Erasure of Asian-Americans in Hollywood

ERASURE OF
ASIAN-AMERICANS
IN HOLLYWOOD

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
problem statement and goals
3.
executive summary
5.
yellow peril
13.
model minority

21.
crazy rich asian
29.
white washing
43.
footnotes

PROBLEM STATE-
MENT AND GOALS
The problem statement
is how can we extend
our social consciousness
into Hollywood’s lack of
authentic Asian-American
representation?
small goal
by the end of the semester,
I will bring awareness to
the lack of authentic
representation of Asian-
Americans in Hollywood
by creating a calendar of
Asian-American films.
medium goal
by the end of the semester,
I will raise awareness to
the lack of authentic Asian-
American representation in
Hollywood by designing a
large scale campaign
large goal
by the end of the semester,
I will garner enough attention
to the lack of authentic
Asian-American representation
in Hollywood, which
Hollywood will introduce
new Asian-Americans into
the film industry
1

small impact
medium impact
large impact
2

EXECUTIVE ESSAY
From films like The
Farewell, Crazy Rich Asians,
Searching, The Big Sick, and
more, there is a renaissance
in Asian-American films.
These films are not the
norm, instead, they are far
and few in Asian-Americans’
presence in Hollywood. What
sets them apart is they have
love, action, drama, tragedy,
and Asian-Americans writing
and directing them. This
provides relief for Asians
who have spent decades
seeing rude caricatures
of themselves on screen.
However, even with new
Asian-Americans entering
Hollywood, it is not enough.
Hollywood needs more
Asian-Americans representation
in an effort against
stereotypical characters,
white-washing, and the lack
of authentic Asian-American
representation in film.
3

Yellow Peril
Model Minority
Crazy Rich Asian
White-Washing
4

YELLOW PERIL
YELLOW PERIL
YELLOW PERIL
YELLOW PERIL
YELLOW PERIL
5

6

HISTORY OF THE
YELLOW PERIL
Hollywood’s idea of an
Asian person depends on
the perception they have
of Asians at the time.
Meaning, Asians have gone
through multiple character
changes to match societal
beliefs. For example, one
of the earliest depictions of
Asians was defined by the
“Yellow Peril”. The phrase
“Yellow Peril” meant to
demonize Asian immigrants
(mainly Chinese) due to job
competition in the 1870s
and scare Americans1. It
worked because in 1882 the
“Chinese Exclusion Act” was
passed². The new law is the
only law banning a specific
race from the United States³.
The Yellow Peril was further
heightened with the Boxer
Rebellion, a rebellion in
China led by “Boxers” against
foreign influences in China⁴.
The Yellow Peril and fear
of China translated into
the entertainment industry
with English author Sax
Rohmer’s crime novel, The
7

Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu⁵. The
Mystery of Dr. Fu-Manchu stars
Dr. Fu-Manchu as a villainous
member of the Yellow Peril
being hunted by British detectives
(Rohmer). This character
epitomizes the United State’s
view on Asian immigrants by
creating an evil man, who lives
to destroy the West’s peace⁶.
The novel was very popular in
England and soon, in the 1930s,
Hollywood bought the rights
to make films⁷. The first actor
to play the doctor was Harry
Agar Lyons, an English actor
in yellowface⁸. Following the
events of the Yellow Peril, the
Asian-American stereotype
shifted with the large immigration
of Asians in the 1980s.
8

Exerpt From Chinese
Exclusion Act Of 1882
“an act to execute certain treaty s
whereas in the opinion of the gove
coming of chinese laborers to thi
order of certain localities within
be it enacted by the senate and h
united states of america in congr
after the expiration of ninety days
act,
9
THE COMING OF CHINESE L
STATES BE, AND THE SAME IS H
and until the expiration of ten
suspension it shall not be lawful f
or having so come after the exp
remain within the united states.”

stipulations relating to chinese.
vernment of the united states the
his country endangers the good
n the territory thereof: therefore,
house of representatives of the
gress assembled, that from and
ys next after the passage of this
LABORERS TO THE UNITED
HEREBY, SUSPENDED
n years next; and during such
l for any chinese laborer to come,
xpiration of said ninety days to
.”
10

