Bitumens

The first seven seconds

Paving grade bitumens 21.04.2017

Road pavements

2nd lecture

Paving grade bitumens


Asphalt mixture

Mass %

Air void content Volume %

Aggregate

100%

volume


Aggregates


Bitumen

MB

SELF-EXPERIENCE


Prior knowledge penetration


Prior knowledge penetration

What could it be B 50/70?

B - …………….

50 - …………….

70 - …………….

What could it be PmB 25/55-65?

P - …………….

m - …………….

B - …………….

25 - …………….

55 - …………….

65 - …………….


History of bitumen

• First usage was about BC 5000,

• Sumerians, Egyptians, Persians,

Romans

• 14th and 15th century was used for tarring ships

(waterproof material)

• John Loudon McAdam (UK around 1820)


Natural asphalt lakes - 1






Bitumen

Asphalt (cement) - US English

Bitumen - British English (outside of US)

(plural Bitumens or Bitumina)

• Black

• Sticky

• Highly viscous fluid

Tar – distilled from coal

• Earlier used, but it has health risk

• Was not used anymore in road construction

Crude bitumen – naturally occurred bitumen

(Trinidad and Tobago, France, Venezuela, Los Angeles)


Origin and production of bitumen

• Organic material with colloidal structure

• Components of asphalt are classified into four classes of

compounds:

• Saturated hydrocarbons

• Naphthene aromatics

• Polar aromatics

• Asphaltenes

• Distilled from crude oil

• Basically a by-product (main product is fuel)

• Its quality depends on the quality of crude oil


Production of bitumen


Products from crude oil

• Distillation

• Different

molecular groups

precipitate on

different

temperatures

• The most viscous

fluid at the end is

BITUMEN


Viscosity

• inner friction

Viscosity

• inner resistance to gradual deformation by shear

stress or tensile stress

Viscosity of bitumen

• depends on temperature

• reversible process



Bitumen’s behaviour at different temperatures:

At low temperature: elastic or solid

At moderate temperature: viscoelastic

At high temperature: viscous (fluid)

Significance of these properties:

• Pumping viscosity (1000-2000 mm 2 /sec)

• Mixing viscosity (100-300 mm 2 /sec)

• Spraying viscosity (50-100 mm 2 /sec)

• Compaction viscosity (over the temperature belongs to 1000

mm 2 /sec)


Viscosity of bitumen - pumping


Viscosity of bitumen - mixing


Viscosity of bitumen - spraying


Kinematic viscosity


Pumping

Mixing

Spraying

Temperature


Quality requirements of bitumens


Basic definitions

Sample – small amount of bitumen prepared for tests

Specimen – in the standards determined amount of asphalt

mixtures prepared for tests

Neat or pure sample – unaged bitumen sample

Aged sample – bitumen after RTFOT or PAV aging process


Quality requirements of bitumens (EN 12591)

Parameter Measure Test method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Needle

penetration

Softening point

R&B

Resistance

against

stiffening

RTFOT

Changing of

weight after

RTFOT, ±

Penetration

after RTFOT,

min.

0,1 mm EN 1426 20 – 30 35 – 50 50 – 70 70 – 100

160 –

220

°C EN 1427 55 – 63 50 – 58 46 - 54 43 – 51 35 - 43

EN 12607-1

m/m% 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,0

% of

original

PEN

55 53 50 46 37



Parameter

Measure

Test

method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Softening point

R&B after

RTFOT, min.

Softening point

rising after

RTFOT, max.

Flash point,

min.

°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37

°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11

°C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220

Solubility, min. m/m% EN 12592 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0

Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

Fraas breaking

point, max.

mm 2 /s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135

°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15




Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Needle

penetration

Softening point

R&B

Resistance

against

stiffening

RTFOT

Changing of

weight after

RTFOT, ±

Penetration

after RTFOT,

min.

