Byzantine_Monuments_and_Topography_of_the_Pontos,_V.2

DUMBARTON OAKS STUDIES

xx

THE BYZANTINE MONUMENTS

AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE

PONTOS

THE BYZANTINE MONUMENTS

AND TOPOGRAPHY OF THE

PONTOS

ANTHONY,BRYER and DAVID WINFIELD

With Maps and Plans by

RICHARD ANDERSON

and Drawings by

JUNE WINFIELD

Volume Two

PLATES

Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection

Washington, D.C.

© 1985 DUMBARTON OAKS

TRUSTEES FOR HARVARD UNIVERSITY

WASHINGTON. D.C.

All correspondence and orders should be addressed to

Dumbarton Oaks Publications Office

1703 32nd Street, N. W.

Washington, D.C. 20007

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Bryer, Anthony.

The Byzantine monuments and topography of the Pontos.

(Dumbarton Oaks studies; 20)

Bibliography: p.

Includes index.

1. Trebizond Empire-Antiquities, Byzantine. 2. Pontus

-Antiquities, Byzantine. 3. Trebizond Empire-Description

and travel. 4. Pontus-Description and travel.

5. Names, Geographical-Trebizond Empire. 6. Names,

Geographical-Turkey-Pontus.

7. Names, Geographical-

Byzantine. I. Winfield, David. II. Title. III. Series.

DF609.B78 1985 939'.33 84-1661

ISBN 0-88402-122-X

Table of Contents

Volume Two

List of Plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

List of Folded Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

List of Plates

la-25c. Sinope

la. Tomb of the Ghazi Qelebi

b. Inscription 3

Inscription 4

2a. Tower 29, NE. Face, Position of Inscription 5

b. Inscription 5

3a. Towers 1-4 (Types, B, C, and G), with Acropolis in

Background, from Tower 7

b. Towers 18-20 (Type D) from E.

4a. Tower 16 (Types G and L) from E.

b. Section of Wall near Tower 22, showing Cribwork

(Type M)

5a. Wall near Tower 22, Int. (Type M)

b. Wall bet. Towers 22 and 23, Int. (Type M), showing

Blocked Archway

6a. Wall near Tower 23, Int., showing Catwalk and

Entrance to Tower (Type M)

b. View from Tower 24, looking W., showing Towers 25,

26, 40, and 29

7a. View from Tower 43, looking E., showing Tower 42

(Types A and *C), and Towers 27-23 (Type M)

b. View from Tower 29, looking E., showing Towers

28-23

8a. Section of Wall near Tower 26, showing Cribwork

(Type M)

b. Tower 30 from S. (Types A, B, C, E, and G)

9a. Acropolis, N. Wall, Towers 40-43 and 30 (mostly

Type A) (note V-shaped Towers, Type *C)

b. Towers 30 and 29 from Tower 28

10a,b. Tower 29, Gate

a. Interior

b. Exterior

l la. Tower and Gate 29 from W. (Types A, B, C, E, L,

and M)

b. Citadel, S. Wall, Towers 31-34 and Blocked Sea

Gate (mostly Types B and G) from Site of

Submerged Mole

12a-16b. "Palace," Balat

12a. Cisterns, Blocked Opening bet. Areas XVII and

XVIII at T, det.

b. Area VIII, S. Arm, showing Springing of Vault

13. Area X, N. Wall, looking NE.

14a. Area X, N. Wall, showing Large Secondary Cutting

at Ground Level and Remains of Pilasters bet.

Blind Arches

b. Area II, W. Wall from W.

15a. Remains of Brick Barrel Vault

b. Marble Column Base from Bema Screen or Ambo,

Reused over Church Entrance, det.

16a. Wall at Q, N. of Area IX, showing Discontinued

Band of Bricks, Only Sign of Irregularity in

Building

b. Section of Wall, showing Mortared Rubble Core and

Continuous Brick Bonding Courses

17-24a. Balat Kilise

17a,b. Looking NE. toward-Church Entrance

a. General View

b. Note Springing of Cross Vault near Reused Marble

Sculpture

18. Vault, E. Side. Evangelist Symbols

19-20b. S. Wall.

19. Sacrifice of Isaac

20a. Maccabees Abelbous and Ourias

b. Sacrifice of Isaac and Annunciation

21a,b. Wide W. Arch, Reveal

a. St. Panteleimon

b. St. Barbara

22a. S. Wall. Visitation

b. Narrow W. Arch, Reveal. St. Eirene

23. S. Door, Int., Tympanum. Inscription

24a. Ext., S. Door, Lunette. Koimesis

24b. Museum. Relief, Christ with Angels

25a. Balat Kilise, Narrow W. Arch, Reveal. Ismael

b. Inscribed Pedestal found at Site of Church SW. of

Walled City

c. Balat Kilise, Ext., W. Wall, S. Side, Niche. Archangel

26a,b. Amisos (Samsun)

a. Acropolis, Floor Mosaic in Golf Course Bunker of

Military Base. Head of Spring

b. Erkek Sanat Enstitusii, Floor Mosaic. Symbolic

Figure

27a,b. Oinaion

a. Castle, Arch of Blocked Door in Byzantine Wall

b. Islet of St. Nicholas from Mainland End of

Causeway

28. Kekirkalesi, near Jerphanion's Kainochorion

29. caleoglu Kale, near Oinaion, Rock-cut Painted Tomb

and Summit from NE.

30a-40b. Neokaisareia

30a. Unidentified Ruin SW. of Town, possibly Pilgrim

Church of St. Gregory Thaumatourgos

b. Site of Roman Town, Wall with Brick and Stone

Courses

31a,b. General Views

a. Looking SW. from Tomb of the Melik Ghazi

b. From E. (ca. 1890)

32a-34a. Castle "Church"

32a. Looking E-NE.

b. Ruins of Lateral Chambers, S. Side, from SE.

33a. Int., looking N.

LIST OF PLATES

b.Int., looking NE.

34a. Int., Corbel at NE. Angle and Earthenware Jar built

into Masonry

34b. Arch, possibly of S. Gate to Inner Citadel

35a,b. Citadel, S. Bailey

a. Wall at SW. Corner

b. SW. End with "Church." 19th-cent. Police Station

in foreground

36. Looking NE. toward Inner Citadel from S. Bailey

37a-c. Citadel

a. Inner Citadel, E. Wall

b. Inner Wall, SW. Corner

c. Inner Wall, NW. Corner

38a,b. Citadel, Wall bet. Inner Citadel and Inner Citadel

Bailey

a. General View

b. Wooden Beam Work, det.

39a. Citadel, Fallen Walls of Inner Citadel Bailey on E.

Side

b. Town Wall, E. Side, Pentagonal Prow-shaped Tower

40a. Citadel, Wall bet. N. and Inner Citadel Baileys,

showing Ashlar Facing and Setting Beds, and later

Repair above

b. Cemetery of the Melik Ghazi, Byzantine capital

41a,b. Evkaf Koyii Kale

a. Castle on Wooded Hill E. of Fatsa Dere

overlooking Road S., View from W.

b. SE. Bastion

42. Fatsa. Funerary Relief with Inscription

43a-c. Boloman Kale

a. General View from E.

b. Cruciform Church, Exposed N. Wall and Door

c. Cruciform Church, SW. Pendentive

44. Polemonion, Church of St. Constantine (after Laurens

for Hell, 1846)

45a,b. Boloman Kale

a. Castle Walls topped by Ottoman Selamlik, from

SE.

b. Cruciform Church, Pentagonal Apse projecting

through E. Wall of Castle

46. Lykos Valley at Koyulhisar, looking NE., with Arrow

marking Yukari Kale

47-48c. Koyulhisar, Yukari Kale

47. Looking N., with Ruin of N. Gate in r. foreground

48a. Citadel

b. N. Side, Outer Bailey

c. Looking S. from Citadel to Lykos River

49a,b. Cape Jason, Reused Blocks in Church of 1868

49c. Bayadl Koyii, Wall

50a. Ordu, Bozuk Kale from W.

50b. Hoynat Kale from S.

51 a. Rock-cut Tomb near Shore bet. Bulancak and Piraziz

51b. Dikmen Tepe, Vaulted Spring-head or Cistern on

Summit

52-61. Kerasous

52. Looking E. from Ridge Wall of Acropolis, with Upper

Gate and Keep at 2. and Island of Ares below: E.

Harbor and Suburb at c.; Castle and Twin Peaks of

Gedik Kaya at r. (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)

53. View from N-NE., with Walled Town below

Acropolis and Keep to W., Dikmen Tepe behind E.

Suburb at c., and Gedik Kaya to E. (after

Tournefort, 1701)

54a. View from E., with Ridge Wall and Keep at top 1.

(Walls down to Sea have largely disappeared (ca.

1893)

b. View from E.

55a,b. E. Ridge Wall

a. Int. looking S. with Cat-walk of Classical Masonry

b. Looking N. toward Keep with Monument to

Topah Osman Aga at 1.

56a. "To the east ... the ancient walls may be traced

almost the whole way from the castle to the sea,

where I observed an arched Hellenic gateway,

blocked up with masonry of the same style, as

shown in the accompanying woodcut; beyond

which was a high tower overgrown with ivy"

(Hamilton, Researches [1836], 263 f.). The

(apparently Northern) classical gate no longer

survives.

b. NE. Bastion below Keep, and Island of Ares

57a,b. Western Classical Gate to Main Harbor

a. View from Int.

b. Det., Masonry on N. Side

58a. Classical Gateway through E. Ridge Wall, N. Side

b. E. Ridge Wall, Int., with Cat-walk of Classical

Masonry below

59a-60b. Citadel Keep

59a. Int., N. Wall and Rock-cut Features

b. Part of Window and possible Gate in NW. Wall, Int.

60a. Niche in N. Wall

b. S. Entrance, Int.

61. Mosaic Floor

6la-63. Gedik Kaya Kilise

62a. General View, looking W.

b. Foundations of Church, General View

c. Foundations of Church

63. Rock-cut Tomb

64a,b. Gedik Kaya Kalesi

a. General View, looking N

b. SW. Tower, Ext.

65a-67b. Giresun Adasi

65a. N. Walls, Int., General View

b. N. Walls, Interior Masonry, det.

c. SW. Tower, Int., with Kerasous at 1. and Dikmen

Tepe at c. background

d. Niche in W. Wall, Int.

