PALATHOLE MTR FINAL

وَاعْتَصِ‏ مُوا بِحَبْلِ‏ اللَّهِ‏ جَمِيعًا وَلَ‏ تَفَرَّقُوا وَاذْكُرُوا نِعْمَتَ‏ اللَّهِ‏ عَلَيْكُمْ‏ إِذْ‏ كُنتُمْ‏ أَعْدَاءً‏
فَأَلَّفَ‏ بَيْ‏ َ قُلُوبِكُمْ‏ فَأَصْ‏ بَحْتُم بِنِعْمَتِهِ‏ إِخْوَانًا وَكُنتُمْ‏ عَلَ‏ ٰ شَ‏ فَا حُفْرَةٍ‏ مِّنَ‏ النَّارِ‏
فَأَنقَذَكُم مِّنْهَا كَذَٰلِكَ‏ يُبَيِّ‏ ُ اللَّهُ‏ لَكُمْ‏ آيَاتِهِ‏ لَعَلَّكُمْ‏ تَهْتَدُونَ‏
A-Ãm-lp-hn-sâ ]m-iw- H-n-¨p- ap-dp--sI ]n-Sn-¡p-I-;
`n-n-¡-cp-Xv. ]-c-kv]-c- i-{Xp-¡-fm-bn-cp---t¸mÄ- \n-§-Ä-¡p-
A-Ãm-lp- -sNbvXp- X-- A-\p-{K-lw- kva-cn-¡p-I-. \n-§-fp--sS a-\-
Êp-I-f-h-³- -tbmPn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw- A-§--s\ Zn-hym-\p-{K-l-¯m-Â- \n-
§-Ä- k-tlmZ-c-§-fm-hp-I-bpw- -sNbvXp-. \-c-I-¡p-ïn-sâ h-¡n-embn-cp-n-«pw-
\n-§--sfb-h-³- c-£--s¸Sp-¯n-. C-{]-Im-c-a-h-³- X-sâ
Zr-ãm-´-§-Ä- \n-§-Ä-¡p- k·m-À-K-{]m-]vXn-¡m-bnhn-i-Zo-I-cn-¨p-
X-cn-I-bm-Wv (hn.Jp)

BapJw
k-a-k‐v-X t‐I-{‐µ a‐p-i‐m-h-d A‐w-K-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p- s‐N-d‐p-h‐m-f‐q-À
s‐s‐l-t‐{‐Z‐m-k‐v D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â P³-a-\‐m-S‐m-b ]‐m-e-t‐¯‐m-Ä s‐X-
¡‐p‐w-]‐p-d‐w a-l-Ã‐n-s‐â c‐q-]‐o-I-c-W N-c‐n-{‐X‐w ]‐p-X‐n-b X-e-a‐pd-b‐v-¡‐v
]-c‐n-N-b-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐n s‐I‐m-S‐p-¡‐m-\‐p-Å H-c‐p F-f‐n-b
{‐i-a-a‐m-W‐v C‐u ]‐p-k‐v-X-I-¯‐n-s‐â D-Å-S-¡‐w. \‐m-«‐n-s‐e ]-g-b
X-e-a‐p-d-b‐n-s‐e sam-bv-Zp-®n-¡m ]mew-sXmSn, ssk-Zm¡
tXm-«-¯n-Â, Ip-©p-®n am-kväÀ X‐p-S-§‐n-b h‐n-i‐z-k‐v-X-c‐m-b
B-f‐p-I-f‐n-Â \‐n-‐p‐w‐, H-¸‐w s‐N-d‐p-h‐m-f‐q-À D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-Â-\‐n-
‐p‐w I‐n-«‐n-b A-d‐n-h‐p-I-f‐p-s‐S A-S‐n-Ø‐m-\-¯‐n-e‐m-W‐v C-X‐p
X-¿‐m-d‐m-¡‐n-b‐n-«‐p-Å-X‐v. A-h-c‐p-s‐S A-d‐n-h‐n-e‐p-Å I‐m-c‐y-§-Ä
a‐m-{‐X-a‐m-W‐v F-s‐â ]-c‐n-a‐n-X‐n-I-Ä-¡‐p-Å‐n-Â \‐n-‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐v
]‐p-k‐v-X-I-¯‐n-Â ]-c‐m-a-À-i‐n-¨‐n-«‐p-Å-X‐v. A-X‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐p X-s‐.
C‐u I‐r-X‐n A-]‐q-À-W-a‐m-W‐v- -. F-h‐n-s‐S-b‐p‐w t‐c-J-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐m-¯
]-e-À-¡‐p‐w‐, A-d‐n-b‐m-¯ \‐n-c-h-[‐n N-c‐n-{‐X-§-Ä C-\‐n-b‐p-a‐p-ï‐mh‐m‐w.
C‐u N-c‐n-{‐X-t‐c-J {‐]-k‐n-²‐o-I-c‐n-¡‐m³ t‐h-ï‐n k-l‐mb‐n-¨
a-l-Ã‐n-s‐e {‐]-h‐m-k‐n k‐w-L-S-\-b‐m-b _-l‐v-P-¯‐p-Â
C-k‐v-e‐m-a‐n-s‐â {‐]-h-À-¯-I-À-¡‐p‐w {‐]-k‐n-²‐o-I-c-W‐w h-s‐c
\‐n-À-t‐e‐m-`-a‐m-b ]‐n-´‐p-W \-Â-I‐n-b A³-h-À ]‐n.s‐I‐, i-c‐o-^‐v
I‐m-e-S‐n‐, A-k‐o-k‐v s‐s‐^-k‐n, apl½-Zv Sn.sI X‐p-S-§‐n-b-h-À-
¡‐p‐w k‐m-t‐¦-X‐n-I-a‐m-b‐n k-l-I-c‐n-¨ k‐p-l‐r-¯‐p-¡-Ä-¡‐p‐w
l‐r-Z-b-¯‐n-s‐â `‐m-j-b‐n-Â \-µ‐n A-d‐n-b‐n-¡‐p-‐p. s‐X-ä‐p-I-Ä
h-‐p t‐]‐m-b‐n-«‐p-s‐ï-¦‐n-Â k-Z-b‐w £-a‐n-¡-W-s‐a-‐v A-`‐y-
À-°‐n-¨‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐v h‐m-b-\-¡‐m-À-¡‐m-b‐n k-a-À-¸‐n-¡‐p-‐p...
Ajv-I-À ]m-e-t¯mÄ

e-¸‐p-d‐w P‐n-Ã-b‐n-s‐e s‐]-c‐n-´-Â-a-® X‐m-e‐q-
¡‐n-s‐e G-e‐w-I‐p-f‐w ]-©‐m-b-¯‐n-e‐p-Å H-c‐ps‐I‐m-¨‐p-{‐K‐m-a-a‐m-W‐v
]‐m-e-t‐¯‐m-Ä. s‐N-d‐p-I-c-þa‐p-X‐p-I‐p-À-È‐n
d‐q-«‐n-Â a‐p-X‐p-I‐p-À-È‐n-b‐n-Â \‐n-‐p
h-e-t‐¯‐m-«‐v X‐n-c‐n-ª‐v G-I-t‐Z-i‐w \‐m-e‐p
I‐n-t‐e‐m-a‐o-ä-À k-©-c‐n-¨‐m-Â ]‐m-e-t‐¯‐m-f‐n-Â
F-¯‐m‐w. H-c‐p-`‐m-K‐w I‐p-´‐n-]‐p-g-b‐m-e‐p‐w a-d‐p-`‐m-K‐w a‐m-«‐m-b-‐n-I‐p-
‐v-t‐£-{‐X‐w a‐p-X-Â I‐p-g-´-d h-s‐c \‐o-ï‐p-I‐n-S-¡‐p- s‐]-c‐p-
¼-d-¼‐v I‐p-‐p-I-Ä s‐I‐m-ï‐v N‐p-ä-s‐]-«‐p-I‐n-S-¡‐p-I-b‐p‐w s‐N-¿‐p-
{‐]-I‐r-X‐n-c-a-W‐o-b-a‐m-b `‐q-{‐]-t‐Z-i-a‐m-W‐v ]‐m-e-t‐¯‐m-Ä. I-s‐®-
¯‐m-Z‐q-c‐w ]-c-‐p-I‐n-S-¡‐p- ]‐m-S-t‐i-J-c-§-f‐p‐w A-X‐n-\-X‐nc‐n-s‐«‐m-g‐p-I‐p-
I‐p-´‐n-]‐p-g-b‐p‐w C‐u {‐]-t‐Z-i-s‐¯ I‐q-S‐p-X-Â
k‐p-µ-c-a‐m-¡‐p-‐p.
{‐K‐m-a-s‐¯ s‐\-S‐p-s‐I ]‐n-f-À-¯‐n-s‐I‐m-ï‐v t‐I-c-f-¯‐n-s‐e
G-ä-h‐p‐w \‐o-f‐w I‐p-d-ª-X‐p‐w {‐]-I‐r-X‐n c-a-W‐o-b-h‐p-a‐m-b \‐n-e-
¼‐q-À-þ-s‐j‐m-À-W‐q-À s‐d-b‐n-Â-s‐h s‐s‐e³ I-S-‐p t‐]‐m-I‐p-‐p.
{‐_‐n-«‐o-j‐v-`-c-W-I‐m-e-¯‐v I-S-¼‐q-À D-Å t‐N-a-t‐©-c‐n a-\-¡‐mc‐p-s‐S
A-[‐o-\-¯‐n-e‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p C‐u-{‐]-t‐Z-i‐w. I‐p-´‐n-¸‐p-g-¡‐v
I‐p-d‐p-s‐I C-h‐n-s‐S Ø‐n-X‐n-s‐N-¿‐p- d-b‐n-Â-s‐h-]‐m-e‐w C-h‐n-
S‐p-s‐¯ {‐]-[‐m-\ B-I-À-j-W t‐I-{‐µ-a‐m-W‐v. B-Z‐y-I‐m-e-§-
5

G-e‐w-I‐p-f‐w ]-©‐m-b-¯‐n-s‐e B-Z‐y-s‐¯ ]-Å‐n-b‐m-b a-Ã‐n-t‐È-c‐n
]-Å‐n-b‐p-s‐S I‐o-g‐n-e‐p-Å {‐]-t‐Z-i-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p ]‐m-e-t‐¯‐m-Ä. a-Ã‐n-t‐Èc‐n
]-Å‐n-b‐p-s‐S N-c‐n-{‐X-¯‐n-\‐p‐w \‐q-d‐p-h-À-j-s‐¯ ]-g-¡-t‐a D-Å‐q.
a-Ã‐n-t‐È-c‐n ]-Å‐n-h-c‐p--X‐n-\‐p-a‐p-¼‐v I‐n-t‐e‐m-a‐o-ä-d‐p-I-Ä-¡-¸‐p-d-¯‐p-Å
N-c‐n-{‐X-{‐]-k‐n-²-a‐m-b ]‐p-¯-\-§‐m-S‐n ]-Å‐n-b‐n-t‐e-¡‐m-b‐n-c‐p--s‐{‐X
B-f‐p-I-Ä P‐p-a‐p-A-¡‐p‐w a-ä‐p-{‐]-[‐m-\ B-c‐m-[-\-¡‐p‐w t‐]‐m-b‐n-c‐p--X.‐v
B I‐m-e-§-f‐n-Â G-e‐w-I‐p-f‐w ]-©‐m-b-¯‐v D-Ä-s‐¸-«‐n-c‐p- {‐]-t‐Z-i-
§-f‐n-Â a-X-]T-\-¯‐n-\‐p-Å k‐u-I-c‐y‐w h-f-s‐c I‐p-d-h‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p.
a‐p-X‐p-I‐p-À-È‐n k-‐v-I‐q-Ä t‐I-{‐µ‐o-I-c‐n-¨‐v-- H-c‐p H‐m-¯‐p-]-Å‐n \‐n-e-\‐n-‐n-c‐pt‐I-c-f-¯‐n-s‐e
a-ä‐n-S-§-
f‐n-s‐e t‐]‐m-s‐e X-s‐
C-h‐n-s‐S-b‐p‐w H-c‐p P‐p-a‐p-
A-¯‐v-]-Å‐n-b‐p‐w a-{‐Z-kb‐p‐w
Ø‐n-X‐n s‐N-¿‐p-‐p.
120 H‐m-f‐w I‐p-S‐p‐w-_-§-f‐m-
W‐v a-k‐v-P‐n-Z‐p-Â ^-e‐m-l‐v
F-‐p-\‐m-a-I-c-W‐w s‐Nb‐v-X
]-Å‐n-b‐p‐w l-b‐m-
¯‐p-Â C-k‐v-e‐m‐w a-{‐Z-kb‐p‐w
D-Ä-s‐¡‐m-Å‐p- C‐u
a-l-Ã‐n-\‐v I‐o-g‐n-e‐p-Å-X‐v.
H-c‐p I‐m-e-¯‐v I‐r-j‐n-b‐ne‐p‐w
I‐q-e‐n-]-W‐n-b‐n-e‐p‐w
a‐m-{‐X-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p B-f‐p-
I-Ä D-]-P‐o-h-\-a‐m-À-K‐w
I-s‐@-¯‐n-b‐n-c‐p--X‐v.
f‐n-Â C-h‐n-S‐p-¯‐p-I‐m-c‐p-s‐S \‐n-X‐y-P‐o-h‐n-X-¯‐n-s‐â `‐m-K-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p
]‐p-g-b‐p‐w \‐o-ï‐p-I‐n-S-‐n-c‐p- a-W-Â ]-c-¸‐p-I-f‐p‐w. C-c‐p I-c-I-f‐n-e‐p‐w
\‐n-‐p-a‐m-b‐n \‐n-c-h-[‐n-b‐m-f‐p-I-Ä I‐p-f‐n-¡‐m-\‐p‐w h‐y‐m-b‐m-a-§-Ä-¡‐p‐w
a-ä‐p‐w ]‐p-g-s‐b-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p B-{‐i-b‐n-¨‐n-c‐p--X‐v. A-‐v a-X-{‐]-`‐m-j-
W-§sfÃmw ]‐p-g-b‐n-e‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p k‐w-L-S‐n-¸‐n-¨‐n-c‐p--X‐v. h‐n-i‐m-ea‐m-b
a-W-Â-¸-c-¸‐p-I-f‐n-Â t‐h-\-Â-¡‐m-e-§-f‐n-Â N‐m-b-¡-S-I-f‐p‐w
{‐]-h-À-¯‐n-¨‐n-c‐p-‐p. A-\-[‐n-I‐r-X-a‐m-b a-W-s‐e-S‐p-¸‐p-a‐q-e‐w ]‐p-g-b‐p-s‐S
]-g-b {‐]-X‐m-]‐w \-ã-a‐m-b‐n.
t‐I-c-f-¯‐n-s‐e a-ä‐n-S-§-f‐n-s‐e t‐]‐m-s‐e X-s‐ C-h‐n-s‐S-b‐p‐w H-c‐p
P‐p-a‐p-A-¯‐v-]-Å‐n-b‐p‐w a-{‐Z-k-b‐p‐w Ø‐n-X‐n s‐N-¿‐p-‐p. 120 H‐m-f‐w I‐p-
S‐p‐w-_-§-f‐m-W‐v, a-k‐v-P‐n-Z‐p-Â ^-e‐m-l‐v F-‐p-\‐m-a-I-c-W‐w s‐N-b‐v-X
]-Å‐n-b‐p‐w l-b‐m-¯‐p-Â C-k‐v-e‐m‐w a-{‐Z-k-b‐p‐w D-Ä-s‐¡‐m-Å‐p- C‐u
a-l-Ã‐n-\‐v I‐o-g‐n-e‐p-Å-X‐v. H-c‐p I‐m-e-¯‐v I‐r-j‐n-b‐n-e‐p‐w I‐q-e‐n-]-W‐n-b‐ne‐p‐w
a‐m-{‐X-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p B-f‐p-I-Ä D-]-P‐o-h-\-a‐m-À-K‐w I-s‐ï-¯‐n-b‐n-c‐p-
-X‐v. A-X‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐p-X-s‐‐, k‐m-¼-¯‐n-I-a‐m-b‐n h-f-s‐c ]‐n-‐m-¡‐w
\‐n-‐n-c‐p- B-f‐p-I-f‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p C-h‐n-s‐S-b‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p--X‐v. A-‐v
k‐z-´-a‐m-b‐n ]-Å‐n-b‐p‐w a-{‐Z-k-‐m k‐w-h‐n-[‐m-\-h‐p‐w \‐m-«‐p-I‐m-c‐p-s‐S k‐z-
]‐v-\‐w a‐m-{‐X-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p.

