ARCHITECTURE THESIS REPORT - Sports City Kochi

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abstract

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DECLARATION 

The thesis titled Sports City: Kochi has been carried out by the undersigned as part of the Bachelors Programme 

in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi – 110002, 

India under the supervision of Ar. Shirish Malpani & Ar. Manoj Mathur (Design Guides) and Ar. Jaya 

Kumar (Research Guide). 

I hereby submit two hard copies of the report for internal and external evaluation respectively. 

The undersigned hereby declares that this is his original work and has not been plagiarized in part or 

full from any source. Furthermore this work has not been submitted for any degree in this or any other 

University. 

A/2432/2012 

Mohammed Saifiz .P.A 

Fifth Year B.Arch. Section-B 

School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi 

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27th May 2018 

CERTIFICATE 

This thesis was carried out during the January – May 2018 semester in the Department of Architecture 

under our guidance. Thereafter, based on the declaration dated 27th May 2018 by the candidate, the 

work was placed in front of the Juries held on 22nd, 24th & 25th May 2018. On successful completion 

of the Jury process and completion of the Report in all respects including the last chapter by the Candidate 

we provisionally accept the Thesis Report and forward the same to the Studio Director. 

Ar. Shiriesh Malpani Prof. Manoj Mathur Prof. Jaya Kumar 

Design Guide Design Guide Research Guide 

On successful completion of the course by the candidate I hereby accept this complveted report on behalf 

of the Head of the Department to be placed in the Library of School of Planning and Architecture, 

New Delhi. 

Date :24-07-2018 

Prof. Jaya Kumar 

Studio Director 

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acknowledgement 

This Thesis forms a really passionate part of my heart, & the process of doing the project has been extremely 

productive thanks to all the discussions, critiques, research as well as site visits. 

I would like to thank Ar. Shirish Malpani & Prof. Manoj Mathur (Design Guides) for their inputs and 

constant guidance through the semester. I would like to thank Prof. Dr. Jaya Kumar (Research Guide and 

studio coordinator)for her guidance in articulating and formating the thesis report as well as for making 

the journey look simple through her semester planning and organisation. 

A round of applause to my Dad, Mom and Sister for constantly supporting me throughout these months, 

and a special thanks to my cousin Saber Mohammed, who helped me in the site visits during the initial 

stages of the semester. 

I would like to thank few of my friends Akaash Yogesh Karan, Divya Solanki and Muhammed Ashhar for 

taking time to help me visualise the project better, explore different possibilities and execute it. 

The journey felt tiring and unmanageable at times. I want to thank Suprima Joshi, without whom I would 

not have been able to complete what I set out to achieve. You inspired me during difficult times when I 

needed words of encouragement. You don’t even know how much your help meant to me. Thank you. 

You are awesome! 

I found inspiration in trusted friends and mentors, but also in unexpected sources. Thank you everyone, 

named and unnamed, for keeping me going. 

Saifiz 

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TABLE 

OF CONTENTS 

Declaration............................. 10 

Certificate............................... 11 

Acknowledgement................. 12 

Table of contents.................... 14 

list of tables............................. 16 

list of images........................... 17 

list of illustrations.................. 18 

list of abbrevations............... 21 

chapter 1 

THESIS INTRODUCTION 

sports in india............ 24 

need identification..... 25 

sporting culture......... 26 

part education........... 27 

proposition................. 28 

the project.................. 28 

way forward............... 29 

chapter 5 

PROGRAMME ANALYSIS 

built-area comparison........... 92 

outdoor relation..................... 93 

indoor relation....................... 94 

chapter 4 

PROGRAMME DEVELOPMENT 

project vision.......................... 78 

programme derivation........... 79 

derivation inference............... 80 

final area programme............ 82 

chapter 3 

CASE STUDIES 

case studies.............................. 60 

key parameters........................ 74 

case study matrix.................... 75 

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chapter 2 

BACKGROUND RESEARCH 

areas of research................... 32 

sports tourism......................... 32 

orientations............................. 34 

sport specifications................. 35 

research outcomes.................. 37

chapter 11 

FINAL DESIGN 

major components..... 150 

site plan...................... 153 

design approach......... 153 

sports tower................ 154 

hostel block................. 164 

kbfc academy.............. 170 

chapter 7 

SITE ANALYSIS 

swot analysis............... 98 

design determinants... 99 

chapter 10 

DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 

key parameters........................ 141 

development stages................. 142 

Jury comments.......................176 

Bibliography...........................178 

chapter 6 

PROJECT SITE 

physical context......... 98 

site data....................... 99 

site conditions............. 100 

site views..................... 104 

chapter 9 

TECHNOLOGY STUDY 

building structures..... 121 

building services........ 126 

user safety................... 128 

sustainability............... 132 

chapter 8 

CONCEPT DESIGN 

concept evolution...... 114 

design principles........ 116 

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list of tables & graphs 

Page No. Description Source 

75 Case study matrix Author 

80 Activity based provision spaces Author 

82 Area programme Author 

94 Indoor court comparison (graph) Author 

124 Open web joists (graph) Architect’s studio companion 

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list of images 


13 India’s worldcup glory 2010 The Hindu 

26 Sports City news article(english) Onmanorama 

27 Sports City news article(malayalam) Malayala Manorama 

31 Kerala’s water sport culture Evartha 

58 Yamuna sports complex so.city 

58 Thyagraj stadium zeenews.india 

58 SUTD housing complex archdaily 

59 Leutshanbach school archdaily 

59 Nike football center suweto archdaily 

59 Vertical Gym Chacao Urban think tank 

102 Site images Author 

103 Neighbourhood images Author 

138 Bridge across water Author 

140 Design development 1 Author 




172 1:1000 site model Author 

173 1:200 sectional model Author 

175 External jury Author 

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list of maps, drawings and illustrations 


25 India’s olympic performance graphic Author 

32 Sports tourism graphic Author 

34 Outdoor sports orientation diagram Sports dimension guide, WA. 

35-56 Court illustrations Sports dimension guide, WA. 

57 Court spacing standardisation Author 

63 Yamuna sports complex movement drawing Author 

65 Thyagraj stadium drawings Sports Authority of India 

67 SUTD Housing drawings Archdaily 

69 Leutshanbach school drawings Archdaily 

71 Nike football center soweto drawings Archdaily 

73 Vertical gym chacao isometric blown up Urban think tank 

79 Sports city illustration graphic pix 

92 Built area comparison Author 

93 Outdoor relation Author 

94 Indoor space relation Author 

98 Map of India & Kerala kerala.gov 

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99 Site boundary and dimensions Google earth 

100 Natural & man-made features Author 

101 Connectivity and movement Author 

102 Climatic data of kochi climate india 

103 Site views Author 

108 Site section Author 

110 Design determinants Author 

111 Design determinants Author 

114 Concept visualisation Author 

115 Forces of nature concept Author 

116 Design principle triangle Author 

117 Concept sketch Author 

121 Building form configuration Tall building & sustainability 

126 Building services Tall building & sustainability 

129 Important aspects of passive fire protection Author 

142 Design devlopment 1 Author 




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148 Overview of final design Author 

149 Major components of design Author 

152 Site plan of the designed complex Author 

153 Design approach leading to design Author 

154 Form development of the sports tower Author 

155 Sports tower render Author 

156 Tower ground floor plan Author 

157 Tower First floor plan Author 

158 Tower second floor plan Author 

159 Tower 3rd - 10th floor plan Author 

160 Norht elevation and section A Author 

161 Section B & section C Author 

162 Structural Systems Author 

163 MEP service layout Author 

164 Hostel illustrations and drawings Author 

170 KBFC academy illustrations and drawings Author 

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list of abbreviations 

Page No. 

ISL 

KBFC 

CEP 

NFL 

FIBA 

AIBA 

FHI 

WKF 

ISSF 

FINA 

FAR 

CHP 

PV 

Description 

Indian Super League 

Kerala Blasters Football Club 

Central Education Proceedings 

National Football League 

Federation of International Basketball Association 

All India Boxing Association 

International Hockey Federation 

World Karate Federation 

International Sports Shooting Federation 

Federation Internationale de Natation 

Floor Area Ratio 

Combined Heat Power 

Photo Voltaic 

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CHAPTER 1 

THESIS 

INTRODUCTION 

Sachin Tendulkar : Cricket 

This chapter is built around the Thesis Search 

comprising of the introduction, search question, 

the thesis preposition, the selected design project 

and how it will exemplify the search. 

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sports india 

In a country of over a billion people, we only have 

a handful of champions. Many neglected athletes 

quit sports. Many of them don’t get the recognition 

they deserve. The sporting culture in India is 

very weak and sports as a career is still an unfamiliar 

thought. 

When we think about “sports”, we interpret it as a 

past-time, a means of leisure and a key to fitness, 

but do we think of it as a career? It is estimated 

that out of ten people, only one aspires to take up 

sports as a career. When asked why, the apparent 

answers we get is that there is no scope. We can 

understand that sports is thought of as an activity 

limited to school or college level and nobody goes 

beyond that to think of it as a means of earning 

ones livelihood. 

According to the constitution of India, sports is a 

state subject. The state governments in India allocate 

funds for the development of sports and 

sports infrastructure as per their priority. There 

is no unique approach in developing sports infrastructure 

throughout the country. The non-availability 

of land for building sports infrastructure is 

another major issue. Moreover, not much initiative 

had been observed till now in promoting sports 

infrastructure by adopting PPP model to ensure 

sustainability of these facilities. India are yet to explore 

the commercial aspects of sports for generating 

revenue from these infrastructure. 

According to Boria Majumdar (cited in Chandran,2016), 

“India does not have a sports culture.” 

Majumdar is among the leading Indian 

sports scholar who explains that Indian athletes 

who have achieved international success are exceptions 

rather than products of the counrty’s 

sports system. He concluded by stating, 

Despite the huge population, India is almost always 

at the bottom in the Olympic medal tally. The 

dreams of sportspersons of winning medals for 

India at the Olympics remain unfulfilled as they 

are not provided with proper resources. India still 

lacks good coaches, proper infrastructure and other 

supportive government schemes, hence failure 

to win medals. 

“Unless there is a synergized sports culture you will 

never win a string of medals. A fundamental overhaul 

is needed and urgently so.” 

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need identification 

In spite of being the 2nd most populous country 

in the world, India is not able to produce quality 

players and our nation’s performance in Olympics 

is always poor. Winning medals definitely add to 

the value and improves the image of India at global 

level. 

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“You’re never too old to set another 

sporting culture 

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Sports culture within the nation kept on being consigned 

to the back seat in post-independent India, 

and the country could not figure anyplace within 

the international sports events. Sports culture in 

our nation continues to be in earliest stages and no 

true efforts are being made to revive this segment. 

There are a number of variables responsible for 

the poor sports culture. 

People of Indian race are less genetically potential 

when compared to people in other parts of the 

globe like Europe, Australia etc. Genetically potential 

individuals by and large stay fit both physically 

and rationally which could be a pre-requisite condition 

for a sound sports culture. Sports spirit and 

professionalism are missing within the individuals 

of our nation which is so vital towards advancing 

a solid sports culture. In India, individuals are euphoric 

around winning but not approximately its 

genuine spirits. 

One vital figure contributing to poor sports culture 

is that physical education instructor appointed 

in schools by and large don’t come from sports 

foundation in spite of the fact that these instructors 

have recognitions and degrees to their credit. 

Another imperative calculate which is missing is 

that the sports culture isn’t finding its due place 

in the school’s higher education. The result of 

this can be that seen in this field. Within this neglegences, 

a sports culture cannot be advanced. 

“We need to create a sporting culture, 

define our aspirations.” 

-Abhinav Bindra 

Time has come for reexamining and taking a look 

at the full scenario. A holistic approach has got to 

be made which is able to encompass all the variables 

and basis must be done to address this issue 

of poor sports culture. Some kind of respectability 

has got to be reestablished to advance sports culture 

so that hail of the country may lift within the 

worldwide sports occasions. Sports partners moreover 

have to be reexamine and soak up a sports 

soul in them instead of basically be euphonic for a 

winning spree. 

“My ultimate aim in life is to have a 

sporting culture in India” 

-Virat Kohli

goal or to dream a new dream” 

part education 

sports 

school/college 

academic 

At one end, you have got the education, which is 

the customary and secure course to seek after and 

on the other hand the love for the sport with a trust 

to create it huge there. So how do you choose? 

Parents are actually stressed about the ‘future’ of 

their child. The child is put through a rebuffing 

schedule of school, tuitions and at that point extra-curricular 

exercises to donate them that additional 

edge. Each school has sports in their educational 

programmes as they understand the 

significance of physical wellbeing and activity. In 

any case, the significance given to sports ends there 

in its consideration just for the purpose of formality. 

