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SCIENCE & TECH<br />

SATurDAY,<br />

FeBruArY <strong>16</strong>, <strong>2019</strong><br />

5<br />

Google permeates almost every facet of online life, making it difficult but not impossible to remove.<br />

Photo: Arnd Wiegmann<br />

Is it possible to remove Google from our life?<br />

Jack Schofield<br />

Google's motto used to be "don't be evil",<br />

but in the eyes of some it has now taken<br />

on the mantle of the "evil empire" from<br />

Microsoft, which Bill Gates and crew<br />

inherited from the IBM mocked in the<br />

Mac's launch advert in 1984. The EU has<br />

fined Google €2.4bn (£2.2bn) for abusing<br />

its search monopoly by favouring its<br />

products. Most recently, Google was<br />

fined €4.34bn for "very serious illegal<br />

behaviour" in using Android "to cement<br />

its dominance as a search engine",<br />

according to the EU's competition<br />

commissioner, Margrethe Vestager, a<br />

charge the company contests.<br />

Google started by taking over the<br />

search engine market. It now dominates<br />

smartphone operating systems<br />

(Android), browsers (Chrome), webbased<br />

email (Gmail), online video<br />

(YouTube) and maps. It is also<br />

challenging in other areas with its own<br />

cloud platform, an online office suite,<br />

Chromebooks, Waze, Nest and so on.<br />

Google is far advanced in driverless cars<br />

(Waymo) and artificial intelligence<br />

(DeepMind). Resistance is futile. You will<br />

Linda Kinstler<br />

Should one be so unlucky as<br />

to find oneself, as I did, lying<br />

awake in bed in the early<br />

hours of the morning in a<br />

hostel in La Paz, Bolivia,<br />

listening anxiously to the<br />

sound of someone trying to<br />

force their way into one's<br />

room, one could do worse<br />

than to throw a chair under<br />

the doorknob as a first line of<br />

defence. But this is not what<br />

I did. Instead, I held my<br />

breath and waited until the<br />

intruder, ever so mercifully,<br />

abandoned his project and<br />

sauntered down the hall.<br />

The next morning, when I<br />

raised the incident with the<br />

hostel employee at the front<br />

desk, he said the attempted<br />

intrusion had just been an<br />

innocent mistake, a<br />

misdirected early-morning<br />

wake-up call gone wrong,<br />

and what was the big deal,<br />

anyway? Fuming, I turned to<br />

the highest authority in the<br />

be assimilated.<br />

We can probably agree Google has won<br />

by delivering high-quality products, and<br />

more than 40 corpses in the Google<br />

Graveyard - soon to be joined by its awful<br />

social network, Google+ - prove it doesn't<br />

always win. But there are other problems.<br />

First, Google now controls web<br />

development to the point where not even<br />

Microsoft can compete, as shown by the<br />

latter's recent decision to replace its<br />

EdgeHTML browser engine with the<br />

open source Chromium on which<br />

Google's Chrome browser is based. Users<br />

were supposed to benefit from<br />

competition between rival<br />

implementations of open web standards,<br />

but today Chromium and therefore<br />

Chrome is the standard.<br />

As Firefox-developer Mozilla has<br />

pointed out, "from a social, civic and<br />

individual empowerment perspective,<br />

ceding control of fundamental online<br />

infrastructure to a single company is<br />

terrible". Second, many of us have<br />

problems with Google's business model,<br />

which the Harvard Business School<br />

professor Shoshana Zuboff has called<br />

"surveillance capitalism". Google<br />

world of international travel,<br />

the only entity to which<br />

every hotel, restaurant,<br />

museum and attraction in<br />

the world is beholden: I left<br />

the hostel a bad review on<br />

TripAdvisor.<br />

TripAdvisor is where we<br />

go to praise, criticise and<br />

purchase our way through<br />

the inhabited world. It is, at<br />

its core, a guestbook, a place<br />

where people record the<br />

highs and lows of their<br />

holiday experiences for the<br />

benefit of hotel proprietors<br />

and future guests. But this<br />

guestbook lives on the<br />

internet, where its<br />

contributors continue<br />

swapping advice, memories<br />

and complaints about their<br />

journeys long after their<br />

vacations have come to an<br />

end.<br />

Every month, 456 million<br />

people - about one in every<br />