akv-Pn-Zp-Â ^-em-lv Hcp ]-g-b Nn{Xw
s‐-‐p ]-g-a-¡‐m-À ]-d-b‐p--X‐m-b‐n tIÄ¡mw. \‐n-e-h‐n-s‐e G-e‐w-
I‐p-f‐w‐, a-«‐m-b‐n‐, ]‐m-d-¡-Â-a‐p-¡‐v‐, F-f‐m-S‐v‐, ]‐m-e-t‐¯‐m-Ä, I‐p--¡‐m-h‐v
X‐p-S-§‐n \‐n-c-h-[‐n a-l-Ã‐p-I-Ä a-Ã‐n-t‐È-c‐n a-l-Ã‐n-\‐p I‐o-g‐n-e‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p.
I‐m-e-{‐I-t‐a-W a-Ã‐n-t‐È-c‐n-]-Å‐n-b‐n-Â \‐n-‐p‐w ]‐n-c‐n-ª‐p a-«‐m-b‐n
t‐I-{‐µ‐o-I-c‐n-¨‐p ]‐p-X‐n-b a-l-Ã‐v \‐n-e-h‐n-Â-h-‐p. B k-a-b-¯‐v s‐X-
¡‐p‐w-]‐p-d-s‐¯ C-f-§-c-s‐X‐m-S‐n D-®‐o-c‐n-I‐m-¡‐m-s‐â s‐s‐I-h-i-a‐p-ï‐mb‐n-c‐p-
`‐q-a‐n s‐I‐m-S-Å‐n a-½-Z‐v F--h-c‐p-s‐S A-\‐n-b³ h-b-\‐m-«‐n-Â
Ø‐n-c-X‐m-a-k-a‐m-¡‐n-b A-e-h‐n F--h-À \‐m-«‐n-Â Ø‐n-c-X‐m-a-k-a‐m-
¡‐p-I F- D-t‐±-i-t‐¯‐m-S‐p-I‐q-S‐n h‐m-§‐p-I-b‐p‐w F-‐m-Â‐, Ø‐n-c-
X‐m-a-k-a‐m-¡‐m³ I-g‐n-b‐m-s‐X -h-c‐n-I-b‐p‐w s‐N-b‐v-t‐¸‐m-Ä, \‐m-e‐p-I-ï³
I-½‐p F--h-À-¡‐p h‐n-Â-¡‐p-I-b‐p‐w s‐N-b‐v-X‐p. h‐n-Â-¡‐p- k-a-b-¯‐v
I‐p-d-¨‐p-Ø-e‐w ]-Å‐n \‐n-À-a‐n-¡‐m³-t‐h-ï‐n h-J‐v-^‐m-b‐n \-Â-I‐p-Ib‐p‐w
s‐N-b‐v-X‐p. C‐u Ø-e-¯‐v \‐m-«‐p-I‐m-c‐p-s‐S k-l-I-c-W-t‐¯‐m-s‐S
s‐N-d‐n-s‐b‐m-c‐p \‐n-k‐v-I‐m-c ]-Å‐n \‐n-À-a‐n-¨‐p. A-X‐m-W‐v {‐]-t‐Z-i-s‐¯
B-Z‐y-s‐¯ ]-Å‐n. H‐m-e-s‐I‐m-ï‐p‐w I-a‐p-I‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐p-a‐m-W‐v B-Z‐y-s‐¯
]-Å‐n \‐n-À-a‐n-¨-s‐X-‐v \‐n-À-a‐m-W-¯‐n-Â ]-¦‐m-f‐n-b‐m-b t‐X‐m-«-¯‐n-Â
s‐s‐k-Z‐p-¡ k‐m-£‐y-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐p-‐p. A-¡‐m-e-¯‐v t‐d‐m-U‐p-I-Ä H-‐p‐w-
X-s‐ C-Ã‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. C-S-h-g‐n-I-f‐p‐w s‐d-b‐n-Â-t‐h s‐s‐e-\‐p-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p
{‐]-[‐m-\ k-©‐m-c-a‐m-À-K‐w. s‐]-c‐p-¼-d-¼‐p h-g‐n-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p a‐p-X‐p-I‐p-À-
È‐n-þ-I‐p--¡‐m-h‐v `‐m-K-§-f‐n-t‐e-¡‐v B-f‐p-I-Ä t‐]‐m-b‐n-c‐p--X‐v. F-Ã‐mh-c‐p-s‐S-b‐p‐w
{‐]-[‐m-\-h-g‐n d-b‐n-Â-t‐h-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p--X‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐p-X-s‐
s‐d-b‐n-Â-t‐h-¡-`‐n-a‐p-J-a‐m-b‐n-«‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p A-‐p I-h-e-I-f‐p‐w B-c‐m-
[-\‐m-e-b§-f‐p‐w h‐n-Z‐y‐m-e-b-§-f‐p-s‐a-Ã‐m‐w Ø‐n-X‐n s‐N-b‐v-X‐n-c‐p--X‐v.
1923þ-Â-a-e-_‐m-d‐n-Â I‐q-S‐p-X-Â K-X‐m-K-X k‐u-I-c‐y-§-Ä H-c‐p-¡‐p-I
F- e-£‐y-t‐¯‐m-s‐S-b‐m-W‐v {‐_‐o-«‐o-j‐p-I‐m-À C‐u-]‐m-X \‐n-À-a‐n-¨-X‐v.
a-e-_‐m-À I-e‐m-]-a-S-¡-a‐p-Å k-a-c-§-Ä A-S‐n-¨-a-À-¯‐m³ ]-«‐m-f-
¡‐m-s‐c F-¯‐n-¡‐m³ I-g‐n-b‐m-X‐n-c‐p--X‐p‐w ]‐p-X‐n-b-a‐m-À-K‐w B-t‐e‐m-
I‐m-e-{‐I-t‐a-W a-Ã‐nt‐È-c‐n-]-Å‐n-b‐n-Â
\‐n-‐p‐w
]‐n-c‐n-ª‐p a-«‐m-b‐n
t‐I-{‐µ‐o-I-c‐n-¨‐p ]‐p-X‐n-b
a-l-Ã‐v \‐n-e-h‐n-Â-h-‐p.
B k-a-b-¯‐v s‐X-¡‐p‐w-
]‐p-d-s‐¯ C-f-§-c-s‐X‐m-
S‐n D-®‐o-c‐n-I‐m-¡‐m-s‐â
s‐s‐I-h-i-a‐p-@‐m-b‐n-c‐p-
`‐q-a‐n s‐I‐m-S-Å‐n a-½-Z‐v
F--h-c‐p-s‐S A-\‐n-b³
h-b-\‐m-«‐n-Â Ø‐n-c-X‐ma-k-a‐m-¡‐n-b
A-e-h‐n
F--h-À \‐m-«‐n-Â Ø‐nc-X‐m-a-k-a‐m-¡‐p-I
F-
D-t‐±-i-t‐¯‐m-S‐p-I‐q-S‐n
h‐m-§‐p-I-b‐p‐w F-‐m-Â‐,
Ø‐n-c-X‐m-a-k-a‐m-¡‐m³
I-g‐n-b‐m-s‐X h-h-c‐n-
I-b‐p‐w s‐N-b‐v-t‐¸‐m-Ä
\‐m-e‐p-I-@³ I-½‐p
F--h-À-¡‐p h‐n-Â-¡‐p-
I-b‐p‐w s‐N-b‐v-X‐p. B
k-ab-¯v AÂ-
]w Ø-ew ]-Ån-¡m-bn
h-Jv-^v sN-bvXp.
7

N‐n-¡‐m³ {‐_‐n-«‐o-j‐p-I‐m-s‐c t‐{‐]-c‐n-¸‐n-¨‐p. \‐n-e-¼‐q-c‐n-s‐â k-a‐r-²-a‐m-b
h-\-k-¼-¯‐v I-S-¯‐m-\‐p‐w ]‐m-X k‐u-I-c‐ys¸Sp-¯m³ Im-c-W-ambn.
\‐n-e-¼‐q-À-I‐m-«‐n-Â \‐n-‐p‐w I‐q-ä³ t‐X-¡‐p-X-S‐n-I-Ä I-S-¯‐m³ ]‐m-X
s‐h-Å-¡‐m-s‐c k-l‐m-b‐n-¨‐p. C-c‐p-¼‐n-t‐\-¡‐m-f‐p‐w I-c‐p-¯‐p-Å \‐n-e-¼‐q-À
t‐X-¡‐n-s‐â s‐]-c‐p‐w s‐]-c‐p-a‐p-b‐p‐w A-§-s‐\ I-S-e‐p-I-S-‐p. 1927Â C‐u
]‐m-X-b‐n-e‐q-s‐S X‐o-h-ï‐n N‐q-f‐w-h‐n-f‐n-¨‐p ]‐m-ª‐p. F-‐m-Â, c-ï‐m‐w
t‐e‐m-I-a-l‐m-b‐p-²‐w B-c‐w-`‐n-¨-t‐X‐m-s‐S ]‐m-X-b‐p-s‐S \-i‐o-I-c-W-h‐p‐w
\-S-‐p. b‐p-²‐m-h-i‐y-§-Ä-¡‐m-b‐n C-c‐p-¼‐v X‐n-I-b‐m-s‐X h--t‐X‐m-s‐S
{‐_‐n-«‐o-j‐v ]-«‐m-f‐w ]‐m-f‐w s‐]‐m-f‐n-¨‐p s‐I‐m-ï‐p-t‐]‐m-b‐n. ]‐n-‐o-S‐v 1954e‐m-
W‐v C‐u ]‐m-X ]‐p-\-À-\‐n-À-a‐n-¡-s‐¸-«-X‐v. s‐X-¡‐p‐w-]‐p-d-¯‐n-s‐â ]-g-b
N-c‐n-{‐X-¯‐n-\‐p‐w C‐u-]‐m-X-b‐p-a‐m-b‐n C-g-]‐n-c‐n-b‐m-\‐m-h‐m-¯ _-Ô-a‐p-ï‐v.
C-X‐p-h-g‐n-t‐]‐m-I‐p- X‐o-h-ï‐n-I-f‐p-s‐S k-a-b‐w t‐\‐m-¡‐n-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p
B-f‐p-I-Ä A-‐v X-§-f‐p-s‐S k-a-b‐w t‐]‐m-e‐p‐w {‐I-a‐o-I-c‐n-¨‐n-c‐p--X‐v
1985\‐p t‐i-j-a‐m-W‐v {‐]-[‐m-\ ]‐m-X-b‐m-b a‐p-X‐p-I‐p-À-È‐n-þ-]‐m-e-t‐¯‐m-Ä
t‐d‐m-U‐v \‐n-À-a‐n-¡‐p--X‐v. 1995Â ]-Å‐n-¸-S‐n t‐d‐m-U‐v I-Å‐n-¡‐m-S‐v-þ-]‐me-t‐¯‐m-Ä
h-s‐c-\‐o-«‐n. t‐d‐m-U‐p‐w h‐m-l-\ k‐u-I-c‐y-§-f‐p-s‐a‐m-s‐¡
b‐m-Y‐m-À-Y‐y-a‐m-b-t‐¸‐m-Ä s‐d-b‐n-t‐e‐m-c‐w t‐N-À-‐p {‐]-h-À-¯‐n-¨‐n-c‐p-
I-S-I-f‐p‐w N‐m-b-a-¡‐m-\‐n-I-f‐p-s‐a-Ã‐m‐w h‐n-k‐v-a‐r-X‐n-b‐n-e‐m-b‐n. \‐n-e-h‐ns‐e
a-{‐Z-k-b‐p‐w ]-Å‐n-b‐p‐w \‐n-e-\‐n-‐n-c‐p- Ø-e-s‐¯ s‐I‐m-S-Å‐n
]-Å‐n-b‐m-b‐n F-‐m-W-s‐{‐X A-d‐n-b-s‐¸-«‐n-c‐p--X‐v.
a-{‐Z-k-b‐p-s‐S B-c‐w-`‐w
h-À-j-§-Ä-¡‐p t‐i-j‐w s‐X-¡‐p‐w-]‐p-d-s‐¯ \‐n-k-‐v-I‐m-c-]-Å‐n s‐N-d‐n-b
c‐o-X‐n-b‐n-Â ]‐p-X‐p-¡‐n ]-W‐n-X‐p. A-X‐n-\‐n-s‐S \‐n-k-‐v-I‐m-c-]-Å‐n-¡‐v N‐p-ä‐pa‐p-Å
\‐m-e‐p-I-ï³ I‐p-S‐p‐w-_-¯‐n-s‐â s‐s‐I-h-i-a‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p- `‐q-a‐n
a-«‐m-b‐n a-l-Ã‐v h‐n-e-¡‐p h‐m-§‐n-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. A-¡‐m-e-¯‐v {‐]-t‐Z-i-s‐¯
h‐n-Z‐y‐m-À-°‐n-I-Ä-¡‐v Z‐o-\‐o-]T-\-¯‐n-\‐m-b‐n s‐d-b‐n-Â-t‐h-¡‐p a‐p-I-f‐n-e‐q-s‐S
H-¯‐n-c‐n \-S-‐v a-«‐m-b‐n a-{‐Z-k-b‐n-Â F-¯-W-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. A-X‐n-c‐mh‐n-s‐e-b‐p‐w
c‐m-{‐X‐n-b‐p‐w {‐]-h-À-¯‐n-¡‐p- a-{‐Z-k-b‐n-t‐e-¡‐v C-X‐p h-g‐n
F-¯‐n-s‐¸-S‐m-\‐p-Å _‐p-²‐n-a‐p-«‐v ]-e-h‐n-Z‐y‐m-À-°‐n-I-f‐ptS-b‐p‐w C-S-¡‐ph-¨‐p-Å
s‐I‐m-g‐n-ª‐p t‐]‐m-¡‐n-\‐p I‐m-c-W-a‐m-b‐n.
h‐n-Z‐y‐m-À-°‐n-I-f‐p-s‐S _‐p-²‐n-a‐p-«‐p a-\-Ê‐n-e‐m-¡‐n-b \‐m-«‐p-I‐m-À
\‐m-«‐n-Â-X-s‐ H-c‐p s‐N-d‐n-b a-{‐Z-k F- B-h-i‐y-h‐p-a‐m-b‐n a-«‐m-b‐n
a-l-Ã‐v A-[‐n-I‐r-X-c‐p-s‐S A-S‐p-s‐¯-¯‐n. A-h-c‐p-s‐S `‐m-K-¯‐p-\‐n-‐p‐w
A-\‐p-I‐q-e \‐n-e-]‐m-S‐p-ï‐m-b‐n. C-h‐n-S‐p-s‐¯ \‐n-k-‐v-I‐m-c-]-Å‐n-t‐b‐m-S-
\‐p-_-Ô‐n-¨‐v D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐v s‐N-d‐p-h‐m-f‐q-À s‐s‐l-t‐{‐Z‐m-k‐v-- a‐p-k‐v-e‐n-b‐m-c‐p-s‐S
t‐\-X‐r-X‐z-¯‐n-Â H-c‐p a-{‐Z-k \‐n-À-a‐n-¡‐m-\‐p-Å {‐i-a-§-Ä B-c‐w-`‐n-¨‐p.
F-‐m-Â‐, a-«‐m-b‐n a-l-Ã‐n-\‐p I‐o-g‐n-e‐p-Å Ø-e‐w h‐n-«‐p-I‐n-«‐p--X‐n-
\‐v Ø-e-¯‐n-\‐v A-\‐p-]‐m-X-a‐m-b‐n \‐o-c‐m-W‐n a‐p-l-½-Z‐v l‐m-P‐n-b‐p-s‐S
Ø-e‐w A-t‐±-l‐w k‐u-P-\‐y-a‐m-b‐n a-«‐m-b‐n a-l-Ã‐n-\‐p h‐n-«‐p-s‐I‐m-S‐p-¡‐p-
I-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. a-l-Ã‐n-s‐â \‐n-À-a‐m-W {‐]-{‐I‐n-b-b‐n-Â h-e‐n-b ]-¦‐p
h-l‐n-¨ h‐y-à‐n-b‐m-W‐v a‐p-l-½-Z‐v l‐m-P‐n.
Ø-e‐w I‐n-«‐n-s‐b-¦‐n-e‐p‐w I-S‐p-¯ k‐m-¼-¯‐n-I {‐]-X‐n-k-Ô‐n-b‐ne‐q-s‐S
I-S-‐p-t‐]‐m-b‐n-s‐I‐m-ï‐n-c‐n-¡‐p- H-c‐p-{‐K‐m-a-¯‐n-t‐e-¡‐v a-{‐Z-k
t‐]‐m-s‐e‐m-c‐p k‐w-c‐w-`-h‐p-a‐m-b‐n B-f‐p-I-s‐f k-a‐o-]‐n-¡‐p-t‐¼‐m-Ä Z‐mc‐n-{Zy¯‐n-s‐â
Z-b-\‐o-b a‐p-J-§-Ä a‐m-{‐X-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-\‐p
I‐m-W‐m³ I-g‐n-ª‐n-c‐p--X‐v. F-¦‐n-e‐p‐w‐, X-s‐â Z‐u-X‐y-¯‐n-Â-\‐n-‐p
]‐n-d-t‐I‐m-«‐p t‐]‐m-I‐m³ A-t‐±-l‐w X-¿‐m-d‐m-b‐n-Ã. \‐m-«‐n-s‐e ]-¨‐o-c‐n-¡‐p-
¯‐v a‐p-l-½-Z-e‐n F--h-c‐p‐w ]-Ã‐n-I‐p-¯‐v s‐a‐m-b‐v-X‐o³ F--h-c‐p‐w
\-Â-I‐n-b H-c‐p k‐w-J‐y-b‐p‐w ]-¨‐o-c‐n-¡‐p-¯‐v \‐m-k-À lmPn I-S-a‐m-b‐n
9