66. NW. Tower

67a. Keep, Int.

b. Keep, Ext., from S.

68a. Andozkalesi (Holy Antony Castle) from N., with

Coastal Road from Esbiye into Interior at I., Ford

across Yagli (Esbiye) Dere at c., and Castle on

Peak beyond

68b. Kalecik-Hisarustii (Kenchrina?), General View from

W., with "Polichnion" on Wooded Slopes behind

Rock Promontory

69a-73. Tripolis

LIST OF PLATES

ix

69a. View from E-NE., with Kilise Burunu (r.

background) and Ottoman Quruk Kale below,

Western Byzantine Kuruca Kale on Island (r.c.),

Mouth of Philabonites (foreshortened), and

perhaps Petroma (Rock at I.) with Halkavala

below (after Tournefort, 1701)

b. Quruk Kale, Site of W. Castle

70a-72b. Kuruca Kale

70a. View from SE., after building of New Coastal Road

b. View from S., before building of New Coastal Road

71a. Pointed Projections E. of Entrance

b. Remains of Quay SW. of Kuruca Kale

72a. Battery at NW. Corner

b. Steps to Entrance

73. Kuruca Kale, and Church of Panagia, looking NW.,

from Vantage Point at SE. Round Projection

(Entrance at bottom 1.), and Tower at c. I. replaced

by Lighthouse (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)

74a-75. Petroma

74a. Castle, Steps to S. Entrance

b. Castle, Int., looking E. to Vaulted Tunnel

75. Rocky Peak at 1, from W. Bank of Philabonites,

looking E-NE.

76-77b. Suma Kale

76, From E.

77a. N. Wall, showing Beams at Base

b. View from W.

78a-83a. $ebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of

Koloneia

78a. View from SW.

b. E. Section of Castle Walls from S.

79a. Castle Walls from W., showing Position of Blocked

Former Gate (in Shadowed Angle at I.) and

Present Gate (bet. Round Towers at r.)

b. Int. of Castle, General View from S., showing Ext. of

Present Gate (bottom l.), Church Site

(foreground), Cistern Entrances (background), and

Citadel and Keep (top r.)

80a,b. Blocked Former Gate

a. Exterior

b. Interior

81a,b. Citadel Entrance

a. Ext. from S.

b. Int. from N.

82a. Curtain Wall from near Blocked Former Gate (at I.)

to N. Tower of Present Gate (at r.)

b. Present Gate, Ext., with N. Tower at 1.

83a. Cistern Entrance

83b. $ebinkarahisar, Birogul, Byzantine Wall

84a-87b. Koralla

84a. General View from S-SE, before building of New

Coastal Road

84b-85b. Inner Bailey

84b. From SW.

85a. Walls, SE. Corner

85b. Walls, NW. Corner

86. Middle and Inner Baileys from S.

87a. Oil or Wine Press on W. Side

b. Loopholes bet. Inner and Middle Baileys

88a-89b. Gelida Kale

88a. Ce5me Onii Kale (Libiopolis?) (on Promontory) from

E.

b. Yoros Burunu Kale from W. before building of New

Coastal Road

89a. S. Wall, Ext., looking W.

b View from W.

90a-92b. Kordyle

90a. From S-SE. (ca. 1890)

b. From S-SE., General View

91a. Walls of Westernmost Corner, Ext., looking NE.

toward Projecting Tower

b. Castle, Int. looking toward Westernmost Corner,

showing Break in Wall at r. indicating Projecting

Tower, and Window in Wall at 1. above Hidden

Door to Projecting Keep.

92a. Keep, Ext. from SW.

b. Keep, Int., Middle and Upper Storey Windows

93a-d. Fol Maden, Church

a. From SW.

b. Apses, Ext.

c. Apses, Int.

d. N. Conch. Traces of Painting

94-96b. Trikomia

94. Central Kalenima Dere, looking W. from near

Mimera, with Moutzoura (Mucura) and Chorobe

(Horovi) at 1., and Hidir Nebi (Metinkaya Kale) at

top r.

95a. Visera, Church from SE. (1929)

b. Visera, Church from SW. (1959)

c. Mimera (Sivri Kale) from W.

96a. Mimera (Sivri Kale), E. Wall

b. Platana (Akcaabat), Church of St. Michael, Apse.

Ropework Decoration, det.

97-99a. Mumya Kale

97. Walls, Int., looking S. down Cheriana (SSiran) Valley to

Kelora (Kalur) and Upper Lykos (Kelkit) Valley in

far distance, with at upper 1.

98a. View from S.

b. Structure on Summit

99a. Looking SW. to Nor5un, at least Two Walls, Ext.

99b-100. Tarsos (A§agi Tersun, now Giilceker)

99b. Fortified Church

100. Fortified Church, N. Wall Painting, Martyr (I.) and

Military Saint (r.)

101a,b. A§agi Akcah (formerly Hayduruk),

Saraycik

lOla. N. Piece of Masonry, det.

b. Basilica, looking SE.

102a,b. Kelora (Kalur, now Qakirkaya)

a. View from Village toward Forts on Lykos (Kelkit)

River

b. Kalur Kale, Fort

103a-104b. Avarak (Haciahmetoglu), Castle

103a. Looking E. Fields in foreground bear Evidence of

Vicus Settlement.

b. Looking E., General View

104a. Looking W. down Lykos (Kelkit) River

b. N. Wall, Masonry

x

LIST OF PLATES

105a. Trebizond from E. (after Tournefort, 1701)

105b-106. Daphnous

105b. From Lower Church of St. Sabbas, looking W.

toward St. Eleutheri6s and Leontokastron.

Original Drawing for Curzon (1843), pl. opp.

p. 175, from Coll. of Francis Witts Esq., Upper

Slaughter Manor, inscribed: "The quarantine at

Trebizond, from a ruined chapel, to the N.E.-

1843. The city of Trebizond lies just over the hill.

The high building on the rocky point, is an old

palace, now made use of, as the quarantine."

106. From W. (ca. 1893), with St. Philip's (c. foreground)

and Site of Panagia Eleousa beyond, Frankish

Cemetery and Chapels of St. Sabbas below Boz

Tepe (r. background), and Mouth of Pyxites (l.

background) with Hotz-Kymena District beyond

107-192b. Trebizond

107. SE. Suburb from N. (ca. 1893), with Enclosure of

Panagia Theoskepastos in r. background

108. Genoese Leontokastron from the Air (1971), with

Daphnous Harbor (I. foreground), Meydan (dark

square at upper r.): at r. New Coastal Road which

destroyed E. Foreshore, although Former Greek

Frontisterion survives in r. foreground

109a. Santa Maria, Tombstone of Titus Aurelius

Apolinaris of Legio XV Apollinaris

b. Lower City, E. Wall. Malediction of 1302, and

Regulations of 1314 for Corps of Nightwatchmen

(now in Archaeological Museum, Istanbul),

photographed in situ (ca. 1890)

110a. Middle City, Foot of NW. Wall, Classical Masonry

b. Lower City, Zagnos Kapisi Tower and Gate (at 1.)

from SW.

11 la. Exedra bet. Middle City and Citadel, Classical

Masonry, from E.

b. Zagnos Koprusu, S. Side, Classical Masonry

(arrows)

112a,b. Walls of Alexios II, Towers 2-4

a. View from S-SW. (ca. 1940)

b. View from SW.

113. Lower City, W. Wall, Tower 4, with Inscription of

Alexios II, and Two Relief Blocks, perhaps related

to Tower (double exposure, 1893)

114. Relief Blocks

115a-116b. Lower City

11 5a. Molos Kapisi from N.

b. Tower E. of Molos Kapisi, Upper Register, Int.

116a,b. Sea Tower at NE. Corner (now destroyed) from

NW.

a. From NW.

b. From SE. (Hunter, 1899)

117a-118b. Middle City, Zagnos Koprusu

I17a. S. Side, Masonry, det.

b. S. Side, Masonry

I18a. Ravine Stream, S. Side

b. Ravine Stream, N. Side

119a,b. Middle City, W. Wall

a. S. of Zagnos Koprusu

b. N. of Zagnos Koprusu

120-121a. Middle City

120. Tabakhane Koprusu and E. Wall from N. (ca. 1893),

showing Complete N. Curtain Wall of Citadel, Top

of Tower of John IV at 1. and Structure Encasing

Exedra at r.

121a. Byzantine Wall and Window N. of Chrysokephalos

121b-124a. Citadel

121b. N. Wall Feature 3, Masonry E2

122. General View from SE., with St. Eugenios (No. 77) in

Foreground and Giilbahar Hatun Camii beyond

Citadel (telephoto lens distorts scale)

123a,b. N. Wall (Feature 5) showing Ottoman Gate G.

attached to Wall E2

a. View from NE.

b. View from NE. Corner

124a. N. Wall, Int. bet. Features 4 and 5, Masonry E2,

with Traces of Earlier Foundations

124b. Middle City, Gate of St. Eugenios, Unknown

Structure above Gate (Feature 6), possibly Shrine

of St. Athanasios the Exorcist

125a-148b. Citadel

125a. NE. Corner, Ext. (Feature 8), showing Curve at r.

mostly reconstructed after 1893, and Masonry E3

on D3, with Blocked Crenellations Midway up

Wall, on about Five Courses of A at 1. on corner

b. NE. Corner, Int., looking along Feature 8 toward

Feature 13, showing Crenellations Unblocked

since 1893

126. View from E. Ravine (before 1893), showing Tower

of John IV at 1. (s.) Corner; Wall (now lost) leading

to Angled Bastion (Features 14, 13), Wall with

Course of Oinaion Stone (Feature 12), and

Buttress (Feature 11), All of Masonry D1, to r. of

Tower; Substantial Parts of Wall (now lost),

including Polygonal Bastion at Feature 10, at 1.

