Berghof Glossary on Conflict Transformation

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Building and Sustaining Peace Pyramid of peacebuilding Types of actors Level 1 . Top Leadership Military / political / religious leaders with high visibility Approaches to Building Peace Focus on high-level negotiations Emphasises cease-fire Led by highly visible, single mediator Level 2 . Middle Range Leadership Leaders respected in sectors Ethnic / religious leaders Academic / intellectuals Humanitarian leaders (NGOs) Problem-solving workshops Training in conflict resolution Peace commissions Insider-partial teams Affected Population Level 3 . Grassroots Leadership Local leaders Leaders of indigenous NGOs Community developers Local health officials Refugee camp leaders Local peace commissions Grassroots training Prejudice reduction Psychosocial work in postwar trauma Figure 1, source: John Paul Lederach, 1997 relevant for the achievement of positive peace, such as quality of education, access to food and clean water or health services. Although the term “sustaining peace” might be new, comprehensive understandings of peacebuilding are not. Scholars and civil society organisations have long promoted peacebuilding approaches which include preventive measures. These can be applied in all stages of conflict and are also needed in relatively peaceful societies. Peacebuilding covers all activities aimed at promoting peace and overcoming violence in a society. 38
Building and Sustaining Peace Although most activities on track 2 and 3 are carried out by civil society actors, the establishment of links to track 1 is considered essential for sustainable transformation of societies. While external agents can facilitate and support peacebuilding, ultimately it must be driven by local actors, often called agents of peaceful change. It cannot be imposed from the outside. Some peacebuilding work done by international organisations is criticised for being too bureaucratic, orientated towards short-term timeframes, and financially dependent on governmental donors and therefore accountable to them but not to the people on the ground. It thus seems to reinforce the status quo instead of calling for a deep transformation of structural injustices. Transformative peacebuilding needs to address social justice issues and should respect the principles of partnership, multipartiality and inclusivity (→ Transforming Conflict). Peacebuilding, which seeks to sustain positive peace, is not a rapid response tool but a long-term process of ongoing work for all societies in the following three dimensions: 1. Altering structural injustices is widely regarded as essential for lasting peace. Important elements are state-building and democratisation measures, the reform of structures that reproduce the conflict (e. g. the education system), economic and sustainable development, social justice and human rights, empowerment of civil society and constructive media (→ Establishing Infrastructures for Peace; → Addressing Social Grievances; → Empowerment and Ownership). 2. Improving relations between the conflict parties is an integral part of peacebuilding to reduce the effects of war-related hostility and disrupted communication between the conflict parties. Programmes of reconciliation, trust building and dealing with the past aim to transform damaged relationships (→ Dealing with the Past and Transitional Justice). They deal with the nonmaterial effects of violent conflict. 39
Page 1: Berghof Gl
Page 4 and 5: PUBLISHED BY © Berghof</st
Page 6 and 7: Abbreviations ANC African National
Page 8 and 9: Introduction At the Berghof
Page 10 and 11: Introduction needs and new spaces o
Page 12 and 13: Addressing Social Grievances 1 Addr
Page 14 and 15: Addressing Social Grievances For ex
Page 16 and 17: Addressing Social Grievances Strate
Page 18 and 19: Addressing Social Grievances Moreov
Page 20 and 21: Averting Humiliation: Dignity, Just
Page 28 and 29: Breaking Deadlocks: Peace Process S
Page 36 and 37: Building and Sustaining Peace PEACE
Page 40 and 41: Building and Sustaining Peace Susta
Page 42 and 43: Dealing with the Past and Transitio
Page 50 and 51: Educating for Peace PEACE EDUCATION
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Page 56 and 57: Educating for Peace References and
Page 58 and 59: Empowerment and Ownership EMPOWERME
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Page 72 and 73: Establishing Infrastructures for Pe
Page 80 and 81: Facilitating Negotiation and Dialog
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Fostering Human Security A broader
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Fostering Human Security Security C
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Fostering Human Security mation is
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Gender and Youth: Changing Perspect
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Inclusivity and Participation: Work
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Learning Together: Monitoring, Eval
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Mediation and Mediation Support MED
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Mediation and Mediation Support (em
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Mediation and Mediation Support 2.
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Mediation and Mediation Support Ref
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Preventing Violence VIOLENCE PREVEN
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Preventing Violence Strengthening l
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Preventing Violence used to rely on
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Providing Conflict-Sensitive Refuge
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Researching Conflict Transformation
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Transforming Conflict CONFLICT TRAN
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Transforming Conflict 1. Context tr
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Transforming Conflict emphasising s
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Transforming Conflict References an
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Working on Conflict Dynamics: Escal
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Annex ANNEX About the Bergh
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Annex 1977 Beginning of support for
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Annex Page 107, Learning Together:
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Peace 8/9, 20/21, 22, 27/28, 35-41,
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Berghof Glossary on Conflict Transformation

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