Many schools don’t appropriately encourage 

students to take an interest in sporting events and 

parents add to the physical obstacle by not accepting 

that this field can bring as much or indeed way 

better chances of victory than the scholarly field. 

Abroad, there are programmes to help current 

and former players to complete their undergrad 

degree, seek after graduate studies and use other 

educational openings. The National Football Association 

Proceeding Instruction Programme (CEP) 

is one such programme that makes a difference 

in helping NFL players plan for life after football. 

Managed by the NFL Player Engagement staff, the 

CEP accomplices with colleges and colleges across 

the nation to design nitty gritty plans to assist players 

to reach their instructive objectives. 

Why can’t these programmes be replicated in India? 

Our government administration ought to attempt 

and make a few changes within the education 

framework which will empower children to 

play sport and seek after it in the event that they 

select along with their academics. 

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thesis proposition 

the project 

The proposition of the thesis lies within creating 

an advanced facility for sports in the city of Kochi 

that would help spread the sporting culture in the 

city as well as serve as a stepping stone in raising 

the sporting standards of the country. This would 

be achieved through the Sports City Kochi project. 

The Sports City project is expected to be a major 

tourist destination. Not only would the Sports City 

be the first of its kind in the country, but it would 

also provide its user with state of the art facilities 

from around the globe. The project aims to be the 

missing puzzle in India’s push towards sporting 

excellence. 

The Sports City Kochi project is one of the mega 

projects of India’s cricket legend Sachin Tendulkar 

as his contribution towards India’s sporting excellence. 

The project aims to provide facilities for all 

olympic aspirants, athletes, coaches and officials 

in the country as well as serve as a training facility 

for his ISL football club Kerala Blasters. 

The proposition of this project is to create 

an advanced training facility by exploring 

new sports complex typologies,to spread the 

sporting culture in the city and make way for 

sports tourism. 

The project of this scale would serve as an urban 

initiative for an inclusive approach towards developing 

the quality of sports infrastructure and 

education in the city. Due to lack of land in the 

heart of the city, the sports city project has been 

proposed on the outskirts of the city. Nevertheless, 

the site remains well connected through road, rail 

and water. Introducing this form of built environment 

would not only be a massive upgrade to the 

infrastructure, but also instil a change in the way 

people perceive sports. 

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way forward 

The current trends and practices from around the 

world suggest that a holistic approach is necessary 

to address the concern of creating an urban 

sporting culture. An architectural intervention 

may be integrated with different possible solutions 

which may include everything from physical upgradation 

of sporting infrastructure, inclusivity 

of sporting facilities and maximum utilisation of 

area to provide an additional facility to non-spacial 

means such as mini events, coaching classes, 

skill training, heritage policies, cultural events, informative 

publications, summer and winter camps 

and place-branding. All of this will be made possible 

by increased funding and backing of public 

and private stakeholders. 

It is important that we look at each sporting event 

with equal importance, widening the horizon of 

scope in the subject of sports as a possible career. 

In the light of all these solutions that compliment 

one another, an architectural intervention would 

be in creating a web of solutions where the ideas 

work as a single entity. 

We have to applaud the ‘Khelo India’ initiative of 

Indian government. It is the step in the right direction, 

and strong grass roots competitions will 

surely make us more competitive. 

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CHAPTER 2 

background 

research 

Leander Paes : Tennis 

This chapter built around the Thesis Search contains 

the introduction to the Search Question, the 

thesis preposition, the selected Design Project and 

how it will exemplify your search. 

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areas of research 

sports tourism 

The key areas of research arising from the theoretical 

proposition and site-specific nature of the 

project are as follows: 

SPORTS TOURISM 

1 

2 

3 

Introduction. Benefits of sports tourism. 

Kerala as a sports tourist location. Existing 

scenario. 

ORIENTATION OF OUTDOOR SPORTS 

Orientation of all the outdoor courts and 

facilities with respect to the sun angles and 

spectator preferences. 

SPORT SPECIFICATIONS 

Court and field dimension for all the sports 

facilities involved in olympic events 

The relationship between two huge industries of 

tourism and sports has led to a new type of tourism 

that has been very much favored and used 

by the people of the world, in a way that some 

countries, considering their capacities, potentials 

and suitable climatic conditions, have managed to 

bloom as a major sports tourism destination in the 

world. Some necessary resources for sports industry 

are Natural resources: national parks, outdoor 

facilities, deserts, geographical aspects (mountains, 

cliffs, spas, seas), Sports organizations:sports 

clubs,social and voluntary groups, management, 

development of facilities, budget, sponsorship, information 

services, marketing, commerce. 

What are general benefits of sport tourism? 

• Sports are an investment in the tourism industry. 

• Creates economic growth through filled hotels, 

restaurants and retail establishments. 

• Creates exposure and enhances a positive image 

for your community. 

• Creates new product, a new tourism destination. 

• Maximizes facility use in your community. 

• Builds community relationships and strengthens 

corporate support. 

• Creates youth opportunity/entertainment. 

• Attract high-yield visitors, especially repeaters. 

• Generate favorable image for the destination. 

• Develop new infrastructure. 

• Use the media to extend the normal communications 

reach. 

• Generate increased rate of tourism growth or a 

higher demand plateau. 

• Improve the organizational, marketing, and bidding 

capability of the community. 

• Secure a financial legacy for management of new 

sport facilities. 

• Increase community support for sport and sportevents. 

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Kerala is a hot and happening destination amongst 

nature lovers and adventure seekers. Kerala is gifted 

with nature at its beautiful best. As an adventure 

destination, Kerala offers its visitors umpteen 

opportunities to unleash their enthusiastic selves. 

The adventure seekers in Kerala can opt for backwater 

biking, bird tours,camping,jungle safaris, 

canoeing, hiking and biking, trekking,water 

sports,wildlife tours and much more. 

Kerala is a paradise for the bird watcher with hundreds 

of species of birds. Kerala, being the land of 

rivers, lagoons and lakes in the interiors and the 

sea on the west, also makes it an ideal destination 

for those inclined to indulge in water sports for 

relaxation and adventure. 

For the wildlife enthusiasts, Kerala offers its diversity 

in the wildlife parks. 

Kerala has great potential for water sports activities 

in India. Kerala water sports are adventurous 

activities fostered by the diverse network of rivers, 

lakes, canals, lagoons and estuaries, not to mention 

the expanse of backwaters and the mighty Arabian 

Sea itself. Tourists from all over the globe make a 

beeline for this veritable adventure hub. Some of 

the most commonly indulged water sports of Kerala 

are: 

Canoeing: 

Canoeing is a favorite sport among the tourists 

of Kerala and among the local inhabitants of the 

state. A canoe is a small 2-3 seater boat which is 

rowed by the sailors. Canoeing expeditions are undertaken 

in Kerala by groups of tourists and such 

sashays are often arranged by tourist operators on 

request. 

Kayaking: 

Kayaking requires high levels of physical fitness. 

A Kayak is a small one or two man boat which the 

rowers actuate with twin paddled oars. Kayaking 

can be undertaken on rocky rapids (similar to 

white water rafting) or on calm sea waters. 

Kerala is indeed “God’s Own Country” because it 

has adventure and sports activities available along 

with the nature’s beautiful places to be explored. 

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Orientation of 

outdoor Sports 

North/south orientation is generally desirable for 

outdoor courts to avoid background glare at dawn 

or dusk. Orientation should also take into consideration 

other structures and features on the site, 

neighbouring property, vehicle and pedestrian 

traffic, and prevailing winds. 

To avoid the dazzling effect of the sun when it is low, 

the longitudinal axis of arenas should lie along the 

north‐south axis, although it is possible to deviate 

to the north‐north‐east and north‐north‐west. 

This may result in the main straight being on the 

eastern side of the arena and will require consideration 

of the effects of a western setting sun 

on the spectators in the main stand. However, the 

most important aspect of design is to ensure that 

the best possible competition conditions are provided 

for the athletes. 

In shooting sports and archery, outdoor ranges 

should be constructed so that the sun is behind the 

shooter as much as possible. The orientation of an 

archery range in the southern hemisphere generally 

requires the shooting line to be on the north 

side of the range and the targets are on the north 

side”, with a tolerance allowance from the magnetic 

north of +/- 20 degrees. 

A north‐south court orientation is preferred in 

basketball and netball to minimise the effects of 

sun glare. 

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SPORT SPECIFICATIONS 

1. Athletics 

Sports facilities for track and field athletics are 

generally used for daily training as well as for 

staging regional or local competitions. The staging 

of competitions at higher levels normally entails 

more extensive requirements for the sports facility, 

particularly in respect of the infrastructure. 

Generally athletics tracks are multi‐purpose with 

the interior of the 400m track used as a pitch for 

football, rugby, throw events etc. 

These tracks are also used for non‐sporting events 

such as concerts and public assemblies. 

1. Football pitch 

2. Standard track 

3. Long and Triple jump 

4. Water jump 

5. Javelin 

6. Hammer 

7. Discuss 

8. Pole vault 

9. Shot put 

10. 10 High jump 

11. Finish line 

12. High jump 

N 

v 

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2. Badminton 

Dimensions: 

The badminton court is 13.4m long and 6.1m 

wide. For singles the court is marked 5.18m wide. 

The lines marking out the court are easily distinguishable 

and coloured white or yellow. The lines 

are 40mm wide. 

A court may be marked out for singles only. The 

back boundary lines also become the long service 

lines and the posts or the strips of material representing 

them are placed on the side lines. 

The diagonal full length of the full court is 

14.366m. 

Posts: 

The posts are 1.55m high from the surface of the 

court and remain vertical when the net is strained. 

The posts are placed on the double side lines irrespective 

of whether singles or doubles is played. 

The posts or supports must not extend into the 

court beyond the side lines. 

Net: 

The net is 760mm in depth and a minimum of 

6.1m wide. 

The top of the net from the surface of the court is 

1.524m at the centre of the court and 1.55m over 

the side lines for doubles. 

There must be no gaps between the ends of the net 

and the posts. If necessary, the full depth of the net 

at the ends is tied to the posts. 

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3. Basketball 

Dimensions : 

The court is a flat, hard surface free from obstructions, 

28m long and 15m wide, measured from the 

inner edge of the boundary line. 

The backcourt is the team’s own basket, inbounds 

part of the backboard and the part of the playing 

court limited by their own endline, side lines and 

centre line. 

The front court consists of the opponents’ basket, 

inbounds part of the backboard and the part of 

the playing court limited by the endlines behind 

the opponents’ basket, side lines and inner edge 

of the centre line nearest to the opponents’ basket. 

Lines: 

All lines are white, 5cm wide and clearly visible. 

Spectators: 

All spectators must be seated at a distance of at 

least 5m from the outer edge of he boundary line 

of the playing court. 

The International Basketball Federation (FIBA) is 

the international governing body for basketball. 

FIBA has introduced 3x3 as an official basketball 

discipline to increase grassroots participation in 

basketball.

4. Boxing 

Boxing is a sport in which two participants of similar 

weight fight each other with fists in gloves in 

a series of one to three minute intervals called 

rounds. The bout takes place in a roped area called 

a ring. 

Boxing India is governed by the International Boxing 

Association (AIBA) Technical and Competition 

rules. 

Ring and canvas size: 

For all AIBA Competitions, the ring is 6.10m square 

inside the line of the ropes. 

The size of the apron extends 85cm outside the 

line of the ropes on each side, including additional 

canvas necessary to tighten and secure it. 

The height of the ring is 100cm from the ground. 

Platform and corner pads: 

The platform is 7.80m squared, level and free 

from any obstructing projection. It is fitted with 

four corner posts with 4 corner pads to prevent 

injury to the boxers. 

Corner pads are arranged as follows: 

• In the near left side corner – red. 

• In the far left side corner – white. 

• In the far right side corner – blue. 

• In the near 

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5. Diving 

Diving installations are located either indoor or 

outdoor in aquatic facilities and are generally separated 

from the swimming area. 

The minimum size for a diving pool is 25m wide 

and 20m long. The overall dimensions can be increased 

to suit other activities such as synchronised 

swimming and water polo. 

A competition pool is equipped with two 1m and 

two 3m springboards and a diving tower with 

take‐off platforms at 5m, 7.5m and 10m. Platforms 

also exist at 1m and 3m heights as training 

tools. 

The water temperature is a minimum of 26° celsius. 

The colour of the walls are white or pale blue. 

A bubbler is installed on the pool floor to provide 

a compressed air cushion of bubbles to protect divers 

from injury. 

In the diving pool the water depth is a minimum of 

1.8m at any point. 