(NE. Corner at Feature 8, since rebuilt); Stages of

Building Features 10, 9, and 8 at r.: Masonry A

Base, D3 Darker Walls with Blocked Crenellations,

surmounted by Lighter E3 Walls with

Crenellations unblocked

127a. View from E. Ravine (before 1914)

b. View from E. Ravine (1963)

128a-130b. East Wall

128a. Feature 12, Masonry D1, det., showing Water

Drains and Course of Oinaion Stone at top

b. Angled Bastion (Feature 14) from S., showing

Position of Two Christian Reliefs

129. View from Feature 13, looking N. toward Feature 8

130a,b. Angled Bastion (Feature 14). Plaques

a. Expulsion from Garden of Eden

b. Elijah and the Raven

131a. View from S., showing "Theodora's Bedchamber"

(Feature 22) at I., and Tower of John IV (Feature

16) at r.

b. Angled Bastion (Features 13-14), Int. from W., with

St. Eugenios in Background

132. Tower of John IV (Feature 16) from SE. (1916),

showing Classical Masonry A at Base, Darker

13th-century Masonry D3 with Ghost

LIST OF PLATES

xi

Crenellations, Courses of 14th-century Masonry

E3, and Main Tower in Masonry F of 1458-60

(top lost bet. 1893-1916) above

133a,b. SE. Corner, Inner and Outer Walls

a. View from W., showing Feature 22 (with

Overhang of "Theodora's Bedchamber") at 1.

and Masonry A below

b. View from E., showing Feature 22 ("Theodora's

Bedchamber") above Courses of E3, Six or

Seven Blocked Crenellations of Inner Wall in

Masonry D3, and Footings of Masonry A

134a,b. Features 17, 18, 19, and 22 from S.

a. General View (1971)

b. Ghost Crenellations of D3 surmounted by E3,

especially on Outer Wall bet. Features 19 and

18 (1916)

135a. SW. Buildings from NE., showing Features 21

(foreground), 22 (1. background), and 23

(r. background)

b. Upper Chamber, Fenestration (Feature 22), Int.

136a. Feature 23, Masonry D2, Fenestration from SW.

b. Feature 22 from Feature 25, showing Fenestration

of Feature 23 in Profile, and Part of Fenestration

of Feature 24 at r.

137a. Features 26 and 27, looking N. from Feature 25,

showing Modern Facing over Masonry types

137b. NW. Hall (Feature 28) from S-SE.

138a-139a. Feature 28

138a. Masonry C, Lower E. Facade, Window at 1.

b. N. Face, Windows in Lower Register (r.-hand

Window refaced)

139a. NE. Corner, showing Masonry C (below) and D1

(above), Oinaion Stone Course, and Three Stone

Cannon Balls presumably inserted in Ottoman

Times

139b-144. W. Wall

139b. Ext., Face of Feature 28 bet. Features 27 and 29,

showing Later D or E Work

140a. Ext. (Feature 24), Fenestration, Face in Masonry

D2 (telephoto view)

b. View of Features 17 to 24, showing Ghost

Crenellations bet. Masonry D3 and E3 at r. and

D2 at 1.

141. View of Features 19 to 27

142. Bastion 26, Ext.


144. View of Features 27 to 32, including Outer Face of

Exedra (Feature 1), and Section bet. 30 and 32 (at

1.) pitted with Windows of Later Private Houses

and much refaced in H

145a. N. and W. Walls from Zagnos Kopriisii

b. Bastion 20 from Feature 25, showing E3 Work on

Masonry D3, and Blocked Door at bottom 1.

146a. Join bet. Masonry D3 and E3 NW. of Bastion 19,

det. (telephoto view)

b. Bastion 19 from Feature 20, showing E3 Work on

Masonry D3

147a. Feature 24, Blocked Door at Base

b. Bastion 26, S. Face, showing possible E3 Work on

One or More Types of Earlier Indeterminate

Masonry

148a. Exedra (Feature 32), mostly refaced, Blocked Door

from S.

b. Bastion 30 from S., showing possible Masonry El

and E3 above Earlier Footing

149. Leontokastron from W. (ca. 1893), with Church B in

foreground

150a,b. Bedesten

a. View from E-SE. (ca. 1893)

b. N. Facade

151a. Leontokastron, SW. Structure and Gate, with

Entrance to Modern Tunnel to Daphnous below

b. Tomb of Alexios IV from S-SE. (1916), with

Kulakli bet. Tomb and N. Apse of

Chrysokephalos

152a. E. Seaboard, looking W. from Leontokastron

(before 1923). In foreground W. Wall of

Leontokastron (No. 14), then Venetian

Concession of 1319, Kanitou (No. 12), Church B

(No. 31), St. Gregory of Nyssa (Large 19th-

Century Church) (No. 88), S. Croce Point and

Venetian Concession and Castle of 1367 (Nos. 21

and 28), Venetian Concession of 1364, and Molos

b. Supposed Site of Venetian Castle (No. 28) from

Frontisterion and SE. (1958)

153a,b. Soguksu, Church L. (No. 39)

a. View from SE.

b. View from SW.

154. Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery (No. 48) (ca. 1893),

with Belfry at 1., "Milk Fountain" below, and W.

Zhamatun of Main Church of 1424 at r.

155a. Gate of St. Dynamis and Cifte Hamami (No. 42)

from SW., with Chapel M (No. 40) NW. of cifte

Hamami

155b-157b. Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery

155b. In 1959, showing Main Church (and Lost

Zhamatun) at I., and Chapel of 1421 and

Monastic Buildings of 1688 at r.

156. Smaller Chapel, Inscription of 1421 over Lintel

157a,b. Main Church, Pentagonal Apse

a. From E-NE.

b. Int., before reroofing (1929)

158a,b. Main Church

a. W. Wall. Painting above Central Door,

Hetoimasia (1959)

b. Zhamatun, E. Wall, N. Side. Painting, Crucifixion

(ca. 1893)

159a. Khach'kàr near Lintel of Smaller Chapel

b. Khach`kàr in Main Church

160a-d. Manglavita (No. 49)

a. Upper Chapel, from NE.

b. Upper Chapel, Masonry, det.

c. Rock-cut Steps to Monastery Platform S. of

Rock-cut Chapel

d. Rock-cut Chapel from S.

161. Undated Stone Plaque (diam. 0.39 m, depth 0.08 m)

from St. George Kourtza (No. 82) probably

originally from Chrysokephalos (No. 120), with

xii

LIST OF PLATES

Inscription

162. Panagia Chrysokephalos, Int., looking W., showing

Narthex and Exonarthex, below, and

Katechoumena of 1214-35 and 1342-51, where

Emperor and Empress appeared for Coronation

Acclamations, above

163. St. Akindynos (No. 57), Apse and N. Porch from

E-NE.

164. St. Anne (No. 61) from S. (ca. 1893)

165a,b. St. Andrew (No. 60)

a. Chapel from NE. (1963)

b. Arch over N. Door, Ext. (1963)

166a-167b. St. Anne

166a. S. Door, Tympanum. Relief Plaques Inserted after

1893

b. Relief, Warrior at I.; Winged Figure (Head at top,

Wings behind, Legs below at r.); and Inscription

167a. Reused Capital, from SE.

b. Reused Capital, from NE.

168a,b. St. Basil (No. 66)

a. View from S.

b. Reused Classical Block over W. Door, with

Supposed Justinianic Inscription

169-170c. St. Eugenios (No. 77), N. Gallery, W. End Wall

Painting, details

169. Painting, exposed in 1973

170a. Angel

b. Head of Christ

c. Left Hand of Christ

171. St. Gregory of Nyssa (No. 88), Cathedral of 1863

from SE. (photo of ca. 1893)

172. St. John the Theologian (Mum Hane Camii) (No. 94)

from N-NE. (ca. 1893)

173a-c. St. Philip (No. 108)

a. First Church, N. Wall, Ext., Molding

b. Apse and Drum from NE.

c. N. Capital and Moldings around Former W.

Door

174. St. Sabbas (No. 111), E. Cave Chapel. Sts.

Constantine and Helena (ca. 1893)

175. Possible Remains of W. Extension of "Sea Wall"

near S. Croce (?), E. of Molos (1932)

176a-191. Hagia Sophia (No. 112)

176a,c. Views of Tower

a. From E-SE. (ca. 1836) (after Texier and Pullan)

b. From Roof of Church, after Restoration of 1880s

and immediately before Restoration of 1961-62

c. From E-SE. (1972), showing Apse of Chapel of

1443 above Panel with Imperial Portraits

177. Vaulted Gatehouse, now destroyed (1893)

178a. Tower, Base of E. Wall. Inscription: 'ETous ,; kr'

(i)v(6tinU vos) e' ijpxOt (A.D. 1427, Indiction 5)

b. Tower, E. Face, Ext. Panel. Painted Inscription of

John IV: ... (3)aatA,e6S xai a6TOxpfTwp

`P(wµai)wv xai HepocTeiag 6 (Me)yas

Ko tv(rl)vbc xai 6(t)6s Tou e66eI3e6T&Tou

(0a)at? o)(S) xup(i)ou Akc4iou

179a-191. Tower, Chapel

179a. Apse, Conch

b. E. Wall, S. Side

180a. John the Baptist in Apse, and Part of S. Wall

b. E. Wall, S. Side, det.

181. E. Wall, N. Side

182a. W. Wall. Dormition

182b-d. Dormition, details

b. Head of Angel Who cuts off Hand of Jephonias

c. Head of Mourner

d. Head of Mourner

183-184b. S. Door

183. Keystone of Arch

184a. E. Side. Baptism

b. W. Side. Transfiguration

185a-188b. S. Wall

185a. Annunciation

b. Annunciation, det., the Virgin

186a-c. Nativity, dets.

a. Detail

b. Sheep

c. Ox and Ass Warming the Christ Child

187. Presentation

188a-b. Pentecost, dets.

a. Cosmos

b. Ears and Tongues

189. N. Window, Arch. Pattern in top c.

190a-191. N. Wall

190a. Crucifixion

b. Epitaphios Threnos

c. Anastasis

191. Base at E. End. Standing Figure with Ship and Other

Graffiti on Robe

192a,b. Zeytinlik Camii (No. 125)

a. S. Apse

b. C. and N. Apses

193a-c. Phantak (cakilca Koyii)

a. Chapel from SE.

b. Apse. Wall Painting

c. S. Wall. Painting

194a-197. Pipat (Bibat Koyu), Church B

194a. S. Wall. Large Figure

b. N. Wall. Inscription

c. N. Wall. Two Female Saints

195-196. W. Wall.

195. Narthex, Two Martyr Saints

196. Ext. Mounted Saint

197. S. Wall, Ext. Warrior Saints

198. Monastery of St. George Peristereota

$im5irli) from N.

199a-204c. Sarma5ikh (Geyikli), Upper Church

199a. General View from S., showing Dark Line of Bushes

marking Buried Church

b. Nave and Main Apse, looking NE., showing

Paintings of Cross at top and Mother of God

(hacked away to reveal Underlayer) below on

Archway

200a. N. Door and Ruined Porch, Ext., Looking SE.

b. N. Door, Int.