<strong>16</strong> people on earth - visit<br />

some tentacle of<br />

TripAdvisor.com to plan or<br />

assess a trip. For virtually<br />

every place, there exists a<br />

corresponding page. The<br />

Rajneeshee Osho<br />

International Meditation<br />

Resort in Pune, India, has<br />

140 reviews and a 4 out of 5<br />

rating, Cobham Service<br />

Station on the M25 has 451<br />

reviews and a rating of 3.5,<br />

while Wes Anderson's<br />

fictional Grand Budapest<br />

Hotel currently has 358<br />

reviews and a rating of 4.5.<br />

Over its two decades in<br />

business, TripAdvisor has<br />

turned an initial investment<br />

of $3m into a$7bn business<br />

by figuring out how to<br />

provide a service that no<br />

other tech company has<br />

quite mastered: constantly<br />

updated information about<br />

every imaginable element of<br />

travel, courtesy of an evergrowing<br />

army of<br />

contributors who provide<br />

their services for free.<br />

Browsing through<br />

TripAdvisor's 660m reviews<br />

finances its free services by tracking users<br />

and targeting them with advertisements.<br />

In fact, it tracks you across the web even<br />

if you never visit any Google properties<br />

because other websites commonly use<br />

Google AdWords, AdMob, DoubleClick,<br />

Google Analytics, and its other tracking<br />

or advertising products.<br />

From your searches and site visits,<br />

Google probably knows more about you<br />

than your mother or your spouse, and<br />

there's no telling where that information<br />

will eventually end up. If you use an<br />

Android phone, Google can also track<br />

your physical location, and if you turn<br />

that off, you lose directions, "find my<br />

phone" and other features.<br />

The simplest way to avoid most Google<br />

products is to switch to the Microsoft or<br />

Apple equivalents, in whole or in part.<br />

Some would see this as jumping out of the<br />

frying pan into the fire. However, Satya<br />

Nadella's new Microsoft is different from<br />

the old one, and driven by other metrics<br />

(usage instead of units). It is building a<br />

broader cross-platform ecosystem than<br />

either Google (everything online) or<br />

Apple (everything on Apple).<br />

TripAdvisor: Travel in the 21st century<br />

The world's biggest travel site has turned the industry upside down.<br />

Photo: Getty<br />

is a study in extremes. As a<br />

kind of mirror of the world<br />

and all its wonders, the site<br />

can transport you to the<br />

most spectacular<br />

landmarks, the finest<br />

restaurants, the most<br />

"adrenaline-pumping"<br />

water parks, the greatest<br />

"Hop-On Hop-Off<br />

Experiences" that mankind<br />

has ever devised. Yet<br />

TripAdvisor reviews are also<br />

a ruthless audit of the earth's<br />

many flaws. For every<br />

effusive review of the Eiffel<br />

Tower ("Worth the hype at<br />

night," "Perfect Backdrop!"),<br />

there is another that<br />

suggests it is a blight on the<br />

face of the earth ("sad, ugly,<br />

don't bother"; "similar to the<br />

lobby of a big Vegas casino,<br />

but outside".)<br />

TripAdvisor is to travel as<br />

Google is to search, as<br />

Amazon is to books, as Uber<br />

is to cabs - so dominant that<br />

it is almost a monopoly. Bad<br />

reviews can be devastating<br />

for business, so proprietors<br />

tend to think of them in<br />

rather violent terms. "It is<br />

the marketing/PR<br />

equivalent of a drive-by<br />

shooting," Edward Terry,<br />

the owner of a Lebanese<br />

restaurant in Weybridge,<br />

UK, wrote in 2015.<br />

Marketers call a cascade of<br />

online one-star ratings a<br />

"review bomb". Likewise,<br />

positive reviews can<br />

transform<br />

an<br />

establishment's fortunes.<br />

Researchers studying Yelp,<br />

one of TripAdvisor's main<br />

competitors, found that a<br />

one-star increase meant a 5-<br />

9% increase in revenue.<br />

Before TripAdvisor, the<br />

customer was only<br />

nominally king. After, he<br />

became a veritable tyrant,<br />

with the power to make or<br />

break lives. In response, the<br />

hospitality industry has<br />

lawyered up, and it is not<br />

uncommon for businesses to<br />

threaten to sue customers<br />

who post negative reviews.<br />

Why Silicon Valley can’t fix itself<br />

Ben Tarnoff<br />

Big Tech is sorry. After<br />

decades of rarely<br />

apologising for anything,<br />

Silicon Valley suddenly<br />

seems to be apologising for<br />