In outdoor pools, it is recommended that springboards 

and platforms are to face north in the 

northern hemisphere and south in the southern 

hemisphere. 

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6. Fencing 

The field of play has an even surface. The portion 

of the field of play used for fencing is called the 

piste. The piste is from 1.5m to 2m wide and 14m 

long. Five lines are drawn very clearly on the piste 

at right angles to its length, as follows: 

• One centre line which is drawn as a broken line 

across the whole width of the piste. 

• Two on‐guard lines at 2m on each side of the 

centre line. These are drawn across the whole 

width of the piste. 

• Two lines at the rear limits of the piste, which 

are drawn across the whole width of the piste, at a 

distance of 7m from the centre line. 

• The last 2m of the piste before the rear limit lines 

are clearly distinguished by a different colour of 

the piste, to make it easy for the fencers to be ware 

of their position on the piste. 

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7. Football 

Field surface: 

Matches may be played on natural or artificial 

surfaces, according to the rules of the competition. 

The colour of artificial surfaces is green. 

Field markings: 

The field of play is rectangular and marked with 

lines called boundary lines. The two longer boundary 

lines are touch lines and the two shorter lines 

are goal lines. It is divided into two halves by a 

halfway line, which joins the midpoints of the two 

touch lines. 

The centre mark is at the midpoint of the halfway 

line. A circle with a radius of 9.15m is marked 

around it. 

Marks are made off the field of play, 9.15m from 

the corner arc and at right angles to the goal lines 

and the touch lines, to ensure defending players 

retreat this distance when a corner kick is taken. 

The length of the touch line is greater than the 

length of the goal line. All lines are not more than 

12cm wide. 

Length (touch line): 

Minimum 90m, maximum 120m. 

Width (goal line): 

Minimum 45m maximum 90m. 

For senior football the recommended field dimension 

is 105m long and 68m wide. 

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8. Gymnastics 

Rhythmic includes five apparatus: rope, hoop, ball, 

clubs and ribbon. However, only four of these are 

used in a two year competition cycle. 

The performance area is slightly larger than artistic 

gymnastics, a 13m x 13m square. The surface 

is horizontal, even and without gaps. 

The border is horizontal, even and at the same 

height as the performance area. It is 50cm in area. 

The safety zone is kept totally free as a surrounding 

zone around the performance area and the border. 

It is horizontal, even and without gaps. The safety 

zone is 200cm. 

Aerobic Gymnastics requires the ability to perform 

continuous complex and high intensity movement 

patterns to music, which originates from traditional 

aerobic. Aerobic gymnasts can compete in 

following classes: 

• Individual Men’s, Individual Women’s, 

Mixed Pairs, Trio, Group (of 5 gymnasts), 

• Aerobic Step (8 gymnasts) 

• Aerobic Dance (8 gymnasts) 

The performance area for single events is 7m x 7m 

and the performance area for duo, trio and groups 

is 10m x 10m. The competition area is surrounded 

by a black delimitation strip. 

42

9. Handball 

Playing court: 

The playing court is 40m long and 20m wide, 

with two goal areas and a playing area. The longer 

boundary lines are called side lines, and the shorter 

ones are called goal lines (between the goalposts) 

or outer goal lines (on either side of the goal). 

There is a safety zone surrounding the playing 

court, with a minimum width of one metre along 

the side lines and 2m behind the goal lines. 

Goals: 

A goal is placed in the centre of each outer goal 

line. The goals must be firmly attached to the floor 

or to the walls behind them. The goals are 2m high 

and 3m wide. 

The goalposts are joined by a horizontal crossbar. 

The rear side of the goalposts are in line with the 

rear edge of the goal line. The goalposts and the 

crossbar have an 8cm square cross section. 

On the three sides which are visible from the court 

they are painted in bands of two contrasting colours, 

which also contrast with the background. 

The goals have a net, attached in such a way that a 

ball thrown into the goal remains in the goal. 

Lines: 

All lines on the court are part of the area that they 

enclose. The goal lines are 8cm wide between the 

goalposts. All other lines are 5cm wide. 

43

10. Hockey 

All forms of hockey are governed by the rules of 

hockey as set down by the International Hockey 

Federation (FHI). 

Field of play: 

Pitch boundary: 

The pitch on which field hockey is layed is 91.4m 

long and 55m wide. This boundary is marked on 

the turf and the shorter lines are called backlines. 

Penalty spot: 

From the center of the baseline, this point is 

marked 6.475m towards the inside of the pitch 

with a width 

0.2m. 

Goal area: 

Goal Post: 

Each goal post is 2.14m high and 0.05m wide. The 

goals posts are white. 

Goal: 

Each post is placed 1.83m away from the center 

of the backline, one on either side, with a depth of 

1.2m. This makes the total goal width 3.66m. 

Run‐off 

The playing surface extends at least 2m at the 

backlines and one metre at the side lines with an 

additional unobstructed one metre. This equates 

to a total of 3m at each end and 2m at each of 

the sides of the field. These are minimum requirements 

with the recommended areas being 5m at 

each end and 3m at each side of the field. 

44

11. Judo 12. Karate 

The competition area is a minimum of 14m x 14m 

and is divided into two zones. 

The inner zone called the contest area is a minimum 

of 8m x 8m to a maximum of 10m x 10m. 

The outer zone is the safety area and is a minimum 

of 3m wide. 

The contest area is a different colour to the safety 

area. 

When using two or more adjoining competition 

areas, the common or shared safety area is 4m. 

A free zone, a minimum of 50cm, must be maintained 

around the entire competition area. 

WKF karate competition has two disciplines: sparring 

(kumite) and forms (kata). Both competition 

areas are flat and devoid of hazards. 

Competitors may enter either as individuals or as 

part of a team. 

Kumite competition area: 

The competition area is an 8m square with an additional 

2m on all sides as a safety area. 

A line half a metre long must be drawn 2m from 

the centre of the competition area for positioning 

the Referee. 

Two parallel lines each one metre long and at right 

angles to the Referee’s line, are drawn at a distance 

of 1.5m from the centre of the competition area 

for positioning the competitors. 

Each judge is seated at the corners on the mat in 

the safety area. 

The Match Supervisor is seated just outside the 

safety area, behind, and to the left or right of the 

Referee. 

The score supervisor is seated at the official score 

table, between the scorekeeper and the timekeeper. 

Kata: 

The competition area for Kumite is used for Kata. 

The Chief Judge sits in the centre position facing 

the contestants and the other four Judges are seated 

at the corners of the competition area. 

45

46 

13. Rowing

14. Shooting 

The International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) 

is recognised by the International Olympic Committee 

as the sole controlling body of International 

Amateur Shooting Sports at international and 

worldwide levels of competition. The ISSF controls 

the technical regulations in all the target shooting 

disciplines including pistol, rifle, running target 

and shotgun. 

The Olympic programme of the shooting consists 

of 15 different events over three disciplines. These 

are rifles, pistols and shotguns. Range standards 

for 300m, 50m, 25m, 10m rifle and pistol ranges 

Outdoor ranges are constructed so that the sun is 

behind the shooter as much as possible during the 

day. There must be no shadows on the targets. 

Recommended features to be included in the design 

and construction of the range: 

• If possible, the range is surrounded by walls for 

safety reasons. 

• Transverse baffle systems to be provided between 

the firing line and line of targets to prevent accidental 

exit of unaimed shots. 

• 50m and 25m are outdoors where possible, but 

can be indoors if required by legal or climatic conditions. 

• 300m ranges are at a minimum 

290m open to the sky. 


45m open to the sky. 


12.5m open to the sky. 

47

15. Squash 

A squash court is a rectangular box with four 

vertical walls of varying height. These walls are 

known as the front wall, side walls and back wall. 

The front wall line, side wall line, back wall line 

and upper 50mm of the tin are shaped to deflect 

any ball that strikes them. 

The court has a level floor and a clear height above 

the court area. The length, width and diagonal of 

the court are measured at a height of 10cm above 

the floor. Squash courts are also used for 

racquetball 

48

16. Swimmimg 

The Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA) 

is the world governing body for aquatic sports 

such as swimming, diving, waterpolo, synchronised 

and open water swimming. FINA rules are 

used to manage state, national and international 

events such as the World Championships and the 

Olympics. 

Dimensions: 

Standard pools are either 25m or 50m long. 

Depth: 

For pools with starting blocks, the minimum depth 

is 1.35m, extending to at least 6.0m. A minimum 

depth of 1.0 metre is required for pools without 

starting blocks. 

Lanes: 

According to FINA rules World Championships 

require 8 lanes and Olympic Games require 10 

lanes. The lanes are a minimum of 2.5m wide, 

with two spaces of at least 2.5m wide outside of 

the first and last lanes. 

Starting platforms: 

Starting platforms are from 0.5m‐0.75m high 

above the water surface. The surface area is at 

least 1.5m square and covered with a non‐slip 

material. 

49

50 

17. Tabletennis 

The table: 

The upper surface of the table, known as the playing 

surface, is 2.74m long and 1.525m wide and is 

horizontal 76cm above the floor. The playing surface 

does not include the vertical sides of the tabletop. 

The playing surface yields a uniform bounce 

of about 23cm when a standard ball is dropped on 

to it from a height of 30cm. 

The playing surface is a matte surface and dark 

coloured. There is a white side line, 2cm wide, 

along each 2.74m edge and a white end line, 2cm 

wide, along each 1.525m edge. 

The playing surface is divided into two equal 

courts by a vertical net parallel to the end lines. 

For doubles, each court is divided into two equal 

half courts by a white centre line, 3mm wide, running 

parallel with the side lines. The centre line 

forms part of each right half court. 

The net assembly: 

The net assembly includes the net, its suspension 

and the supporting posts, including the clamps 

attaching them to the table. The net is suspended 

by a cord attached at each end to an upright post 

15.25cm high. The outside limits of the post are 

15.25cm outside the side line. The top of the net 

is 15.25cm above the playing surface. The bottom 

of the net, along its whole length, is as close as 

possible to the playing surface. The ends of the net 

are attached to the supporting posts from top to 

bottom.

18. Tackwondo 

Competition area: 

The contest area is a flat, non‐slip mat. The contest 

area can be installed on a platform 0.6m‐1m 

high from the base. 

The colour scheme of the mat’s surface must avoid 

giving a harsh reflection, or tiring the contestant’s 

or spectator’s eyesight. The colour scheme is also 

appropriately matched to the contestant’s equipment, 

uniform and the surface of the contest area. 

There are two shapes used on competition. In both 

shapes the contest area and safety area are different 

colours. 

Square shape: 

This competition area includes the contest area 

and safety area. The contest area is a 8m x 8m 

square and a safety area of 2m to 4m. The total 

size of the competition area which includes the 

contest area and safety area is 10m x 10m to a 

maximum of 12m x 12m. 

The coaches are positioned at a point 1m or more 

from the centre point of the outer line of each 

contestant’s side. 

The inspection desk is near the entrance of the 

competition area for the inspection of the contestants’ 

protective equipment. 

51

19. Tennis 

The court is 23.77m long and for singles matches, 

8.23m wide. For doubles matches the court is 

10.97m wide. The court is divided into two equal 

areas by a net suspended by a cord or metal cable 

attached to two net posts. The net is 1.07m high 

and is fully extended to that it fills the space between 

the two nets posts. The net is 0.914m high 

at the centre, where is held down tightly by a white 

strap. 

A white band covers the cord or metal cable and 

the top of the net. 

For doubles matches the centre of the net posts are 

0.914m outside the doubles court on each side. 

For singles matches the centres of the net posts are 

0.914m outside the singles court on each side. 

52

20. Volleyball 

The international governing body for volleyball is 

Federation Internationale de Volleyball (FIVB) who 

provide the rules for the sport. 

The playing area: 

Dimensions: 

The playing court is 18m long and 9m wide and 

is surrounded by a free zone 3m wide on all sides. 

The space above the playing area is known as the 

free playing space and is a minimum of 7m high 

from the playing surface. For FIVB, world and official 

competitions, the free zone measures a minimum 

of 5m from the side lines and 8m from the 

ends lines. The free playing space is a minimum of 

7m high from the playing surface. 

Playing surface: 

The playing surface is flat and a light colour. For 

FIVB, world and official competitions, only a wooden 

or synthetic surface is allowed. White colours 

are required for the lines. Other different colours 

are required for the playing court and free zone. 

Zones and areas: 

The front zone on each court is limited by the axis 

of the centre line and the rear edge of the attack 

line. The front zone extends beyond the side lines 

to the end of the free zone. 

Line markings: 

All lines on the court are 5cm wide and are a light 

colour different from the colour of the floor. 