s]m-m-¡m-c³
t]m-¡-À km-ln_v
tN-À-Ip-¯v am-\p-¡
\m-ep-I- ï³ Ip-ªm-¸m-¡
\-Â-I‐n-b I‐p-d-¨‐p-s‐s‐]-k-b‐p‐w a-ä‐p-s‐N-d‐n-b-k‐w-`‐m-h-\-I-f‐p‐w ]‐n-s‐
X-s‐â ]-¡-e‐p-Å h‐n-l‐n-X-h‐p-a‐m-b‐n A-Ã‐m-l‐p-h‐n-s‐\ X-h-¡‐p-e‐m-¡‐n
]-W‐n-b‐m-c‐w-`‐n-¨‐p.
s‐N-d‐p-h‐m-f‐q-À D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐v a-l-Ã‐n-s‐â F-Ã‐m-s‐a-Ã‐m-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. s‐]‐m-
‐m-¡‐m-c³ s‐s‐k-X‐m-e‐n F--h-c‐p-s‐S-b‐p‐w {‐]-a‐p-J-]-Þ‐n-X-\‐p‐w k-ak‐v-X-b‐p-s‐S
B-Z‐y-I‐m-e a‐p-i‐m-h-d A‐w-K-h‐p-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p- I‐p-f-¸‐p-d-¯‐v
I‐p-ª-½-Z‐v a‐p-k‐v-e‐n-b‐m-c‐p-s‐S k-t‐l‐m-Z-c‐n B-b‐n-i F--h-c‐p-s‐S-b‐p‐w
a-I-\‐m-b‐n 1947 a‐m-À-¨‐v 15 \‐m-W‐v s‐X-¡‐p‐w-]‐p-d‐w ]‐m-e-t‐¯‐m-f‐n-Â
Dkv-Xm-Zv P-\n-¨Xv. {‐]‐m-Y-a‐n-I h‐n-Z‐y‐m-`‐y‐m-k‐w \‐m-«‐n-s‐e H-¯‐p-]-
Å‐n-b‐n-Â-\‐n-‐p‐w ]‐m-e-t‐¯‐m-Ä‐,G-e‐w-I‐p-f‐w k-‐v-I‐q-f‐p-I-f‐n-Â-\‐n-‐p‐w
t‐\-S‐n. X‐p-S-À-‐v Z-À-k‐v ]T-\-¯‐n-t‐e-¡‐p X‐n-c‐n-ª‐p. a‐m-¸‐m-«‐p-I‐m-c,
a-Ã‐n-t‐È-c‐n‐, s‐h-Å‐n-e‐, H-S-a-e‐, F-‐n-h‐n-S-§-f‐n-e‐m-b‐n I‐n-g‐m-S-b‐n-Â
a‐p-l-½-Z‐v a‐p-k‐v--e‐n-b‐m-À‐, a-Ã‐n-t‐È-c‐n a‐q-k a‐p-k‐v--e‐n-b‐m-À‐, s‐N-¯-\‐m‐w-
I‐p-À-È‐n I‐p-ªo³ a‐p-k‐v--e‐n-b‐m-À‐, \‐m-S‐y-a‐w-K-e‐w s‐s‐k-X‐m-e‐n a‐p-k‐v--
e‐n-b‐m-À‐,t‐I‐m-S-t‐È-c‐n C-{‐_‐m-l‐n‐w a‐p-k‐v--e‐n-b‐m-À F-‐n-h-c‐p-s‐S I‐o-g‐ne‐m-b‐n
Z-À-k‐v ]T-\‐w ]‐q-À-¯‐n-b‐m-¡‐n. 1972 Â D-]-c‐n-]T-\-\‐m-À-°‐w
]-«‐n-¡‐m-S‐v P‐m-a‐n-A:\‐q-c‐n-¿-b‐n-Â F-¯‐n. P‐m-a‐n-A:b‐n-Â i‐w-k‐p-Â-
D-e-a‐m C. s‐I A-_‐q-_-I‐v-À a‐p-k‐v--e‐n-b‐m-À‐, t‐I‐m-«‐p-a-e A-_‐q-_-
I‐v-À a‐p-k‐v--e‐n-b‐m-À‐, F.]‐n-a‐p-l-½-Z‐v a‐p-k‐v--e‐n-b‐m-À I‐p-a-c‐w-]‐p-¯‐q-À‐,
b‐q-k-‐p-^‐v l‐m-P‐n F-‐n-h-À D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐p-a‐m-c‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. ]‐m-W-¡‐m-S‐v
k-¿‐n-Z‐v s‐s‐l-Z-À A-e‐n i‐n-l‐m-_‐v X-§-Ä‐, t‐I‐m-«‐p-a-e _‐m-¸‐p-a‐pk‐v--e‐n-b‐m-À
‐,s‐a‐m-b‐v--X‐o³ I‐p-«‐n s‐s‐^-k‐n h‐m-t‐¡‐m-S‐v‐, l‐m-P‐n s‐I
a-½-Z‐v s‐s‐^-k‐n‐, _-l‐m-D-²‐o³ a‐p-l-½-Z‐v \-Z‐v--h‐n‐, k‐p-s‐s‐e-a‐m³
s‐s‐^-k‐n a‐m-f‐n-t‐b-¡-Â X‐p-S-§‐n-b-h-À P‐m-a‐n-A-:b‐n-s‐e k-l-I‐m-e-
¡‐m-c‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. 1974Â s‐s‐^-k‐n _‐n-c‐p-Z‐w-t‐\-S‐n ]‐p-d-¯‐n-d-§‐n. 1974
H-t‐Î‐m-_-À 30 \‐p X‐r-i‐q-À P‐n-Ã-b‐n-s‐e N‐m-e-¡‐p-S‐n-¡-S‐p-¯ s‐N-d‐ph‐m-f‐q-c‐n-Â
a‐p-Z-c‐n-k‐p‐w J-X‐o-_‐p-a‐m-b‐n t‐k-h-\‐w X‐p-S-§‐n. \‐o-ï-a‐p-
¸-¯‐n-c-ï‐p h-À-j‐w s‐N-d‐p-h‐m-f‐q-c‐n-Â-X-s‐-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. A-§-s‐\-
b‐m-W‐v B-Ø-e-\‐m-a-¯‐n-Â A-t‐±-l‐w A-d‐n-b-s‐¸-«-X‐v. 2006 a‐p-X-Â
h-^‐m-¯‐p h-s‐c ]‐m-e-¸‐n-Å‐n Z‐m-d‐p-¯-J‐v--h C-k‐v-e‐m-a‐n-I‐v A-¡‐m-Z-a‐n
{‐]‐n³-k‐n-¸-f‐m-b‐n t‐k-h-\‐w s‐N-b‐v-X‐p. k-a-k‐v-X a‐p-I‐p-µ-]‐p-c‐w X‐me‐q-¡‐v
{‐]-k‐n-Uâ‐m-b‐n k‐w-L-S-\‐m c‐w-K-¯‐v k-P‐o-h-a‐m-b‐n. 2016 a‐p-
X-Â h-^‐m-¯‐p h-s‐c-b‐p‐w k-a-k‐v-X t‐I-{‐µ-a‐p-i‐m-h-d A‐w-K-a‐m-b‐p‐w
k-a-k‐v-X t‐I-c-f P‐w-C-b-¯‐p-Â a‐p-Z-c‐n-k‐o³ k‐w-Ø‐m-\ s‐s‐h-k‐v
{‐]-k‐n-Uâ‐v‐, k-a-k‐v-X X‐r-i‐q-À P‐n-Ã‐m {‐]-k‐n-Uâ‐v‐, k‐p-‐n a-l-Ã‐v
s‐^-U-t‐d-j³ k‐w-Ø‐m-\ F-I-‐v-k‐n-I‐y‐q-«‐o-h‐v A‐w-K‐w t‐I‐m H‐m-À-U‐nt‐\-j³
H‐m-^‐v C-k‐v-e‐m-a‐n-I‐v t‐I‐m-t‐f-P‐v (CICE‐) A-k‐n-Ìâ‐v s‐d-Î-À‐,
]‐m-e-t‐¯‐m-Ä a-l-Ã‐v {‐]-k‐n-Uâ‐v X‐p-S-§‐n Z‐o-\‐o t‐k-h-\-c‐w-K-¯‐v
k‐q-c‐y {‐]-`-t‐]‐m-s‐e P‐z-e‐n-¨‐p \‐n--a-l‐m-\‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p A-t‐±-l‐w. i‐wk‐p-Â
D-e-a-b‐p-s‐S \‐n-À-t‐Z-i {‐]-I‐m-c-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p a-l‐m-\-h-d‐p-I-Ä
\oï Imew X‐r-i‐q-À P‐n-Ã-b‐n-Â t‐P‐m-e‐n s‐N-b‐v-X‐n-c‐p--X‐v. t‐I-c-f-
¯‐n-e-t‐§‐m-f-a‐n-t‐§‐m-f‐w [‐m-c‐m-f‐w i‐n-j‐y-K-W-§-f‐p‐w a‐p-l‐n-_‐o-§-
f‐p‐w D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-\‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p.
X-s‐â K‐p-c‐p-h‐m-b i‐w-k‐p-Â D-e-a-s‐b H-¯‐n-c‐n C-ã-s‐¸-«‐n-c‐p-
A-t‐±-l‐w i‐w-k‐p-Â D-e-a-b‐p-s‐S ]-e-I-d‐m-a-¯‐p-I-f‐p‐w t‐\-c‐n-Â A-\‐p-
`-h‐n-¨‐n-«‐p-ï.‐v D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐v As‐X-Ã‐m‐w ]-e-t‐¸‐m-g‐p‐w F-Ã‐m-h-c‐p-a‐m-b‐p‐w
]-¦‐p-h-¨‐n-c‐p-‐p. i‐w-k‐p-Â-D-e-a P‐o-h‐n-¨‐n-c‐p- I‐m-e-¯‐v C-S-b‐v-¡‐ns‐S
A-t‐±-l-s‐¯ k-µ-À-i‐n-¡‐m³ D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐v t‐I‐m-g‐n-t‐¡‐m-S‐p h-c‐p‐w.
h-^‐m-¯‐n-\‐p t‐i-j‐w ]‐p-X‐n-b-§‐m-S‐n-b‐n-e‐p-Å A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â a-J‐v-
_-d-b‐n-s‐e-¯‐n X-s‐â A-`‐n-h-µ‐y K‐p-c‐p-h‐n-s‐â B-ß‐o-b k‐m-‐n-[‐y‐w
B-k‐z-Z‐n-¨‐v I‐m-c‐y-§-Ä X‐o-c‐p-a‐m-\‐n-¡‐p- ]-X‐n-h‐v D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-\‐p-ï‐mb‐n-c‐p-‐p.