Actors Who Played
Dr. Fu Manchu
WARNER OLAND
1929: The Mysterious
of Dr. Fu Manchu
1930: The Return
of Dr. Fu Manchu
1930: Paramount
on Parade
1931: Daughter
of Dragon
HENRY BRANDON
1940: Drums of
Fu Manchu
CHRISTOPHER
1965: The Face
Fu Manch
1966: The Bride
of Fu Man
1967: The Venge
of Fu Man
1969: The Castle
of Fu Man
While these actors portrayed Dr. Fu Manchu, they
11

ER LEE
ce of
nchu
rides
anchu
ngeance
anchu
astle
anchu
PETER SELLERS
1980: The Fiendish
Plot of Dr.
Fu Manchu
NICOLAS CAGE
2007: Grindhouse
2007: Werewolf
Women of
the SS
ey all wore yellow-face
12

MODEL MINORITY
MODEL MINORITY
MODEL MINORITY
MODEL MINORITY
MODEL MINORITY
Those
Asian-American
WHIZ
KIDS
Those
Asian-American
WHIZ WHIZ WHI
KIDS KIDS KIDS
13

IZ
S
14

HISTORY OF THE
MODEL MINORITY
In the 1980s, 2.3 million
Asians, mainly from the
Philippines, South Korea,
China, and India,
immigrated to the U.S⁹.
This influx of Asian
immigrants increased the
Asian-American population
by 70%, and this group of
immigrants differed from
prior groups in the 1800s¹⁰.
They, unlike their counterparts,
were more educated
and had higher paying skills.
The new wave of immigrants
created a new basis for the
Asian-American stereotype¹¹.
Suddenly, Asian-Americans
were lauded for their success
in the “American Dream”, and
the “model minority” Asian-
American stereotype was
born. The “model minority”
idea is a tactic used by the
United State’s government
to undermine other minorities
and their struggles.
This was especially pushed
with President Reagan’s
1984 speech complimenting
Asians for succeeding in the
American Dream, and CBS’s
15

60 Minute dedicating an entire
segment on Asians having
low criminal activity and
higher incomes¹².
In response to the new view
on Asian-Americans, new
portrayals of Asians appeared
on screen, Long Duk Dong,
played by Japanese-American
actor Gedde Watanabe, from
Sixteen Candles is one of
them. Long Duk Dong is the
opposite of Dr. Fu-Manchu, as
he is an exchange student that
poses no threat and is used for
comedic relief¹³. For instance,
his infamous lines from Sixteen
Candles are “What’s happenin’,
hot stuff” and “Oh, Sexy
Girlfriend”¹⁴. Hollywood adapted
Asian-Americans being “model
citizens” into an awkward boy
with an accent whose whole
purpose is a joke¹⁵. His characters
serve as a reminder from
Hollywood that Asian-Americans
are just not seen as a person
with depth, but something
to laugh at.
16

Increase of Immigration of A
With the incease of Asian-American
immigrants, the “model minority”
myth became synonymous with
these immigrants.
End of 1980
2.3 million
Start of 1980
2.2 million
End of 1990
2.9 million
17

f Asian-Americans
philippines
south korea
india
china
18

The “Model Minority Myth”
The “model minority” is harmful to the
Asian-American community because
it deny the struggles of other minorities.
It also causes people to view
Asian-Americans as the same person:
good at math, strict parents, and meek.
While the stereotype seems to be mainly
positive traits, it generalizes the entire
Asian-American community to the
same person.
19

”
why the “model minority” is a myth
denying the struggles
of other minorities
erasing individual
Asian-American
identities
creating a false
persona for
Asian-Americans
20

CRAZY RICH ASIAN
CRAZY RICH ASIAN
CRAZY RICH ASIAN
CRAZY RICH ASIAN
21

22

HISTORY OF THE
CRAZY RICH ASIAN
The “model minority” Asian-
American was seen in the
U.S to be middle class, but
in 2020 with more Asian
countries getting richer, the
perceived Asian-American
is richer and flashier.
For example, the GDP per
capita for East Asians grew
from 1162.531 thousand
dollars in 1980 to 11,142.591
thousand dollars in 2018, and
Southeast Asians grew from
262.142 thousand dollars
in 1980 to 1902.851 thousand
dollars in 2000¹⁶. Also,
Asian countries have more
billionaires with nine out of
the twenty-six countries on
Forbes “Countries with the
Most Billionaires”¹⁷. This
paired with Asian immigrants
increased by 37%, Asian-
Americans now have a new
richer group entering¹⁸.
But, the idea of Asians being
rich was not widely known
until Kevin Kwan’s book
series Crazy Rich Asians.
The first book of the series is
about a love story between
the ultra-elite Signaporean
Nick Young and regular New
York native Rachel Chu, and
23