53

21. Waterpolo 

Field of play: 

The dimensions of a water polo field depend on 

the size of the pool. Governing bodies such as FINA 

state that the distance between the goal lines is 

20m‐30m for men and 15m‐25m for women. The 

width of the playing field varies from 10m‐20m, 

depending on the size of the pool. If no pool is 

available, water polo can be played in natural bodies 

of water, such as lakes and pond. Where necessary, 

lane lines are used to mark off the field dimensions. 

The minimum water depth is 1.8m but 

2m is preferred. 

Markings: 

Water polo fields are marked with four specific 

distances: the goal line, the 2m line, the 5m line 

and the mid‐pool line. 

• The goal line is the spot where the front of the 

cage meets the beginning of the field. 

• The 2m line is the point 2m out from the goal line, 

marked on the side of the pool with a red cone. 

• The 5m line is the point 5m out from the goal 

line, marked on the side of the pool with a yellow 

cone. 

• The mid‐pool line marks the middle of the field 

of play, generally with a white cone. 

Platforms for the referees are provided on both 

side of the field of play. These platforms are 1m 

square and 70cm high above the water level. 

54

22. Weightliting 

For the sport of weightlifting the field of play relates 

to the area of competition which contains: 

• Competition platform and stage 

• Technical Officials’ and Competition Management 

tables 

• Warm‐up area. 

Platform: 

Two types of platforms are authorised for use by 

the IWF— Competition and training/ warmup 

platforms. Both types of platforms must meet the 

authorised specifications. 

Competition platform: 

The platform is a 4m square and made of wood, 

plastic or any solid material and covered with a 

non‐slip material. 

The height of the platform is between 50mm and 

150mm. 

If the floor surrounding the platform is the same 

or similar colour, the top edge of the platform 

must have a different coloured 150mm line. A 

clear one metre area surrounding the platform is 

compulsory. This area must be flat and free from 

any obstacles. 

If the platform is above ground level, a restraining 

bar at least the width of the platform must be fixed 

to the stage, at least one metre in front of the platform. 

Warm‐up platform: 

The warm‐up platform is 3m wide and 2.5‐3m 

long. 

55

23. Wrestling 

A new FILA approved mat has a 9m diameter and a 

1.5m border and is mandatory in Olympic Games, 

Championships and Cups. For all other international 

competitions mats must be approved/sanctioned 

but not necessarily new. 

For Olympic Games and World Championships, 

warm up and training mats must also be new and 

approved by FILA. 

A red band, one metre wide, forms an integral 

part of the wrestling area. It is drawn along the 

circumference on the inside of the 9m circle. This 

is known as the red zone. 

The central circle in the middle of the mat is one 

metre in diameter. The inside part of the mat inside 

the red circle is the central wrestling area. It is 

7m in diameter. The protection area is 1.5m wide. 

Surrounding the central circle is a band 10cm 

wide. For Greco Roman wrestling an 8cm wide 

line splits the circle into two parts. Two perpendicular 

lines, 40cm from each other, are called inside 

hand line and inside line. The colour of the 

lines are red. 

The covering and free space around the mat is 2m. 

The colour of the protection area is different than 

the mat. 

For all Olympic Games, World and Continental 

Championships, the mat is installed on a platform 

not higher than 1.1m or lower than 0.50m. 

56

esearch outcomes 

The research on different indoor court specifications 

and their requirement categorizes the courts 

into 6 modules. This simplifies the structural system 

of having multiple large span structures by 

considering them as rigid and braced blocks. 

The arrangement of each court within its module 

has been illustrated below. 

All the indoor courts and spaces can be planned 

within 5 modules for efficient and flawless planning. 

57

58

CHAPTER 3 

case 

studies 

Abhinav Bindra : Shooting 

This chapter includes the Case studies and case examples 

which help understand the prject , scale 

and the typology better. 

59

CASE STUDIES 

Case Studies have been chosen based on the varied 

approaches towards establishment of relationship 

between built and the sports facility. 

1 

yamuna sports complex, new delhi 

Methodology: Primary Case Study 

Character: Sports complex 

2 

tyagraj stadium, new delhi 

Methodology: Primary Case Study 

Character: Indoor stadium relation 

3 

sutd housing, singapore 

Methodology: Secondary Case Study 

Character: Sports integrated housing component

4 

LEUTSHANBACH SCHOOL, ZURICH 


Character: Structure sytem 

5 

NIKE FOOTBALL CENTER, SOWETO 


Character: Design function 

6 

vertical gym, chacao 


Character: Multi storeyed nature

Yamuna 

Sports complex 

Location / Address: 

Surajmal Vihar, Delhi - 110 092 

Area: 

27.5 ha. 

Date of Commencement: 

Foundation stone of this complex was laid by Late 

Shri Rajiv Gandhi, Honourable Ex-Prime Minister 

of India on 13th Jun, 1989. Partially opened 

on “pay & play” basis since 1994. Inaugurated on 

20th July 1999. 

Facilities available: 

Tennis, Synthetic Tennis Courts(2), Clay-5, Cement-3, 

Tennis Practice Wall, Table Tennis, Badminton, 

Fitness Centre, Ladies Gym. Carrom, Chess, 

Billiards / Snooker / Pool, Basket Ball, Volley Ball, 

Gymnastics Hall, Skating, Aerobics, Taekwondo, 

Jogging Track, Artifical Climbing Wall, Cricket, 

Cricket Practice Pitches, Football, Hockey, Squash, 

including one glass back wall court, Olympic size 

Swimming Pool, Toddlers Pool, Sports Shop & 

Snack Bar. 

Introduction: 

The Yamuna Sports Complex is a sports complex 

located in New Delhi, India.The table tennis venue 

has a capacity of 4,297. It has two show court 

tables, eight match tables and 10 warm-up tables. 

The total area of the plot is 26,000 square metres. 

Basement area is 26,000 square metres and 

the total plinth area is 43,765 square metres. The 

archery venue has a capacity of 1,500. 

Yamuna sports complex has state of the art Gymnasium 

facilities, clay & synthetic tennis courts 

and cricket ground. It also has astroturf hockey 

ground facility. 

A large stone sculpture b “Aiming For Excellence” 

by noted sculptor, Amarnath Sehgal, was installed 

at the complex in January 2002. It was the venue 

for Archery at the 2010 Commonwealth Games as 

well as Lawn bowls at the 2010 Commonwealth 

Games 

Reason of choice: 

1] A large number of sports facilities integrated 

into one single comples, making it one of the most 

utilised sporting facilities in New Delhi. 

2] Ideal for learning about the sports field and 

built relation, as well as sport to sport relation.

Inferences: 

The sports complex of this scale and infrastruce 

facilities should be efficiently used and utilised 

throughout the year. This can be ensured by introducing 

pay and play system as it is in the case of 

Yamuna sports complex. 

The multiple sports units take up a big part of the 

ground cover. This can be reduced if the are connected 

to form a single entity. 

The complex should be well contected with the 

neighbourhood as they form they main catchment 

area for talent. Entries on multiple phases of the 

complex can help enhance the connectivity.

Tyagraj 

stadium 

Architects: 

PTM of Australia and Kapoor & Associates of Delhi 

Location: 

New Delhi, India 

Owned by: 

Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi 

Area: 

16.5 acres (6.7 ha) 

Project Year: 

2010 

The Thyagaraj Stadium was a venue for netball 

during the 2010 Commonwealth Games, which 

were contested from 4–14 October 2010. Now, 

the stadium houses the education department of 

the Government of Delhi.[4] The 4th annual comic-con 

India took place here between 7–9 February 

2014. The stadium is the home ground of 

Dabang Delhi in the Pro Kabaddi League, and will 

also host the India Open table tennis tournament 

from 2017. 

The venue was built as a venue for the 2010 Commonwealth 

Games, and was named after the South 

Indian music composer Tyagaraja. 

Introduction: 

Constructed over an area of 16.5 acres (6.7 ha) 

with a seating capacity of 5,883 persons, the 

Thyagaraj Stadium was built with green technologies 

such as the use of fly ash bricks in construction. 

It is India’s first-ever model Green Venue 

built with the latest green building technologies. 

The stadium has an R.C.C. structure with steel 

roofing and the flooring work has been done by 

using granite, recycled PVC, carpets, epoxy and 

Kota stone. The stadium has maple wood flooring 

in the central arena. In terms of energy efficiency, 

the Thyagaraj Stadium will be setting a benchmark. 

Lighting will be provided using solar energy. 

In addition, building-integrated photovoltaic 

cells will allow the stadium to feed electricity to 

the grid. 


1] Presence of Athletics track and spectator seating 

as part of a building (large indoor sports hall) 

2] One of the most recent sports facilities in the 

Delhi , which has been constructed keeping in 

mind about the sustainability aspect of the project. 

64

Inferences: 

The design of the spectator seating as part of the 

building can act as a raised plinth to the building 

as well create a connection with the athletics track 

in terms of function. 

Radial corridoors on the inside(air conditioned) 

and outside, separated by glazing can provide a 

360 degree view around the building of the sports 

complexes outside. Alothough this creates a physical 

barrier, the spaces remain connected visually.

SUTD 

Housing 

Consultants: 

LOOK Architects, Surbana International Consultants 

Location: 

Singapore 

Managing Director: 

Look Boon Gee Director Ng Sor Hiang 

Associate: 

Lee Liting 

Team Members: 

Chow Khoon Toong, Widyanto Hartono Thenearto, 

Anton Siura, Doan Quang Vinh, Jeff Lau Jeh 

Farn, Karno Widjaja 

Area: 

46865.0 sqm 

Project Year: 

2014 

Introduction: 

Designed by LOOK Architects in collaboration 

with Surbana International Consultants, campus 

housing (3 hostel blocks and 2 staff apartment 

blocks) and sports facilities for SUTD (Singapore 

University of Technology and Design) have been 

brought to fruition, realizing the university’s vision 

for a walkable, 24/7 campus that has academic, 

housing and recreational facilities within 

close proximity of one another. Capturing in built 

form SUTD’s educational pedagogy of collaborative 

learning, the residential-recreational precinct 

is liberally interspersed with pockets of interaction 

spaces, setting up the platform for an open, 

creative environment. 


1] Integration of the housing component with the 

sports facilities and complexes. 

2] A similar scale intervention to help undestand 

the functions of a housing element within a sports 

precinct. 

66

Inferences: 

The close connection of the hostel and sports complex 

can help develop a positive relation since the 

hostels will be occupied by the athletes and sports 

persons. 

Creation of interesting open spaces at different 

points of the corridor can help open up the design 

towards a better sociallt interactive space, as well 

as allowing light and ventilation for the longer 

corridors. 

Pedestrian connections between different buildings 

at an upper level can help in clearing up the 

ground space for vehicular movements. 

67

Leutschenbach 

School 

Architects: 

Christian Kerez 

Location: 

Leutschenbach, Saatlenfussweg 3, 8050 Zürich, 

Switzerland 

Architect in Charge: 

Christian Kerez 

Team: 

Christian Scheidegger (project manager), Lukas 

Camponovo, Andrea Casiraghi 

Structural Engineer: 

Dr. Schwartz Consulting, Zug, Joseph Schwartz 

with dsp, Zurich, Walter Kaufmann, Mario 

Monotti 

Construction Management: 

BGS, Rapperswil 

Area: 

11500.0 sqm 

Project Year: 

2009 

Introduction: 

In order to preserve the spaciousness of the site, 

all the rooms inside the building were reduced to 

the lowest common denominator and stacked atop 

one another, with public functions accommodated 

in mezzanines. The classrooms are housed in 

a three-story steel-framed structure; the gymnasium, 

of approximately the same height, is surrounded 

by a continuous frame structure resembling 

that of the classroom block. The result is not 

merely a gymnasium on top of a school building, 

but a structure that consists of repeating references 

on multiple levels. On the ground floor, the 

building is contracted into a minimal core area. 


1] Similar intent in terms of design ideology. 

2] Complexity of Steel structural sytems is solving 

the spanning concerns. 

3] Vertical Typology for Longer span. 

4] Building material usage - Glass and Steel. 

68

Inferences: 

The result is not merely a gymnasium on top of 

a school building, but a structure that consists of 

repeating references on multiple levels. On the 

ground floor, the building is contracted into a 

minimal core area. 

The rooms, can be stacked above one another, vary 

in size and height. They constitute variations on 

the same overall spatial and architectural concept. 

69

nike 

football center 

Architects: 

RUFproject Location Soweto, South Africa 

Lead Architect & Designer: 

Sean Pearson 

Local Project Manager: 

SIP Project Managers Ltd. 