A-h-k‐m-\ I‐m-e-L-«-¯‐n-Â t‐I-c-f-¯‐n-e-t‐§‐m-f-a‐n-t‐§‐m-f-a‐p-Å
\‐n-c-h-[‐n {‐]‐m-À-°-\‐m k-Z-Ê‐p-I-f‐n-Â \nd-km-n-[y-am-bn-cpp D-k‐v-X‐m-
Z‐v. A-h‐n-S‐p-s‐¯ {‐]‐m-À-°-\-I-Ä-s‐I‐m-ï‐v \‐n-c-h-[‐n B-f‐p-I-Ä-¡‐v A-hc‐p-s‐S
P‐o-h‐n-X-¯‐n-s‐e \‐o-d‐p- {‐]-i‐v-\-§-Ä-¡‐p ]-c‐n-l‐m-c-a‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-«‐ps‐ï--X‐n-\‐p
\‐n-c-h-[‐n A-\‐p-`-h-Ø-c‐p-ï‐v. 1988 I‐m-e-§-f‐n-Â- X‐r-i‐q-À
P‐n-Ã-b‐n-s‐e X-s‐â k‐p-l‐r-X‐v-_-Ô-§-Ä D-]-t‐b‐m-K-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐n-b‐m-W‐v
s‐X-¡‐p‐w-]‐p-d-s‐¯ a-{‐Z-k -]-W‐n-b‐m-c‐w-`‐n-¡‐p--X‐v. C‐u a-{‐Z-k-b‐p-s‐S
C-ã‐n-I-b‐p‐w H‐m-S‐p‐w \‐n-e-¯‐p-h‐n-c‐n-¨‐n-c‐p- a-®‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐p-ï‐m-¡‐n-b
s‐s‐S-Â-k‐p-I-f‐n-e‐p-s‐a-Ã‐m‐w H-c‐p X‐r-i‐q-À S-¨‐v- X-s‐-b‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p.
1989Â \‐m-«‐p-I‐m-c‐p-s‐S N‐n-c-I‐m-e k‐z-]‐v-\‐w b‐m-Y‐m-À-°‐y-a‐m-b‐n
15þ05þ1989 \‐v ¢‐m-Ê‐p-I-Ä-¡‐p X‐p-S-¡‐w I‐p-d‐n-¨ a-{‐Z-k-¡‐v 10þ06þ1989
e‐m-W‐v k-a-k‐v-X t‐I-c-f C-k‐v-e‐m‐w-a-X h‐n-Z‐y‐m-`‐y‐m-k t‐_‐m-À-U‐n-s‐â
6117 þ‐mw \-¼À A‐w-K‐o-I‐r-X \-¼-d‐m-b‐n A‐w-K‐o-I‐m-c‐w I‐n-«‐p--X‐v.
X‐p-S-¡-¯‐n- ]-¨‐o-c‐n-¡-¯‐v l‐p-ʳ I‐p-«‐n a‐p-k‐v-e‐n-b‐m-À‐, s‐]‐m-‐m-
¡‐m-c³ A-Ð‐p-d-Ò‐m³ D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐v F-‐n-h-c‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐p-a‐m-À.
D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐p-a‐m-c‐p-s‐S i-¼-f‐w‐, `-£-W‐w X‐p-S-§‐n-b `‐m-c‐n-¨ s‐N-e-h‐v
\‐n-I-¯‐m-\‐p-Å _‐p-²‐n-a‐p-«‐v I-W-¡‐n-s‐e-S‐p-¯‐v B-Z‐y‐w A-©‐m‐w ¢‐m-k‐v-
-h-s‐c-b‐p-Å a-{‐Z-k-b‐m-W‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p--X‐v. A-S‐p-¯ h-À-j‐w-X-s‐
B-d‐m‐w-¢‐m-k‐v B-c‐w-`‐n-s‐¨-¦‐n-e‐p‐w I-S‐p-¯ k‐m-¼-¯‐n-I {‐]-X‐n-k-Ô‐na‐q-e‐w
C-S-b‐v-¡‐p-h-¨‐v \‐n-À-t‐¯-ï‐n-h-‐p ]‐n-‐o-S‐v B-d‐v‐, G-g‐v- -¢‐m-k‐p-
I-Ä B-c‐w-`‐n-¨‐p. Z‐o-À-L-I‐m-e‐w G-g‐m‐w-X-c‐w-h-s‐c X‐p-S-À-‐p. A-X‐n-\‐pt‐i-j‐w
L-«‐w-L-«-a‐m-b‐n 12‐m‐w ¢‐m-k‐p h-s‐c-b‐p-Å l-b-À-s‐k-¡â-d‐n
a-{‐Z-Ê-b‐m-¡‐n a‐m-ä‐p--X‐n-e‐p‐w D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â A-K‐m-[-]-c‐n-{‐i-a-a‐p-ï‐mb‐n-c‐p-‐p.
{‐]-t‐Z-i-¯‐v I-d-ï‐n-Ã‐m-¯ B-Z‐y-I‐m-e-¯‐v s‐]-t‐{‐S‐m-Ä-a‐m-
I-‐v-k‐v D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-¨‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p c‐m-{‐X‐n-I‐m-e-§-f‐n-Â ¢‐m-Ê‐p-I-Ä \-S-¯‐nb‐n-c‐p--X‐v
t‐N-À-I‐p-¯‐v a‐m-\‐p-I‐m-¡‐, \‐m-e‐p-I-ï³ I‐p-ª‐m-¸‐m-¡‐,
s‐]‐m--¡‐m-c³ t‐]‐m-¡-À-¡‐, C-f-§-c-s‐X‐m-S‐n s‐a‐m-b‐v--X‐o³-I‐p-«‐n-I‐m-¡
X‐p-S-§‐n-b-h-c‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p A-‐v a-l-Ã‐v I-½-ä‐n-b‐n-s‐e {‐]-[‐m-\‐n-I-Ä.
k-a-k‐v-X l-b-À-s‐k-¡â-d‐n k‐w-h‐n-[‐m-\‐w s‐I‐m-ï‐p-h- h-À-j‐w-X-s‐
l-b-À-s‐k-¡â-d‐n-h-s‐c-b‐p-Å ¢‐m-Ê‐p-I-Ä B-c‐w-`‐n-¨‐p. ]-¯‐m‐w-¢‐m-k‐vl-b-À-
s‐k-¡-ï-d‐n ¢‐m-k‐p-I-f‐p-s‐S D-Zv--L‐m-S-\‐w D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐v F‐w.S‐n
A-Ð‐p-Ã a‐p-k‐v--e‐n-b‐m-c‐m-W‐v \‐n-À-h-l‐n-¨-X‐v.
`‐u-X‐n-I h‐n-Z‐y‐m-`‐y‐m-k-t‐a-J-e-b‐n-Â F.F-Â.]‐n k-‐v-I‐q-f‐p‐w H-c‐p
A‐w-K-\-h‐m-S‐n-b‐p‐w a-{‐Z-k-t‐b‐m-S‐v t‐N-À-‐p Ø‐n-X‐n-s‐N-¿‐p-‐p. 1932Â
I‐n-g-¡-¯‐v i-¦-c³ \‐m-b-c‐p-s‐S t‐\-X‐r-X‐z-¯‐n-Â I‐p-g-´-d-b‐n-e‐m-b‐nc‐p-‐p
C‐u k-‐v-I‐q-Ä-Ø‐m-]‐n-¨‐n-c‐p--X‐v. F-‐m-Â‐, a‐p-X‐p-I‐p-À-È‐n k-‐v-
I‐q-f‐n-Â-\‐n-‐p‐w h‐y-à-a‐m-b-Z‐q-c-]-c‐n-[‐n C-Ã F--I‐m-c-W-¯‐m-Â.
\‐n-e-h‐n-Â-k‐v-‐v-I‐q-Ä Ø‐n-X‐n-s‐N-b‐p- Ø-e-t‐¯-¡‐v a‐m-ä‐n-b-X‐m-s‐W-‐p
]-d-b-s‐¸-S‐p-‐p. s‐N-d‐p-h‐m-f‐q-À D-k‐v-X‐m-Z-S-¡-a‐p-Å {‐]-t‐Z-i-s‐¯ B-f‐p-
I-Ä {‐]‐m-Y-a‐n-I h‐n-Z‐y‐m-`‐y‐m-k‐w ]‐q-À-¯‐n-b‐m-¡‐n-b-X‐v C‐u k-‐v-I‐q-f‐n-e‐m-W‐v.
P‐p-a‐p-A-¯v
]-Å‐n-b‐p-s‐S B-c‐w-`-h‐p‐w a-l-Ãv
c‐q-]‐o-I-c-W-h‐p‐w
X-s‐â Z‐u-X‐y‐w ]‐q-À-¯‐n-b‐m-¡‐n s‐h-d‐p-s‐X-b‐n-c‐n-¡‐m³ s‐N-d‐p-h‐m-f‐q-À
D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐v X-¿‐m-d‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐n-Ã. A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â Z‐o-À-L-h‐o-£-Wt‐¯‐m-s‐S-b‐p-Å
IT‐n-\-]-c‐n-{‐i-a-¯‐n-s‐â a-s‐ä‐m-c‐p ^-e-a‐m-W‐p a-k‐v-
P‐n-Z‐p-Â ^-e‐m-l‐v F- t‐]-c‐n-Â P‐p-a‐p-A-¯‐v ]-Å‐n B-c‐w-`‐n-¨-X‐v.
a-{‐Z-k-b‐p-s‐S B-c‐w-`‐w a‐p-X-e‐m-W‐v C-h‐n-S‐p-s‐¯ \‐n-k-‐v-I‐m-c-]-Å‐n I‐q-
S‐p-X-Â k-P‐o-h-a‐m-b‐n h-c‐p--X‐v. F¬-]-t‐X‐m-f‐w I‐p-S‐p‐w-_-§-f‐p-Å
{‐]-t‐Z-i-¯‐p-I‐m-À-¡‐p P‐p-a‐p-A-¡‐p‐w a-ä‐p-h‐n-t‐i-j Z‐n-h-k-§-f‐n-e‐p‐w
{‐]‐m-À-°-\-I-Ä-¡‐m-b‐n a-«‐m-b‐n ]-Å‐n-s‐b X-s‐-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p B-{‐ib‐n-¨‐n-c‐p--X‐v.
C-X‐n-s‐\‐m-c‐p ]-c‐n-l‐m-c‐w F--\‐n-e-b‐n-e‐m-W‐v \‐m-«‐n-Â
C-f-§-c-s¯m-Sn
sam-bv-Xo³ Ip«n kmln_v
\o-cm-Wn ap-l-½-Zm-Pn
]-¨o-cn-¡p-¯v
ap-l-½-Zm-en¡
11

IhÀ
F.F-Â.]n kv-Iq-Ä ]m-e-t¯m-Ä
\‐n-c-´-c-a‐m-b a-X-{‐]-`‐mj-W-]-c-¼-c-I-f‐n-e‐qs‐S-b‐p‐w
D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â
a‐p-l‐n-º‐o-§-Ä a‐p-t‐J-\
I‐n-«‐n-b‐n-c‐p- k‐w-`‐mh-\-I-f‐p‐w
X-s‐-b‐mb‐n-c‐p-‐p
]-Å‐n-\‐n-À-a‐m-
W-¯‐n-s‐e I‐m-c‐y-a‐m-b
k‐w-`‐m-h-\-I-Ä. D-k‐v-X‐m-
Z‐n-s‐\ A-d‐n-b‐p- t‐I-cf-¯‐n-s‐e
{‐]-K-Û-c‐m-b
]-Þ‐n-X-·‐m-s‐c-Ã‐m‐w-
X-s‐ a-X-{‐]-`‐m-j-W-
¯‐n-\‐v C-h‐n-s‐S F-¯‐nb‐n-«‐p-@‐v.
X-s‐ H-c‐p ]-Å‐n-b‐m-c‐w-`‐n-¡‐m³ X‐o-c‐p-a‐m-\‐n-¡‐p--X‐v. ]‐n-S‐n-b-c‐n-b‐p‐w
h-c‐n-k‐w-J‐y-b‐p‐w _-¡-ä‐p-]‐n-c‐n-h‐p‐w k‐w-`‐m-h-\-I-f‐p-a‐m-b‐n X‐p-Ñ-a‐m-b
h-c‐p-a‐m-\-a‐p-Å I-½-ä‐n-¡‐v, a-{‐Z-k-b‐p-s‐S s‐s‐Z-\‐w-Z‐n-\ {‐]-h-À-¯-\‐w-
X-s‐ _‐p-²‐n-a‐p-«‐n-e‐m-b‐n-c‐n-¡‐p-- k-a-b-¯‐v h-f-s‐c k‐m-¼-¯‐n-I
{‐]-X‐n-k-Ô‐n D-ï‐m-t‐b-¡‐m-h‐p- H-c‐p ]-²-X‐n F--X‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐p-X-s‐
A-h-s‐c k-½-Ô‐n-¨‐n-S-t‐¯‐m-f‐w h-e‐n-s‐b‐m-c‐p s‐h-Ã‐p-h‐n-f‐n-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p
A-X‐v. A-s‐X-Ã‐m‐w D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â t‐\-X‐r-X‐z-¯‐n-e‐p-Å \‐m-«‐p-I‐m-c‐p-s‐S
IT‐n-\-]-c‐n-{‐i-a-¯‐n-e‐q-s‐S a-d‐n-I-S-‐m-W‐p h-f-s‐c s‐N-d‐n-b k‐u-I-c‐y-
§-t‐f‐m-s‐S 1997Â P‐p-a‐p-A-¯‐p-]-Å‐n-b‐m-c‐w-`‐n-¡‐p--X‐v. A-‐p- h-f-s‐c
]‐m-h-s‐¸-« t‐I-h-e‐w F¬-]-t‐X‐m-f‐w I‐p-S‐p‐w-_-§-Ä a‐m-{‐X-a‐p-s‐Å‐m-c‐p
{‐]-t‐Z-i-¯‐m-W‐v C-X‐m-c‐w-`‐n-¡‐p--X‐v F-‐p a-\-Ê‐n-e‐m-I‐p-t‐¼‐m-g‐m-W‐v
F-{‐X-t‐¯‐m-f‐w _‐p-²‐n-a‐p-«‐v A-‐p-Å-h-À k-l‐n-¨‐n-«‐p-ï‐m-I‐p‐w F-‐v
\‐m‐w a-\-Ê‐n-e‐m-t‐¡-ï-X‐v. A-§-s‐\-b‐m-W‐v ]‐m-e-t‐¯‐m-Ä H-c‐p a-l-
Ã‐m-b‐n ]-c‐n-W-a‐n-¡‐p--X‐v.
\‐n-c-´-c-a‐m-b a-X-{‐]-`‐m-j-W-]-c-¼-c-I-f‐n-e‐q-s‐S-b‐p‐w D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â
a‐p-l‐n-º‐o-§-Ä a‐p-t‐J-\ I‐n-«‐n-b‐n-c‐p- k‐w-`‐m-h-\-I-f‐p‐w X-s‐-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-
‐p ]-Å‐n-\‐n-À-a‐m-W-¯‐n-s‐e I‐m-c‐y-a‐m-b k‐w-`‐m-h-\-I-Ä. D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐\
A-d‐n-b‐p- t‐I-c-f-¯‐n-s‐e {‐]-K-Û-c‐m-b ]-Þ‐n-X-·‐m-s‐c-Ã‐m‐w-X-s‐
a-X-{‐]-`‐m-j-W-¯‐n-\‐v C-h‐n-s‐S F-¯‐n-b‐n-«‐p-ï‐v. \‐n-À-a‐m-W-¯‐n-s‐â
B-Z‐y-L-«‐w ]‐q-À-¯‐n-b‐m-b-t‐¸‐m-Ä \‐m-«‐p-I‐m-s‐c-Ã‐m-h-c‐p‐w-I‐q-S‐n H-c‐p R‐mb-d‐m-g‐v-N
Z‐n-h-k‐w t‐b‐m-K‐w t‐N-c‐p-I-b‐p‐w A-X‐n-\-S‐p-¯ s‐h-Å‐n-b‐m-g‐v-
N-X-s‐ ]-Å‐n-b‐n-Â P‐p-a‐p-A: B-c‐w-`‐n-¡‐m-\‐p-Å X‐o-c‐p-a‐m-\-¯‐n-Â
F-¯‐p-I-b‐p‐w F-Ã‐m-h-c‐p-s‐S-b‐p‐w {‐i-a-Z‐m-\-¯‐n-s‐â ^-e-a‐m-b‐n l‐u-f‐p‐w
a‐n-¼-d‐p‐w A-\‐p-_-Ô k‐u-I-c‐y-§-f‐p‐w H-c‐p-¡‐n-b-X‐v B-t‐h-i-t‐¯‐ms‐S
C-‐p‐w H‐m-À-¡‐p-‐p. \‐m-«‐n-s‐e I‐m-c-W-h-·‐m-À. C.s‐I I‐p-ª‐na‐p-l-½-Z‐v
Z‐m-c‐n-a‐n-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p ]-Å‐n-b‐n-s‐e B-Z‐y-s‐¯ J-¯‐o-_‐v.
C-X‐n-t‐\‐m-S-I‐w-X-s‐ D-k‐v--X‐mZ‐n-s‐â h‐m-¡‐p-I-Ä A-£-c‐w-{‐]-X‐n
A-\‐p-k-c‐n-¡‐m³ \‐m-«‐p-I‐m-À a‐p-t‐‐m-«‐p-h-‐p. k‐m-¼-¯‐n-I-a‐m-b‐n H-c‐p-
]‐m-S‐p \-Â-I‐m³ I-g‐n-b‐n-s‐Ã-¦‐n-e‐p‐w X-§-f‐p-s‐S ]‐q-À-W ]‐n-´‐p-W
a-l-Ã‐p-I‐m-À A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-\‐p \-Â-I‐n B a-l‐m-s‐â ]‐n-d-I‐n-Â F-´‐n-
\‐p‐w ]‐m-d-t‐]‐m-s‐e D-d-¨‐p-\‐n-‐p. X-Â-^-e-a‐m-b‐n a-l-Ã‐v ]‐p-t‐c‐m-K-X‐n-