20 Ia. W. Door, Int.

b. Nave, N. Side, before Destruction of Painting of

LIST OF PLATES

xiii

Mother of God

202a. N. Aisle and Apse, showing Paintings of Archangel

Gabriel in Apse and Cross on Pier

b. N. Apse, Archangel Gabriel

203a. N. Wall, E. End. Lower Register

b. NE. Pier, W. Face. Foliated Cross

204a. SW. Pier, E. Face. St. Theodore Stratelates, after

Mutilation

b. SW. Pier, E. Face, looking SW. from Center of

Naos. St. Theodore Stratelates; and Center Bay,

S. Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena

c. Center Bay. S. Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena,

after Mutilation

205. Spelia (Ispela, Ocakh), Church from SE.

206. Angurga (Dianeiacha?), Chapel from NW.

207a-c. Doubera (Libera, Yazhk)

a. Castle

b. Grotto of St. John the Baptist

c. Grotto. St. Zosimas and St. Mary of Egypt

208-210b. Soumela (Meryemana)

208. Monastery and Mt. Mela from NE.

209. Monastery (1929)

210a,b. Katholikon

a. S. Wall. Panel, Manuel III, Alexios III, and

Andronikos (1929)

b. N. Wall. Earliest Layer of Painting (revealed in

1970)

211. View from Kipla Mahalle, looking S., showing

Beginning of Old Summer Road to Castle at

Center Horizon

212a,b. Chortokopion (Hortokop Kale)

a. Gate Tower

b. Wall overlooking Valley

213a,b. Gantopedin (Labra), Castle

a. View from W.

b. Chapel from SE.

214-215b. Sachnoe (Kopruyani, "Kurt Boghan," the

Taxiarchai Church (1929)

214. View from NE.

215a. Apse, Conch. Theophany

b. N. Wall. St. John the Prodromos of Vazelon, the

Christ Child, and Mother of God with Donor

(not Abbot Nikodemos Lazaropoulos of Vazelon

of 1391) below

216a-225c. Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir)

216a. N. Terrace, Chapel of St. Elias from above

b. Monastery and Mt. Zaboulon from SE.

217a-225c. Chapel of St. Elias

217a. Ascension (2)

b. Koimesis (4), det.

218. Heavenly Host (5), det.

219a. Annunciation (6), det.

b. Annunciation and Nativity (7), dets.

220. Nativity

221. Presentation (7)

222. Baptism (8)

223a. Raising of Lazarus (9)

b. Raising of Lazarus, det.

224a. Crucifixion (10)

b. Anastasis (11)

225a. St. Gregory the Theologian (14) and St. Basil (15),

det. (note Graffiti)

b. Sts. Constantine and Helena (27)

225c. St. Theodore (29), St. Eugenios of Trebizond (30),

and St. George (31)

226a. Pyxites, NW. Slope, General View, showing Panagia

Kremaste at center and stasis of Aitherisa

(Sevimli) above

b. Upper Matzouka, General View from Palaiokastro,

looking N., with Krenasa, Giannakanton,

Pontyla, and Giannanton at r., and Kounakalin

to 1. of Prytanis River

227a,b. Palaiokastro

a. On Spur, General View, looking N. from Chapsa

(Hamsikoy)

b. Castle of Palaiomatzouka (Hamsikoy) Kale, Dik

Kaya from E.

228. Lefka (Hamsikoy), Holy Savior, Chapel from NE.

229a,b. Zigana (Kalkandere)

a. View of Village on S. Side of Pass (above) and

Ruined Han (below) from Castle

b. Castle

230. Imera, Monastery of St. John from NW. (1893)

231,b. Nacarh (Mochora?), Yagh Dere Kale

a. View from S.

b. Upper and Lower Towers

232a-c. Kromni Castle (Kurum Kale)

a. View from NW.

b. NE. Wall, Crosses

c. From NE.

233a-d. Ardasa (Torul)

a. View from NE. and Zigana Road, showing Castle

at I., above Gorge where Philabonites becomes

Kanis (Har5it) River

b. Castle from N., showing Curtain Wall at 1.

c. Castle, Curtain Wall, Int.

d. Castle, Tower at Summit

234. Kirkilise, Chapel from SE.

235a-238. Dipotamos (Ikisu Koyu)

235a. Double Church from SE., with Chapel B in

foreground

b. Chapel B, Apses

236a. Door from Chapel B to Chapel A, S. Side

b. Chapel A, E. End, in foreground, and Castle (Ikisu

Kale) in background

237a. Chapel B, N. Wall (former Ext. S. Wall, Chapel A).

Red and Black Decoration to I. of Door

b. Chapel A, W. Wall, Head of Saint

238. Castle (Ikisu Kale) from SW

239. Godaina (Kodil), Tomb below Castle

240. "Treacherous Cave of Chaldia" (cf. Panaretos, ed.

Lampsides, 77, January 1379), on the Cheriana

Road

241. Golacha (?) (Colo5ana), Castle from W.

242a-b. Sorogaina (Soruyana), Castle

a. From S.

b. Lower Gate from Upper Gate

243a-c. Bayana Kale

xiv

LIST OF PLATES

a. From NW.

b. View from W.

c. View from NE.

244a-248c. Tzanicha (Canca)

244a. Castle from W.

b. Castle, W. Walls from E.

245. Chapel A from E.

246. Chapel B (I.) and Chapel A (r.) from W.

247a. Chapel B, View from S.

b. Chapel B, Window Soffit, Acrostic

248a-c. Chapel A

a. Apse, N. Side, Decoration

b. W. Wall, N. Side. Two Standing Saints

c. Church Fathers (top) and Decoration (bottom)

249a-251c. Kog Kale

249a. View from E.

b. View from S.

250a. View from SW.

b. View from N.

251a. NW. Tower and Main Gate

b. Int., Kitchen Wall and Fireplace

c. Int., NE. Corner

252-255b. Kouazi (Kovans)

252. Central Cistern

253a. View from SW, showing Blocked Cave (below) and

W. Tower (above)

b. E. Entrance

254a. View from SW.

b. View from S., showing Upper (I.) and Lower (r.)

Fortifications

255a. W. Tower, Int., looking E.

b. From S., showing Lower Fortifications in

foreground

256a,b. Kovans K6 y6

a. From S.

b. Chapel, Apse

257a-261. Lerin, Hagia Sophia (Kabaki y, Ayasofya

Camii)

257a. W. Wall

b. S. Wall, partly hidden by Roof of Cottage in

foreground

258a. S. Wall, Blocked Door

b. S. Door, Lintel

c. S. Door, E. Jamb. Inscriptions

259. S. Wall, Window

260a. E. Wall

b. Main Apse, Window, Ext.

c. NE. Corner showing Blocked Pastophory

261. Int., looking SE.

262. Ho5mesalos, Church A, Rock-cut Apse

263a-d. Kalecik on Arakh Burunu

a. View from W.

b. View from E.

c. View from S.

d. View S. from Kalecik on Arakh Burunu, showing

Attached Walled Site

264-265c. Sousourmaina-Canayer on Arakh Burunu

264. General View from W., showing N. Gate at Edge of

Slope

265a. N. Gate, Masonry with Cornice, det.

b. N. Gate, Upper Storey, Springing of Arch

c. S. Gate, Upper Storey, Decorated Floor

266a-c. Aho-Zavzaga Kale on the Kara Dere

a. Gorge below Pazarcik (ca. 2500 m), with

artificially enlarged Caves at 1.

b. View from SE.

c. Fortification at S. Entrance

267. R65i Kalesi, Of, from E.

268. Fetoka, Church, from W.

269. Fetoka, Inscription

270a-273. Rhizaion

270a. Lower and Upper Citadels, looking S. from Walled

Town

b,c. Upper Citadel

b. SW. Tower, Ext.

c. NW. Tower, Brick Arch

27 la-c. Lower Citadel, W. Wall

a. Ext., Feature I (Bastion) and Tower 2

b. Int., looking S, Relieving Arches.

c. Int., looking N, Relieving Arches and Tower 2

272a-c. Walled Town

a. W. Wall, Tower 5, Brick Arches and Vaulting

b. Early Masonry at Base of Tower 9

c. NW. End, Tower 8

273. Traces of Harbor Mole at Seaward End of Walled

Town, with Modern Rize to E. in background

274. Bozuk Kale near Giindogdu, E. Wall

275. Kodyla-Kalecik (Sivri Kale), Tower from S.

276a-277b. Athenai-Pazar, Kiz Kulesi

276a. General View from S.

b. W. Wall, Gateway

c. W. Wall, Second and Third Storeys

277a. N. Wall, First and Second Storeys

b. N. Wall, Upper Storey

278a-279. Cihar-Kise Kale

278a. From N., showing Typical Housing and Barns

b. Outer Walling

279. Central Tower, Stonework imitating Brickwork

280a-c. Sapo-Mahallesi, Eski Trabzon

a. Church from W.

b. Door, Arch, Int.

c. Door, Arch, Ext.

281 a-282c. Zil Kale

281a. General View from N.

b. General View from S.

c. Inner Bailey, Herringbone Work and Niches

282a. Keep and Wall of Inner Bailey from W.

b. Keep, Window on N. Side

c. Keep, Interior, E. Wall

283a-284. Varo§ Kale

283a. N.W. Side, Door

b. View from Varo§ Kale, looking S. to Bas

and Tatos Mountains

c. General View, from S.