the trials they go through for
their love¹⁹. Throughout the
book, readers are shown how
the “crazy rich” live in Asia²⁰.
The popular book had a film
adaptation in 2018 under the
same name as the book. The
film was the first film in 25
years since The Joy Luck Club
to feature an all Asian cast, and
the director, Jon M. Chu, fought
hard to make it that way²¹.
The film’s depiction of Asians
did influence other roles with
twins Jun-Ho and Mei Lin played
by Joel Kim Booster and Poppy
Liu on the television series
Sunnyside²². The twins are the
mega-rich daughter and son of
a wealthy businessman, who are
seeking U.S citizenship²³. The
influence of Crazy Rich Asians
has not created a stereotype,
but it has created a new idea
of Asian-Americans.
24

Growth of the
“Crazy Rich Asian”
kevin kwan
Kevin Kwan is the author
of Crazy Rich Asians, China
Rich Girlfriend, and Rich
People Problems, which led
to a film adaption of Crazy
Rich Asians. Through his
book series and the later film
adaption, Kwan introduced
the world to the “Crazy Rich
Asian”. This created a new
idea of Asians and Asian
Americans, but how this
idea will evolve in the
future is still unknown.
rachel chu
Rachel is an Asian-American
character in the Crazy Rich
Asians franchise (portrayed
by Constance Wu). She is
new to “crazy rich asians.
nick young
Nick is a Singaporean character
in the Crazy Rich Asians
franchise (portrayed by
Henry Golding). He is a
“crazy rich asian”.
jun ho
Jun Ho is an Asian character
on the TV show Sunnyside
(twin to Mei Lin). He is a
“crazy rich asian” trying to
get American citizenship.
mei lin
Mei Lin is an Asian character
on the TV show Sunnyside
(twin to Jun Ho). She is a
“crazy rich asian” trying to
get American citizenship.
25

kevin kwan
rachel chu
nick young
jun ho
mei lin
26

Countries with the
most Billionaires
Ranked Internationally
From the international rankings,
these are the Asian countries.
China
India
Japan
Taiwan
Indonesia
27

Hong Kong
South Korea
Singapore
Thailand
28

WHITE-WASHING
WHITE-WASHING
WHITE-WASHING
WHITE-WASHING
WHITE-WASHING
WHITE-WASHING
WHITE-WASHING

EARLY
WHITE-WASHING
Along with Asian stereotypes,
Asian actors and
actresses also faced the
issue of being replaced with
white actors and actresses.
Early film stars faced
constant whitewashing due
to laws and were subjugated
to stereotypical roles. In
current times, Hollywood
whitewashes Asian roles in
fear that Americans will only
see films with big names.
Stereotypes play a big role
in the lack of authentic Asian
representation in Hollywood,
but whitewashing removes
their existence.
Early Hollywood did not have
many Asian-American actors
and actresses, but they did
have some big names. For
instance, Sessue Hayakawa,
a Japanese silent film actor
famous in Hollywood from
the 1910s to 1920s, was
seen as a sex symbol from
his portrayal of Hishuru
Tori²⁴. Hayakawa played the
character Hishuru Tori was
in The Cheat, where he is a
sexually charged villain that
31

dominates a woman in debt
to him²⁵. Hayakawa used the
money from his success to start
his own production company
Haworth Pictures, where he
starred in The Dragon Painter
(his love interest was played
by Tsuru Aoki, who is his wife,
making both leads Asian)²⁶.
Even with Hayakawa’s success,
America’s negative perception
of Japanese during World War
II made him leave Hollywood
to return later for The Bridge
on the High River²⁷. During
Hayakawa’s career as an actor,
he found himself barred from
certain Asian roles like many
other Asian actors
and actresses.
32

Anti-Miscegenation laws
had a hand in Hollywood’s
exclusion of Asian actors
and actresses, as they
outlawed interracial
marriages. This translated in
Hollywood that only actors
and actresses of the same
race could have romantic
relationships on screen²⁸.
The Anti-Miscegenation
laws led to many minority
character roles being
given to white actors and
actresses. Not only did the
Anti-Miscegenation law
affect Asian castings, but
also moviegoers at the time
seemed to favor whitewashed
Asian characters²⁹.
Another early actress who
saw many Asian roles cast
with white actresses was
Anna May Wong³⁰. The
main roles she received
were villainous characters
33

like Daughter of the Dragon,
where she plays the daughter
of yellow peril Dr. Fu Manchu³¹.
Positive representations of
Asians like in Dragon Seed, a
film about a Chinese woman
banding her village against
invading Japan, were given to
Katherine Hepburn³². Hepburn
wore makeup to look Chinese
for the film, which had a white
cast. Another film that was
whitewashed is The Good Earth;
it starred German actress Luise
Rainer in yellow-face as O-Lan³³.
The reason Hollywood gave for
the whitewashing of the roles
is that one of the romantic leads
was hired as white, which meant
they had to cast the other lead
white too.
34

