Building Structures

ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS 7
Figure 1.8 Multiple horizontal spaces in a
linear array can be produced by a large
number of optional structural modules, one of
the simplest being the repetition of ordinary
bearing walls and rafters.
Multiple Horizontal Spaces—Two-Way Array
This category includes factories, stores, warehouses, and large
single-story offices. As with linear multiplication, the unit
repetition may be done with or without interior walls, utilizing
columns as supporting elements (see Figure 1.10).
Constraints on geometry are greater here than with linear
unit multiplication. Modular organization and coordination
become increasingly logical for the structure.
Although still possible using linear multiplication, roof
structures that are other than flat and horizontal become
increasingly less feasible for two-way multiplication. Roof
drainage becomes a major problem when the distance from
the center to the edge of the building is great. The pitch
required for water runoff to an edge is often not feasible, in
which case more costly and complex interior roof drains are
required.
Multilevel Spaces
The jump from single to multiple levels has significant
structural implications.
Figure 1.9 Linear plan multiplication.
Need for a Framed Floor Structure. This is a spanning,
separating element, not inherently required for the
single-story building.
Need for Stacking of Support Elements. Lower elements
(bearing walls and columns) must support upper
elements as well as the spanning elements immediately
above them. This works best if support elements are
aligned vertically and imposes a need to coordinate
the building plans at the various levels.
Increased Concern for Lateral Loads. As the building
becomes taller, wind and earthquake loads impose
greater overturning effects as well as greater horizontal
forces in general, and the design of lateral bracing
becomes a major problem.