclear days
the threat of bigger, more devastating wars was a very real fear.
Jervois and Scratchley helped the new government co-ordinate a
defence scheme for the under protected people of Australia.
Jervois’ recommendation for the fortification of Bare Island with
five guns and barracks to accommodate 80 men was accepted by
NSW Government, and construction plan was proved in 1880, and
the lowest tender of 25020 pounds by builder John McLeod was
accepted in 1881. The fortifications were completed in 1885, and in
1890 the barracks were ready for use. (3)
Bare Island 1937
However, controversy arose in 1890 regarding the construction of
the fort, which was carried out under orders issued by the Colonial
Architect, James Barnet. A Royal Commission was constituted to
investigate reports of a bad workmanship and construction at Bare
Island and conduct of the contractor. The whole project started to
crumble before it was completed. In fact, the architect had not put
cement in the most important sections and had used a mass of
rubble, stones, pipeclay and dirt, which would have meant the
disintegration of the fort on the firing of a single shot. And it was
continually being repaired and altered before finally being placed
outside the coastal defence plan in 1902. (4) Though, lack of
construction material knowledge and uncommon use of concrete
at that time, Bare Island Fort is still a significant piece of
architecture that made of mass concrete by James Barnet’s who is
an colonial architect of New South Wales. The Fort is been consider
as a failure case for publicly funded construction of Australia after
that time, and have significant impacts on the way of construction
in the future.
Bare Island 2018

Veterans’ Home
In time, though bristling with guns, the fear of a Russian invasion
diminished, the garrison was reduced, and by 1905 the Royal
Australian Artillery only used the fort guns had reached a stage of
obsolescence and the installation as a fort was abandoned. In 1912
the fortifications received their final indignity. Guns were removed,
walls knocked down, open sections bricked up, solid timber doors
were gradually replaced by ‘modern’ glass panelled ones, and the
fortifications became a nursing home for War Veterans, except
during periods in World Wars I and II when it was occupied by
Garrison forces until 1963. (5) The Women’s Branch of the British
Empire League campaigned for the establishment of a home for
war veterans who served in the Regular Naval or Military Forced of
the Empire before the 1st January 1886. Thus Bare Island Fort
Veterans Home opened on 20th March, 1912. A period of 51 years at
which time they were transferred to a home established in
Narrabeen. (6)
Historic Site
Mrs June Moore, secretary of the Historical Society, her husband
Milton and their four daughters moved in the fort in 1963 for a few
fees in a caretaker capacity to protect the building from further
vandalism. They remained in residence for 2 years, June Moore
called 'it was pretty gruesome, the rooms were like little cells, there
was no hot water and the roof leaked'. (6) However being in
residence enabled them to achieve many improvements with
voluntary member assistance. Life in the fort could never be
described as uneventful. There was the time in 1966 when
excitement reached fever pitch. a century old long cannon with a
10 inch bore was unearthed under the floor of the gun room by
Warrant Officer Charles Gouldson. The cannon have since been
remounted in its original position.
Another exciting event is the restoration of ‘Bid Beryl,’ though in
the 1930s, the guns of the fort were sold to scrap metal merchants.
‘Bid Beryl’ was hauled down to this edge of the island, but was too
heavy to be taken across the timber bridge to the La Perouse
mainland. (7) It was left as a rusting relic of the old fort. In the year
of 1979, ‘Bid Beryl,’ the 107 year-old gun which has never been fired
in anger, was lowered back into its original position at Bare Island,
and the return of the gun is part of Bare Island’s restoration by the
National Parks and Wildlife Service. On the 13th August 1979, ‘Bid
Beryl’ was fired for the first time since its restoration to celebrate
the Royal National Parks Centenary Year. (8) In the year of 2005,
the Fortress started to be opened to the public, and now days
hundreds of tourists visit the site to see the fortress that never fired
a shot. More excitingly, it has been used as one of the sets for
Mission Impossible 2 and for a Japanese game show. Bare Island
Fort was never a place that only for tourist but a place that has rich
history stories and has important historic value for Australia.
1 ‘port of New South Wales’ December 1979,vol.2, no.7,p30-32.
2 Randwick, ‘Bare Island Fort cloaked in a century of history’, June 1985.
3 Ibid.
4 ‘port aof New South Wales’ December 1979,vol.2, no.7,p30-32.
5 ‘keeping the bear at bay.’ Maroubra Mag, 22 August,1984.
6 Randwick, ‘Bare Island Fort cloaked in a century of history’, June 1985.
7 Joseph, Glascott. ‘ historic gun returns to original position.’ SMH, 28 February, 1979.
8 ‘ the cannon’s roar.’ SMH, 14 August, 1979.

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Western Elevation
Eastern Elevation
Northern
Elevation
Section
Plan