0,1 mm EN 1426 20 – 30 35 – 50 50 – 70 70 – 100

160 –

220

°C EN 1427 55 – 63 50 – 58 46 - 54 43 – 51 35 - 43

EN 12607-1

m/m% 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,0

% of

original

PEN

55 53 50 46 37


Test of bitumen – Needle penetration

• Conditioning at 25°C (time period depends on

bitumen’s type)

• Let the needle penetrate into the sample for 5 seconds

• Read the value of penetration in 0,1 mm units



Test 1.

Test 2.

Test 3. Test 4. Test 5.



Test 1.

2,4 mm

Test 2.

2,7 mm

Test 3.

2,6 mm

Test 4.

2,8 mm

Test 5.

2,9 mm

Mean value is 2,68 mm




Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Needle

penetration

Softening point

R&B

Resistance

against

stiffening

RTFOT

Changing of

weight after

RTFOT, ±

Penetration

after RTFOT,

min.

0,1 mm EN 1426 20 – 30 35 – 50 50 – 70 70 – 100

160 –

220

°C EN 1427 55 – 63 50 – 58 46 - 54 43 – 51 35 - 43

EN 12607-1

m/m% 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,0

% of

original

PEN

55 53 50 46 37




Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Needle

penetration

Softening point

R&B

Resistance

against

stiffening

RTFOT

Changing of

weight after

RTFOT, ±

Penetration

after RTFOT,

min.

0,1 mm EN 1426 20 – 30 35 – 50 50 – 70 70 – 100

160 –

220

°C EN 1427 55 – 63 50 – 58 46 - 54 43 – 51 35 - 43

EN 12607-1

m/m% 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,0

% of

original

PEN

55 53 50 46 37


Test of bitumen – Softening point Ring&Ball mb

Water or glycerol is the heating fluid.




Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Needle

penetration

Softening point

R&B

Resistance

against

stiffening

RTFOT

Changing of

weight after

RTFOT, ±

Penetration

after RTFOT,

min.

0,1 mm EN 1426 20 – 30 35 – 50 50 – 70 70 – 100

160 –

220

°C EN 1427 55 – 63 50 – 58 46 - 54 43 – 51 35 - 43

EN 12607-1

m/m% 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,0

% of

original

PEN

55 53 50 46 37




Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Needle

penetration

Softening point

R&B

Resistance

against

stiffening

RTFOT

Changing of

weight after

RTFOT, ±

Penetration

after RTFOT,

min.

0,1 mm EN 1426 20 – 30 35 – 50 50 – 70 70 – 100

160 –

220

°C EN 1427 55 – 63 50 – 58 46 - 54 43 – 51 35 - 43

EN 12607-1

m/m% 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,0

% of

original

PEN

55 53 50 46 37



Parameter

Measure

Test

method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Softening point

R&B after

RTFOT, min.

Softening point

rising after

RTFOT, max.

Flash point,

min.

°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37

°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11

°C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220

Solubility, min. m/m% EN 12592 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0

Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

Fraas breaking

point, max.

mm 2 /s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135

°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15


Test of bitumen – Rolling thin film oven tester (RTFOT)

• 163°C

• 4000 cm 3 /min

hot air blowing

• 15 rotation/min.

• 75 minutes

• 35g

sample/storage


Test of bitumen – Rolling thin film oven tester (RTFOT)

STEPS

1. Determination of the

initial characteristics of the

pure bitumen.

2. Ageing of the bitumen in

the oven.

3. Determination of the

characteristics of the aged

bitumen.

4. Comparison with the

initial characteristics of the

bitumen to evaluate the

ageing.




Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Needle

penetration

Softening point

R&B

Resistance

against

stiffening

RTFOT

Changing of

weight after

RTFOT, ±

Penetration

after RTFOT,

min.

0,1 mm EN 1426 20 – 30 35 – 50 50 – 70 70 – 100

160 –

220

°C EN 1427 55 – 63 50 – 58 46 - 54 43 – 51 35 - 43

EN 12607-1

m/m% 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,0

% of

original

PEN

55 53 50 46 37



Parameter

Measure

Test

method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Softening point

R&B after

RTFOT, min.