Client: 

Nike South Africa 

Area: 

54800.0 m2 

Photographs: 

Allan James 

Introduction: 

Situated in the heart of Soweto, the Football Training 

Centre is the centre of football in South Africa, 

where 1200 teams and 20,000 footballers play 

each year. In less than 6 months, the facility was 

transformed into a state of the art football training 

centre - the first of it’s kind in Africa, and the rest 

of the world. Designed by the Canadian firm, RUFproject 

in conjunction with the Nike Global Football 

Brand Design, the facility encompasses 2 new 

full sized artificial pitches, 2 junior turf pitches, 

new lighting, a clubhouse & player lounge, an education 

facility for the Grass Roots Soccer & Life 

Skillz programme, a Training Gym, Physio & First 

Aid facility, a Product Trial, Catering , Administrative 

Offices, Viewing Deck and new Change 

Rooms. The Clubhouse & Player’s Lounge house 

regular and in-depth tips and insights from Nike 

Athletes & Coaches and a place for coaches and 

players to focus on the tactical and strategic aspects 

of the game. 


1] Academy of similar scale, and function. 

2] Public interactive academy. 

70

Inferences: 

The changing rooms can be placed in the lower 

level and seperated vertically. The players lounge 

can also be open to public along with the trophy 

cabinet by adjust the timings of the main players. 

Viewing gallery can add much more value to the 

lounge with the view of the football ground. 

71

vertical 

gym 

Date: 

2001-2004 

Location: 

Chacao, Caracas, Venezuela 

Client: 

Municipality of Chacao, Leopoldo Lopez 

Project Team: 

Alfredo Brillembourg & Hubert Klumpner, Mateo 

Pinto, Matias Pinto, Jose Nuñez, Marielly Casanova, 

Eduardo Kairuz, Francisco Martin, Ricardo 

Toro, Eduardo Kairuz 

Sustainability Engineering: 

Guy Battle, Battle McCarthy 

Electrical services: 

Freddy Ferro 

Graphic design: 

Intégral / Ruedi Baur 

Sport coordinator: 

Jose Miguel Perez 

Construction Management: 

Luis Torres 

Introduction: 

Most of the buildable land in slums is claimed by 

housing, leaving minimal space for community facilities. 

To address this, U-TT focused on the latent 

potential of small, rundown sports pitches within 

the dense urban fabric of Caracas’ barrios. The 

first Vertical Gym was built in 2004 for the municipality 

of Chacao, creating a low-cost, multilevel 

recreation complex. It was designed as a prefabricated 

kit of parts that can be assembled in three 

months and customized to fit different topological, 

climactic, and programmatic needs. More than a 

building, the Vertical Gym is a piece of social infrastructure 

that has reduced crime rates, promoted 

healthy lifestyles, and strengthened social capital. 

Four gyms have been completed to date, with 

others in development around the world. 


1] One of the very few examples of a multi storeye 

sports facility around the globe. 

2] Use of steel for construction of the modules. 

3] The flexible modular nature of the design can 

be adapted to the needs and means of diverse 

clients, whether by building specific parts, or in 

phases over time. 

72

Inferences: 

The flexible modular design can be adapted to the 

needs and means of diverse clients, whether by 

building specific parts, or in phases over time. The 

modular nature of the design creates a flexible nature 

to the usable space allowing various type of 

sports to indulge and interact. 

The steel structures can add to the transparency 

of the structure as well as efficiency in the layout 

of services. 

73

case study 

matrix 

key parameters 

The following are the key parameters based on which the case study matrix have been formed. This help 

s in comparing and visualising the scale and similarites anong the projects better. 

OPENNESS & FLUIDITY 

The openness and fluidity refers to the easeness 

of entry and accessibility to utilise the sports facilities. 

The more public friendly the complex, the 

more open. 

LARGE EVENTS 

The sports facilities host a wide range of events at 

various competetive and non-competetive levels. 

The scale of the events determine the quality of 

the facility in terms of spectator capacity as will as 

event flexibility. 

NATURE OF USE 

Sports facilities can be training facility, casual 

playing, official events host, or a combination of 

these. 

CONNECTIVITY 

Connectivity through public transportation. 

Closeness to the nearest transit node.

76

CHAPTER 4 

programme 

development 

This chapter includes the process involved in developing 

a progam for the project and finding relation 

between the built and unbuilt areas. 

Mary Kom : Boxing 

77

PROJECT 

VISION 

The Sports City Kochi project is one of the mega 

projects funded by a group of private investors 

led by India’s cricket legend Sachin Tendulkar as 

a contribution towards India’s sporting excellence. 

Once the sports city becomes operational, popular 

sports academies and trainers from across the 

world are expected to arrive here to use the modern 

facilities to good advantage. Housing facilities 

for c oaches, supporting staff and trainees will be 

provided. Parents of the trainees can stay at the 

resi dential complexes when they come to visit 

their wards. 

“I would like to see India as a multi – sport games, exercise 

games country. We should also care at developing 

‘Sport Cities’ and ‘Sports Stadium’. There is a need for 

more and more sports academies, center to nurture young 

athletes along with creating new infrastructure to catapult 

India from a sports watching nation to a sports playing 

nation,” 

- Sachin Tendulkar 

The investors are also mooting the idea to promote 

and market the centre as a tourist spot. 

If the Kochi Sports City yielded the desired results, 

the group is planning to launch similar projects in 

other southern States. 

78

PROGRAMME 

DERIVATION 

One of the key understandings from research was that a startegically developed program is required in 

order to create a holistic model for sports tourism. The process adopted for the programme development 

therefore focusses on catering to the needs of the host community while also creating an enjoyable & 

informative environment for the visitors. 

Step 1: 

Analysing opinions of residents, tourists & local 

experts in the field of sports, conservation, heritage 

management and spatial design with respect to 

the community & site. 

Step 2: 

Understanding the culture under focus through 

as many lenses as possible in order to allow for 

authentic representation of the heritage and the 

sports culture to the visitor. 

Step 3: 

Understanding the needs, aspirations and expectations 

of all the users & stakeholders of this space. 

The ‘programme’ will be derived out of an 

understanding of what the people need and 

what the site demands. 

79

DERIVATION 

INFERENCES 

Activity based provision spaces 

80

Provideing for all user groups 

RESIDENTIAL ATHLETES 

VISITING ATHLETES 

CASUAL PLAYERS 

SUMMER CAMP 

Indoor complex facilities 

Kerala Blasters academy 

Athletics Track & Field 

Rowing 

GRASS ROOTS 

Hostel facilities + dormitories 

SCHOOL FESTS 

Food Court 

KERALA BLASTERS 

Gym 

LONG TERM TOURISTS 

Hockey 

DAILY TOURISTS 

Apartments 

TECHNICAL SPECIALISTS 

Visitor center 

NEIGHBOURHOOD COMMUNITY 

Sports store 

81

82 

area 

programme

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

CHAPTER 5 

programme 

ANALYSIS 

This chapter includes analysis of the derived program, 

relation between built and indoor-outdoor 

relation. 

P.T Usha : Athletics 

91

uilt area 

comparison 

The area programme provides adequate information 

required for a thorough analysis of different 

spaces. The relation between the spaces can be divided 

into two; outdoor relation and indoor relation. 

The parameters for the analysis include relation 

between the major components and functional 

zones of the area programme;,the heirarchy of the 

spaces and type of connection between them. 

The Entire Programme can been divided into the 

following major components: 

1] Indoor sports complex 

2] Hostel block 

3] Residetial 

4] KBFC academy 

The Indoor sports cover them maximum part of 

the total built up required as it includes almost all 

the olympic indoor facilities. The residential apartments 

cover the majoritty of the remaining area. 

The buildable ground area is greatly diminished 

due to the open grounds, setbacks and the water 

body. 

92

outdoor relation 

Proximity diagram 

93

indoor relation 

Space relation: Indoor court 

• Heirarchy of space 

• Inter-relation between functional zones 

• Type of connection between them 

Indoor court Comparison 

• Area of various indoor sport courts 

94

Space relation: Athletics 




Space relation: KBFC Academy 




Space relation: Hostel 




95

96

CHAPTER 6 

PROJECT 

SITE 

This chapter elaborates the details about the site, 

its context, and site conditions. 

Saina Nehwal : Badminton 

97

physical context 

Ernakulam 

District 

Map of Kerala 

Map of India 

Map of Kochi 

98 

Country: India 

State: Kerala 

District: Ernakulam 

City: Kochi 

Wards: Kakkanad 

The precinct is located within the city of Kochi, a major port city on the south-west coast of India bordering 

the Arabian Sea. It is part of district of Ernakulam in the state of Kerala. The city has a corporation limit 

population of 612,343, and metropolitan population of 2.1 million, making it the largest urban agglomeration 

in Kerala. Kochi is also famous for its sports following, especially with the introduction of its own 

football team Kerala Blasters.

Site data 

Site 

99

Site conditions 

Natural and Manmade Features 

100

Connectivity and Movement 

101

Climatic Data 

Under the Köppen climate classification, Kochi 

features a tropical monsoon climate (Am). Kochi’s 

proximity to the equator along with its coastal location 

results in little seasonal temperature variation, 

with moderate to high levels of humidity. 

Annual temperatures range between 23 and 31 °C 

(73 and 88 °F) with the record high being 36.5 °C 

(97.7 °F), and record low 16.3 °C (61.3 °F). 

From June to September, the south-west monsoon 

brings in heavy rains as Kochi lies on the 

windward side of the Western Ghats. 

From October to December, Kochi receives lighter 

(yet significant) rain from the northeast monsoon, 

as it lies on the leeward side. Average annual rainfall 

is 2,978.0 mm (117.24 in), with an annual 

average of 125 rainy days 

102

Site Micro Climate 

The site’s adjacency to the Mala Lake and the Altinho hill will also have an effect on the local climatic 

conditions. 

Prevailing winds 

Downslope winds flow from the Altinho hill down 

the leeward slope to this area at the foot of the 

hills. This accelerated flow of the mas of air generally 

has a cooling effect. The impact in this case 

might be marginal because of the low slope. 

Humidity 

Due to the presence of the lake, rate of evaporation 

& thus the absolute humidity (AH) increases 

because of water being available to be evaporated. 

Precipitation 

Monsoon laden clouds approach Panjim from due 

west. The site thus receives most from its precipitation 

from across the Altinho hill. Being on the 

leeward side, the angle of the driving rain will be 

less than on the windward side. 

Air movement 

The primary air movement is from the the sea to 

land and vice-versa. However, the Altinho hill reduces 

velocity, so land breeze will have greater velocity. 

Thus, stronger winds will be from east to 

west at night time. 

103

Site views 

1 

6 

2 5 

3 4 

104

The backwater 

The backwaters form one of the main feature of 

the neighbourhood, with the ferry being the main 

mode of transportation and tourist attraction. 

The bridge 

These minor bridges are positioned at various locations 

to facilitate pedestrian and two-wheeler 

movement across the water channels. 

The road 

The roads in the neighbourhood are narrow and 

hence resticts bus movement. 

105

CHAPTER 7 

SITE 

ANALYSIS 

This chapter consists of the analysis derived from 

the collected data of the site. 

Sandeep Singh : Hockey 

107

SWOT ANALYSIS 

STRENGTH 

1] Site is well connected by roadways, 

railway and waterways as per 

the development plans. 

2] Site exhibits Kerala’s scenic beauty 

through its greenery and water 

body. 

3] Waterbody in the site creates a 

connecting link with the backwaters. 

4] This sports city site next to the 

backwaters is an important tissue in 

the urban fabric which will be utilised 

to promote the sports tourism . 

WEAKNESS 

1] Most of the site falls under the 

wetlands. Therefore the construction 

process is relatively complicated 

due to lower load bearing capacity 

of the soil. 

2] A big portion of the site is covered 

by water and thus results in 

shortage of buildable area. 

s 

w 

108

o 

t 

OPPORTUNITY 

1] Kerala has a very stong sports following 

and commitmented supporters. 

This can boost the success of the 

sports city with a large scale participation. 

2] Future transit node around the 

site provides scope for a transit oriented 

development. 

3] Colleges and schools already exists 

around the area which can be 

attracted as casual users of the facilities. 

4] Proper planning and management 

of the project could lead to 

revitalisation of the whole precinct 

and could lead to an urban sprawl. 

THREAT 

1] The site lies in the wetlands 

around the backwaters. During the 

monsoons, the water level rises and 

causes flooding around the region. 

2] Project of this scale and infrasstructure 

is a very new concept 

to the state of kerala and would fail 

if it does not gainthe confidence of 

the community around it. 