284. Possible Cistern

285. Arde§en, Church, Main Apse, Masonry

286. Apsaros, Castle from S. (VizVrem, 20 [1961], 233)

287a-288c. Ispir Castle

LIST OF PLATES

xv

287a. Church from SW.

b. Castle and Akampsis (coruh) River from N.

c. From NW, showing Church (top left) and Covered

Stairway from near Sultan Melik Mescit (top

center) to River (below)

288a. View from W., showing Sultan Melik Mescit (at r.),

Church (at 1.), and Lower Town (behind Citadel)

b. Church, Main Apse from SE., showing Narrow,

Tall Blocks of Coarse, Yellow Stone (robbed

elsewhere)

c. Sultan Melik Mescit. NW. Corner and Minaret

Base, showing Narrow, Tall Blocks of Coarse

Yellow Stone above and Herringbone Work

below

289a,b. Castle near Norgah, Ispir

a. Entrance from NW.

b. NE. Side, Masonry

290a,b. Bayburt, Castle of Mugith al-Din Tugril§ah

a. View from W.

b. Masonry and Inscription

List of Folded Maps

I. Byzantine Pontos

II. Hinterland of Trebizond (Indicated on Figure 1)

III. Trebizond, Overall

Ia. Tomb of the Ghazi celebi Ic. Inscription 4

lb. Inscription 3

Sinope

2a. Tower 29, Northeast Face, Position of Inscription 5

2b. Inscription 5

Sinope

• 4 -

3a. Towers 1-4 (Types B, C, and G), with Acropolis in Background, from Tower 7

3b. Towers 18-20 (Type D) from East

Sinope

4a. Tower 16 (Types G and L) from East

Sinope

4b. Section of Wall near Tower 22,

showing Cribwork (Type M)

5a. Wall near Tower 22, Interior (Type M)

5b. Wall between Towers 22 and 23, Interior (Type M),

showing Blocked Archway

Sinope

6a. Wall near Tower 23, Interior, showing Catwalk and Entrance to Tower (Type M)

6b. View from Tower 24, looking West, showing Towers 25, 26, 40, and 29

Sinope

7a. View from Tower 43, looking East, showing Tower 42 (Types A and *C),

and Towers 27-23 (Type M)

7b. View from Tower 29, looking East, showing Towers 28-23

Sinope

8a. Section of Wall near Tower 26, showing

Cribwork (Type M)

Sinope

8b. Tower 30 from South (Types A, B, C, E, and G)

9a. Acropolis, North Wall, Towers 40-43 and 30 (mostly Type A)

note V-shaped Towers, Type *C)

9b. Towers 30 and 29 from Tower 28

Sinope

10a. Interior

lOb.

Exterior

Sinope, Tower 29, Gate

I la. Tower and Gate 29 from West (Types A, B, C, E, L, and M)

lib.

Citadel, South Wall, Towers 31-34 and Blocked Sea Gate

(mostly Types B and G) from Site of Submerged Mole

Sinope

12a. Cisterns, Blocked Opening between Areas XVII and XVIII at T, detail

12b. Area VIII, South Arm, showing Springing of Vault

Sinope, "Palace," Balat

13. Area X, North Wall, looking Northeast

14a. Area X, North Wall, showing Large Secondary Cutting

at Ground Level and Remains of Pilasters between

Blind Arches


14b. Area II, West Wall from West

15a. Remains of Brick Barrel Vault

15b. Marble Column Base from

Bema Screen or Ambo,

Reused over Church Entrance,

detail

16a. Wall at Q, North of Area IX, showing Discontinued 16b. Section of Wall, showing Mortared Rubble Core and

Band of Bricks, Only Sign of Irregularity in Building

Continuous Brick Bonding Courses


21a. St. Panteleimon 21b. St. Barbara

Sinope, Balat Kilise, Wide West Arch, Reveal

22a. South Wall. The Visitation

22b. Narrow West Arch, Reveal. St. Eirene

! I

NAVA

t. Jays

23. South Door, Interior Tympanum. Inscription

Sinope, Balat Kilise

24a. Balat Kilise, Exterior, South Door, Lunette. The Koimesis

24b. Museum. Relief, Christ with Angels

Sinope

25a. Balat Kilise, Narrow West Arch, Reveal.

Ismael

25c. Balat Kilise, Exterior, West Wall, South Side, Niche.

Archangel

25b. Inscribed Pedestal found at Site of Church Southwest of Walled City

Sinope

26a. Acropolis, Floor Mosaic in Golf Course

Bunker of Military Base. Head of Spring

26b. Erkek Sanat Enstitiisii, Floor Mosaic. Symbolic Figure

Amisos (Samsun)

27a. Castle, Arch of Blocked Door in Byzantine Wall

27b. Islet of St. Nicholas from Mainland End of Causeway

Oinaion

28. Kekirkalesi, near Akkus, Jerphanion's Kainochorion

29. caleoglu Kale, near Oinaion, Rock-cut Painted Tomb and Summit from

Northeast

30a. Unidentified Ruin Southwest of Town, possibly Pilgrim Church of St. Gregory

Thaumatourgos

30b. Site of Roman Town, Wall with Brick and Stone Courses

Neokaisareia

31a. Looking Southwest from Tomb of the Melik Ghazi

31b. From East (ca. 1890)

Neokaisareia, General Views

0

cu

M

34a. Castle "Church," Interior, Corbel at Northeast Angle and Earthenware Jar built into Masonry

34b. Arch, possibly of South Gate to Inner Citadel

Neokaisareia

35a. Citadel, South Bailey, Wall at Southwest Corner

35b. Citadel, South Bailey and Southwest End with

"Church." Nineteenth-century Police Station in

foreground

36. Looking Northeast toward Inner Citadel from South Bailey

Neokaisareia

r .. 0 -o ... !

f aM"

38a. General View

38b. Wooden Beam Work, detail

Neokaisareia, Citadel, Wall between Inner Citadel and Inner Citadel Bailey

39a. Citadel, Fallen Walls of Inner Citadel Bailey on East Side

39b. Town Wall, East Side, Pentagonal Prow-shaped Tower

Neokaisareia

40a. Citadel, Wall between North and Inner Citadel Baileys,

showing Ashlar Facing and Setting Beds, and Later Repair

above

40b. Cemetery of the Melik Ghazi, Byzantine Capital

Neokaisareia

41 a. Evkaf Koyu Kale, Castle on Wooded Hill East of Fatsa Dere overlooking Road South, View from West

41b. Evkaf Koyu Kale, Southeast Bastion

42. Fatsa. Funerary Relief with Inscription

43a. General View from East

43b. Cruciform Church, Exposed North Wall and Door 43c. Cruciform Church, Southwest Pendentive

Boloman Kale

44. Polemonion, Church of St. Constantine (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)

45a. Castle Walls topped by Ottoman Selamlik 45b. Cruciform Church, Pentagonal Apse projecting through

from Southeast East Wall of Castle

Boloman Kale

46. Lykos Valley at Koyulhisar, looking Northeast, with Arrow marking Yukari Kale

47. Koyulhisar, Yukari Kale, looking North, with Ruin of North Gate in right foreground

0

Q

49a. Cape Jason, Reused Blocks in

Church of 1868

49c. Bayadi Koyu, Wall

49b. Cape Jason, Reused Blocks in

Church of 1868

50a. Ordu, Bozuk Kale from West 50b. Hoynat Kale from South

51a. Rock-cut Tomb near Shore between Bulancak and Piraziz 51b. Dikmen Tepe, Vaulted Springhead or Cistern on Summit

52. Looking East from Ridge Wall of Acropolis, with Upper Gate and Keep at left and Island of Ares below; Eastern Harbor and

Suburb at center; Castle and Twin Peaks of Cedik Kaya at right (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)

CiRASONTE.

53. View from North-northeast, with Walled Town below Acropolis and Keep to West,

Dikmen Tepe behind Eastern Suburb at center, and Gedik Kaya to East (after Tournefort,

1701)

Kerasous

54a. View from East, with Ridge Wall and Keep at top left (Walls down to Sea have largely disappeared) (ca. 1893)

54b. View from East

Kerasous

55a. Interior, looking South, with Catwalk of Classical Masonry

55b. Looking North toward Keep, with Monument to Topah Osman Aga at left

Kerasous, Eastern Ridge Wall

56a. "To the east . .. the ancient walls may be traced almost the whole way

from the castle to the sea, where I observed an arched Hellenic

gateway, blocked up with masonry of the same style, as shown in the

accompanying woodcut; beyond which was a high tower overgrown

with ivy" (Hamilton, Researches [1836], 263 f.). The (apparently

northern) classical gate no longer survives.

56b. Northeast Bastion below Keep, and Island of Ares

Kerasous

57a. View from Interior 57b. Detail, Masonry on North Side

Kerasous, Western Classical Gate to Main Harbor

58a. Classical Gateway through Eastern Ridge Wall, North Side 58b. Eastern Ridge Wall, Interior, with Catwalk

of Classical Masonry below

Kerasous

59a. Interior, North Wall and Rock-cut Features

59b. Part of Window and possible Gate in Northwest Wall, Interior

Kerasous, Citadel Keep

60a. Citadel Keep, Niche in North Wall

60b. Citadel Keep, South Entrance, Interior

61. Mosaic Floor

Kerasous

62a. General View, looking West

62b. Foundations of Church, General View

62c. Foundations of Church

Gedik Kaya Kilise

63. Gedik Kaya Kilise, Rock-cut Tomb 64b. Gedik Kaya Kalesi, Southwest Tower, Exterior

64a. Gedik Kaya Kalesi, General View, looking North

65a. North Walls, Interior, General View

65b. North Walls, Interior Masonry, detail

65c. Southwest Tower, Interior, with Kerasous at left 65d. Niche in West Wall, Interior

and Dikmen Tepe at center background

Giresun Adasi

66. Northwest Tower 67. Keep, Interior

67b. Keep, Exterior from South

Giresun Adasi

68a. Andozkalesi (Holy Antony Castle) from North, with Coastal Road from Esbiye into Interior at left, Ford

across Yagli (Esbiye) Dere at center, and Castle on Peak beyond

68b. Kalecik-Hisariistii (Kenchrina?), General View from West, with "Polichnion" on Wooded Slopes behind Rock Promontory

69a. View from East-northeast, with Kilise Burunu (right background) and Ottoman curuk Kale

below, Western Byzantine Kuruca Kale on Island (right center), Mouth of Philabonites

(foreshortened), and perhaps Petroma (Rock at left) with Halkavala below (after Tournefort,

1701)

69b. cur ik Kale, Site of Western Castle

Tripolis

70a. View from Southeast, after building of New Coastal Road

70b. View from South, before building of New Coastal Road

Tripolis, Kuruca Kale

71a. Kuruca Kale, Pointed Projections East of Entrance

71b. Remains of Quay Southwest of Kuruca Kale

Tripolis

72a. Battery at Northwest Corner 72b. Steps to Entrance

Tripolis, Kuruca Kale

73. Tripolis, Kuruca Kale, and Church of Panagia, looking Northwest, from Vantage Point at Southeast Round Projection

(Entrance at bottom left), and Tower at center left replaced by Lighthouse (after Laurens for Hell, 1846)