Softening point

rising after

RTFOT, max.

Flash point,

min.

°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37

°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11

°C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220

Solubility, min m/m% EN 12592 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0

Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

Fraas breaking

point, max.

mm 2 /s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135

°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15



Parameter

Measure

Test

method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Softening point

R&B after

RTFOT, min.

Softening point

rising after

RTFOT, max.

Flash point,

min.

°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37

°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11

°C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220


Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

Fraas breaking

point, max.

mm 2 /s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135

°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15


Test of bitumen – Flash point

The determination of the flash point.



Parameter

Measure

Test

method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Softening point

R&B after

RTFOT, min.

Softening point

rising after

RTFOT, max.

Flash point,

min.

°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37

°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11

°C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220


Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

Fraas breaking

point, max.

mm 2 /s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135

°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15



Parameter

Measure

Test

method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Softening point

R&B after

RTFOT, min.

Softening point

rising after

RTFOT, max.

Flash point,

min.

°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37

°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11

°C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220


Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

Fraas breaking

point, max.

mm 2 /s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135

°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15


Test of bitumen – Solubility

This test determines the degree of solubility in trichloroethylene of asphalt materials

having little or no mineral matter.



Parameter

Measure

Test

method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Softening point

R&B after

RTFOT, min.

Softening point

rising after

RTFOT, max.

Flash point,

min.

°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37

°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11

°C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220


Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

Fraas breaking

point, max.

mm 2 /s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135

°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15



Parameter

Measure

Test

method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Softening point

R&B after

RTFOT, min.

Softening point

rising after

RTFOT, max.

Flash point,

min.

°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37

°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11

°C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220


Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

Fraas breaking

point, max.

mm 2 /s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135

°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15


Test of bitumen – Kinematic viscosity

• At 135°C


Kinematic viscosity

Pumping

Mixing

Spraying

Temperature

Parameter

Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

Measure

Test

method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

mm 2 /s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135


Parameter

Measure

Test

method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Softening point

R&B after

RTFOT, min.

Softening point

rising after

RTFOT, max.

Flash point,

min.

°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37

°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11

°C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220


Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

Fraas breaking

point, max.

mm 2 /s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135

°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15



Parameter

Measure

Test

method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Softening point

R&B after

RTFOT, min.

Softening point

rising after

RTFOT, max.

Flash point,

min.

°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37

°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11

°C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220


Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

Fraas breaking

point, max.

mm 2 /s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135

°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15


Test of bitumen – Fraass breaking point mb

• Searching for the first

cracking (on the

bitumen sample) what

belongs to the

temperature.



Parameter

Measure

Test

method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Softening point

R&B after

RTFOT, min.

Softening point

rising after

RTFOT, max.

Flash point,

min.

°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37

°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11

°C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220


Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

Fraas breaking

point, max.

mm 2 /s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135

°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15


Modified bitumens

mB – modified bitumen

PmB – polymer modified bitumen

PmB-A – with elastomer modified bitumen

more elastic behaviour

PmB-B – with plastomer modified bitumen

more plastic behaviour

CrmB (GmB) – Crumb rubber modified bitumen

more elastic behaviour


Bitumens

Thank you for your attention.

Do you have any question(s)?


Quality requirements of mBs (EN 14023)


Requirements

10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60

Needle penetration 0,1 mm EN 1426 10 – 40 25 – 55 45 - 80

Softening point R&B,

min.

Cohesive energy at

5°C, min.

Cohesive energy at

10°C, min.

Resistance against

stiffening RTFOT

°C EN 1427 65 65 60

J/cm 2 EN 13589

EN 13703

J/cm 2 EN 13589

EN 13703

EN 12607-1

- - 2

2 2 -

Modified bitumens 21.04.2017

Prior knowledge penetration - The answers

What could it be B 50/70?

B - bitumen

50 – needle penetration’s min value

70 - needle penetration’s max value

What could it be PmB 25/55-65?