IhÀ
]-g-b a-{Z-km-sI-«n-Sw 2016 Â s]m-fn¨p
b‐n-Â-\‐n-‐v ]‐p-t‐c‐m-K-X‐n-b‐n-t‐e-¡‐p-b-À-‐p.
2000¯‐n-s‐â B-c‐w-`‐w-a‐p-X-Â K-Ä-^‐v t‐a-J-e-b‐n-t‐e-¡‐p-Å I‐p-S‐nt‐b-ä‐w
h‐y‐m-]-I-a‐m-b-t‐X‐m-s‐S a-l-Ã‐p‐w h-f-À-¨-b‐p-s‐S h-g‐n-b‐n-e‐m-b‐n.
]‐n-‐o-S‐v I‐q-S‐p-X-Â k‐u-I-c‐y-§-t‐f‐m-s‐S ]-Å‐n h‐n-I-k‐n-¸‐n-¨‐p. G-It‐Z-i‐w
4000 k‐v--I‐z-b-À-^‐o-ä‐v h‐n-k‐v-X‐r-X‐n-b‐n-Â h‐n-i‐m-e-a‐m-b ]-Å‐n-b‐p‐w
l‐u-f‐p‐w a-ä‐p-A-\‐p-_-Ô k‐u-I-c‐y-§-f‐p‐w L-«‐w-L-«-a‐m-b‐n \‐n-À-a‐n-¨‐p.
]-Å‐n h‐n-I-k-\-¯‐n-s‐â `‐m-K-a‐m-b‐n ]-Å‐n-t‐b‐m-S‐p t‐N-À-‐p I‐n-S-‐nc‐p-
I‐p-«³ \‐m-b-c‐p-s‐S I‐p-d-¨‐p Ø-e‐w h‐n-e-¡‐p h‐m-§‐n.
\‐q-ä‐m-ï‐p-I-ï a-l‐m-\‐m-b i‐w-k‐p-Â D-e-a-b‐n-Â \‐n-‐p‐w t‐\-c‐n-«‐p
i‐n-£-W‐w e-`‐n-¨ D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â h‐m-¡‐p-I-Ä A-£-c‐w-{‐]-X‐n A-\‐pk-c‐n-¡‐p-
h-e‐n-s‐b‐m-c‐p h‐n-`‐m-K‐w b‐p-h-P-\-§-Ä \m«n h-f-À-‐ph-‐p.
H-¸‐w D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â t‐]-c‐p‐w s‐]-c‐p-a-b‐p‐w ]-e-c‐p‐w A-d‐n-b‐m³
X‐p-S-§‐n. H-‐p-a‐n-Ã‐m-b‐v-a-b‐n-Â-\‐n-‐v ]-e-À-¡‐p‐w a‐m-X‐r-I-b‐m-¡‐m³
I-g‐n-b‐p‐w-h‐n-[‐w C‐u a-l-Ã‐n-s‐\ a‐m-ä‐n-s‐b-S‐p-¡‐p--X‐n-Â A-t‐±-l‐w
I‐m-W‐n-¨ A-k‐m-a‐m-\‐y a‐n-S‐p-¡‐p X-s‐-b‐m-W‐v \‐m-«‐p-I‐m-À-¡‐n-S-b‐n-Â
A-t‐±-l-s‐¯ h‐y-X‐y-k‐v-X-\‐m-¡‐n-b‐n-c‐p--X‐v. I‐m-e-a‐n-{‐X-b‐p‐w \‐m-\‐m-P‐m-X‐n
a-X-h‐n-`‐m-K-§-t‐f‐m-S‐p‐w s‐F-I‐y-t‐¯‐m-s‐S-b‐p‐w k‐u-l‐m-À-±-t‐¯‐m-s‐S-b‐pa‐m-b‐n
k-a-k‐v-X-b‐p-s‐S B-i-b-§-t‐f‐m-S‐p t‐N-À-‐p\‐n-‐p a‐m-{‐X-a‐m-W‐v
a-l-Ã‐v a‐p-t‐‐m-«‐p t‐]‐m-I‐p--X‐v. B-b‐n-c-I-W-¡‐n-\‐p Z‐p-B a-P‐v-e‐n-k‐p-
I-Ä-¡‐p t‐\-X‐r-X‐z‐w s‐I‐m-S‐p-¯‐n-c‐p- s‐N-d‐p-h‐m-f‐q-À D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐p h-^‐m-
¯‐p h-s‐c-b‐p‐w t‐I-c-f-¯‐n-s‐e B-[‐n-I‐m-c‐n-I ]-Þ‐n-X k-`-b‐m-b
k-a-k‐v--X-b‐p-s‐S t‐I-{‐µ a‐p-i‐m-h-d A‐w-K-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p F--X‐p-X-s‐
A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â C‐u a‐n-I-h‐v t‐I-c-f-¯‐n-s‐e ]-Þ‐n-X k-a‐q-l‐w
a-\-Ê‐n-e‐m-¡‐n-b‐n-«‐p-ï‐v F--X‐n-s‐â s‐X-f‐n-h‐m-W‐v.
X‐r-i‐q-À P‐n-Ã-b‐n-s‐e ]‐m-e-¸‐n-Å‐n-¡-S‐p-¯ ]‐p-e‐n-¡-®‐n-b‐n-Â A-t‐±l-¯‐n-s‐â
t‐\-X‐r-X‐z-¯‐n-Â h-f-À-‐p ]-´-e‐n-¨ Z‐m-d‐p-¯-J‐v-h‐m F-
h-e‐n-b t‐I‐m-t‐f-P‐v k-a‐p-¨-b-¯‐n-s‐â A-[‐n-]³ F- t‐]-c‐n-e‐p‐w B-b‐nc-I-W-¡‐n-\‐p
Z‐p-B a-P‐v-e‐n-k‐p-I-Ä-¡‐v t‐\-X‐r-X‐z‐w s‐I‐m-S‐p-¯‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐nc‐p-
a-l‐m³ F- \‐n-e-b‐n-e‐p-a‐m-b‐n-c‐n-¡‐p‐w s‐N-d‐p-h‐m-f‐q-À D-k‐v-X‐ms‐Z
a-l‐m-s‐\ t‐I-c-f-¯‐n-s‐e s‐]‐m-X‐p-k-a‐q-l‐w A-d‐n-b-s‐¸-S‐p--X‐v.
2000¯‐n-s‐â B-c‐w-`‐w-a‐p-
X-Â K-Ä-^‐v t‐a-J-e-b‐nt‐e-¡‐p-Å
I‐p-S‐n-t‐b-ä‐w
h‐y‐m-]-I-a‐m-b-t‐X‐m-s‐S
a-l-Ã‐p‐w h-f-À-¨-b‐p-s‐S
h-g‐n-b‐n-e‐m-b‐n. ]‐n-‐o-S‐v
I‐q-S‐p-X-Â k‐u-I-c‐y-§-
t‐f‐m-s‐S ]-Å‐n h‐n-I-k‐n-
¸‐n-¨‐p. G-I-t‐Z-i‐w 4000
k‐v--I‐z-b-À-^‐o-ä‐v h‐n-k‐v-X‐r-
X‐n-b‐n-Â h‐n-i‐m-e-a‐m-b
]-Å‐n-b‐p‐w l‐u-f‐p‐w a-ä‐p-
A-\‐p-_-Ô k‐u-I-c‐y-
§-f‐p‐w L-«‐w-L-«-a‐m-b‐n
\‐n-À-a‐n-¨‐p.
13

F-‐m-Â‐, B-c‐p-a-d‐n-b-s‐¸-S‐m-X‐n-c‐p- H-c‐p-I‐m-e‐w
a‐p-X-Â I-S‐p-¯ Z‐m-c‐n-{‐Z‐y-s‐¯ A-X‐n-P‐o-h‐n-¨‐v
--s‐X-¡‐p‐w-]‐p-d-s‐a- I‐p-{‐K‐m-a-¯‐n-Â \‐n-‐p‐w
s‐d-b‐n-Â-t‐h ]‐m-f-¯‐n-e‐q-s‐S I‐n-t‐e‐m-a‐o-ä-d‐p-I-Ä
k-©-c‐n-¨‐v--h‐n-h‐n-[ Ø-e-§-f‐n-s‐e ]T-\-¯‐n-
\‐p t‐i-j‐w t‐e‐m-I {‐]-i-k‐v-X ]-Þ‐n-X³
i‐w-k‐p-Â D-e-a-b‐p-s‐S I‐o-g‐n-Â _‐n-c‐p-Z-]T-\‐w
\-S-¯‐n s‐s‐^-k‐n _‐n-c‐p-Z‐w-t‐\-S‐n. i‐w-k‐p-Â-
D-e-a-b‐p-s‐S P‐o-h‐n-X c‐o-X‐n A-t‐X-]-S‐n P‐o-h‐n-
X-¯‐n-Â ]-I-À-¯‐n X‐p-Ñ-a‐m-b i-¼-f-¯‐n-\‐p
X‐r-i‐q-À P‐n-Ã-b‐n-s‐e A-[‐n-I-ad‐n-b-s‐¸-S‐m-¯
H-c‐p {‐K‐m-a-¯‐n-Â t‐P‐m-e‐n s‐N-b‐v-X‐n-c‐p- H-c‐p
I‐p-d‐n-b a-\‐p-j‐y³ A-\-h-[‐n X‐y‐m-K-§-Ä
k-l‐n-¨‐v--X-s‐â \‐m-S‐n-s‐\ Z‐o-\‐o-c‐w-K-s‐¯ F-Ã‐m
k‐u-I-c‐y-§-f‐p‐w t‐\-S‐n-s‐¡‐m-S‐p-¯‐v k-a‐p-Z‐m-b
k‐u-l‐m-À-²‐w I‐m-¯‐p-k‐q-£‐n-¡‐p- H-c‐p-a‐m-
X‐r-I‐m a-l-Ã‐m-¡‐n a‐m-ä‐n-b-X‐n-Â B-c‐p‐w A-d‐nb‐m-¯
h‐n-b-À-¸‐p X‐p-Å‐n-I-f‐p-s‐S-b‐p‐w X‐y‐m-K-
¯‐n-s‐â-b‐p‐w B-ß‐m-À-°X-b‐p-s‐S-b‐p‐w \‐n-c-h-[‐n
I-Y-I-Ä ]-d-b‐m-\‐p-ï‐v. a-l-Ã‐n-s‐e C-X-c a-X-
Ø-t‐c‐m-S‐p h-f-s‐c k‐v-t‐\-l-t‐¯‐m-s‐S-b‐p‐w k‐ul‐m-À-±-t‐¯‐m-s‐S-b‐p‐w
k-l-h-k‐n-¡‐p- H-c‐p
k-a‐q-l-s‐¯
h-f-À-¯‐n-s‐b-S‐p-¡‐p--X‐n-Â
A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â ]-¦‐p h-f-s‐c h-e‐p-X‐m-W‐v.
a-l-Ã‐n-\‐p k‐z-´-a‐m-b‐n
H-c‐p J-_-À-Ø‐m³
]‐p-X‐n-b ]-Å‐n-\‐n-À-a‐m-W-¯‐n-s‐\‐m-¸‐w a-¿-¯‐p-I-Ä
a-d-h‐p-s‐N-¿‐m³ a-l-Ã‐n-s‐â I‐o-g‐n-Â H-c‐p J-_-À-
Ø‐m³ F--X‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â k‐z-]‐v-
\‐w. a-l-Ã‐n-Â H-c‐p a-c-W‐w \-S-‐m-Â I‐n-t‐e‐m-a‐o-äd‐p-I-Ä
\-S-‐p a-Ã‐n-t‐È-c‐n ]-Å‐n-b‐n-t‐e-¡‐v a-¿-¯‐p
s‐I‐m-ï‐p-t‐]‐m-t‐I-ï A-h-Ø-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p A-‐v.
k‐z-´-a‐m-b‐n a-¿-¯‐p I-«‐n-Â h‐m-§‐m-\‐p-Å ]-W‐w
t‐]‐m-e‐p‐w I-s‐ï-¯‐m³ {‐]-b‐m-k-s‐¸-«‐n-c‐p- A-‐v
h‐n-Z‐q-c-¯‐p-Å H-c‐p-]-Å‐n-b‐n-Â \‐n-‐v A-h-À H-g‐n-h‐m-
¡‐n-b‐ a-c‐w-s‐I‐m-ï‐p-ï‐m-¡‐n-b h-f-s‐c `‐m-c-t‐a-d‐n-b
H-c‐p a-¿-¯‐v-I-«‐n-e‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p a‐p-¼‐v D-]-t‐b‐m-K‐n-
¨‐n-c‐p-Xv a-¿‐n-¯‐n-t‐\-¡‐m-Ä F-{‐X-t‐b‐m C-c-«‐n
`‐m-c-a‐p-Å I-«‐n-Â N‐p-a-‐v (\‐n-e-h‐n-s‐e ]-Å‐n-¸-S‐n
]‐m-e-t‐¯‐m-Ä t‐d‐m-U‐v H-‐p‐w h-‐n-«‐n-Ã‐m-¯ I‐me‐w‐)
B-Z‐y‐w s‐d-b‐n-Â ]‐m-f-¯‐n-\‐p a‐p-I-f‐n-e‐q-s‐S-b‐p‐w
]‐n-‐o-S‐v ]‐m-S-h-c-¼‐n-e‐q-s‐S-b‐p-a‐p-Å 4 I‐n-t‐e‐m-a‐oä-t‐d‐m-f‐w
A-X‐n-k‐m-l-k‐n-I b‐m-{‐X \-S-¯‐n-b‐mb‐n-c‐p-‐p
a-¿-¯‐p-I-Ä a-Ã‐n-t‐È-c‐n-b‐n-Â F-¯‐n-
¨‐n-c‐p--X‐v. a-¿-¯‐v a-d-h‐p-s‐N-b‐v-X‐p t‐]‐m-‐m-Â
]‐n-s‐ I‐p-S‐p‐w-_-§-Ä-¡‐v t‐]‐m-e‐p‐w F-t‐¸‐m-g‐p‐w
t‐]‐m-b‐n k‐n-b‐m-d-¯‐p s‐N-¿‐m³-]-ä‐m-¯ A-h-Øb‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p
A-‐v. C-X‐n-\‐p-]-c‐n-l‐m-c‐w I‐m-W‐p-I
F- h-e‐n-b H-c‐p I-S-¼-b‐m-W‐v \‐m-«‐n-Â-X-s‐
H-t‐c-¡-t‐d‐m-f‐w h-c‐p- Ø-e‐w I-s‐ï-¯‐n-h‐m-
§‐m³ X‐o-c‐p-a‐m-\‐n-¨-X‐n-e‐q-s‐S ]-c‐n-l-c‐n-¡-s‐¸-«-X‐v.
(\‐n-e-h‐n-s‐e a-¿-¯‐p I-«‐n-Â ]‐n-‐o-S‐v J-¯-d‐n-e‐pï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-
{‐]-h‐m-k‐n-I-f‐p-s‐S k‐w-`‐m-h-\-b‐m-W‐v‐)

Ø-e-¯‐n-\‐p A-U‐z‐m³-k‐v s‐I‐m-S‐p-¡‐m³
\‐n-Ý-b‐n-¨ X‐n-¿-X‐n-b‐p-s‐S X-t‐e-Z‐n-h-k‐w I‐m-i‐ns‐â
I‐p-d-h‐p h--t‐¸‐m-Ä X-s‐â a‐p-l‐n-º‐o-§-s‐f-
I-ï‐v I‐p-d-¨‐p ]-W‐w k‐w-L-S‐n-¸‐n-¨‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐p
s‐s‐h-I‐p-t‐-c‐w X‐m³ t‐P‐m-e‐n-s‐N-¿‐p- X‐r-È‐qc‐n-s‐e
s‐N-d‐p-h‐m-f‐q-c‐n-Â \‐n-‐p‐w h-c‐p-t‐¼‐m-Ä
h‐m-l-\‐w I‐n-«‐m-¯-X‐n-s‐â t‐]-c‐n-Â H-c‐p c‐m-{‐X‐n
h-g‐n-b‐n-Â-I-ï H-c‐p ]-Å‐n-b‐n-Â A-´‐n-b‐p-dt‐§-ï‐n-h-‐p.
X-s‐â A-c-b‐n-Â \‐n-d-s‐b I‐mi‐p-a‐m-b‐n
H-c‐p-c‐m-{‐X‐n F-§-s‐\-s‐b‐m-s‐¡-t‐b‐m
X-Å‐n-\‐o-¡‐n. X-s‐â k‐p-c-£‐n-X-X‐z-t‐¯-¡‐m-Ä
I‐r-X‐y-k-a-b-¯‐p X-s‐ \‐m-«‐n-s‐e-¯‐m³
I-g‐n-b‐p-t‐a‐m F- B-[‐n-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p a-l‐m-
\-h-d‐p-I-s‐f A-e-«‐n-b‐n-c‐p--X‐v. A-X‐n-c‐m-h‐ne-s‐¯
_-k‐n-Â \‐m-«‐n-t‐e-¡‐p-b‐m-{‐X-X‐n-c‐n-¨‐p
]-d-ª‐p-d-¸‐n-¨ k-a-b-¯‐p X-s‐ C-S]‐m-S‐p
\-S-¯‐m³ A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-\‐m-b‐n. C-s‐X‐m-‐p‐w
k‐z-´‐w a-¡-Ä-t‐¡‐m I‐p-S‐p‐w-_-¯‐n-t‐\‐m t‐hï‐n-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐n-Ã
F-t‐‐m-À-¡‐p-t‐¼‐m-g‐m-W‐v
A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â B-ß‐m-À-° F-{‐X-t‐¯‐m-fa‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p
F-‐p \‐m‐w a-\-Ê‐n-e‐m-¡‐p--X‐v.
G-s‐d I-S-¼-I-Ä-I-S-‐v A-[‐n-I‐m-c‐n-I-f‐p-s‐S
t‐c-J-I-s‐f-Ã‐m‐w i-c‐n-b‐m-¡‐n 2006e‐m-W‐p a-¿-
¯‐p a-d-h‐p s‐N-¿‐m-\‐p-Å A-\‐p-a-X‐n e-`‐n-¨-X‐v.
A--s‐¯ a-l-Ã‐v {‐]-k‐n-Uâ‐p‐w D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â
t‐P‐y-ã-\‐p-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p- s‐]‐m-‐m-¡‐m-c³ t‐]‐m-¡-
À-¡-b‐p-s‐S a-¿‐n-¯‐m-W‐v --B-Z‐y-a‐m-b‐n C‐u J-_-
À-Ø‐m-\‐n-Â a-d-h‐p-s‐N-b‐v-X-X‐v. \‐o-ï-I‐m-e‐w
a-l-Ã‐n-\‐p t‐h-ï‐n t‐k-h-\‐w s‐N-b‐v-X h‐y-à‐n
F--X‐p--s‐I‐m-ï‐p‐w D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â t‐P‐y-j‐vT³
F--X‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐p‐w X-s‐-b‐m-h-W‐w B \‐n-a‐n-
¯‐w A-t‐±-l-s‐¯ t‐X-S‐n-s‐b-¯‐n-b-X.‐v
{‐]‐m-h‐m-k‐n I‐q-«‐m-b‐v-a-b‐p-s‐S X‐p-S-¡‐w
{‐]-h‐m-k‐n-I-t‐f‐m-Sv h-e‐n-b k‐v-t‐\-l-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-
D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â {‐]‐m-À-°-\-I-f‐n-s‐e-t‐¸‐m-g‐p‐w A-hs‐c-b‐p‐w
D-Ä-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐p-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. a-l-Ã‐n-s‐â
]‐p-t‐c‐m-K-X‐n-b‐n-e‐p‐w s‐s‐Z-\‐w-Z‐n-\ I‐m-c‐y-§-f‐n-e‐p‐w
{‐]-h‐m-k‐n-I-Ä-I‐q-S‐n ]-¦‐m-f‐n-I-f‐m-h-W‐w F- \‐n-À-
_-Ô‐w A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-\‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. A-X‐n-s‐â
A-S‐n-Ø‐m-\-¯‐n-e‐m-W‐v 2015Â a-l-Ã‐n-Â-\‐n-‐p‐w
h‐n-t‐Z-i-c‐m-P‐y-§-f‐n-Â t‐P‐m-e‐n-s‐N-¿‐p- {‐]-h‐m-k‐n-
I-s‐f D-Ä-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐n \-h-a‐m-[‐y-a-§-f‐p-s‐S k-l‐mb-t‐¯‐m-s‐S
D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â B-i‐o-À-h‐m-Z-t‐¯‐m-s‐S
‘_-l‐v-P-¯‐p-Â C-k‐v-e‐m‐w’ F- a-l-Ã‐n-s‐â {‐]-h‐mk‐n
k‐w-L-S-\ c‐q-]‐o-I-c‐n-¡‐p-Xv‐. a-l-Ã‐n-s‐â-]‐pt‐c‐m-K-X‐n-b‐n-e‐p‐w
{‐]-h‐m-k‐n-I-f‐p-s‐S {‐]-i‐v-\-§-f‐ne‐p‐w
H-c‐p s‐s‐I-¯‐m-§‐m-I‐p-I-b‐p‐w H-¸‐w \‐m-«‐n-s‐e
\‐n-À-[-\-c‐m-b B-f‐p-I-f‐p-s‐S {‐]-i‐v-\-§-Ä-¡‐v X-§-
s‐f-s‐I‐m-ï‐v I-g‐n-b‐p‐w-h‐n-[‐w k-l‐m-b-s‐a-¯‐n-¡‐p-I
F--e-£‐y-t‐¯‐m-S‐p-I‐q-s‐S-b‐p‐w B-c‐w-`‐n-¨ C‐u
k‐w-L-S-\ C-X‐n-t‐\‐m-S-I‐w X-s‐ \‐n-c-h-[‐n P‐o-h-
I‐m-c‐p-W‐y {‐]-h-À-¯-§-f‐p‐w h‐n-Z‐y‐m-À-°‐n-I-Ä-¡‐mh-i‐y-a‐m-b
]‐mT-]‐p-k‐v-X-I-h‐n-X-c-W-h‐p‐w a-l-Ã‐n-s‐â
15

