Cover Page Chemistry - Copy - Copy (2)

By: ZHWAN REMEDAN YAAQUB | Group: B
Duhok Polytechnic University
College Of Technical Engineering
Petrochemical Department
Subject: Eng.chemistry ||
Name Of Experiment: PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS: STRUCTURE, REACTIONS AND
IDENTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS
Date: 2019/4/6

EXPERIMENT 3
PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS: STRUCTURE, REACTIONS
AND IDENTIFICATION OF ALCOHOLS
Content:
1-Objective.
2-Introduction.
3-Procedure.
4-Discussion.
5-Post-lab question.
1-Objective
a) observe some physical and chemical properties of selected alcohols.
b) Relate the observed properties to the molecular structure. Identify an unknown
alcohol.
c) To learn some common properties of alcohols
d) To distinguish phenols from the three types of alcohols by chemical tests
2-Introduction
Alcohols are organic compounds containing an -OH functional group bonded to a carbon atom.
There are three classes (types) of alcohols: 1.primary, 2.secondary, 3.tertiary.
A primary alcohol is an alcohol which has the hydroxyl group connected to
a primary carbon atom. It can also be defined as a molecule containing a “–CH2OH”
group
A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to
a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it
A tertiary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, ‒OH, is attached to a
saturated carbon atom which has three other carbon atoms attached to it.

Physical Properties
Molecular State-Straight-chain alcohols with up to 12 carbon atoms are
liquids.
Solubility:Alcohols are soluble in water. This is due to the hydroxyl
group in the alcohol which is able to form hydrogen bons
with water molecules .
The boiling point of alcohol depends on which type of alcohol you're
using, as well as the atmospheric pressure. The boiling point
decreases as atmospheric pressure decreases, so it will be slightly
lower unless you are at sea level. Here is a look at the boiling point
of different types of alcohol.
The temperature that a solid substance becomes a liquid ,,, the
melting point of alcohol is -114
Viscosity refers to the resistance to flow.
Chemical Properties of Alcohols:
Alcohols are neutral compounds; the hydroxyl group does not ionize.
However, the alcohol functional group is chemically reactive in other
ways.
Alcohol oxidation is an important organic reaction. Primary alcohols
can be oxidized either to aldehydes or to carboxylic acids, while
the oxidation of secondary alcohols normally terminates at the
ketone stage. Tertiary alcohols are resistant to oxidation ,, such as
K2Cr2O7
Lucas reagent is a solution of anhydrous zinc chloride (Lewis acid)
in concentrated hydrochloric acid. It is used as
a reagent to test alcohols and classify them in accordance to their
reactivity.

3-Procedure.
We have 2 method
1. Oxidation.
2. Lucas test.
By Oxidation
We will do this 3 steps in test tube
1. We will prepare 5ml of K 2 Cr 2 O 7
2. And 3 drop of H 2 SO 4
3. 3 drop of propanol.
The resulte is green
By lucas test
We will do this experiment in test tube
1. We will prepare 5ml of K 2 Cr 2 O 7
2. And 3 drop of H 2 SO 4
3. 3 drop of Ethanol.
Our result is Dark green
The ethanol change color faster
By lucas test
We should do this also in test tube
1. 2ml of Lucas
2. 3 drop of 2-propanol
Our result is white
1. 2ml of Lucas
2. 3 drop of Ethanol
Our result is Very light yellow
2-propanol will
change color
faster

4-Discussion