18 Britain, Anthony Bridgwater at Aston University in Birmingham has been the author of several articles within the field. Furthermore research groups at the Technical University of Helsinki in Finland, the University of Groeningen in the Netherlands, and Boreskov Institute of Catalysis in Russia (among others) have influenced the research in the field in the recent years. There exist presently no large scale HDO bio-‐ oil plants. 2.6.3. Danish strong positions and facilities In the CHEC group at DTU-‐KT a Ph.D. project is conducted with focus on catalysts for HDO (2). With the extensive knowledge present at Haldor Topsøe about conventional hydrotreating operations, they also play a significant role in Denmark and are authors of patents in the field (9). 2.6.4. Perspectives Overall, hydrodeoxygenation is a prospective route to produce transport fuels equivalent to what is used in the current infrastructure. The major challenges within the technology are to find an active and stable catalyst with reasonable lifetime. Some system studies have indicated that the pyrolysis and hydrodeoxygenation route to provide transport fuels are economically attractive compared to other <strong>technologies</strong>. The largest concern with respect to feasibility/sustainability appears to be procuring a cheap and readily available source of hydrogen. 2.6.5. References 1. Elliott DC. Historical Development in Hydroprocessing Bio-‐oils. Energy Fuels. 2007; 21: p. 1792-‐1815. 2. Mortensen PM, Grunwaldt JD, Jensen PA, Knudsen KG, Jensen AD. A Review of Catalytic Upgrading of Bio-‐oil to Engine Fuels. Appl. Catal. A. 2011; 407: p. 1-‐19. 3. Elliott DC, Hart TR, Neuenschwander GG, Rotness LJ, Zacher AH. Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Biomass Fast Pyrolysis Bio-‐oil to Produce Hydrocarbon Products. Environ. Prog. 2009; 28: p. 441-‐449. 4. Bridgwater AV. Production of High Grade Fuels and Chemicals from Catalytic Pyrolysis of Biomass. Catal. Today. 1996; 29: p. 285-‐295. 5. Holmgren J, Marinageli R, Nair P, Elliott DC, Bain R. Consider Upgrading Pyrolysis Oils into Renewable Fuels. Hydrocarbon Processing. 2008;: p. 95-‐103. 6. Raffelt K, Henrich E, Koegel A, Stahl R, Steinhardt J, Weirich F. The BTL2 Process of Biomass Utilization Entrained-‐flow Gasification of Pyrolyzed Biomass Slurries. Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 2006; 129: p. 153-‐164. 7. Jones SB, Valkenburg C, Walton CW, Elliott DC, Holladay JE, Stevens DJ, et al. Production of Gasoline and Diesel from Biomass via Fast Pyrolysis, Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking: a Design Case. , U. S. Department of Energy; 2009. 8. Corma A, Huber GW. Synergies Between Bio-‐ and Oil Refineries for the Production of Fuel from Biomass. Angew. Chem. Inter. Ed. 2007; 46: p. 7184-‐7201.
9. Haldor Topsøe AS, inventor; Hydrodeoxygenation Process. US patent 20090163744. 2009. 19
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