X‐p-S-¡-¯‐n-Â ]-Å‐nb‐n-Â
F-Ã‐m a‐m-k-h‐p‐w
J‐p-X‐p-_‐n-¿-¯‐v \-S-‐nc‐p-‐p.
\‐n-e-h‐n-Â a-l-Ã‐v
J-X‐z‐o-_‐m-b A-k‐o-k‐v
s‐s‐^-k‐n-b‐p-s‐S t‐\-X‐r-
X‐z-¯‐n-Â a‐m-k‐m-´ a-P‐ve‐n-k‐p-‐q-d‐p‐w
d-_‐o-D-Â
A-Æ-Â a‐m-k‐w-s‐X‐m-«‐v
\‐m-Â-¸-X‐p Z‐n-h-k-h‐p‐w
a‐u-e‐n-Z‐v ]‐m-c‐m-b-W-h‐p‐w
\-S-¡‐p-‐p-@‐v.
alÃv J-Xzo-_v A-ko-kv ss^-kn-bp-sS IqsS
\‐n-À-a‐m-W {‐]-h-À-¯-\-§-f‐n-e‐p‐w a-l-Ã‐n-s‐â s‐s‐Z-\‐w-Z‐n-\ I‐m-c‐y-§-f‐n-e‐p‐w
\-_‐n-Z‐n-\‐m-t‐L‐m-j-§-f‐n-e‐p‐w X-§-f‐p-s‐S k‐m-‐n-[‐y-a-d‐n-b‐n-¡‐p-‐p-ï‐v.
B-ß‐o-b h-g‐n-b‐n-Â {‐]‐u-V‐n-t‐b‐m-s‐S
X‐p-S-¡-¯‐n-Â ]-Å‐n-b‐n-Â F-Ã‐m a‐m-k-h‐p‐w J‐p-X‐p-_‐n-¿-¯‐v \-S-‐n-c‐p-‐p.
\‐n-e-h‐n-Â a-l-Ã‐v J-X‐z‐o-_‐m-b A-k‐o-k‐v s‐s‐^-k‐n-b‐p-s‐S t‐\-X‐r-X‐z-¯‐n-Â
a‐m-k‐m-´ a-P‐v-e‐n-k‐p-‐q-d‐p‐w d-_‐o-D-Â A-Æ-Â a‐m-k‐w-s‐X‐m-«‐v \‐m-Â-¸-X‐p
Z‐n-h-k-h‐p‐w a‐u-e‐n-Z‐v ]‐m-c‐m-b-W-h‐p‐w \-S-¡‐p-‐p-ï‐v. a-P‐v-e‐n-k‐p-‐q-d‐n-Â
]-s‐¦-S‐p-¯ ]-e-À-¡‐p‐w A-h-c‐p-s‐S \‐o-d‐p- {‐]-i‐v-\-§-Ä-¡‐v ]-c‐n-l‐m-c-a‐pï‐m-b‐n-«‐p-ï‐v.
k-´‐m-\ k‐u-`‐m-K‐y-a‐n-Ã‐m-X‐n-c‐p- Z-¼-X‐n-I-Ä-¡‐v k-´‐m-\
k‐u-`‐m-K‐y-a‐p-ï‐m-b-X‐m-b‐p‐w A-\‐p-`-h-Ø-À k‐m-£‐y-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐p-‐p. ]-e-t‐¸‐mg‐p‐w
s‐N-d‐p-h‐m-f‐q-À D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p C-X‐n-Â {‐]‐m-À-Y-\-I-Ä-¡‐v t‐\-X‐r-
X‐z‐w s‐I‐m-S‐p-¯‐n-c‐p--X‐v. s‐N-d‐p-h‐m-f‐q-À D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â {‐]-t‐X‐y-I-X‐m-Â-]-c‐y
{‐]-I‐m-c‐w J-X‐z‐o-_‐m-b‐n t‐k-h-\‐w X‐p-S-§‐n-b A-k‐o-k‐v s‐s‐^-k‐n I-g‐n-ª
8 h-À-j-a‐m-b‐n a-l-Ã‐n-Â t‐k-h-\‐w s‐N-¿‐p-‐p. B-ß‐o-b c‐w-K-¯‐v F-Ã‐m
s‐s‐N-X-\‐y-t‐¯‐m-s‐S-b‐p-a‐m-W‐v C-‐v a-l-Ã‐v a‐p-t‐‐m-«‐p t‐]‐m-b‐n-s‐I‐m-ï‐n-c‐n-
¡‐p--X‐v.
]m-e-t¯m-Ä ]mSw

F.]n ap-l½-Zv ap-kven-bm-À Ipa-cw]p-¯q-À, sI. B-en-¡p-«n ap-kvenbmÀ,
tIm-«p-a-e sam-bv-Xo³ Ip-«n ap-kven-bm-À Xp-S-§n-b-h-cp-sS IqsS
a-{‐Z-k-b‐n-Â A-[‐y‐m-]-I-c‐m-b‐n-h- ]-e-À-¡‐p‐w \‐m-S‐p-a‐m-b‐n C-g-]‐nc‐n-b‐m-¯
_-Ô‐w D-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p s‐a‐m-b‐v--X‐o³ a‐p-k‐v--e‐n-b‐m-À. i-c‐o-^‐v
D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐v. A-_‐q-_-I‐v-À Z‐m-c‐n-a‐n. D-a-À s‐s‐^-k‐n \‐n-e-h‐n-s‐e D-k‐v-
X‐m-Z‐v A-k‐o-k‐v s‐s‐^-k‐n X‐p-S-§‐n-b-h-À A-X‐n-Â {‐]-[‐m-\‐n-I-f‐m-
W‐v. H-«-\-h-[‐n C-k‐v--e‐m-a‐n-I k‐m-l-X‐y a-Õ-c-§-f‐n-e‐p‐w a-{‐Z-k-s‐b
{‐]-[‐n-\‐n-[‐o-I-c‐n-¨‐p \‐n-c-h-[‐n h‐n-Z‐y‐m-À-°‐n-I-Ä a‐n-I-h‐p-s‐X-f‐n-b‐n-¨‐n-«‐pï‐v.
2016s‐e k-a-k‐v-X 7‐m‐w ¢‐m-Ê‐v s‐]‐m-X‐p ]-c‐o-£-b‐n-Â C-f-§-cs‐X‐m-S‐n
_‐m-k‐n-a F- h‐n-Z‐y‐m-À-°‐n-\‐n 7‐m‐w d‐m-¦‐n-\-À-l-a‐m-b‐n. C-t‐X
h-À-j‐w X-s‐ k-a-k‐v-X 10‐m‐w ¢‐m-Ê‐v s‐]‐m-X‐p ]-c‐o-£-t‐b‐m-s‐S‐m-¸‐w
F-k‐v.F-k‐v.F-Â.k‐n ]-c‐o-£-b‐p-s‐a-g‐p-X‐n a‐p-g‐p-h³ h‐n-j-b-§-f‐n-e‐p‐w
A+ t‐\-«‐w s‐I‐m-b‐v-X t‐N-À-¡‐p-¯‐v P‐p-a‐m-\ F- h‐n-Z‐y‐m-À-°‐n-\‐n \‐m-S‐ns‐â
A-`‐n-a‐m-\-a‐m-b‐n a‐m-d‐n. a-{‐Z-k‐m-]T-\‐w `‐u-X‐n-I ]T-\-¯‐n-\‐v H-c‐p
X-S-Ê-h‐p-a-s‐Ã-‐v s‐X-f‐n-b‐n-¡‐p--X‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p C‐u h‐n-P-b‐w. 2017Â
\-S- k-a-k‐v-X A-©‐m‐w-X-c‐w s‐]‐m-X‐p-]-c‐o-£-b‐n-Â C-f-§-c-s‐X‐m-S‐n
a‐p-l-½-Z‐v k‐n-\‐m³ A-©‐m‐w-d‐m-¦‐p‐w I-c-Ø-a‐m-¡‐n-b‐n-«‐p-ï‐v. a-{‐Z-kb‐p-s‐S
B-c‐w-`-I‐m-e-§-f‐n-Â b‐q-k-^‐v a‐u-e-h‐n-b‐p-s‐S t‐\-X‐r-X‐z-¯‐n-Â
s‐d-b‐v-©‐p-X-e C-k‐v-e‐m-a‐n-I I-e‐m a-Õ-c-§-f‐n-Â a‐n-I‐¨ t‐\-«-h‐p‐w
a-{‐Z-k-b‐n-Â
A-[‐y‐m-]-I-c‐m-b‐n-h-
]-e-À-¡‐p‐w \‐m-S‐p-a‐mb‐n
C-g-]‐n-c‐n-b‐m-¯
_-Ô‐w D@‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p
s‐a‐m-b‐v--X‐o³ a‐p-k‐v--e‐nb‐m-À.
i-c‐o-^‐v D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐v.
A-_‐q-_-I‐v-À Z‐m-c‐n-a‐n.
D-a-À s‐s‐^-k‐n \‐n-e-h‐ns‐e
D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐v A-k‐o-k‐v
s‐s‐^-k‐n X‐p-S-§‐n-b-h-À
A-X‐n-Â {‐]-[‐m-\‐n-I-f‐m-
W‐v H-«-\-h-[‐n C-k‐v--e‐ma‐n-I
k‐m-l-X‐y a-Õ-c-
§-f‐n-e‐p‐w a-{‐Z-k-s‐b
{‐]-[‐n-\‐n-[‐o-I-c‐n-¨‐p \‐n-c-h-
[‐n h‐n-Z‐y‐m-À-°‐n-I-Ä a‐n-Ih‐p-s‐X-f‐n-b‐n-¨‐n-«‐p-@‐v.
17

]T\w
\‐m-«‐p-I‐m-À-¡-t‐±-l‐w"s‐s‐l-Z-À-k‐v t‐a‐m-e‐y‐m-c‐v’ B-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. C-Sa-X-h‐n-Z‐y-`‐y‐m-k
t‐a-J-eb‐n-e‐p‐w
D--X \‐n-e-h‐m-ca‐p-Å
¢‐m-Ê‐v a‐p-d‐n-I-f‐p‐w
B-[‐p-\‐n-I k‐u-I-c‐y-§-
f‐p‐w s‐I‐m-@p-h-c-W-s‐a-
‐v D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-\‐p h-e‐n-b
\‐n-À-_-Ô-a‐p-@‐m-b‐n-c‐p-
‐p.
tIm-«p-a-e _m-¸p-ap-kven-bm-cp-sS IqsS
2004Â D-a-À-s‐s‐^-k‐n-b‐p-s‐S t‐\-X‐r-X‐z-¯‐n-Â anI-¨ ap-t-ähpw t\
Sn. a-{‐Z-k-b‐p-s‐S X‐p-S-¡‐w a‐p-X-Â ]‐q-À-h h‐n-Z‐y‐m-À-°‐n-I-f‐p-s‐S k-l‐m-bt‐¯‐m-s‐S-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p
\-_‐n-Z‐n-\ ]-c‐n-]‐m-S‐n-I-f‐p‐w a-ä‐p a-X-{‐]-`‐m-j-W
]-c-¼-c-I-f‐p-s‐a-Ã‐m‐w k‐w-L-S‐n-¸‐n-¨‐n-c‐p--X‐v.
a-X-h‐n-Z‐y-`‐y‐m-k t‐a-J-e-b‐n-e‐p‐w D--X \‐n-e-h‐m-c-a‐p-Å ¢‐m-Ê‐v
a‐p-d‐n-I-f‐p‐w B-[‐p-\‐n-I k‐u-I-c‐y-§-f‐p‐w s‐I‐m-ï‐p-h-c-W-s‐a-‐v D-k‐v-
X‐m-Z‐n-\‐p h-e‐n-b \‐n-À-_-Ô-a‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. F-‐p‐w h‐n-Z‐y‐m-`‐y‐m-k
t‐a-J-e-¡‐v D‐u--Â \-Â-I‐n-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â {‐]-h-À-¯-
\-§-Ä A-X‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐p-X-s‐ a-X-h‐n-Z‐y‐m-`‐y‐m-k t‐a-J-e-b‐n-Â \‐q-X-
\-a‐m-b k‐u-I-c‐y-§-Ä X-s‐â \‐m-«‐n-e‐p‐w s‐I‐m-ï‐p h-c-W-s‐a--X‐v
A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â h-e‐n-b B-{‐K-l-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. A-X‐p-{‐]-I‐m-c‐w 2016
 30 h-À-j-t‐¯‐m-f‐w ]-g-¡-a‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p- a-{‐Z-k‐m-s‐I-«‐n-S‐w s‐]‐mf‐n-¨‐p
a‐m-ä‐n. ]-I-c‐w B-[‐p-\‐n-I k‐u-I-c‐y-§-t‐f‐m-s‐S h‐n-i‐m-e-a‐m-b
s‐I-«‐n-S‐w \‐n-À-a‐n-¡‐m³ X‐o-c‐p-a‐m-\‐n-¡‐p-I-b‐p‐w s‐N-b‐v-X‐p.
s‐s‐i-J‐p-\‐m-b‐p-s‐S h-^‐m-¯‐v
]‐p-X‐n-b a-{‐Z-k‐m s‐I-«‐n-S-¯‐n-s‐â i‐n-e‐m-Ø‐m-]-\‐w 2016 s‐k-]‐v-X‐w-_-À-À 26
\‐v B-Z-c-W‐o-b-\‐m-b ]‐m-W-¡‐m-S‐v k-¿‐n-Z‐v kzm-Z‐n-J-e‐n i‐n-l‐m-_‐v X-§-Ä
\‐n-À-h-l‐n-¨‐p. s‐N-d‐p-h‐m-f‐q-À D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐p‐w \‐m-«‐n-s‐e-b‐p‐w a-d‐p-\‐m-«‐n-s‐e-b‐p‐w
{‐]-a‐p-J h‐y-à‐n-X‐z-§-fpw N-S-§‐n-Â k‐w-_-Ô‐n-¨‐p. C‐u a-{‐Z-k-s‐I-«‐n-S-
¯‐n-s‐â C-X‐p h-s‐c-Å s‐N-e-h‐n-s‐â h-e‐n-s‐b‐m-c‐p ]-¦‐p‐w D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â
k‐w-`‐m-h-\-b‐m-W‐v. 80 i-X-a‐m-\‐w \‐n-À-a‐m-W‐w ]‐q-À-¯‐n-b‐m-b s‐I-«‐n-S-¯‐n-s‐â
]-W‐n-I-Ä A-X‐n-t‐h-K‐w ]‐p-t‐c‐m-K-a‐n-¨‐p s‐I‐m-ï‐n-c‐n-¡‐p--X‐n-\‐n-S-b‐n-e‐m-W‐v
s‐k-]‐v-X‐w-_-À 8 (a‐p-l-À-d‐w 7) s‐â X-W‐p-¯ {‐]-`‐m-X-¯‐n-Â k-a-b‐w 4:17\‐p
I‐m-«‐p-X‐o t‐]‐m-s‐e B h‐m-À-¯ ]-c--X‐v. \‐m-S‐n-\‐v B-ß‐o-b k‐u-c-`‐y‐w
]-c-¯‐n t‐\-X‐r-c‐w-K-¯‐v X‐n-f-§‐n-\‐n- k‐q-c‐y-t‐X-P-k‐v A-Ã‐m-l‐p-h‐n-t‐e-
¡‐p b‐m-{‐X-b‐m-b‐n-c‐n-¡‐p-‐p. B h‐n-t‐b‐m-K h‐m-À-¯-t‐I-«‐v t‐I-c-f-¯‐n-s‐e
h‐n-i‐z‐m-k‐n-I-Ä-¡‐p‐w t‐\-X‐m-¡-Ä-¡‐p-s‐a‐m-¸‐w s‐X-¡‐p‐w-]‐p-d-s‐¯ H‐m-t‐c‐m
I‐p-S‐n-e‐p-I-f‐p‐w t‐X-§‐n. A-k‐v--d‐m-C‐u-Â h-‐p-h‐n-f‐n-¨-t‐¸‐m-Ä ]‐p-©‐n-c‐n-¨‐ps‐I‐m-ï‐p
b‐m-{‐X-b‐m-b a-l‐m-\-h-d‐p-I-f‐p-s‐S P-\‐m-k I‐m-W‐m³ Z‐q-s‐c-Z‐n-
¡‐n-Â \‐n-‐p-Å-h-À-h-s‐c ]‐m-e-t‐¯‐m-Ä s‐X-¡‐p‐w-]‐p-d‐w F- s‐I‐m-¨‐p
{‐K‐m-a-¯‐n-t‐e-s‐¡‐m-g‐p-I‐n.