Anti-
Miscegenation Law
same race marriages did not
break the anti-miscegenation
laws, and these couples were
allowed to get married
on screen, these couples
were allowed to be
romantically involved
35

interacial marriages broke
the anti-miscegenation laws,
and these couples were not
allowed to get married.
on screen, these couples
were not allowed to be
romantically involved,
which led to white-washing
36

CURRENT
WHITE-WASHING
Now Hollywood does
not have any restraints
on interracial romances,
but it continues to cast
white actors and actresses
for Asian roles.
Films like Ghost in the Shell,
Aloha, Death Note, and
Doctor Strange used whitewashing,
Hollywood does
this to ensure moviegoers
will see the films because
they are led by big names³⁵.
Moreover, Ghost in the
Shell was the most recent
whitewashing, as it whitewashed
the role of cyborg
Major Motoko Kusanagi with
Scarlett Johansson³⁶. Ghost
in the Shell is a Japanese
manga about a cyborg
that leads a team against
crime³⁷. This casting choice
was meant with backlash,
especially from the Asian-
American community. The
Asian-American community
felt that a Japanese actress
should have been cast, but
the manga’s publisher and
director of the animated film
believed Johansson was
rightly cast³⁸. This idea is
rebuffed by Guy Aoki, founder
37

of MANAA, stating “Many in
Japan have been so brainwashed
by Western culture that they’ve
developed an inferiority complex
about their own. They assume
that for an American film to
be successful, it has to star
a white actor.”³⁹
Furthermore, the issue of
whitewashing is some of
these whitewashed roles are
not removing Asian identities
entirely, but mimicking them.
Chinoiserie was popular in the
18th century, and it was the
design of making an object,
mainly dinnerware and furniture
seem East Asian⁴⁰. Whitewashed
films do this with The Good
Earth and Dragon Seed placing
white actors and actresses in
inauthentic China and Chinese
clothing. Chinoiserie also
includes yellow-face, where
non-Asian people attempt to
look Asian⁴¹. Hollywood recreates
an idea of Asia and not
Asia itself.
38

39
Stereotypical depictions of
Asian-Americans on screen
are rigid, predictable, and a
negative portrayal, which does
make stereotypical characters
authentic representation. Also,
whitewashing removes Asian-
Americans from film entirely, and
it replaces them with a white or
a chinoiserie version. Neither
stereotypes nor whitewashing
allow correct representation of
Asian-Americans in Hollywood.
Hollywood needs to have faith
in Asian-Americans, as moviegoers
already do. Asian led films
like Crazy Rich Asians made
$238,532,921 with a $30,000,000
budget (making $208,532,921
in profit)⁴², and The Big Sick
made $56,411,585 with a
$5,000,000 budget (making
$51,411,585 profit)⁴³.

In comparison to controversial
whitewashed films like Ghost
in the Shell made $169,801,921
with a $110,000,000 budget
(making $59,801,921 profit)⁴⁴.
With more Asian led films doing
well in the box office, what is
stopping Hollywood from fully
supporting Asians in film?
40

White-Washing
crazy rich asians
big s
$238,532,921 tickets
$56,411,585
white-washed asian casted
-$30,000,000 budget -$5,000,000
$208,532,921 profit $51,411,585
87.4%
profit
margin
91.1%
profit
marg
41

ig sick
ghost in the shell
85 tickets
$169,801,921
tickets
00
budget
-$5,000,000 budget
85 profit
$59,801,921 profit
%
it
gin
35.2%
profit
margin
42

Footnotes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12
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43

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44

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34.
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People Playing Asian Characters.”
45

35.
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imdb.com/title/tt1219827/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1.
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COLOPHON
Designed, Written, and Illustrated by Ashley Sohn
Neue Haas Unica W1G designed by Toshi Omagari
Printed at SAIC Service Bureau
Copywrite 2020 by Ashley Sohn