74a. Steps to South Entrance

74b. Interior, looking East to Vaulted Tunnel

Petroma, Castle

75. Petroma (Rocky Peak at left) from West Bank of the Philabonites, looking East-northeast

76. Suma Kale from East

77a. North Wall, showing Beams at Base

77b. View from West

Suma Kale

78a. View from Southwest

78b. Eastern Section of Castle Walls from South

ebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia

79a. Castle Walls from West, showing Position of Blocked Former Gate (in Shadowed Angle at left) and

Present Gate (between Round Towers at right)

J

79b. Interior of Castle, General View from South, showing Exterior of Present Gate (bottom left), Church Site

(foreground), Cistern Entrances (background), and Citadel and Keep (top right)

Sebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia

80a. Exterior

80b. Interior

ebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia, Blocked Former Gate

-

'1

r'

81a. Exterior from South

V

_Th3fr 4

,.

r —

81 b. Interior from North

Sebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia, Citadel Entrance

82a. Curtain Wall from near Blocked Former Gate (at left) to North Tower

of Present Gate (at right)

82b. Present Gate, Exterior, with North Tower at left

ebinkarahisar, Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia

83a. Mavrokastron-Karahisar of Koloneia, Cistern Entrance

SSebinkarahisar

84a. General View from South-southeast, before building of New Coastal Road

84b. Inner Bailey from Southwest

Koralla

oc

86. Koralla, Middle and Inner Baileys from South

7)

b

4w

0

0

Cd

00

88a. cqme Ond Kale (Libiopolis?) (on Promontory) from East

88b. Yoros Burunu Kale from West, before building of New Coastal Road

89a. South Wall, Exterior, looking West

89b. View from West

Gelida Kale

90a. (Ca. 1890)

90b. General View

Kordyle from South-southeast

91 a. Walls of Westernmost Corner, Exterior, looking Northeast toward Projecting Tower

91b. Castle, Interior, looking toward Westernmost Corner, showing Break in Wall at right indicating Projecting Tower, and

Window in Wall at left above Hidden Door to Projecting Keep

Kordyle

92a. Kordyle, Keep, Exterior from Southwest

92b. Kordyle, Keep, Interior, Middle and

Upper Storey Windows

93b. Fol Maden, Church, Apses, Exterior

93a. Fol Maden, Church from Southwest

93c. Apses, Interior 93d. North Conch. Traces of Painting

Fol Maden, Church

94. Trikomia, Central Kalenima Dere, looking West from near Mimera, with Moutzoura (Mucura) and Chorobe (Horovi) at left,

and Hidir Nebi (Metinkaya Kale) at top right

95a. Visera, Church from Southeast (1929)

95b. Visera, Church from Southwest (1959)

95c. Mimera (Sivri Kale) from West

Trikomia

96a. Mimera (Sivri Kale), East Wall

96b. Platana (Akcaabat), Church of St. Michael, Apse. Ropework Decoration, detail

Trikomia

97. Walls, Interior, looking South down Cheriana Valley to Kelora (Kalur) and Upper Lykos (Kelkit) Valley in far

distance, with Ulusiran at upper left

98a. View from South

Mumya Kale

98b. Mumya Kale, Structure on Summit

99b. Tarsos (ASagi Tersun, now Gulreker),

Fortified Church

99a. Mumya Kale, looking Southwest to Nor§un,

at least Two Walls, Exterior

100. Tarsos (ASagi Tersun, now Gulceker), Fortified Church, North Wall.

Painting, Martyr (left) and Military Saint (right)

101a. A5agi Akcali (formerly Asagi Hayduruk), Saraycik,

Northern Piece of Masonry, detail

101b. A§agi Akcali (formerly Asagi Hayduruk), Saraycik, Basilica, looking Southeast

102a. View from Village toward Forts

on Lykos (Kelkit) River

102b. Kalur Kale, Fort

Kelora (Kalur, now cakirkaya)

103a. Fields in foreground bear Evidence of Vicus Settlement.

103b. General View

Avarak (Haciahmetoglu), Castle, looking East

zO

r0

O

TREBIS ONDE.

105a. Trebizond from East (after Tournefort, 1701)

105b.

Daphnous from Lower Church of

St. Sabbas, looking West toward

St. Eleutherios and Leontokastron.

Original drawing for Curzon

(1843), pl. opp. p. 175, from Coll.

of Francis Witts Esq., Upper

Slaughter Manor, inscribed: "The

quarantine at Trebizond, from a

ruined chapel, to the N.E.-1843.

The city of Trebizond lies just over

the hill. The high building on the

rocky point, is an old palace, now

made use of as the quarantine."

106. Daphnous from West (ca. 1893), with St. Philip's (center foreground) and Site of Panagia Eleousa beyond, Frankish

Cemetery and Chapels of St. Sabbas below Boz Tepe (right background), and Mouth of Pyxites (left background)

with Hotz-Kymena District beyond

107. Trebizond, Southeast Suburb from North (ca. 1893),

with Enclosure of Panagia Theoskepastos in right background

108. Trebizond, Genoese Leontokastron from the Air (1971), with Daphnous Harbor (left foreground), Meydan (dark

square at upper right); at right New Coastal Road which destroyed Eastern Foreshore, although Former Greek

Frontisterion survives in right foreground

109a. Santa Maria, Tombstone of Titus Aurelius Apolinaris

of Legio XV Apollinaris Trebizond

109b. Lower City, East Wall. Malediction of 1302, and Regulations of 1314 for Corps of

Nightwatchmen (now in Archaeological Museum, Istanbul), photographed in situ (ca. 1890)

110a. Middle City, Foot of Northwest Wall, Classical Masonry

110b. Lower City, Zagnos Kapisi Tower and Gate (at left)

from Southwest

Trebizond

1 1 la. Exedra between Middle City and Citadel, Classical Masonry, from East

l 1 lb.

Zagnos Koprusu, South Side, Classical Masonry (arrows)

Trebizond

I 12a. View from South-southwest (ca. 1940) 112b. View from Southwest

Walls of Alexios II, Towers 2-4

113. West Wall, Tower 4, with Inscription of Alexios II, and Two Relief Blocks, perhaps related to Tower

(double exposure, 1893)

Trebizond, Lower City

114. Trebizond, Relief Blocks

115a. Molos Kapisi from North

115b. Tower East of Molos Kapisi, Upper Register, Interior

Trebizond, Lower City

I 16a.

Lower City, Sea Tower at Northeast Corner (now destroyed)

from Northwest

1 I 6b. Lower City, Sea Tower at Northeast Corner

(now destroyed) from Southeast (Hunter, 1899)

Trebizond

117a. Middle City, Zagnos Koprusu, South Side,

Masonry detail

I 17b.

South Side, Masonry

118b. Ravine Stream, North Side

Trebizond, Middle City, Zagnos Koprusu

118a. Ravine Stream, South Side

119a. South of Zagnos Koprusu

Trebizond, Middle City, West Wall

120. Trebizond, Middle City, Tabakhane Koprusu and East Wall from North (ca. 1893), showing Complete North Curtain Wall of Citadel, Top of Tower of

John IV at left, and Structure encasing Exedra at right

121a. Middle City, Byzantine Wall and window North of Chrysokephalos 121b. Citadel, North Wall, Feature 3, Masonry E2

Trebizond

122. Trebizond, Citadel, General View from Southeast, with St. Eugenios (No. 77) in foreground and Gulbahar Hatun Camii beyond Citadel (telephoto lens

distorts scale)

123a. View from Northeast 123b. View from Northeast Corner

Trebizond, Citadel, North Wall (Feature 5), showing Ottoman Gate G attached to Wall E2

124a. Citadel, North Wall, Interior between Features 4 and 5, Masonry E2,

with Traces of Earlier Foundations

124b. Middle City, Gate of St. Eugenios, Unknown Structure above Gate (Feature 6), possibly Shrine of St.

Athanasios the Exorcist

Trebizond

125a. Exterior (Feature 8), showing Curve at right mostly reconstructed after 1893, and Masonry E3

on D3, with Blocked Crenellations midway up Wall, on about Five Courses of A at left on

Corner

125b. Interior, looking along Feature 8 toward Feature 13, showing Crenellations

Unblocked since 1893

Trebizond, Citadel, Northeast Corner

e

126. View from East Ravine (before 1893), showing Tower of John IV at left (South) Corner; Wall (now lost) leading to

Angled Bastion (Features 14, 13), Wall with Course of Oinaion Stone (Feature 12), and Buttress (Feature 11), All of

Masonry D1, to right of Tower; Substantial Parts of Wall (now lost), including Polygonal Bastion at Feature 10, at left

(Northeast Corner at Feature 8, since rebuilt); Stages of Building Features 10, 9, and 8 at right: Masonry A Base, D3

Darker Walls with Blocked Crenellations, surmounted by Lighter E3 Walls with Crenellations unblocked

127a. View from East Ravine

(before 1914)

127b. View from East Ravine

(1963)

Trebizond, Citadel

128a. Feature 12, Masonry D1, detail, showing Water 128b. Angled Bastion (Feature 14) from South, showing

Drains and Course of Oinaion Stone at top

Position of Two Christian Reliefs

129. View from Feature 13, looking North toward Feature 8

Trebizond, Citadel, East Wall

130a. The Expulsion from the Garden of Eden 130b. Elijah and the Raven

East Wall, Angled Bastion (Feature 14). Plaques

131 a. View from South, showing "Theodora's Bedchamber" (Feature 22) at left,

and Tower of John IV (Feature 16) at right

131b. Angled Bastion (Features 13-14), Interior from West,

with St. Eugenios in Background

Trebizond, Citadel

132. Trebizond, Citadel, Tower of John IV (Feature 16) from Southeast (1916), showing Classical Masonry A at Base,

Darker 13th-century Masonry D3 with Ghost Crenellations, Courses of 14th-century Masonry E3, and Main Tower in

Masonry F of 1458-60 (top lost between 1893-1916) above

133a. View from West, showing Feature 22 (with Overhang of "Theodora's 133b. View from East, showing Feature 22 ("Theodora's Bedchamber") above Courses

Bedchamber") at left and Masonry A below of E3, Six or Seven Blocked Crenellations of Inner Wall in Masonry D3, and

Footings of Masonry A

Trebizond, Citadel, Southeast Corner, Inner and Outer Walls

134a. General View (1971)

134b. Ghost Crenellations of D3 surmounted by E3, especially on Outer Wall between Features 19 and 18 (1916)

