PhD Research Thesis on Renewable Energy Sample

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Climate.<strong>PhD</strong>researchon.com RENEWABLE ENERGY power plants, which are not direct pollutants, but they are expensive and large, and are also considered conventional sources. Renewable energy sources are considered sources of energy that are preserved in nature and are renewed in whole or in part. Such as: mechanical energy of watercourses, wind, solar energy, biofuels, biomass, biogas, geothermal energy, wave, tidal wave energy, gas energy from landfills or wastewater treatment plants. Renewable sources do not depend on the supply of coal and oil, they are clean and untouchable, but usually include smallsized drives. After a hundred years of using fossil fuel energy, today's global image is changing, and renewable sources are increasingly considered one of the key sources of energy for the future development of the Earth. Renewable energy sources include: solar energy, wind energy, biomass, biofuel, biogas, geothermal sources, small water currents, tidal and tidal energy, wave energy, internal marine energy and oceans. Alternatives to classic sources include several completely different ways to obtain energy. The degree of scientific development at this time enables the commercial use of some of them. Several technologies, especially wind power, small hydro power plants, biomass energy and solar energy, are economically competitive. These alternative sources have their specificities, advantages and disadvantages, depending on the degree of utilization and accessibility that most directly depends on the initial costs. Renewable energy sources, not including hydropower, provide less than 1% of the total energy needed. This share in the future should increase considerably because non-renewable energy sources are getting smaller, and their harmful impact is more pronounced in the last 10-20 years. The sun delivers 15,000 times more energy than the Earth can spend at present, but in spite of this, some people on Earth are freezing. From this, it can be seen that renewable sources can and should start to be used better and that energy after fossil fuels should not be taken care of. Easy renewable energy sources are not exhausted but are renewed in a certain rhythm. Some of the reasons for the use of renewable energy sources are: renewable energy sources play a very important role in reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, increasing the share of renewable energy increases the energy sustainability of their compounds, helping them to improve energy security by reducing dependence on imports of energy raw materials and electricity. The process of accepting new technologies is very slow. The main problem with installing new plants is the starting price. This increases the cost of energy received in the first few years, to the level of complete unreliability in relation to other commercially available energy sources. The large share in the production of energy from renewable sources is a result of the ecological awareness of the population, which, despite the initial economic failure, installs plants for the production of "clean" energy. It is necessary to distinguish the use of energy from renewable sources for producing electrical and thermal energy. So far, only hydropower has a significant share in the production of electricity, although in the last years the wind energy that is approaching commercialization. Some of the reasons for the use of renewable energy sources are: renewable energy sources play
Climate.<strong>PhD</strong>researchon.com RENEWABLE ENERGY SAMPLE a very important role in reducing carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, increasing the share of renewable energy increases the energy sustainability of their compounds, helping them to improve energy security by reducing dependence on imports of energy raw materials and electricity. The process of accepting new technologies is very slow. The main problem with installing new plants is the starting price. This increases the cost of energy received in the first few years, to the level of complete unreliability in relation to other commercially available energy sources. The large share in the production of energy from renewable sources is a result of the ecological awareness of the population, which, despite the initial economic failure, installs plants for the production of "clean" energy. The use of renewable energy sources for the production of electricity and heat should be distinguished. For now, only hydropower has a significant share in the production of electricity, although in the last years the wind energy that is approaching commercialization. The sun is our closest star and, directly or indirectly, the source of almost all available energy on Earth. The Sun's energy comes from nuclear reactions in its center. It is a fusion, in which the formation of helium occurs by the coupling of hydrogen atoms, with the release of a large amount of energy. Every second, in this way, helium exceeds 600 million tons of hydrogen, and the mass of some 4 million tons of hydrogen is converted into energy. This energy, in the form of light and heat, is expanding into the Universe, so a small part comes to the Earth. Nuclear fusion takes place in the Sun for about 5 billion years, its estimated age, and according to the available hydrogen stock, it can be calculated that it will continue for about 5 billion years. Under optimal conditions, approximately 1 kW / m2 of insolation can be obtained on the Earth's surface and the actual value depends on location, season, time of day, weather conditions, etc. The temperature in the center is not the temperature that determines the electromagnetic properties of the Sun's radiation, because the radiation from the interior in large part absorbs the ion layer near the surface. The Sun's radiation spectrum closely corresponds to the black body's spectrum at a temperature of 5760 K. Therefore, the temperature of 5760 K can be taken as the effective temperature of the Sun's surface. By using the Plan's Law, it is possible to calculate the energy spectrum of the Sun's radiation. The radiation from the surface of the Sun is about 9.5 "1025 W, and the radiation consists of different wavelengths. The spectrum of electromagnetic Sun radiation consists of an ultraviolet, visible and infrared part. The ultraviolet part carries about 9%, visible about 41.5% and infrared about 49.5% of the total energy of the Sun's radiation (Ben, 2000). The basic principles of direct use of solar energy are: passive techniques - solar collectors (converting solar energy into heat); photovoltaic cells (direct conversion of solar energy into electrical energy); focusing on solar energy (for use in large power plants) (Aldo, 2008). The solar space heating system can be passive, active, or a combination of passive and active. Passive is usually cheaper and simpler than active ones. However, the passive use of solar energy must be taken into account when building a house. The most famous example of passive use of solar energy
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