P – polimer modification

m – modified bitumen

B - bitumen

25 - needle penetration’s min value

55 - needle penetration’s max value

65 – softening point


Modified bitumens

Most common used modifiers:

• Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers

(EVA, 3-7 m/m%)

• Styrene butadiene rubber copolymers

(SBR, 2-4 m/m%)

• Ethylene-propylene terpolymer

(EPDM, 3-5 m/m%)

• Styrol butadiene styrol copolymers

(SBS, 2-5 m/m%)


Modified bitumens

Principal functions of modifiers :

• Improve deformation resistance of bitumen,

• Improve behaviour at low temperature range,

• Improve adhesive and cohesion properties

• Increasing the plastic temperature range

(between softening point R&B and Fraass breaking point)

IMPROVING BITUMEN’S PERFORMANCE!




Requirements

10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60



min.

Cohesive energy at

5°C, min.

Cohesive energy at

10°C, min.

Resistance against

stiffening RTFOT

°C EN 1427 65 65 60

J/cm 2 EN 13589

EN 13703

J/cm 2 EN 13589

EN 13703

EN 12607-1

- - 2

2 2 -


Test of mBs – Cohesive energy (force ductility)

• Stretching sample with measure of stretching force

• Energy calculated from the measured force between 20

cm and 40 cm




Requirements

10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60

Changing of weight

after RTFOT, ±

Penetration after

RTFOT

Softening point rising

after RTFOT, max.

Fraass breaking

point, max.

Elastic recovery at

25°C, min.

Storage stability,

softening point

difference, max.

m/m% 0,3 0,5 0,5

% of original

PEN

EN 1426 50 50 50

°C EN 1427 8 8 10

°C EN 12593 -10 -12 -18

% EN 13398 60 80 80

°C

EN 13399

EN 1427

5 5 5

Flash point, min. °C EN ISO 2592 250 250 250


Test of mBs – Elastic recovery

• Stretching sample

for 20 cm

• Cutting in the middle

• Elastic recovery for 30 min

• Measure of distance

between the sample pieces




Requirements

10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60

Changing of weight

after RTFOT, ±

Penetration after

RTFOT


after RTFOT, max.

Fraass breaking

point, max.

Elastic recovery at

25°C, min.

Storage stability,

softening point

difference, max.

m/m% 0,3 0,5 0,5

% of original

PEN

EN 1426 50 50 50

°C EN 1427 8 8 10

°C EN 12593 -10 -12 -18

% EN 13398 60 80 80

°C

EN 13399

EN 1427

5 5 5



Test of mBs – Storage stability

• Fill samples into 3

tubes

• Conditioning for 3

days at 180˘C

• Reclaim cold

samples from the

tubes

• „A” case

homogeneous

• „B” case

inhomogeneous

(modifiers are

settled down in the

tube)


Bitumens

What is known about B 50/70?

What is known about PmB 25/55-65?

Almost everything ☺




Requirements

10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60



min.

Cohesive energy at

5°C, min.

Cohesive energy at

10°C, min.

Resistance against

stiffening RTFOT

°C EN 1427 65 65 60

J/cm 2 EN 13589

EN 13703

J/cm 2 EN 13589

EN 13703

EN 12607-1

- - 2

2 2 -




Requirements

10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60

Changing of weight

after RTFOT, ±

Penetration after

RTFOT


after RTFOT, max.

Fraass breaking

point, max.

Elastic recovery at

25°C, min.

Storage stability,

softening point

difference, max.

m/m% 0,3 0,5 0,5

% of original

PEN

EN 1426 50 50 50

°C EN 1427 8 8 10

°C EN 12593 -10 -12 -18

% EN 13398 60 80 80

°C

EN 13399

EN 1427

5 5 5



Bitumen aging method

RTFOT for simulating

thermal shock during

production of asphalt

mixture

PAV - Pressure aging

vessel

PAV for simulating all

of effect during lifetime

of pavement under

pressure


Bitumens

Thank you for your attention.

Any question?


Bitumens

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