Trebizond, Citadel, Features 17, 18, 19, and 22 from South

135a. Southwest Buildings from Northeast, showing Features 21 (foreground),

22 (left background), and 23 (right background)

135b. Upper Chamber, Fenestration (Feature 22), Interior

Trebizond, Citadel

136a. Feature 23, Masonry D2, Fenestration from Southwest

136b. Feature 22 from Feature 25, showing Fenestration of Feature 23 in Profile, and Part of Fenestration of Feature 24 at right

Trebizond, Citadel

137a. Features 26 and 27, looking North from Feature 25, showing Modern Facing over Masonry Types

137b. Northwest Hall (Feature 28) from South-southeast

Trebizond, Citadel

138a. Masonry C. Lower East Facade, Window at left

138b. North Face, Windows in Lower Register (right-hand window refaced)

Trebizond, Citadel, Feature 28

139a. Feature 28, Northeast Corner, showing Masonry C (below) and D1 (above), Oinaion Stone Course, and Three

Stone Cannon Balls presumably inserted in Ottoman Times

139b. West Wall, Exterior, Face of Feature 28 between Features 27 and 29, showing Later D or E Work

Trebizond, Citadel

140a. Exterior (Feature 24), Fenestration, Face in Masonry D2 (telephoto view)

140b. View of Features 17 to 24, showing Ghost Crenellations between Masonry D3 and E3 at right and D2 at left

Trebizond, Citadel, West Wall


142. Bastion 26, Exterior



144. View of Features 27 to 32, including Outer Face of Exedra (Feature 1), and Section between 30 and 32 (at left) pitted with

Windows of Later Private Houses and much refaced in H


145a. North and West Walls from Zagnos Koprusu

145b. Bastion 20 from Feature 25, showing E3 Work on Masonry D3, and Blocked

Door at bottom left

Trebizond, Citadel

146a. Join between Masonry D3 and E3 Northwest of Bastion 19,

detail (telephoto view)

Trebizond, Citadel 146b. Bastion 19 from Feature 20, showing E3 Work

on Masonry D3

147a. Feature 24, Blocked Door at Base 147b. Bastion 26, South Face, showing possible E3 Work on One or

More Types of Earlier Indeterminate Masonry

Trebizond, Citadel

148a. Exedra (Feature 32), mostly refaced, Blocked Door 148b. Bastion 30 from South, showing possible Masonry El and E3

from South above Earlier Footing

Trebizond, Citadel

149. Trebizond, Leontokastron from West (ca. 1893), with Church B in foreground

150a. View from East-southeast (ca. 1893)

150b. North Facade

Trebizond, Bedesten

15 I a. Leontokastron, Southwest Structure and Gate, with Entrance to Modern Tunnel to Daphnous below

151b. Tomb of Alexios IV from South-southeast( 1916), with Kulakli Cesme between Tomb and North Apse of Chrysokephalos

Trebizond

152a. Eastern Seaboard, looking West from Leontokastron (before 1923). In foreground West Wall of Leontokastron (No.

14), then Venetian Concession of 1319, Kanitou (No. 12), Church B (No. 31), St. Gregory of Nyssa (Large

19th-century Church) (No. 88), S. Croce Point and Venetian Concession and Castle of 1367 (Nos. 21 and 28),

Venetian Concession of 1364, and Molos

152b. Supposed Site of Venetian Castle (No. 28) from Frontisterion and Southeast (1958)

Trebizond

153a. View from Southeast 153b. View from Southwest

Soguksu Church L (No. 39)

154. Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery (No. 48) (ca. 1893), with Belfry at left, "Milk Fountain" below, and West Zhamatun of

Main Church of 1424 at right

Trebizond

155b. Kaymakh, Armenian Monastery (1959), showing Main Church (and Lost Zhamatun)

at left, and Chapel of 1421 and Monastic Buildings of 1688 at right

155a. Gate of St. Dynamis and cifte Hamami (No. 42) from Southwest, with Chapel

M (No. 40) Northwest of cifte Hamami

Trebizond

156. Trebizond, Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery, Smaller Chapel, Inscription of 1421 over Lintel

157a. From East-northeast 157b. Interior, before reroofing (1929)

Trebizond, Kaymakli, Armenian Monastery, Main Church, Pentagonal Apse

158a. West Wall. Painting above Central Door, Hetoimasia (1959)

158b. Zhamatun, East Wall, North Side. Painting, the Crucifixion (ca 1893)

Trebizond, Kaymakh, Armenian Monastery, Main Church

159a. 159b.

Khach`kàr Khach`kàr

near Lintel

in Main

of Smaller chapel Church

Trebizond, Kaymakli,

Armenian Monastery

160a. Upper chapel from Northeast

160b. Upper Chapel, Masonry, detail

160c. Rock-cut Steps to Monastery Platform

South of Rock-cut Chapel

Trebizond, Manglavita (No. 49)

160d. Rock-cut Chapel from South

161. Undated Stone Plaque (diam. 0.39m, depth 0.08 m) from St. George Kourtza (No. 82),

probably originally from Chrysokephalos (No. 120), with Inscription

Trebizond

162. Panagia Chrysokephalos, Interior, looking West,

showing Narthex and Exonarthex, below, and

Katechoumena of 1214-35 and 1342-51, where

Emperor and Empress appeared for Coronation

Acclamations, above

163. St. Akindynos (No. 57), Apse and North Porch from East-northeast

164. St. Anne (No. 61) from South (ca. 1893)

Trebizond

165a. Chapel from Northeast (1963)

165b. Arch over North Door, Exterior (1963)

Trebizond, St. Andrew (No. 60)

166a.

;'"' South Door, Tympanum. Relief Plaques

Inserted after 1893

166b.

Relief, Warrior at left;

Winged Figure (Head at

top, Wings behind, Legs

below at right); and

Inscription

167a. Reused Capital, from Southeast 167b. Reused Capital, from Northeast

Trebizond, St. Anne

168a. View from South

168b. Reused Classical Block over West Door, with supposed Justimanic Inscription

Trebizond, St. Basil (No. 66)

169. Wall Painting exposed in 1973

170a. Wall Painting, Angel

Trebizond, St. Eugenios (No. 77), North Gallery, West End

170b. Head of Christ

170c. Left Hand of Christ

Trebizond, St. Eugenios (No. 77), North Gallery, West End Wall Painting, details

171. St. Gregory of Nyssa (No. 88), Cathedral of 1863 from Southeast (photo of ca. 1893)

172. St. John the Theologian (Mum Hane Camii) (No. 94) from North-northeast (ca. 1893)

Trebizond

173a. First Church, North Wall, Exterior, Molding

173c. North Capital and Moldings

around Former West Door

173b. Apse and Drum from Northeast

Trebizond, St. Philip (No. 108)

174. St. Sabbas (No. 111), East Cave Chapel. Sts. Constantine and Helena (ca. 1893)

175. Possible Remains of Western Extension of "Sea Wall" near S. Croce

(?), East of Molos (1932)

Trebizond

176a. From East-southeast (ca. 1836)

(after Texier and Pullan)

176b. From Roof of Church, after Restoration

of 1880s and immeditely before

Restoration of 1961-62

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia (No. 112), Views of Tower

176c. From East-southeast (1972),

showing Apse of Chapel of 1443

above Panel with Imperial

Portraits

177. Vaulted Gatehouse, now destroyed (1893)

178a. Tower, Base of East Wall.

Inscription: "Etovs,s'h.'XE' (I)v(btxtLwvos) E' jQX"1*L (A.D. 1427, Indiction 5)

178b. Tower, East Face, Exterior Panel. Painted Inscription of John IV:... (3)MRXE-is xai ahtoxpdtwp `P(wµai)wv xat

FIEpatEtas 6 (M>`)yac Koµv(n)vds xai v(t)6S tov EvoE(3EOtdtov ((3a)aLXEw(S) xvp(t)ov

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia

179a. Apse, Conch

179b. East Wall, South Side

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel

180a. John the Baptist in Apse, and Part of South Wall

180b. East Wall, South Side, detail


181. East Wall, North Side

182a. West Wall. The Dormition


182b. Head of Angel Who cuts off

Hand of Jephonias

The Dormition, details

182c. Head of Mourner

182d. The Dormition, detail,

Head of Mourner

183. South Door, Keystone of Arch


184a. East Side. The Baptism

184b. West Side. The Transfiguration

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, South door

185a. The Annunciation

185b. The Annunciation, detail, the Virgin

186a. The Nativity, detail

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, South Wall

186b. Sheep

Nativity, details

186c. Ox and Ass Warming the Christ Child

187. The Presentation

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, South Wall

188a. The Cosmos 188b. Ears and Tongues

South Wall. The Pentecost, details

189. North Window, Arch. Pattern in top center


190a. The Crucifixion

190b. Epitaphios Threnos

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, North Wall

190c. The Anastasis

191. Base at East End. Standing Figure with Ship and Other Graffiti on Robe

Trebizond, Hagia Sophia, Tower, Chapel, North Wall

192b. Center and North Apses

192a. South Apse

Trebizond, Zeytinlik Camii (No. 125)

193a. Chapel from Southeast

193b. Apse. Wall Painting

193c. South Wall. Painting

Phantak ((;akilca Koyu)

194a. South Wall. Large Figure

194b. North Wall. Inscription 194c. North Wall. Two Female Saints

Pipat (Bibat Koyu), Church B

195. Narthex. Two Martyr Saints 196. Exterior. Mounted Saint

West Wall

197. South Wall, Exterior. Warrior Saints

Pipat (Bibat Koyii), Church B

198. Monastery of St. George Peristereota (Ku5tul, Simsirli) from North

199a. General View from South, showing Dark Line

of Bushes marking Buried Church

199b. Nave and Main Apse, looking Northeast, showing

Paintings of Cross at top and Mother of God

(hacked away to reveal Underlayer) below in

Archway

Sarmasikli (Geyikli), Upper Church

200a. North Door and Ruined Porch,

Exterior, looking Southeast

200b. North Door, Interior

201a. West Door, Interior

201b. Nave, North Side, before Destruction

of Painting of Mother of God


202a. North Aisle and Apse, showing Paintings of

Archangel Gabriel in Apse and Cross on Pier

202b. North Apse. Archangel Gabriel

203b. Northeast Pier, West Face. Foliated Cross


204a. Southwest Pier, East Face.