everything. They are sorry<br />

about the trolls. They are<br />

sorry about the bots. They<br />

are sorry about the fake<br />

news and the Russians,<br />

and the cartoons that are<br />

terrifying your kids on<br />

YouTube. But they are<br />

especially sorry about our<br />

brains.<br />

Sean Parker, the former<br />

president of Facebook -<br />

who was played by Justin<br />

Timberlake in The Social<br />

Network - has publicly<br />

lamented the "unintended<br />

consequences" of the<br />

platform he helped create:<br />

"God only knows what it's<br />

doing to our children's<br />

brains." Justin Rosenstein,<br />

an engineer who helped<br />

build Facebook's "like"<br />

button and Gchat, regrets<br />

having contributed to<br />

technology that he now<br />

considers psychologically<br />

damaging, too. "Everyone<br />

is distracted," Rosenstein<br />

says. "All of the time."<br />

Ever since the internet<br />

became widely used by the<br />

public in the 1990s, users<br />

have heard warnings that it<br />

is bad for us. In the early<br />

years, many commentators<br />

described cyberspace as a<br />

parallel universe that could<br />

swallow enthusiasts whole.<br />

The media fretted about<br />

kids talking to strangers<br />

and finding porn. A<br />

prominent 1998 study<br />

from Carnegie Mellon<br />

University claimed that<br />

spending time online made<br />

you lonely, depressed and<br />

antisocial.<br />

In the mid-2000s, as the<br />

internet moved on to<br />

mobile devices, physical<br />

and virtual life began to<br />

merge. Bullish pundits<br />

celebrated the "cognitive<br />

surplus" unlocked by<br />

crowdsourcing and the<br />

tech-savvy campaigns of<br />

Barack Obama, the<br />

"internet president". But,<br />

alongside these optimistic<br />

voices, darker warnings<br />

persisted. Nicholas Carr's<br />

The Shallows (2010)<br />

argued that search engines<br />

were making people<br />

stupid, while Eli Pariser's<br />

The Filter Bubble (2011)<br />

claimed algorithms made<br />

us insular by showing us<br />

only what we wanted to<br />

see. In Alone, Together<br />

(2011) and Reclaiming<br />

Conversation (2015),<br />

Sherry Turkle warned that<br />

constant connectivity was<br />

making meaningful<br />

interaction impossible.<br />

Still, inside the industry,<br />

t e c h n o - u t o p i a n i s m<br />

prevailed. Silicon Valley<br />

seemed to assume that the<br />

tools they were building<br />

were always forces for good<br />

- and that anyone who<br />

questioned them was a<br />

crank or a luddite. In the<br />

face of an anti-tech<br />

backlash that has surged<br />

since the 20<strong>16</strong> election,<br />

however, this faith appears<br />

to be faltering. Prominent<br />

people in the industry are<br />

beginning to acknowledge<br />

that their products may<br />

have harmful effects.<br />

Internet anxiety isn't<br />

new. But never before have<br />

so many notable figures<br />

within the industry seemed<br />

so anxious about the world<br />

they have made. Parker,<br />

Rosenstein and the other<br />

insiders now talking about<br />

the harms of smartphones<br />

and social media belong to<br />

an informal yet influential<br />

current of tech critics<br />

emerging within Silicon<br />

Valley. You could call them<br />

the "tech humanists".<br />

Amid rising public concern<br />

about the power of the<br />

industry, they argue that<br />

the primary problem with<br />

its products is that they<br />

threaten our health and<br />

our humanity.<br />

It is clear that these<br />

products are designed to be<br />

maximally addictive, in<br />

order to harvest as much of<br />

our attention as they can.<br />

Tech humanists say this<br />

business model is both<br />

unhealthy and inhumane -<br />

that it damages our<br />

psychological well-being<br />

and conditions us to<br />

behave in ways that<br />

diminish our humanity.<br />

The main solution that<br />

they propose is better<br />

design. By redesigning<br />

technology to be less<br />

addictive and less<br />

manipulative, they believe<br />

we can make it healthier -<br />

we can realign technology<br />

with our humanity and<br />

build products that don't<br />

"hijack" our minds.<br />

Apple founder Steve Jobs posing with a<br />

Macintosh computer.<br />

Photo: Ted Thai<br />

What to consider before buying a mobile phone<br />

Jack Schofield<br />

Phone manufacturers and others<br />