109

design 

determinants 

Functional Diagram 




Volumetric Disposition 

• Grain of the settlement and main road 

• View to the lake 

Open Space Heirarchy 

• Nature of existing morphology 

• Natural form of the site 

• Relevant pause points 

110

Pedestrian Movement 

• Nature of existing street patterns 

• Connection between important nodes, both open 

and built 

Vehicular Movement 

• Convenient transition from main road into site 

• Servicing requirements 

Zoning 

• Urban conditions 

• Adjacencies 

• Noise disturbances 

111

112

CHAPTER 8 

CONCEPT 

DESIGN 

This chapter includes ideas and driving concepts 

for the design of Sports City Kochi. 

Dipa Karmakar : Gymnastics 

113

concept 

evolution 

Keeping the vision of the project in mind, the space 

acts as an interlock, a connector between people, 

the visitors and the host community. The site acts 

as an interface between the natural heritage of the 

precinct and the rest of the surroundings. The specialists 

from various sporting backgrounds come 

together to spread their knowledge to build up a 

legacy of a sports culture that has been a dream of 

every sportsperson in the country. 

Conceptualising the design involves looking at the 

potential of the site and the program from different 

perspectives, breaking the norms and visualising 

a solution for the future. A new typology 

perhaps. 

A project of such a large scale and unique expertise 

must achieve a certain standards of aesthetic 

sensitivity, a landmark in nature. 

114

Forces of Nature 

Kerala is also called as the “Gods own country”. It 

is a paradise mixture of the cloudy sky, lush green 

and the peaceful backwaters. The site exhibits all 

the natural features that can help encourage the 

natural heritage of the location. 

Realising the essence of the site and merging it 

with elements of sports facilities, we try to achieve 

a harmony between both. 

For the success of such a large scale project, it is 

important that everyone and everything contributes 

in providing service to the user. In Sports City 

Kochi, the natural heritage and the sports culture 

go hand-in-hand. This is what sports tourism in 

keralla should be all about. 

Sports City Kochi will be an example of how the 

forces of nature play a vital role in helping user 

interact with the sports facilities. 

Sky 

Indoor facilities stacked together 

towards the sky 

Earth 

Athletics, football ground and 

hockeys interacting with ground 

Water 

Rowing facilities in the existing 

natural water body 

115

design 

principles 

Transit Orientation 

Urban Principles 

Even though the site is located on the outskirts of 

the city of Kochi, the site remains well connected 

through different transport modes. 

The design involves creating vibrant, walkable, 

mixed-use communities surrounded by transit 

stations. The many benefits for the sports city being 

a transit oriented development include a higher 

quality of life with better places to live, work, 

and play sports; greater mobility with ease of 

moving around; reduced household spending on 

transportation, healthier lifestyle with more walking, 

and less stress; higher, more stable property 

values; increased foot traffic and customers for 

area businesses; greatly reduced dependence on 

foreign oil; greatly reduced pollution and environmental 

destruction; reduced incentive to sprawl, 

less expensive than building roads and sprawl; and 

enhanced ability to maintain economic competitiveness. 

1] Develop inviting and accssible transit areas in 

and around the site boundaries 

2] Ensure connections between different functions 

and spaces. 

3] Produce great and green streets. 

4] Generate public open spaces for recreation and 

informal gallery space.. 

5] Reinforce walkability, bikeability and well being 

of the residents and the visitors. 

6] Bridge the past and the future with the present 

advancements in technology. 

7] Nurture neighbourhood character and responding 

to the context. 

8] Stimulate sustainability and innovation in architecture, 

Planning and Technology. 

9] Improve equity and opportunity 

10] Emphasize early integration, simple integration 

and maintainable longteerm solutions. 

116

117

118

CHAPTER 9 

TECHNOLOGY 

STUDY 

This chapter includes the technological study intend 

to be applied in the project. 

Karnam Malleswary : Weightlifting 

119


The following are the key parameters based on which the technology study was conducted. The sub-parameters 

involved in the study have been discussed when each of the parameters are explained. 

BUILDING STRUCTURES 

BUILDING SERVICES 

USER SAFETY 

SUSTAINABILITY

uilding 

STRUCTURES 

Building Form 

The exterior shape and texture of large buildings 

make up the views that people see of the City, and 

form many of the impressions they take away from 

it. 

It is universally agreed that the one essential ingredient 

for new tall buildings is good design. There 

will inevitably be planning problems in the development 

of any high-rise structure, so high quality 

enhancement of the cityscape must come from 

new projects. The social impact of a single tower 

on a predominantly low-to-medium rise city is 

great, and only the best architects should be entrusted 

with such responsibility. Rather than dwell 

on the subjective nature of architecture, this section 

of the report focuses upon the material makeup 

of the buildings. Their internal form and the 

materials used to construct them add significantly 

to their environmental impact. 

The form of the buildings have a major impact on 

the complexity required in the structural systems 

to achieve stability.

Tall Building Structures 

Flexible types of structure are a requirement from 

building developers in an increasingly fluid property 

market, and new buildings need to be designed 

to be adaptable to changes throughout their 

lifetime. 

Floor Plate Impact: 

The change in demand and the requirement for 

flexibility has led to an increase in span of the 

floor beams of offices. Whereas column grids 

were previously laid out with 5-8m spacings, new 

buildings are constructed with clear floor spans of 

10-15m. To improve the efficient use of materials 

to accommodate increasing spans, construction 

methods have been adapted and new techniques 

developed in the last decade. 

There has been a general move from the concrete 

framed structures of the 1960s towards longer 

span steel beam floor systems. Advantages of the 

composite action between a concrete floor slab 

and its supporting steel beams has reduced the 

depth of beams and hence the weight of steel by 

up to 30 per cent. For multi-storey buildings, the 

resulting reduction in material used and the associated 

energy and emissions savings on the manufacture 

and transportation of the steel becomes 

significant. 

One consequence of increased spans is a greater 

potential susceptibility to vibrations which must 

be limited at the design stage. The use of metal 

decking fixed to steel beams acting as permanent 

formwork for concrete floor slabs has increased 

the efficiency and speed of construction and is 

used in most new tall buildings. The dominance 

of this system is the result of constructability and 

economy. 

122

Structural Stability and Efficiency: 

The design of structural frames to resist lateral and vertical loads on buildings is a 

complex process which takes into account a multitude of requirements. As a result, 

there are a number of structural systems which make a tall building stand up. 

Steel is not so readily available and construction practice favours concrete. Rigid concrete 

frame systems can be economical up to 20 storeys; concrete walls forming the 

central core can be economical up to 40 storeys; and concrete-framed tubes can be 

economical up to 60 storeys, with tube-in-tube structures and modular tubes used for 

very tall buildings. 

A combination of concrete and steel structures is often the most efficient form, utilising 

the best characteristics of each material. Research into the performance of concrete-filled 

steel tubs has enabled their use at main supporting columns in some mega-structures. 

In the India, the most common form of structure in buildings up to 50 

storeys is a reinforced concrete shear core used to stabilise the building against wind, 

with composite concrete floor slabs on a steel frame used to carry the building’s gravity 

loads to the foundations. 

There are many ways to construct tall buildings and in practice it is the desired use of a 

buildings which predominantly determines its design. The exterior shape and the materials 

of the façade have the greatest impact on the outside public, whilst the arrangement 

of spaces inside determines the efficiency of a building’s use by its occupants. 

The choice of materials for the structural frame is determined primarily to satisfy those 

requirements, with comparisons made of the most economical form that will do the 

job. In the commercial sector, this general principle applies equally to low-to-medium 

rise buildings as to tall buildings. 

In low-rise structures alternative options are available for building materials. Brick, 

stone and even timber are applicable for use in the primary structure of buildings, but 

these are mainly confined to the residential sector. While the embodied energy of these 

materials is lower than concrete, steel or glass, these three are mainly used in tall office 

buildings for their versatility and constructability. 

123

Flooring system: 

The open web steel joist (OWSJ) is a lightweight 

steel truss consisting, in the standard form, of parallel 

chords and a triangulated web system, proportioned 

to span between bearing points. 

The main function of an OWSJ is to provide direct 

support for roof or floor deck and to transfer the 

load imposed on the deck to the structural frame 

i.e. beam and column. 

In order to accurately design an OWSJ, engineers 

consider the joist span between bearing points, 

joist spacing, slope, live loads, dead loads, collateral 

loads, seismic loads, wind uplift, deflection 

criteria and maximum joist depth allowed. Many 

steel joist manufacturers supply economical load 

tables in order to allow designers to select the most 

efficient joist sizes for their projects. 

While OWSJs can be adapted to suit a wide variety 

of architectural applications, the greatest economy 

will be realized when utilizing standard details, 

which may vary from one joist manufacturer 

to another. 

Open web joists can be used as the flooring system 

consisting of joist girders which carry the major 

spanning load across the spaces. 

The lightweight nature of the joists make them an 

economical alternative to conventional steel members 

to splan greater than 12m. 

Girders used with the open-web joists may be joist 

girders(a heavier version of the open web joist). 

124

Foundation: 

For tall buildings, large diameter conventional bored piles are required for deeper foundations. The construction 

of basements in the City often has a determining effect on the severity of foundation impacts. 

The size and depth of basements clearly depend on the requirements of the client. In general terms, a 

broad shallow basement may have a greater overall impact than a deep basement with a smaller footprint 

typical of a tall building. 

Comparison of Impacts on Tall and Low-rise Building Foundations 

Piled Foundations 

1] Smaller volume of excavated material 

2] Efficient deep end-bearing piles 

3] Additional fuel for piling rigs 

4] Higher noise and vibration levels 

5] Adverse effects of piling below existing foundations 

6] Services must be re-routed 

7] Smaller area of archaeological impact 

Raft Foundations 

1] Larger volumes of concrete/m2 

floor space 

2] Additional consumption for temporary works 

3] Less separation from site boundary 

4] Additional loading on nearby existing foundations 

5] Services may be covered over 

6] Prolonged archaeological digs 

125

uilding 

SERVICES 

Services and Design Issues 

The Use of Air Conditioning 

Sufficient capacity in the public utilities services 

of power (electricity, oil and gas), water and sewerage 

is a pre-requisite for sustainable development 

of tall buildings, where resource input and 

waste output are extremely high and concentrated. 

Building services have to provide a comfortable 

working environment in the building for several 

thousand people. Certain aspects of the design 

of services in tall buildings impact upon sustainability 

different to low-rise buildings. There is an 

additional burden on consumption from the need 

for lifts in towers; delivery of water at height has 

implications on pumping provision; and systems 

must handle the removal of large concentrations 

of waste. On the other hand, tall office buildings 

can have advantages over lower developments 

in areas such as lighting, the need for heating or 

cooling, and the efficiencies that can be garnered 

from servicing a tall, thin space. 

The issue of cooling in buildings depends on how 

the building is used and the desirability of control 

over the internal environment as much as the 

climatic conditions of the location. The avoidance 

of energy-intensive air conditioning is a growing 

concern for environmentally-conscious designers. 

In situations where natural ventilation is not feasible 

and where energy input is required to maintain 

the required ambient conditions, energyefficient 

systems should be installed. 

As the cost of fuel rises over the life of a new building 

and the pressures for greater energy efficiency 

take effect, cost-effective energy saving methods 

will be widely adopted. An integrated approach to 

the provision of building services includes features 

such as high performance cladding systems, free 

cooling, night pre-cooling of the structure, use of 

natural heat rejection to river water or borehole 

cooling, variable volume chilled water systems 

including direct drive variable pumping, variable 

volume air systems using direct drive variable 

speed motors. Combined heat and power (CHP) 

offers energy advantages from which waste heat 

can drive refrigeration machines. 

126

Heating Loads 

Electric Lighting and Daylight 

In general, heating is often not needed in tall buildings, 

where there is a computer on every desk with 

high levels of electric lighting. By careful design, 

heating can be omitted with apart from a minimal 

background provision for cold start-up (pre-heating). 

The use of passive heating methods and the 

use of CHP systems can contribute to space heating, 

domestic hot water and cooling requirements 

as well as electricity supply. 

For high-rise developments, the need to reduce 

energy should drive the use of high performance 

building envelopes and hence reduce perimeter 

heating to a level that can be offset by passive solar 

heating and internal gains. The system should 

ensure improved air tightness to walls and facades 

and eliminate losses through thermal bridging. 

Capital expenditure on insulated cladding is often 

cost-effective over the life of a building, with 

added benefits of lower energy consumption and 

emissions. 

In buildings, lighting can account for 10-25 per 

cent of the overall electrical load depending upon 

the small power requirements and the amount of 

heat load going from lighting back into cooling 

load. The inclusion of energy-efficient lighting is 

crucial particularly in tall buildings where optimised 

solutions can make a substantial saving on 

impacts. Lights in tall buildings have a relatively 

low embedded energy cost and therefore any energy 

savings are real. 