St. Theodore Stratelates, after Mutilation

204b. Southwest Pier, East Face, looking Southwest from

Center of Naos. St. Theodore Stratelates; and Center

Bay, South Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena

Sarma§ikli (Geyikli), Upper Church

204c. Sarm§ikli (Geyikli), Upper Church, Center Bay, South 205. Spelia (Ispela, Ocakli),

Wall. Sts. Constantine and Helena, after Mutilation

Church from Southeast

206. AngUrga (Dianeiacha?),

Chapel from Northwest

207a. Doubera (Libera, Yazlik), Castle

207c. Grotto, St. Zosimas and St. Mary of Egypt?

207b. Grotto of St. John the Baptist

Doubera (Libera, Yazlik)

208. Monastery and Mt. Mela from Northeast 209. Monastery (1929)

Soumela (Meryemana)

210a. South Wall. Panel, Manuel III, Alexios III, and Andronikos (1929)

210b. North Wall, Earliest Layer of Painting (revealed in 1970)

Soumela (Meryemana), Katholikon

211. View from Kipla Mahalle, looking South, showing Beginning of

Old Summer Road to Castle at Center Horizon

212a. Gate Tower 212b. Wall overlooking Valley

Chortokopion (Hortokop Kale)

9

B

'

MP

214. View from Northeast

215b. North Wall. St. John the Prodromos of Vazelon, the

Christ Child, and Mother of God with Donor (not Abbot

Nikodemos Lazaropoulos of Vazelon of 1391) below

215a. Apse, Conch. Theophany

Sachnoe (Kopriiyanm), "Kurt Boghan," The Taxiarchai Church (1929)

216a. North Terrace, Chapel of St. Elias, from above

216b. Monastery and Mt. Zaboulon from Southeast

Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir)

217a. The Ascension (2)

217b. The Koimesis (4), detail

Vazelon Monastery (Ayana Manastir), Chapel of St. Elias

218. The Heavenly Host (5), detail

219b. The Annunciation and the Nativity (7), details


220. The Nativity

221. The Presentation (7)


222. The Baptism (8)

223a. The Raising of Lazarus (9)


223b. The Raising of Lazarus, detail

224a. The Crucifixion (10)

224b. The Anastasis (11)


225a. St. Gregory the Theologian (14) and St. Basil (15),

detail (note Graffiti)

225b. Sts. Constantine and Helena (27)

225c. St. Theodore (29), St. Eugenios of Trebizond (30), and St. George (31)


226a. Pyxites, Northwest Slope, General View, showing Panagia Kremaste at center

and stasis of Aitherisa (Sevimili) above

226b. Upper Matzouka, General View from Palaiokastro, looking North, with Krenasa, Giannakanton, Pontyla, and Giannanton

at right, and Kounakalin to left of Prytanis River

227b. Palaiokastro, Castle of Palaiomatzouka (Hamsikoy Kale, Dik

Kaya Kale) from East

227a. Palaiokastro (on Spur), General View, looking North 228. Lefka (Hamsikoy), Holy Savior, Chapel from Northeast

from Chapsa (Hamsikoy)

229a. View of Village on South Side of Pass (above) and 229b. Castle

Ruined Han (below) from Castle

Zigana (Kalkandere)

a

230. Imera, Monastery of St. John from Northwest (1893)

•

I

,-

231 a. View from South

231b. Upper and Lower Towers

Nacarli (Mochora?), Yagli Dere Kale

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232c. Kromni Castle (Kurum Kale) from Northeast

233a. View from Northeast and Zigana Road, showing Castle at left, above

Gorge where Philabonites becomes Kanis (Harsit) River

233b. Castle from North, showing Curtain Wall at left

Ardasa (Torul)

233c. Ardasa (Torul), Castle, Curtain Wall, Interior

233d. Ardasa (Torul), Castle, Tower at Summit 234. Kirkilise, Chapel from Southeast

235a. Double Church from Southeast, with Chapel B in foreground

235b. Chapel B, Apses

Dipotamos (Ikisu Koyu)

236a. Door from Chapel B to Chapel A, South Side 236b. Chapel A, East End in foreground, and Castle (Ikisu Kale)

in background

Dipotamos (Ikisu KOyü)

237a. Chapel B, North Wall (former Exterior South Wall,

Chapel A). Red and Black Decoration to left of Door

237b. Chapel A, West Wall. Head of Saint

238. Castle (Ikisu Kale) from Southwest

Dipotamos (Ikisu Koyu)

239. Godaina (Kodil), Tomb below Castle

240. "Treacherous Cave of Chaldia" (cf. Panaretos, 241. Golacha (?) (Colo§ana), Castle from West

ed. Lampsides, 77, January 1379), on the

Cheriana Road

242a. From South

242b. Lower Gate from Upper Gate

Sorogaina (Soruyana) Castle

243a. Bayana Kale from Northwest

243b. View from West

243c. View from Northeast

Bayana Kale

244a. Castle from West

244b. Castle, West Walls from East 245. Chapel A from East

Tzanicha (Canca)

246. Chapel B (left) and Chapel A (right) from West

247a. View from South 247b. Window Soffit, Acrostic

Chapel B

Tzanicha (Canca)

248a. Apse, North Side, Decoration

248b. West Wall, North Side,

Two Standing Saints

248c. Church Fathers (top) and Decoration (bottom)

Tzanicha (Canca), Chapel A

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250b. View from North

Kog Kale

25 I a. Northwest Tower and Main Gate

251b. Interior, Kitchen Wall and Fireplace

251 c. Interior, Northeast Corner

Kog Kale

252. Central Cistern 253a. View from Southwest, showing Blocked Cave

(below) and West Tower (above)

253b. East Entrance

Kouazi (Kovans)


254b. View from South, showing Upper (left) and Lower (right) Fortifications

Kouazi (Kovans)

255a. Kouazi (Kovans), West Tower, Interior, looking East

255b. Kouazi (Kovans) from South,

showing Lower Fortifications in foreground

256a. Kovans Koyu from South

256b. Kovans Koyu, Chapel, Apse

257a. West Wall

257b. South Wall, partly hidden by Roof of Cottage in foreground

Leri(n), Hagia Sophia (Kabakoy, Ayasofya Camii)

258a. South Wall, Blocked Door

258b. South Door, Lintel

259. South Wall, Window


260a. East Wall

260b. Main Apse, Window, Exterior

260c. Northeast Corner, showing Blocked Pastophory


261. Lerin, Hagia Sophia (Kabakoy, Ayasofya Camii), Interior, looking Southeast

262. Hosmesalos, Church A, Rock-cut Apse

263a. View from West

263c. View from South

263b. View from East

Kalecik on Arakli Burunu

263d. View South from Kalecik on Arakh Burunu,

showing Attached Walled Site

264. General View from West, showing North Gate at Edge of Slope

265a. North Gate, Masonry with Cornice, detail

265b. North Gate, Upper Storey, Springing of Arch

Sousourmaina-Canayer on Arakli Burunu

265c. South Gate, Upper Storey, Decorated Floor

266a. Gorge below Pazarcik (ca. 2500 m),

with artificially enlarged Caves at left

266b. View from Southeast

266c. Fortification at South Entrance

Aho-Zavzaga Kale on the Kara Dere

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- ..

.

4-

270a. Lower and Upper Citadels,

looking South from Walled Town

270b. Upper Citadel, Southwest Tower,

Exterior

270c. Upper Citadel, Northwest Tower, Brick Arch

Rhizaion

271a. Exterior, Feature 1 (Bastion) and Tower 2, looking North

271b. Interior, looking South, Relieving Arches 271c. Interior, looking North, Relieving Arches and Tower 2

Rhizaion, Lower Citadel, West Wall

272a. West Wall, Tower 5, Brick Arches and Vaulting

272b. Early Masonry at Base of Tower 9

272c. Northwest End, Tower 8

Rhizaion, Walled Town

273. Rhizaion, Traces of Harbor Mole at Seaward End of Walled Town, with Modern Rize to East in background

274. Bozuk Kale near Gundogdu, East Wall

275. Kordyla-Kalecik (Sivri Kale), Tower from South

276a.

General View

from South

276b.

West Wall,

Gateway

276c.

West Wall,

Second and

Third Storeys

Athenai-Pazar, Kiz Kulesi

277a. Athenai-Pazar, Kiz Kulesi, North Wall,

First and Second Storeys

278a. Cihar-Kise Kale from North,

showing Typical Housing and Barns

277b. Athenai-Pazar, Kiz Kulesi, North Wall, Upper Storey

278b. Cihar-Kise Kale, Outer Walling

280b. Door, Arch, Interior

279. Cihar-Kize Kale, Central Tower,

Stonework imitating Brickwork

280c. Door, Arch, Exterior

280a. Church from West

Sapo Mahallesi, Eski Trabzon

28 I a. General View from North

281b. General View from South

281c. Inner Bailey, Herringbone Work and Niches

Zil Kale

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4'

282b. Keep, Window on North Side 282a. Keep and Wall of Inner Bailey from West 282c. Keep, Interior, East Wall

Zil Kale

283a. Varos Kale, Northwest Side, Door

283b. View from Varos Kale, looking South

to Bas Hemsin and Tatos Mountains

283c. Varos Kale, General View from South

284. Varo§ Kale, possible Cistern

286. Apsaros, Castle from South (VizVrem, 20 [1961], 233)

285. Arde§en, Church, Main Apse, Masonry

287a. Ispir Castle, Church from Southwest

287b. Ispir Castle and Akampsis ((;oruh) River from North 287c. Ispir Castle from Northwest, showing Church (top left) and Covered Stairway

from near Sultan Melik Mescit (top center) to River (below)

288a. View from West, showing Sultan Melik Mescit (at right), Church (at left), and Lower Town (behind Citadel)

288b. Church, Main Apse from Southeast, showing Narrow, 288c. Sultan Melik Mescit, Northwest Corner and Minaret

Tall Blocks of Coarse, Yellow Stone (robbed

Base, showing Narrow, Tall Blocks of Coarse Yellow

elsewhere)

Stone above and Herringbone Work below

Ispir Castle

289a. Entrance from Northwest

289b. Northeast Side, Masonry

Castle near Norgah, Ispir

290a. View from West

290b. Masonry and Inscription

Bayburt, Castle of Mugith al-Din Tugrilsah

Byzantine_Monuments_and_Topography_of_the_Pontos,_V.2

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