IhnX
Imfn-Im-hv hm-^n ]n.Pn Im¼knÂ
b‐v-¡‐p a-{‐Z-k-b‐n-Â h-‐p h‐n-Z‐y‐m-À-°‐n-I-t‐f‐m-S‐v I‐p-i‐m-e‐m-t‐\‐z-j-W‐w
\-S-¯‐n-b‐p‐w h‐o-«‐n-t‐e-t‐¡‐m ]-Å‐n-b‐n-t‐e-t‐¡‐m h‐n-f‐n-¸‐n-¨‐p. \‐m-«‐n-s‐e
b‐p-h‐m-¡-Ä-¡‐v Z‐o-\‐n-s‐\-]-ä‐n-b‐p‐w a-l-Ã‐n-s‐\-]-ä‐n-b‐p‐w ¢‐m-k‐p-I-Ä F-S‐p-
¯‐p-X-c‐p- D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐v F-‐p‐w-\‐m-«‐p-I‐m-c‐p-s‐S K‐p-c‐p-\‐m-Y-\‐p‐w h-g‐n-I‐m-
«‐n-b‐p-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p.
a‐m-k-¯‐n-Â N‐n-e Z‐n-h-k-§-f‐n-Â \‐m-«‐n-Â h-‐n-c‐p- D-k‐v-X‐m-
Z‐n-\‐p G-ä-h‐p‐w C-ã‐v-S-a‐p-Å-I‐m-c‐y‐w \‐m-«‐n-s‐e ]‐p-X‐p-X-e-a‐p-d-t‐b‐m-S‐p‐w
\‐m-«‐p-I‐m-t‐c‐m-S‐p‐w a-l-Ã‐n-s‐â ]‐p-t‐c‐m-K-X‐n-s‐b-]-ä‐n-b‐p‐w s‐F-I‐y-s‐¯-]-
ä‐n-b‐p‐w \‐n-c-´-c‐w k‐w-h-Z‐n-¡‐p-I F--X‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐p-a‐m-b‐n
_-Ô-s‐¸-«-h-À-s‐¡-Ã‐m‐w A-t‐±-l-s‐¯ H-c‐n-¡-e‐p‐w a-d-¡‐m-\‐m-h‐p-a‐mb‐n-c‐p-‐n-Ã.
X-s‐-t‐X-S‐n-s‐b-¯‐n-b B-b‐n-c-§-Ä-¡‐v A-h-c-h-c‐p-s‐S
\‐o-d‐p- {‐]-i‐v-\-§-Ä-¡‐v A-h‐n-S‐p-s‐¯ B-i‐z‐m-k-h‐m-¡‐p-I-Ä a‐m-{‐X‐w
a-X‐n-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. \-S-¯-¯‐n-e‐p‐w `‐m-h-¯‐n-e‐p‐w k‐w-k‐m-c-¯‐n-e‐p-s‐a-
Ã‐m‐w h‐n-\-b-¯‐n-s‐â B-Ä-c‐q-]-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p A-t‐±-l‐w. A-X‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐p-
X-s‐‐, s‐I‐m-¨‐p-I‐p-«‐n-I-Ä a‐p-X-Â a‐p-X‐n-À--h-À h-s‐c A-t‐±-l-s‐¯
B-Z-c‐n-¡‐p-I-b‐p‐w _-l‐p-a‐m-\‐n-¡‐p-I-b‐p‐w s‐N-b‐v-X‐n-c‐p-‐p. a-l-Ã‐n-s‐â
i‐n-Â-]‐n-b‐p‐w I‐m-c‐y-Z-À-i‐n-b‐p‐w h-g‐n-I‐m-«‐n-b‐p‐w A-t‐±-l-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. A-X‐ps‐I‐m-ï‐p-X-s‐‐,
a-l-Ã‐p c‐q-]‐o-I-c‐n-¨ A-‐p a‐p-X-Â A-h‐n-S‐p-s‐¯ X‐oc‐p-a‐m-\-§-Ä-¡-¸‐p-d‐w
H-c‐p X‐o-c‐p-a‐m-\-h‐p‐w a-l-Ã‐v I-½-ä‐n F-S‐p-¯‐n-«‐n-Ã.
a-l-Ã‐v {‐]-k‐n-Uâ‐m-b D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â H-g‐n-h‐p-I-Ä-¡-\‐p-k-c‐n-¨‐mb‐n-c‐p-‐p
\‐m-«‐n-Â I-½-ä‐n-b‐p‐w P-\-d-Â t‐_‐m-U‐n-b‐p‐w a-ä‐p {‐]-[‐m-\
]-c‐n-]‐m-S‐n-I-f‐p-s‐a-Ã‐m‐w B-k‐q-{‐X-W‐w s‐N-b‐v-X‐n-c‐p--X‐v. D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â
X‐o-c‐p-a‐m-\-§-Ä A-£-c‐w-{‐]-X‐n A-\‐p-k-c‐n-¡‐p- \‐m-«‐p-I‐m-À-¡‐v H-c‐n-
¡-e‐p‐w A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â X‐o-c‐p-a‐m-\-§-f‐n-Â H-c‐n-¡-Â-t‐]‐m-e‐p‐w h‐n-t‐b‐m-
P‐n-¸‐v t‐X‐m-‐n-b‐n-«‐n-Ã. \‐m-«‐n-s‐e b‐p-h‐m-¡-t‐f‐m-S‐p‐w -{‐]-h‐m-k‐n-I-t‐f‐m-S‐p‐w
h-Ã‐m-s‐¯‐m-c‐p C-ã‐v-S-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-‐m-«‐n-s‐e \‐m-\‐m-P‐m-X‐n
a-X-Ø-À-¡‐p‐w \‐m-S‐n-\‐p‐w t‐h-ï‐n F-t‐¸‐m-g‐p‐w {‐]‐m-À-°‐n-¡‐p-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p.
s‐N-d‐p-¸-I‐m-e-¯‐v \‐m-«‐n-Â a-X-{‐]-`‐m-j-W-§-Ä D-ï‐m-I‐p-t‐¼‐m-Ä ]-e-
A-a‐p-k‐v-e‐n‐w k-t‐l‐m-Z-c-§-f‐p‐w A-X‐n-t‐e-¡‐p k‐w-`‐m-h-\ \-Â-I‐p-a‐mb‐n-c‐p-‐p.
F-t‐¸‐m-g‐p‐w D-k‐v-X‐m-X‐n-s‐â {‐]‐m-À-°-\-I-f‐n-Â A-h-s‐c‐m-s‐¡
C-S‐w-t‐\-S‐n-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. C-X-c-a-X-Ø-c‐m-b B-f‐p-I-t‐f‐m-S‐v F-t‐¸‐m-g‐p‐w
s‐F-I‐y-t‐¯‐m-s‐S h-À-¯‐n-¡-W-s‐a-‐p‐w A-h-À-t‐¡‐p t‐h-ï k-l‐m-
\‐m-«‐p-I‐m-À-¡-t‐±-l‐w
"s‐s‐l-Z-À-k‐v t‐a‐m-e‐y‐m-c‐v '
B-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. C-S-b‐v-¡‐p
a-{‐Z-k-b‐n-Â h-‐p h‐n-Z‐y‐m-
À-°‐n-I-t‐f‐m-S‐v I‐p-i‐m-e‐mt‐\‐z-j-W‐w
\-S-¯‐n-b‐p‐w
h‐o-«‐n-t‐e-t‐¡‐m ]-Å‐nb‐n-t‐e-t‐¡‐m
h‐n-f‐n-¸‐n-¨v
\‐m-«‐n-s‐e b‐p-h‐m-¡-Ä-¡‐v
Z‐o-\‐n-s‐\-]-ä‐n-b‐p‐w a-l-
Ã‐n-s‐\-]-ä‐n-b‐p‐w ¢‐m-k‐p-
I-Ä F-S‐p-¯‐p-X-c‐p-
D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐v F-‐p‐w-\‐m-«‐p-
I‐m-c‐p-s‐S K‐p-c‐p-\‐m-Y-\‐p‐w
h-g‐n-I‐m-«‐n-b‐p-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p.
aZo-\-bn-Â
k-akv-X {]-kn-Uân-t\m-sSm¸w
19

ssl-Zc-en in-lm-_v X-§-tfm-sSm¸w
b-§-Ä s‐N-b‐v-X‐p-s‐I‐m-S‐p-¡-W-s‐a-‐p‐w k‐v-t‐\-l-t‐¯‐m-s‐S s‐]-c‐p-a‐m-d-
W-s‐a-‐p‐w F-t‐¸‐m-g‐p‐w \‐m-«‐p-I‐m-s‐c H‐m-À-a-s‐¸-S‐p-¯‐n-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. A-X‐ps‐I‐m-ï‐m-I-W‐w
D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â h‐n-t‐b‐m-K h‐m-À-¯-b‐n-Â A-h-s‐c‐m-s‐¡
k-¦-S-s‐¸-«‐n-c‐p--X‐v.
D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐v \‐m-«‐n-s‐e-¯‐n-b‐m-Â ]‐n-s‐ h‐o-«‐n-t‐e-¡‐p B-f‐p-I-f‐p-s‐S
{‐]-h‐m-l-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. h‐o-«‐n-Â-\‐n-‐p‐w ]-Å‐n-b‐n-t‐e-¡‐v X-s‐-s‐I‐m-ï‐p-
I-g‐n-b‐p- I‐m-e-a-{‐X-b‐p‐w \-S-‐p-X-s‐ h-c‐m³ D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐v {‐i-a‐n-¨‐n-c‐p-
‐p. A-h-k‐m-\ k-a-b-¯‐p-a‐m-{‐X-a‐m-W‐v I‐m-d‐n-Â h-‐n-c‐p--X‐v. I‐q-s‐S‐,
F-t‐¸‐m-g‐p‐w B-s‐c-¦‐n-e‐p-s‐a‐m-s‐¡ D-ï‐m-I‐p‐w. h-g‐n-b‐n-Â I‐m-W‐p--ht‐c‐m-s‐S-Ã‐m‐w
I‐p-i-e‐m-t‐\‐z-j-W‐w \-S-¯‐n-b‐p-Å h-c-h‐n-Â D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐\
I‐m-W‐p- \‐m-\‐m-P‐m-X‐n-a-X-Ø-c‐p‐w F-g‐p-t‐\-ä‐p-\‐n-‐p‐w X‐p-W‐n-a-S‐n-I‐p-
¯-g‐n-¨‐p‐w B-Z-c-h‐v {‐]-I-S‐n-¸‐n-¡‐p-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. t‐a‐m-t‐\...F- h‐m-
Õ-e‐y-t‐¯‐m-s‐S-b‐p-Å h‐n-f‐n-t‐I-Ä-¡‐m-¯-h-c‐m-b‐n s‐X-¡‐p‐w-]‐p-d-¯‐v
B-c‐p-a‐p-ï‐m-h‐n-Ã.
D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â A-\-h-[‐n I-d‐m-a-¯‐p-I-Ä-¡‐v --\‐m-«‐p-I‐m-c‐p‐w k‐m-
£‐n-b‐m-b‐n-«‐p-ï‐v. \‐m-«‐n-s‐e-b‐p‐w A-b-Â-\‐m-S‐p-I-f‐n-s‐e-b‐p‐w k-´‐m-\
k‐u-`‐m-K‐y-a‐n-Ã‐m-¯ A-\-h-[‐n Z-¼-X‐n-a‐m-À-¡‐v D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â F-Å‐p‐w
C‐u-¯-¸-g-h‐p‐w a-{‐´‐n-¨‐p-Å N‐n-I‐n-Õ-b‐n-Â k-´‐m-\ k‐u-`‐m-K‐y-a‐p-ï‐mb‐n-«‐p-ï‐v.
A-X‐‐p-t‐]‐m-s‐e a‐m-d‐m-t‐c‐m-K-§-Ä-s‐I‐m-ï‐v I-ã‐v-S-s‐]-«‐n-c‐p-
A-\-h-[‐n-b‐m-f‐p-I-Ä-¡‐p D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â {‐]‐m-À-°-\-s‐I‐m-ï‐v B-i‐z‐m-ka‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-«‐p-ï.‐v
D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â t‐P‐y-j‐vT-\‐m-b s‐]‐m-‐m-¡‐m-c³ D-½-À-
¡-b‐p-s‐S a-c-W-h‐p-a‐m-b‐n _-Ô-s‐]-«‐v A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â a-I³ ]-¦‐p-h-¨
-A-\‐p-`-h‐w C-§-s‐\: t‐P‐y-j‐vT-s‐â P-\‐m-k C-c‐p-h-c‐p-s‐S-b‐p‐w a‐q-¯
t‐P‐y-j‐vT-\‐m-b a‐p-l-½-Z‐v a‐p-k‐v--e‐n-b‐m-c‐p-s‐S J-_-d‐n-\‐p s‐X‐m-«-S‐p-¯‐mb‐n
J-_-d-S-¡-W‐w F-‐v D-½-À-¡-b‐p-s‐S h-k‐n-¿-¯‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p.
a-l-Ã‐v {‐]-k‐n-Uâ‐m-b
D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â H-g‐n-h‐p-I-
Ä-¡-\‐p-k-c‐n-¨‐m-b‐n-c‐p-
‐p \‐m-«‐n-Â I-½-ä‐n-b‐p‐w
P-\-d-Â t‐_‐m-U‐n-b‐p‐w
a-ä‐p {‐]-[‐m-\ ]-c‐n-]‐m-S‐n-
I-f‐p-s‐a-Ã‐m‐w B-k‐q-{‐X-
W‐w s‐N-b‐v-X‐n-c‐p--X‐v.
D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â X‐o-c‐p-a‐m-
\-§-Ä A-£-c‐w-{‐]-
X‐n A-\‐p-k-c‐n-¡‐p-
\‐m-«‐p-I‐m-À-¡‐v H-c‐n-¡-e‐p‐w
A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â X‐o-c‐pa‐m-\-§-f‐n-Â
H-c‐n-¡-Ât‐]‐m-e‐p‐w
h‐n-t‐b‐m-P‐n-¸‐v
t‐X‐m-‐n-b‐n-«‐n-Ã.