Energy-efficient lamp technologies and lighting 

control systems can be integrated with daylight to 

provide reductions in overall consumption. The 

best advantage can be gained from automatic control 

of electric lighting as a function of ambient 

daylight levels. Daylight level sampling equipment 

can be placed at roof level, while internal space 

sensors can allow control of electric lighting. 

Issues for luminaires in tall buildings: 

• Integration with daylight 

• Building identification on flight paths 

• External lighting and the building’s visual appearance 

• Minimising external Light Spill and Light Pollution 

127

user 

Safety 

Fire Safety 

Fire safety engineering is a relatively new discipline 

which has developed in recent years essentially 

to meet fire control solutions for buildings 

that fall outside of the current codes such as large 

and complex buildings. 

Currently, there are no differences in requirements 

for buildings above 30m high, though buildings 

below that height have less stringent regulations. 

The suitability of current regulations for very tall 

buildings is under review by leading construction 

industry institutions as a result of the World Trade 

Centre collapse, and findings should be available 

shortly. 

In practice, individual tall buildings are analysed 

in relation to their own design to develop a rationale 

for fire engineering. This is discussed with the 

Fire Authorities, District Surveyors and approving 

bodies. The onus is on the fire engineer to demonstrate 

that the proposed fire solutions meet or 

better the requirements of the intent of the regulations. 

routines such as registration or licensing 

procedures. 

The areas of prime consideration are as follows. 

• The adequacy of means to prevent fire 

• Early fire warning by an automatic detection and 

warning system 

• The standard of means of escape 

• Provision of smoke control 

• Control of the rate of growth of a fire 

• The adequacy of the structure to resist the effects 

of a fire 

• The degree of fire containment 

• Fire separation between buildings or parts of 

buildings 

• The standard of active measures for fire extinguishment 

or control 

• Facilities to assist the fire service 

• Availability of powers to require staff training in 

fire safety and fire 

128

129

The various ways of managing these issues in preparing the fire strategies of a new building are briefly 

described below. 

• Phased Evacuation 

Protected escape routes from tall buildings must 

be managed effectively. To avoid excessively wide 

escape stairs needed to evacuate several thousand 

people at the same time, phased evacuation is 

common. 

• Fire Fighting Shafts and Lifts 

For tall buildings, protected access within the 

building for fire fighting can be provided by the 

design of fire fighting shafts. Fire fighting lifts are 

currently used for heights greater than 18m. 

• Smoke Control 

Staircase pressurisation and smoke control systems 

are provided in firerated air shafts. Smoke 

dampers activated by the Fire Alarm System are 

used in air conditioning and ventilation ducts. 

• Sprinkler Protection and Gas Flooding Systems 

Sprinkler protection is provided throughout the 

building as an automatic means of fire fighting 

and controlling a fire during its initial growth. Gas 

flooding systems may be considered in specialist 

areas such as computer data rooms where sprinkler 

systems are undesirable. 

For tall buildings to be sustainable, occupants must 

feel confident that the fire fighting equipment and 

procedures are absolutely reliable. Whilst there 

are cost and environmental implications, these 

are secondary to the need to protect the lives of 

occupants. Without a proven ability to deal with 

fire and manage evacuations safely, any building 

is unmarketable. 

130

Exit Time Analysis 

Gates and Turnistiles 

This is a step-by-step computation of the time it 

takes spectators to move from their nearest vomitory 

(the journey from seat to vomitory being 

ignored for the purposes of this calculation) to a 

place of permanent safety. 

Assume that spectators move along the level floors 

and ramps at 150m per minute, and down 

stairways at 30m per minute. Further assume 

that 40 people per minute can pass through one 

‘exit width’ (600mm for corridors and also for 

doorways, gates, etc.). Add up the walking times 

for the ‘worst case’ spectator selected above, all 

the way from his vomitory to Zone 4. Subtract this 

time from the ‘escape period’ required by regulation, 

or in case of doubt from eight minutes. 

Calculate widths of all passages and doorways or 

gateways along these routes in units of 600mm 

(i.e. a passage that is 600mm wide is ‘one unit exit 

width’, one that is 1200mm wide is ‘two exit unit 

widths’). 

Now check that the total number of spectators 

seated or standing in a particular section can actually 

exit in the time calculated above, and if they 

cannot then widths must be increased. 

Repeat the above ‘distance’ and ‘width’ calculations 

for each subdivision of the stadium, so that 

no spectator seating or standing area has been 

missed out, and revise the stadium layout if necessary 

until the entire stadium complies with safety 

requirements. 

Gates are cheap, and an open gate of a metre’s 

width can permit the passage of approximately 

4000 spectators per hour; but they are a relatively 

unsophisticated form of control apparatus. Turnstiles 

are expensive and will allow only 500 to 750 

spectators per hour to pass. 

131

sustainability 

Increasingly, architects and engineers are designing 

buildings that respond to and take advantage 

of ambient conditions in a given location. 

Natural elements being harnessed to improve the 

sustainability of new buildings 

• Free heating 

• Free cooling 

• Day-lighting 

• Borehole cooling 

• Rainwater collection 

• Solar power 

• Wind power 

As well as generating a return on capital expenditure, 

the need for new buildings to enhance their 

environment, to be aesthetically pleasing to the eye, 

and to be effective and comfortable to occupants 

are the primary concerns of designers. But these 

main aims need not be compromised in seeking to 

develop and construct in a sustainable way. A successful 

balance between economic, social and environmental 

effects can be achieved by an overall 

approach to building design. 

Beginning with a commitment to sustainable development, 

client, architect services and structural 

engineers create the conceptual design, which 

is implemented in construction, and followed 

through in the operation and maintenance of 

a building. The end-users of offices, including a 

day-time working population of 330,000 people 

in the City, regularly complain about the neglect 

of their needs and desires being incorporated into 

buildings at the design stage. In practice, economic 

tend to outweigh social and environmental factors 

in commercial developments. However, pressure 

to redress the balance is increasing and future developments 

will be more sustainable. 

Orientation on Plan: 

Daylight and Passive Solar Gain 

Tall buildings are less constrained than low-rise 

buildings by the shape of land plots or the layout 

of streets. More of the street level area can be 

given to public amenities and recreational space. 

Maximum advantage can be taken of daylight by 

shaping the plan arrangement of a building to suit 

the activities within. The materials of the façade 

also determine the thermal insulation U-values of 

the exterior walls. The orientation of the building 

in relation to the seasonal paths of the sun across 

the sky has a significant impact on the thermal 

and visual performance as 

previously discussed. 

132

Building Shape and Wind: 

Floor width & Ceiling Height: 

Floor Thickness & Thermal Mass: 

The shape and profile of a tall building determines 

its performance in wind. Shape not only affects the 

loading on the structure, but also has an impact on 

conditions in the surrounding streets and buildings. 

Good aerodynamic design has a beneficial 

impact on the structural frame of a tower in terms 

of materials, and on the comfort of pedestrians at 

ground level. 

The width of a building, usually referred to as 

floor plate depth, has a critical impact on its economic, 

social and the environmental performance. 

In financial terms, larger floor plates are more cost 

effective. The ratio of net internal area to gross 

internal area (NIA:GIA) can be increased with a 

deep floor plan. This ratio decreases with height 

as a greater area is given to cores in tall buildings. 

In terms of running costs, however, energy for 

lighting, which accounts for a large portion of 

the fuel bill for an office building, can be greatly 

reduced by the use of daylight. Useful daylight 

penetrates 3-6m inside a building from the windows, 

and shallower floor plates maximise the use 

of daylight. Lighting levels on a desk, the width of 

the building and the height of the ceiling all affect 

workers’ feelings of comfort and their productivity. 

There has been a tendency to squeeze as much 

usable floor area into a building as possible. A tall 

building can have fewer constraints on floor height 

and a narrower floor plate than a low-rise block 

which can lead to an increased rentable value. 

Daylight entering a building arrives with a degree 

of passive solar heat gain. The structure of a 

building can be arranged to absorb and dissipate 

that heat energy by its thermal mass characteristics. 

In principle, this involves direct absorption of 

heat into the floor slabs when there is sunlight for 

release at cooler periods. While passive solar gains 

can be harnessed to avoid the need for heating 

buildings in winter, gains in summer can create 

the need for cooling. 

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Façade Engineering: 

Core Design: 

Another area where the fabric of a building can 

be used to control the internal conditions is the 

façade. The glazed façades favoured for high-rise 

office buildings have both positive and negative effects 

on energy consumption. 

There has been recent success in reducing the negative 

effects. Double glazing with argon-filled cavities, 

triple-glazing and glass coatings can increase 

Uvalues. The penalty suffered in increased embodied 

energy to improve the thermal insulating 

properties of façades is often paid back in reduced 

energy consumption over the life of the building. 

Air tightness of the façade is a major issue for tall 

buildings where pressure differentials from higher 

winds at the top of a building can cause problems 

with controlling internal temperatures and 

draughts. 

Double skin facades offer several advantages. They 

can act as buffer zones between internal and external 

conditions, reducing heat loss in winter and 

heat gain in summer. In combination with ventilation 

of the space between the two facades, the passive 

thermal effects can be used to best advantage. 

Natural ventilation can be drawn from the buffer 

zone into the building by opening windows in the 

inner façade. The stack effect of thermal air currents 

in tall buildings offers advantages over lower 

buildings. This eliminates potential security and 

safety problems caused by having opening windows 

at the top of tall buildings as well as wind 

pressure differentials around the building. 

Cores provide a path for building services, vertical 

transportation and a means of escape, as well as 

contributing to the structural stability of a building. 

For tall buildings with repetitive floor plates, the 

efficiency of service cores is crucial to their viability. 

Attention in the design process is given to 

the service core by parties with separate aims: lift 

engineers, building services engineers, structural 

engineers, architects, quantity surveyors, the District 

Surveyor, the fire engineer, the Fire Brigade. 

Design teams may review many options of core 

configuration to meet the different requirements 

of each discipline. Developers view cores as a loss 

of lettable space and apply pressure to minimise 

the core footprint. 

In general, the more time spent on the core design, 

the more sustainably efficient it is. 

134

Photo Voltaic for buildings: 

Photovoltaics (PV) is an advanced and practical 

solution for the sustainable supply of energy 

in buildings. PV cells convert light into electrical 

energy. It is not a new concept but has recently 

been developed as a viable “building integrated” 

PV system. 

The technology is proven and available. Commercial 

cell performance can range from 50-50 W/ 

m² of the PV area depending upon the type of cell 

and PV cell density to allow the transmission of 

daylight. 

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Architecture design with PV: 

Water conservation: 

Solar PVs can provide an excellent opportunity for 

aesthetic and environmental innovation. Panels 

can replace roofs, and wall cladding systems can 

cover existing unsightly concrete buildings, provide 

rain coverings and act as roof lights. 

Depending on the PV density, panels can admit or 

reduce daylight to the space. This can combine as a 

total engineered solution to reduce heat gain to the 

space but allowing daylight for occupants. Different 

densities of light admittance can be achieved 

in a single panel of glass with, for example, the 

upper and lower part of the glass more dense allowing 

mid vision sections at eye level. 

In respect of embodied energy, PV panels are expensive 

to produce, equivalent in cost to that of 

high performance building cladding systems. 

However, the same is true of laminated and toughened 

solar control glass which is seen as an essential 

part of cladding. PV glass panels may be a 

direct alternative to reduce energy consumption. 

These panels are applicable as double skin cladding 

whereby air passes behind the PV panel and 

absorbs heat both to improve the PV performance 

and to reduce energy consumption. This can be 

used to pre-heat fresh air in winter and as a ventilated 

cavity to remove heat in summer. 

There are some simple water conservation techniques 

that can be implemented in a high rise 

building design. These include: 

- Rainwater Collection 

- Low Flow Wash Hand Basins 

- Dual Flow WC’s 

- Dry Urinals 

- Grey water recycling

Rain water harvesting: 

Rainwater harvesting is a technique used for collecting, 

storing and using rainwater for landscape 

irrigation and other uses. The rainwater is collected 

from various hard surfaces such as rooftops 

and/or other manmade aboveground hard surfaces. 

Collection Area and Characteristics 

Water harvesting potential(m3) = Area (m2) X 

Rainfall (m) X Collection Efficiency 

• Measure Area 

• Runoff Characteristics 

• Roof top 0.75 – 0.95 

• Paved area 0.50 – 0.85 

• Bare ground 0.10 – 0.20 

• “Green area 0.05 – 0.10 

• Collection Area 

• Rainfall 

• Demand 

• Primary Use (Direct Use, Artificial Recharge 

(AR) or Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR)) 

• Storage capacity 

• Level of Security - risk of the storage tank running 

dry

138

CHAPTER 10 

DESIGN 

DEVELOPMENT 

This chapter reveals the design journey and the 

stages the design underwent. 