L A P E R O U S E M I S S I O N C H U R C H
:
La Perouse Mission Church, also named AEC (Aboriginal
Evangelical Church), takes a significant historical position of the
Aboriginal Christian Movement. It regarded as the mother church
of the United Aboriginal Mission and the antecedent of the
Indigenous Christian Organization, which is the center of the
mission extending to all around Australia. [1]
It is widely known that La Perouse is one of the most important
suburbs of Aboriginal where the Aboriginal settlement is
continuous for thousands of years. Although the colonizers, who
stayed in the territory for only 6 weeks, unilaterally claimed their
ownership of the land and gave it the name ‘La Perouse’, the fact
that Indigenous people have lived in this area much earlier than
that can not be denied. Since the Europeans arrived, Indigenous
people began a long history of oppressive and controlled life. From
1883, the Aborigines Protection Board formed the reserves in La
Perouse in order to isolate Indigenous people from White
Australian. [2] During that time, the Christian Endeavourers started
to have contact with La Perouse and Aboriginal people were
fenced up on the reserve and work for the mission. “The La Perouse
mission became…the first national mission for interdenominational
work among Aboriginal people in Australia, which attracted many
Aborigines to church services.” [3]
First Mission Church in La Perouse
Following with the first missionary Retta Long residing in La
Perouse and the establishment of Mission Committee in La
Perouse, [4] the first Mission Church was erected on Frenchman’s
Beach by those resident missionaries dedicated to working among
the Indigenous people in 1894. From a surviving photograph, it can
be seen that it was a plant gabled building with single-room
structure. At that time, although the La Perouse Mission Church is
humble, it is the only church served ‘both black and White’ in that
area. [5] In Christmas and New Year holiday, the church as the
celebration venues gathered Aboriginal and ‘white’ residents
together.
As the result, the Mission Church takes an important role in the
history of La Perouse. And there are some episodes about the
church can be found in the newspapers and publications.
In the early of 1900s, Aboriginal residents of La Perouse ‘were
threatened with removal from their land’ [6] and the debate of
abolishing the La Perouse Aboriginal Reserve was widespread. The
government cut of the wages and rations of the reserve that
resulted in some Aboriginal residents suffered starvation. In order
to defend Indigenous residents from removal, Christian members
of the Aboriginal community gathered in the Mission Church. They
wrote down the comments against the inhuman and injustice
policy in the church.
The connection of tramline made the La Perouse more accessible.
And it was ‘fast becoming a holiday resort for Endeavourers and
others interested in the Mission’. On 19 September 1903, a large
group of visitors from all parts of Australia following Christian
Endeavourers flocked to La Perouse. It was an interesting scene
that over 600 Christians packed into the tiny Mission Church to
sing and pray. Later on, many non-Christians are also attracted to
come to visit the church because of their curiosity of Aboriginal
Christians.

In May 1928, according to The Sydney Morning Herald, the
president of United Aborigines Mission and some white
missionaries visit La Perouse Mission Church to participate the
ceremony with ‘their dark-eyed brethren’. [7] They cherished the
memory of pioneer missionaries, including ‘Queen’ Emma
Timbery, the one of earliest Aboriginal resident taking part in
mission work. She was the leading figure of the La Perouse
Aboriginal Christians and devoted herself to evangelical work. [8]
Due to the unstable sand site, the Mission Church started to sink
into the ground and had to be relocated. It was rebuilt in the
current location around 1929. Similar to the original church, the
new church is also a simple single-room gabled building but with
timber structure surrounding by the timber fence. A gabled porch
was introduced on the eastern side of building with a colored
window. Other six windows are placed on each longitudinal
façade and a bell-cote is installed on the top of the roof.
At the same year, the economic depression brought hundreds of
unemployed to La Perouse. They camped here owing to the fresh
water and the natural shelter. The history of Aboriginal people and
non-aboriginal people living together unfolded against the
intention of government who attempt to segregate them.
However, while many publications showed the harmony between
the Aboriginal people and non-aboriginal people, Mrs. Williams,
the Aboriginal resident of La Perouse and the direct descendant of
the Dharawal people, narrated the control of mission from
Aboriginal Protection Board was actually ‘strict’. She said
‘The manager’s role was to keep us in our place and tell us
what we could do and what we couldn’t do. We were just
treated like children.’ [9]
Obviously, some Indigenous are not the supporters of the Mission
Church as they believe it contaminated and spilled the La Perouse
Aboriginal community. They prefer to teach their children tribal
values rather Christian values. They demonstrate that the church
is not advantageous for them to find out their identity and
preserve Indigenous spirituality. “That's (the mission church) part
of our history.” Despite the disapproval of the Church, Mr. Mason
recognized the existing of the Mission Church as a good place
where ‘the white fella comes to live with black fella’. [10]
Current situation of
La Perouse Mission Church
Window of Mission Church
The Mission Church is out of used since services ceased in the
1990s and it is in a poor condition currently. The windows originally
with lancet colored glass are blocked by planks now and wire
fence is used to enclose the whole church building. A wooden
board written the timetable of the church is still hanging on the
eastern façade beside the porch, but the white paint of the wood
exterior wall has fallen off.
Although the Mission Church has been closed for ages and
became ropey, the historic meaning of it will be spread over a long
period. It evidenced the changed relationships between
Indigenous people and Europeans from various backdrop and
ethnicities. It “has social and spiritual significance to the past,
present and dispersed Aboriginal community of La Perouse.” And
the heritage listing has included the La Perouse Mission church as
“exceptional historic significance in the context of Aboriginal
survival of European settlement”.
Local Newspaper found
in Randwick Bowen Library
1 Office of Environment & Heritage, “La Perouse Mission Church”,
http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au (accessed Aprile 26, 2018).
2 The Dictionary of Sydney, “La perouse”, https://dictionaryofsydney.org(accessed
Aprile 26, 2018).
3 Diane Nazaroff, “Part of Landscape”, [unkown], July 28,1998, 21.
4 Office of Environment & Heritage, “La Perouse Mission Church”,
http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au (accessed Aprile 28, 2018).
5 Geoffrey Lewis, La Perouse : why he came to the Pacific(Randwick: Randwick and
District Historical Society, 2006), 186.
6 Ibid.
7 [unknown], “The La Perouse Mission” The Sydney Morning Herald, May 12, 1928.
8 Office of Environment & Heritage, “La Perouse Mission Church”,
http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au (accessed Aprile 26, 2018).
9 Nazaroff, “Part of Landscape”, 21.
10 Ibid.