k¿n-Zv ap-l½-Zv Pn{^n ap-¯p-t¡m-b X-§-Ä P\m-k \-a-kv-Im-c-¯n-\v t\-XrXzw \-Â-Ipp
k¿n-Zv l-aoZ-en in-lm-_v X-§-fp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-Â \-S- P-\m-k \-a-kv-Imcw
21

sI. B-en-¡p-«n ap-kven-bm-cp-sS IqsS
Iof-¡-c k-µÀ-i-\ th-f-bnÂ
D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â A-\-h-
[‐n I-d‐m-a-¯‐p-I-Ä-¡‐v
--\‐m-«‐p-I‐m-c‐p‐w k‐m-£‐n-b‐mb‐n-«‐p-@‐v.
\‐m-«‐n-s‐e-b‐p‐w
A-b-Â-\‐m-S‐p-I-f‐n-s‐eb‐p‐w
k-´‐m-\ k‐u-`‐m-K‐ya‐n-Ã‐m-¯
A-\-h-[‐n Z-¼-
X‐n-a‐m-À-¡‐v D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐â
F-Å‐p‐w C‐u-¯-¸-g-h‐p‐w
a-{‐´‐n-¨‐p-Å N‐n-I‐n-Õb‐n-Â
k-´‐m-\ k‐u-`‐m-
K‐y-a‐p-@‐m-b‐n-«‐p-@‐v.
_lm-D-±o³ \-Zvhn-tbm-sSm¸w
A-§-s‐\ t‐P‐y-j‐vT³ a-c-W-s‐¸-«-t‐¸‐m-Ä a-c-W-h‐n-h-c‐w A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â
a-I³ D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐\ A-d‐n-b‐n-¨‐p. F-‐m-Â‐, i-à-a‐m-b a-g-¡‐m-e-a‐m-b-
X‐n-\‐m-e‐p‐w J-_-À I‐p-g‐n-¡‐m³ \‐n-À-t‐±-i‐n-¨‐n-c‐p- Ø-e‐w J-_-À-Ø‐m-
\‐n-s‐e G-ä-h‐p‐w X‐m-g‐v-`‐m-K-¯‐m-b‐n-c‐p--X‐n-\‐m-e‐p‐w h-e‐n-b c‐o-X‐n-b‐n-Â
s‐h-Å‐w J-_-d‐n-Â-s‐I-«‐n-\‐n-Â-¡‐m³ k‐m-[‐y-X-b‐p-Å {‐]-t‐Z-i-¯‐m-W‐p
a‐p-l-½-Z‐v a‐p-k‐v-e‐n-b‐m-c‐p-s‐S J-_-À-Ø‐n-X‐n s‐N-b‐v-X‐n-c‐p--X‐v. B h‐nh-c‐w
a-I³ D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-s‐\ A-d‐n-b‐n-¨‐p. a‐m-{‐X-h‐p-a-Ã‐, a-c-W-¯‐n-\‐p
X-t‐e-Z‐n-h-k‐w a-l-Ã‐n-s‐e a-s‐ä‐m-c‐p h‐y-à‐n a-c-W-s‐¸-S‐p-I-b‐p‐w A-t‐±-l-
¯‐n-s‐â J-_-À J-_-À-Ø‐m-\‐n-s‐e a‐p-I-Ä `‐m-K-¯‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐n-«‐p-I‐q-S‐n
J-_-d‐n-Â s‐h-Å-a‐m-b-X‐p-s‐I‐m-ï‐v a-W-e‐n-«‐p s‐h-Å‐w \‐n-b-{‐´‐n-¨‐m-
W‐v J-_-d-S-¡‐n-b-X‐v. C-s‐X-Ã‐m‐w A-d‐n-b‐p- a-¡-f‐p‐w J-_-À-I‐p-g‐n-
¡‐p--h-c‐p‐w D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐n-t‐\‐m-S‐v J-_-À- a‐p-I-Ä `‐m-K-t‐¯-¡‐p a‐m-ä‐m³
k-½-X‐w t‐N‐m-Z‐n-¨-t‐¸‐m-Ä F-h‐n-s‐S-b‐m-t‐W‐m A-t‐±-l‐w h-k‐n-¿-¯‐p
s‐N-b‐v-X-X‐v A-h‐n-s‐S-X-s‐ J-_-À- I‐p-g‐n-¡‐m³ ]-d-b‐p-I-b‐p‐w J-_-À-
I‐p-g‐n-¡‐p--X‐n-\‐p a‐p-¼‐v D-k‐v-X‐m-Z‐v- X-s‐ A-h‐n-s‐S-h-‐v {‐]‐m-À-°‐n-¨‐p
t‐]‐m-I‐p-I-b‐p‐w s‐N-b‐v-X‐p. A-Û‐p-X-s‐a-‐p ]-d-b-s‐«‐, s‐h-Å‐w t‐]‐m-b‐n-«‐v
N-f‐n-t‐]‐m-e‐p‐w B J-_-d‐n-Â D-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐n-s‐Ã-‐v A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â
a-I³ C-‐p‐w H‐m-À-¡‐p-‐p.
h-^‐m-¯‐n-s‐â Z‐n-h-k‐w I‐p-´‐n-¸‐p-g-b‐p-s‐S N‐m-c-t‐¯-¡‐p‐w Z‐m-d‐p-
¯-J‐v-h F--X-s‐â F-Ã‐m-s‐a-Ã‐m-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p- Ø‐m-]-\-¯‐n-t‐e-¡‐p‐w
H-g‐p-I‐n-s‐b-¯‐n-b P-\-k-l-{‐k-§-Ä A-t‐±-l‐w P‐o-h‐n-¨‐n-c‐p--X‐v
P-\-l‐r-Z-b-§-f‐n-e‐m-b‐n-c‐p-s‐-‐p s‐X-f‐n-b‐n-¡‐p-‐p. t‐I-c-f-¯‐n-s‐e
B-ß‐o-b a-Þ-e-¯‐n-s‐e k‐p-I‐r-X-§-f‐m-b ]-Þ‐n-X-·‐m-c‐p‐w k-¿‐n-
Z-·‐m-c‐p‐w D-a-d‐m-¡-f‐p‐w t‐N-À-‐v \-Â-I‐n-b-X‐v H-c‐p ]‐p-c‐p-j‐m-b‐p-Ê‐v a‐pg‐p-h³
X-s‐â I-À-a-a-Þ-e-¯‐n-Â k‐q-c‐y-{‐]-`-t‐b‐m-s‐S X‐n-f-§‐n-\‐n-
X-§-f‐p-s‐S \‐m-b-I-\‐p-Å B-c‐p‐w s‐I‐m-X‐n-¨‐p-t‐]‐m-I‐p- A-´‐y-b‐m-
{‐X-b‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. A-t‐±-l-¯‐n-s‐â h-k-X‐n-b‐n-Â a‐m-{‐X‐w F-t‐«‐m-f‐w
X-h-W-I-f‐n-e‐m-b‐n \‐q-d‐p-I-W-¡‐n-\‐m-f‐p-I-Ä ]-s‐¦-S‐p-¯ P-\‐m-k
\-a-k‐v--I‐m-c-¯‐n-\‐p X-s‐â k-l-]‐mT‐n-b‐m-b ]‐m-W-¡‐m-S‐v s‐s‐l-Z-c-e‐n
i‐n-l‐m-_‐v X-§-Ä k-a-k‐v-X-b‐p-s‐S {‐]-K-Û-\‐m-b P-\-d-Â s‐k-{‐I-«-d‐n

s‐I. B-e‐n-¡‐p-«‐n-a‐p-k‐v--e‐n-b‐m-À‐, k-¿‐n-Z‐v k‐m-Z‐n-J-e‐n i‐n-l‐m-_‐v X-§-Ä
X‐p-S-§‐n-b ]-Þ‐n-X-·‐m-c‐p-s‐S-b‐p‐w k-¿‐n-Z-·‐m-c‐p-s‐S-b‐p‐w \‐o-ï \‐n-c-
X-s‐-b‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p.
t‐\-X‐m-¡-f‐p-s‐S-b‐p‐w P-\-k-l-{‐k-§-f‐p-s‐S-b‐p‐w {‐]‐m-À-°-\-I-Ä-¡‐p
t‐i-j‐w X-s‐â h-k‐n-¿-¯‐p {‐]-I‐m-c‐w ]‐m-e-¸‐n-Å‐n Z‐m-d‐p-X-J‐v--h-b‐p-s‐S
N‐m-c-t‐¯-¡‐p s‐I‐m-ï‐p t‐]‐m-I‐m³ 12 a-W‐n-t‐b‐m-S‐p-I‐q-S‐n P-\‐m-k-s‐b-S‐p-
¯-t‐¸‐m-Ä H‐m-t‐c‐m s‐X-¡‐p‐w-]‐p-d-¯‐p-I‐m-c-s‐â-b‐p‐w J-Â-_‐v ]‐n-S-ª‐p.
]-e-c‐p‐w k‐z-b‐w \‐n-b-{‐´‐n-¡‐m³ ]‐m-S‐p-s‐]-«‐p. t‐i-j‐w Z‐m-d‐p-¯-J‐v-h-b‐ne‐p‐w
\‐n-c-h-[‐n X-h-W-I-f‐n-e‐m-b‐n \-S- P-\‐m-k \-a-k‐v--I‐m-c-¯‐n-Â
B-b‐n-c-§-Ä ]-s‐¦-S‐p-¯‐p.
]‐m-Â-]‐p-©‐n-c‐n-X‐q-I‐n-b‐p-Å A-h-k‐m-\ b‐m-{‐X \-½-Ä-¡‐v \-Â-I‐p-
]‐mT‐w s‐N-d‐p-X-Ã B-s‐c-b‐p‐w A-¼-c-¸‐n-¡‐p- P‐o-h‐n-X-h‐p‐w k-©-c‐n-¨
a‐m-À-K-h‐p‐w ]‐n³-]-ä‐n-b N-c‐y-b‐p‐w k-X‐y-¯‐n-t‐â-X‐p a‐m-{‐X-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-s‐-
‐p I‐m-e‐w-s‐X-f‐n-b‐n-¨‐n-c‐n-¡‐p-‐p. A-s‐X‐, C-‐v \‐m‐w I‐m-W‐p- C‐u
{‐]-X‐m-]-¯‐n-\‐p ]‐n-‐n-Â C--\‐p-`-h‐n-¡‐p- C‐u k‐u-I-c‐y-§-Ä-
¡‐v ]‐n-‐n-Â \‐m‐w t‐I-Ä-¡‐p- a-t‐\‐m-l-c-a‐m-b _‐m-s‐¦‐m-e‐n-I-Ä-¡‐p
]‐n-‐n-Â A-h-k‐m-\‐w \‐m‐w t‐]‐m-b‐n-I‐n-S-¡‐p- B-d-S‐n-a-®‐n-\‐p ]‐n-‐n-Â
]-c‐n-l‐m-k-§-s‐f ]‐q-a‐m-e-I-f‐m-¡‐n-b {‐]-X‐n-k-Ô‐n-I-s‐f X-c-W‐w s‐Nb‐v-X‐p.
k‐z-]‐v-\-§-Ä t‐\-S‐n-s‐b-S‐p-¯ H-c‐p ]‐p-c‐p-j‐m-b‐p-k‐n-s‐â I-Y
]-d-b‐m-\‐p-ï.‐v {‐]-X‐n-k-Ô‐n-I-f‐p‐w {‐]-X‐n-_-Ô-§-f‐p‐w X-c-W‐w s‐N-
¿‐p-t‐¼‐m-g‐m-W‐v \‐m‐w P‐o-h‐n-X-¯‐n-Â h‐n-P-b‐n-¡‐p--X‐v A-X‐p-]-t‐£‐,
H-c‐p k-a‐q-l-¯‐n-\‐p-t‐h-ï‐n-b‐m-s‐W-¦‐n-Â A-h-s‐c \‐m‐w h‐n-f‐n-¡‐p-
t‐]-c‐m-W‐v t‐\-X‐m-h‐v F-‐v A-s‐X‐, R-§-Ä-]‐m-e-t‐¯‐m-f‐p-I‐m-À-¡‐p
H-c‐p t‐\-X‐m-h‐p‐w a‐m-À-K-Z-À-i‐n-b‐p-a‐p-ï‐m-b‐n-c‐p-‐p. A-`‐n-a‐m-\-I-c-a‐m-b
C‐u t‐\-«-§-Ä R-§-Ä-¡‐v k-½‐m-\‐n-¨-X‐v s‐N-d‐p-h‐m-f‐q-À D-k‐v-X‐m-s‐Z-
h‐n-f‐n-t‐¸-c‐n-Â t‐I-c-f-¡-c h‐n-f‐n-¨‐n-c‐p- \-½‐p-s‐S k‐z-´‐w s‐s‐l-t‐{‐Z‐mk‐v
a‐p-k‐v-e‐n-b‐m-c‐m-W‐v. A-§‐p-I‐m-W‐n-¨‐p-X- t‐\-À-h-g‐n-s‐¡‐m-¸-a‐m-W‐v
R-§-Ä. C-\‐n-b‐p-Å {‐]-b‐m-W-§-f‐p‐w B-h-g‐n-I-f‐n-Â a‐m-{‐X-a‐m-b‐n-c‐n-
¡‐p‐w. b‐m k-¿‐n-Z‐o....A-h‐n-S‐p-s‐¯ X-W-Â-a‐m-ª-t‐¸‐m-Ä C-c‐p-«‐n-e‐m-b
\‐m-«‐p-I‐m-À B-ß-s‐\‐m-¼-c-s‐¯ k-l-\‐w-s‐I‐m-ï‐v X-c-W‐w s‐N-¿‐p-
I-b‐m-W‐v. {‐]‐n-b \‐m-b-I‐m....C-\‐n \‐n-§-Ä h‐n-{‐i-a‐n-¨‐p-s‐I‐m-Å‐p-I.
A-§‐p-I‐m-W‐n-¨‐p-X- a‐m-À-K-h‐p‐w e-£‐y-h‐p‐w C-‐v R-§-Ä-¡‐v a‐p-
¼‐n-e‐p-ï‐v. A-X‐v X-e-a‐p-d-I-f‐n-Â-\‐n-‐v X-e-a‐p-d-I-f‐n-t‐e-¡‐v R-§-Ä
s‐s‐I-a‐m-d‐n-s‐I‐m-ï‐n-c‐n-¡‐p‐w. H-c‐p-]‐m-S‐p N-c‐n-{‐X-§-Ä-¡‐p k‐m-£‐y‐w-h-l‐n-¨
I‐p-´‐n-¸‐p-g-b‐p-s‐S N‐m-s‐c \‐n-‐p‐w X‐p-S-¡‐w I‐p-d‐n-¨‐v--a-e-b‐m-f-¡-c-b‐ms‐I
B-ß‐o-b k‐u-c-`‐y‐w ]-c-¯‐n-b s‐F-X‐n-l‐m-k‐n-I-a‐m-b P‐o-h‐n-X-
N-c‐n-{‐X‐w C-\‐n N-c‐n-{‐X X‐m-f‐p-I-f‐n-Â X-¦-e‐n-]‐n-I-f‐m-Â B-t‐e-J-\‐w
s‐N-¿‐p‐w. A-Å‐m-l‐p A-t‐±-l-s‐¯-b‐p‐w \-½‐n-Â \‐n-‐p-a¬-a-d-ª
\-½‐p-s‐S ]‐q-À-h‐n-I-s‐c-b‐p‐w \-½-s‐f-b‐p‐w A-h-s‐â P-‐m-¯‐p-Â ^‐n-À-
Z‐u-k‐n-Â H-c‐p-a‐n-¨‐p-I‐q-«-s‐« B-a‐o³...
]‐m-Â-]‐p-©‐n-c‐n-X‐q-I‐nb‐p-Å
A-h-k‐m-\ b‐m-
{‐X \-½-Ä-¡‐v \-Â-I‐p-
]‐mT‐w s‐N-d‐p-X-Ã B-s‐cb‐p‐w
A-¼-c-¸‐n-¡‐p-
P‐o-h‐n-X-h‐p‐w k-©-c‐n-¨
a‐m-À-K-h‐p‐w ]‐n³-]-ä‐n-b
N-c‐y-b‐p‐w k-X‐y-¯‐n-t‐â-
X‐p a‐m-{‐X-a‐m-b‐n-c‐p-s‐-
‐p I‐m-e‐w-s‐X-f‐n-b‐n-¨‐nc‐n-¡‐p-‐p.
A-s‐X‐, C-‐v
\‐m‐w I‐m-W‐p- C‐u
{‐]-X‐m-]-¯‐n-\‐p ]‐n-‐n-Â
C--\‐p-`-h‐n-¡‐p-
C‐u k‐u-I-c‐y-§-Ä-¡‐v
]‐n-‐n-Â \‐m‐w t‐I-Ä-
¡‐p- a-t‐\‐m-l-c-a‐m-b
_‐m-s‐¦‐m-e‐n-I-Ä-¡‐p
]‐n-‐n-Â A-h-k‐m-\‐w
\‐m‐w t‐]‐m-b‐n-I‐n-S-¡‐p-
B-d-S‐n-a-®‐n-\‐p ]‐n-‐n-Â
]-c‐n-l‐m-k-§-s‐f ]‐q-a‐me-I-f‐m-¡‐n-b
{‐]-X‐nk-Ô‐n-I-s‐f
X-c-W‐w
s‐N-b‐v-X‐p.
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