Sunil Chhetri : Football 

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140


The following are the key parameters based on which the design development takes place - from a basic 

massing to a finished product. The sub-parameters involved in the development of the design have been 

discussed when each of the development stages are explained. 

BUILT AND OPEN CONTEXT 

URBAN CONDITIONS 

CONTOURS AND LEVELS 

RELATIONSHIP OF BUILT & OPEN WITHIN SITE 

VISITOR EXPERIENCE 

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development 

stages 

Stage 1 

Visualizing the mass 

This was the first attempt at visualising how the 

building mass would respond to the urban characters 

in terms of massing. 

The masses are placed on both sides of the athletics 

track. 

STRENGTHS 

1] The building becomes centre to al sports activities 

around it. 

2] Volume gave directions for possible functional 

uses of the mass. 

3] separation of the masses based on the function 

has been established, yet they still remain connected 

through the sport facilities. 

DRAWBACKS 

1] Without functions involved, this is a very basic 

level of sketch design and no further analysis is 

possible. 

2] larger area of the existing natural water body 

is coved up. 

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Stage 2 

Finalising the zoning 

This was a detailed attempt at zoning the functions 

with response to the edge conditions as well 

as their relation between the individual functions. 

The residential unit is divided into two, keeping 

the hostels closer to the sports facilities and the 

apartments a bit further away but closer to and 

entry point. 

A sports axis has been created. 

STRENGTHS 

1] Sports axis ensures north-south alignmwnt for 

all the outdoor sports facilities. 

2] Connection between sports facilities and built 

components has been established. 

3] Residents get the view of the green and the 

backwaters around the site. 

DRAWBACKS 

1] The buildings doesn’t follow a unified architectural 

language with respect to form and order. 

2] The residential components remain restricted 

in terms of pedestrian and vehicular circulation 

around it. 

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Stage 3 

Exploration of the Form 

This was the first attempt to explore various building 

forms to create a unified architectural language 

among the different built components. 

The form follows the concept of creating a concave 

where the exterior region belongs to sports facilities 

and the interior portion for the entry zones. 

Parking infront of the academy is moved to the 

.other side. 

STRENGTHS 

1] Order and fuction of spaces are well defined 

with the zig-zag form. 

2] Rowing facilities possible due to the linear nature 

of the water body and the river front. 

3] The form of the complex creates interesting 

viewing angle. 

DRAWBACKS 

1] The outer road along the water body connecting 

the apartments to the hockey field is redundant. 

2] Access and public drop off to the Athletic stadium 

undefined. 

3] Parking provisions not provided. 

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Stage 4 

Detailing the components 

This was at attempt at detailing the building components 

further. The circulation and parking have 

been resolved. The design not starts to have a hold 

on the context as it attempts to create a positive 

impact not just in terms of providing sporting facility 

but also as an urban initiative. 

The outer roads connect the two adjoining neighbours 

of the site. A retail component is designed 

on the outer road which also acts as a public entry 

point to the athletic stadium through the bridge 

connection. The road also caters to the boat jetty. 

The facade of the buildings start to take shape. 

STRENGTHS 

1] The design now displays the characters of the 

urban intervention. 

DRAWBACKS 

1] Landscaping and public gathering spots havent 

been provided. 

2] Parking and circulation problems have been resolved. 

145

146

CHAPTER 11 

FINAL 

DESIGN 

This chapter consists of the final design, design 

outcomes and analysis of the same. 

Kerala Blasters FC : Indian Super League [Football] 

147

148

OVERVIEW 

149

major components 

The programme’s built is divided into four major 

components: 

TOTAL SITE AREA 

WATER AREA 

=1,25,614 SQ.M 

= 17,768 SQ.M 

SET BACK AREA 

Land side= 6m 

Canal side = 9m 

Back water side= 25 m 

highway side= 15 m 

total area used in setback = 24,518 SQ. 

GROUND AREA FOR OUTDOOR SPORTS = 

32,437 SQ.M 

TOTAL GROUND COVER = 9746 SQ.M 

FAR ACHIEVED = 1.94 

Volumetric diagram: 

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RETAIL BLOCK 

Food chains, Sports stores 

RESIDENTIAL APARTMENTS 

2bhk, 3bhk apartments 

KBFC ACADEMY 

Kerala Blasters Football Club 

Training Academy 

SPORTS TOWER 

Indoor sports facility 

GIRLS HOSTEL 

BOYS HOSTEL + 

ATHLETIC STADIUM 

SUPPORT 

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site plan 

The site plan reveals relation of the site with the 

built form, entry point to the site as well as the 

buildings. The components of the site plan are as 

follows: 

1. SPORTS CITY TOWER 

2. KERALA BLASTERS ACADEMY BLOCK 

3. KERALA BLASTERS TRAINING GROUND 

4. ATHLETICS TRACK AND FIELD STADIUM 

5. STADIUM SUPPORT 

6. GIRLS HOSTEL 

7. BOYS HOSTEL 

8. RETAIL BLOCK 

9. RESIDENTIAL APARTMENTS 

10. BOATING YARD + CITY WATER BUS STOP 

11. SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT 

12. PUBLIC PARKING AREA 

13. HOSTEL PARKING 

14. TOWER PARKING 

15. SERVICE YARD 

16. SERVICE BLOCK 

17. MAIN ENTRY GATE 1 

18. ENTRY GATE 3 



21. ROWING AREA 

design approach 

THE BACKWATERS OF KERALA: 

Maintain the natural heritage of the site by sustaining 

the existing water body and using it as a 

connecting space as well as for rowing activities. 

Backwaters have been one of the major tourist 

destinations of kerala. 

GREEN GREEN EVERYWHERE: 

Responding to the fuana around and within the 

site by creating landscape inspired by the existing 

context topography. Taking inspiration from 

the vernacular landscape concepts to connect the 

built to the nature. 

SPORTS AXIS: 

All the sports facilities alligned in a single axis for 

better circulation and connectivity. This makes 

sure the north-south allignment of all sports facilities. 

It also segregate the sports facilities with the 

residential support. 

FUTURE CONNECTIVITY: 

The lack of connectivity of the site is resolved with 

the upcoming highway and rail network. The design 

proposes and exterior road to connect the 

near by neighbourhood. The site gets connected 

through the waterways with the introduction of 

the boat jetty. 

NATURE OF CIRCULATION: 

Using Circulations to create viewing angles for the 

user to experience the view of the surrounding. 

Giving a tourist experience for people who pass by 

the sports city. 

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sports tower 

The sports tower forms the main focus of the sports 

city project as the design explores a new building 

typology for a sports facility. As an attempt to 

make this one of the best facility, the inclusion of 

all olympic indoor sports creates a scope to build 

vertical due to lack of ground cover. 

TOTAL SPORTS FACILITIES= 19,048 SQ.M 

TYPICAL FLOOR PLATES= 72,600 SQ.M 

TOTAL = 91,670 SQ.M 

ALLOWED GROUND COVERAGE = 40% 

pERMISSIABLE FAR = 2 

ACHIEVED FAR = 1.77 

ACHIEVED GROUND COVERAGE = 7.24% 

Major drawback of Sports in India is lack of equality 

in providing importance and assistance to each 

sports. The efforts of the so called minority sports 

are often overlooked, and the rich keeps getting 

richer. 

The design creates an experience of the collective, 

where the sports facilities interact and compliment 

eachother sharing a common open space. The corridor 

provides a view of the outdoor sport facilities 

along with the essence of the nature, framed by 

the group of indoor sports arenas, forming what is 

called a sports cloud. 

The design focuses on creating interactive spaces 

where the user is able to relate, acknowledge and 

connect with multiple sport facilities at a moment 

not just form within the precint, but also from a 

larger radius. 

The concept starts from the very initial zoning 

stage by avoiding the positioning of sports facilities 

in the enclosed spaces. This relating every sport 

facility on sport facilities as a collective unit rather 

than treating each as a seperate entity. 

154

View of the Sports tower. 

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156

157

158

159

160 

North Elevation 

Section A

Section B 

Section C 

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STRUCTURE SYSTEMS 

building services 

The Tower’s structural system is a combination of 

Moment frame, shearwall and Braced frame system. 

The system varies with respect to the fuction. 

The sports facilities are therefore supported by 

a braced frame system. While the central core is 

made of shear wall, the remaining support functions 

are within the moment frame. 

Braced frame 

The MEP service layout and details showing both 

internal and external services. The service diagram 

shows the Electrical, HVAC and plumbing 

layout of a particular floor of the sports tower. 

Plumbing layout of the basement floor 

HVAC layout of a indoor court floor 

Electric layout of a typical floor 

162 

Open web joists have been used as the flooring system 

with joist girders carrying the major spanning 

load across the sports facilities. 

Moment frame 

Shear wall core 

Pile foundation 

The whole structure 

Solar Energy 

The Arena with 100 X 60 m2 covered large span 

roof will have solar panel installed. This will allow 

the site to be net zero or yet better net positive 

( generating more energy than required). Hence, 

using the stadiums energy to fulfill the communities 

need . 

Avg. power generation per sq. foot for modern solar 

panels = 8-10 watts 

Area = 6500 m 2 = 69965 sq ft 

69965 X 8 watt = 559720 watts 

= 0.56 MW 

0.56 X 2920 (sunlight hours)/year 

=1635.2 MWhr/year

Feasibility Analysis 

Roof area = 6500 sq meters 

Average Annual Rainfall = 2978 mm 

Collection Coefficient = 0.90 

Potential = 6500 sq meters * 2.98m * 0.90 

= 17,430 cu meters/ year 

Demand = 50,000 cu meter/ month 

Supply= 2.9% of demand 

For exit 

5000 viewer s need 7 minutes or 420 second to 

leave via 9.5 m wide steps. 

Therefore, 1 spectator --------- 1 m staircase 

width in 

9.5 X 420 = 0.8 seconds 

5000 

Or in 1 sec, a 1 m wide staircase accommodates 

5000 = 1.25 people 

9.5 X 4.20 

MEP Service layouts 

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HOSTEL BLOCK 

The Hostel block consists of Boys hostel, Girls hostel, 

Rowing Area and the stadium support: 

Its has been designed in a way that it interacts and 

responds to the activities surrounding it. 

TOTAL BUILT UP = 11,116 SQ.M 

ALLOWED GROUND 

COVERAGE = 65% 

pERMISSIABLE FAR = 2.5 

RECEIVED FAR = 0.22 

RECEIVED GROUND 

COVERAGE = 5.34% 

View of the Athletics track and the football field 

with the hostel block in the background. 

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165

166

167

168

View of the Rowing area with the hostel block and 

the sports tower visible Wvin the background. 

169

kerala blasters 

academy 

The Kerala Blasters Academy consists of Offices, 

Match Area, Fan zone, Fitness center, Recreation 

area and Lecture facilities. 

TOTAL BUILT UP = 7,153 SQ.M 

ALLOWED GROUND COVERAGE = 35% 

PERMISSIABLE FAR = 2.5 

RECEIVED FAR = 0.14 

RECEIVED GROUND COVERAGE = 3.69% 

View from the Kerala blasters academy ground. 

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jury comments 

Jury members : Pradeep Sachdeva, Savita Punde 

“The design has a strong positive impact on the neighbourhood settlement and is a great urban intervention. 

A good concept for the complex and use of the existing natural elements in the region. I really like 

the way the water body has been utilised, especially the rowing feature.” - Savita Punde 

“It is an interesting take on the programme and a bold design decision. The investment on the tower 

would be huge and would make lot of sense in a dense urban environment where there is scarcity of 

land and sports facility. This new typology that you have explored coud be a reality in a city like Mumbai. 

Overall, its a fun project.” - Pradeep Sachdeva 

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ibliography 

https://english.manoramaonline.com/sports/other-sports/sachin-kochi-sports-city-poised-to-takeoff-aroor-edappally.html 

http://www.sportskeeda.com/general-sports/lack-of-sporting-culture-affecting-india-at-the-olympics 

https://www.archdaily.com/96408/football-training-centre-soweto-rufproject 

https://www.archdaily.com/382485/leutschenbach-school-christian-kerez 

https://gimnasiovertical.wordpress.com/vertical-gym-projects/vertical-gym-chacao/ 

http://u-tt.com/project/vertical-gym/ 

https://www.archdaily.com/772266/sutd-housing-and-sports-look-architects-plus-surbana-international-consultants 

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Thesis references 

Rahul Arora - NAVI MUMBAI SPORTS VILLAGE - thesis 2017. 

Nishita Mohta - OLD QUARTER HERITAGE NEXUS - thesis 2016. 

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sports city kochi : thesis x saifiz

ARCHITECTURE THESIS REPORT - Sports City Kochi

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