can and do test their phones, usually<br />

for certification purposes. The<br />

performance test results you want, if<br />

you can get them, are the Total<br />

Isotropic Sensitivity (TIS) value for<br />

reception and the Total Radiated<br />

Power (TRP) for transmission.<br />

These probably don't qualify as<br />

easy for an ordinary punter to<br />

understand. Also, they are derived<br />

by testing performance in ideal<br />

conditions with a simulated base<br />

station in an anechoic chamber, not<br />

with a fading signal on a wet and<br />

windy hillside.<br />

Either way, I don't think phone<br />

manufacturers are likely to use TIS<br />

in their marketing. There are too<br />

many variables for it to be a reliable<br />

guide to real-world reception. For<br />

example, studies have found<br />

significant differences between<br />

holding a phone in the left hand and<br />

holding it in the right hand, which I<br />

assume is connected with the way<br />

manufacturers position their<br />

antenna(s). The size of your hands<br />

and the angle at which you hold the<br />

phone also make a difference.<br />

The tests were created by the CTIA<br />

- originally the Cellular<br />

Telecommunications Industry<br />

Association - to certify wireless<br />

devices' over-the-air performance,<br />

and a brief glance at the 591-page<br />

PDF will show how complicated it is.<br />

For example, you could measure<br />

peak performance with a directional<br />

aerial, but then users would have to<br />

orient the phone towards the unseen<br />

transmitter for the best results.<br />

Instead, the CTIA requires the<br />

"average spherical effective radiated<br />

receiver sensitivity (TIS) to be<br />

measured". This should mean a<br />

phone works equally well in all<br />

directions, but it's complicated to<br />

calculate and still a compromise.<br />

Another problem is making<br />

antennas work with different 2G, 3G<br />

and 4G phone networks that operate<br />

at different frequencies. A phone<br />

that works well with GSM 900<br />

might be terrible with UMTS 2100.<br />

The downside of having a phone<br />

that talks to most networks is that it<br />

won't be optimised for the one you<br />

actually use.<br />

Also, because human bodies have<br />

not been standardised, TIS and TRP<br />

measurements are made with<br />

dummy heads and hands filled with<br />

liquid. Results may vary if you use<br />

real people. In the end, the only<br />

measurements that matter are the<br />

ones you get with your head and<br />

hands with the specific frequencies<br />

used by your EE network. We are<br />

left with "ask a friend" and the notvery-helpful<br />

"try it and see".<br />

Most tests assume that all models<br />

of a particular phone will perform in<br />

the same way, but Ofcom found<br />

differences. As with other products,<br />

phones that look identical can vary.<br />

In some cases, they may have been<br />

assembled in different countries,<br />

and use slightly different<br />

components. In others, the circuitry<br />

may have been revised between<br />

editions. Even if the internal<br />

components seem to be the same,<br />

there could be some sample<br />

variation, without a phone actually<br />

being faulty.<br />

This makes me wonder if your<br />

Moto 3 is below average in reception<br />

performance. In most cases, no one<br />

would ever know, but you are<br />

literally an "edge case". With a new<br />

phone, it might be worth asking the<br />

supplier for a different sample, but it<br />

may be too late for that.<br />

It would be interesting to know<br />

what would happen if you swapped<br />

phones and sims with your wife. You<br />

may have a bigger capacitance than<br />

your wife, electronically speaking,<br />

and possibly much bigger hands.<br />

Both can and do affect reception. If<br />

your Moto 3 works better in her<br />

hands, then either you or your sim<br />

are degrading the performance. It<br />

might be worth getting a new sim.<br />

As you already know, using your<br />

phone on a selfie stick can improve<br />

performance. You may also get<br />

better reception by not touching the<br />

phone and using the built-in<br />

speakerphone. You could also try<br />

using a signal booster or repeater.<br />

Why is it that some smartphones have better reception than others and is there any way to<br />

find out which ones are best before buying them?<br />

Photo: Samuel Gibbs

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