Project Report

Percolation Tank Based Aquaculture for
Tribals in Nashik District, Maharashtra by
Convergence of Corporate Social
Responsibility in Aquaculture (CCSRA)
Model
Principal Investigator
Dr. Arpita Sharma
ICAR-CIFE, Mumbai
IRC July, 2020
Co Principal Investigators
Dr. K.K. Krishnani
Dr. K.Pani Prasad
Dr. Ajit K Verma
Local Coordinators
Mr. Susanta Rout and Mr. Sachin Giram
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Division
BOSCH India Limited, 75 MIDC
Trimbak Road, Satpur, Nashik

Lakshmanpada Percolation tank
Situated in Laxmanpada hamlet, Pahine Village (Gram Panchayat),
Taluka Trambakeshwar, District Nashik
Study Locale

• This tribal village is taken under CSR by BOSCH for poverty alleviation.
• Renovation of percolation tank has been done in consultation with
Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute (MEERI), Nashik.

Objectives
• To explore potential of aquaculture
in percolation tank in tribal village of
Nashik
• To study existing institutional
arrangements for undertaking
aquaculture in percolation tanks in
tribal villages of Nashik
• To conduct training need
assessment (TNA) and constraints
analysis in undertaking aquaculture
in percolation tank in tribal village of
Nashik

Objective Activity Scientists
To explore
potential of
aquaculture
in
percolation
tank in tribal
village of
Nashik
Interactions with Department of Fisheries,
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) team
BOSCH India, Community, SHG/ Gram
Panchayat, Formation of SHG, Selection of
training site, travel and coordination
Selection of site for aquaculture, community
youth for SHG formation
Activities
Water testing; Awareness and advisory, Water
quality management
Dr. Arpita Sharma
Dr. K.K. Krishnani
Dr. K. Pani Prasad
Dr. A.K. Verma
Mr. Susanta Rout
Dr. K.K.
Krishnani
Dr. A.K. Verma
Dr.K. Pani Prasad
Help in procurement of fingerlings
Interactions with community to explore
potential
Awareness and advisory on aquaculture; disease
management and engineering aspects
Dr. K.K. Krishnani
Dr. A.K. Verma
Dr. Arpita Sharma
Mr. Susanta Rout
Dr. K.K. Krishnani
Dr. K. Pani Prasad
Dr. A.K. Verma

To study existing
institutional
arrangements for
undertaking
aquaculture
in
percolation tanks in
tribal villages of Nashik
Activity
Activities
Interactions with DoF, SHG, CSR team to study
institutional arrangements (Provisions of the
Panchayats (Extension to the Scheduled
Areas) Act, 1996” (PESA) / Role of Gram
Sabhas in exercising control over minor water
bodies)
Scientists
Dr. Arpita Sharma
Dr. A.K. Verma
Dr. K.K. Krishnani
Dr. K. Pani Prasad
Mr. Susanta Rout
Provide fisheries related advisory to
SHG/community and CSR team
To conduct training
need assessment (TNA)
and constraints in
undertaking
aquaculture
in
percolation tank in
tribal village of Nashik
Fisheries Training need assessment using
Borich Need Assessment model and Constraints
study
Dr. Arpita Sharma
Dr. K.K. Krishnani
Dr. K. Pani Prasad
Dr. A.K. Verma

Background
• October 2018: Interactions and meeting of CIFE with Mr.
Sushant Rout, Field Director, CSR, BOSCH. Objective of the
interaction was to explore livelihood opportunities thorough
aquaculture in percolation tank in Nashik.
• 16.11.2018: To study the feasibility of the aquaculture in this
percolation tank a field visit was done. Field visit gave insights
and after discussions with fishery experts it was felt that the
tank has the potential of aquaculture even though there were
challenges. BOSCH, India was ready to incur costs towards
seed procurement, stocking and feed inputs.
• 21.12.19: Guest Lecture on CSR organised at ICAR-CIFE staff
and students followed by a meeting with Director, ICAR-CIFE,
Mumbai.
• April 2019: Project submitted

About Percolation Tank
• Area:
• Depth:
18 acre
40 ft
• Water exists in this percolation tank for 10 months
About the community
• Tribals, Thakar community, (ST)
• Practice agriculture, labour
• Traditions of folk dance, songs and unique culture, Annual
cultural festival
Potential interventions by ICAR-CIFE
• Providing aquaculture advisory
• Engineering interventions
• Formation of youth SHG
• Extension model where GO, Corporate (CSR) and Community
converge for use of percolation tank for aquaculture.

Progress
• 15.10.19: Field visit, Meetings, Community mobilisation, Group
formation, water sample collection
• Community meeting, transect walk
• Youth of Laxmanpada hamlet encouraged to undertake aquaculture in
percolation tank.
• Youth mobilised to form Bachat Gath to undertake aquaculture
• Follow ups were done
• 15 youth came forward to form a Group
• A youth group ‘Laksh Yuva Grameen Vikas Ghat’ was formed.
• Group elected Shri. Santosh Malak as Chairman and Shri. Santosh
Wargade as the Secretary
• As per NABARD guidelines all members were encouraged to do fixed
saving every month and put in the name of group
• Water samples were collected

Laksh Yuva Grameen Vikas Ghat
• Average age of group members is 24 years
• Average annual income of group members is Rs. 96,000/
• All have mobile phones
• Apps used are of social media like Whtsapp, facebook,
youtube and google

Institutional arrangements
• DoF was consulted for leasing of this water body but this
water body is not in the purview of DoF.
• It came to the knowledge that the water body is with the
Gram Sabha under the Provisions of the Panchayats
Extension to the Scheduled Areas (PESA) Act, 1996.
• As per this act, the Gram Sabha has the power of planning
and management of minor water bodies.
• ‘LakshYuva Purush Bachat Gat’ was advised to approach
the Gram Pradhan to allow them to undertake aquaculture
in this tank.
• After thorough discussion youth group was allowed to
undertake scientific aquaculture in this percolation tank
under the PESA Act.

Visit and meeting with CSR team of BOSCH, Nashik

Meeting with CSR team of BOSCH, Nashik

First meeting with villagers

Visit and community meetings
• Field visit done with an objective to
explore feasibility of aquaculture in
percolation tank
• Community meeting done in
Laxmanpada village in Nashik
district

Transect walk by Team:
ICAR-CIFE, BOSCH-CSR and Community Members
across project area to explore village conditions

Second meeting with community at the site

Formation of Youth Bachath Gath

Stocking
•Once the percolation tank was allotted to ‘Laksh
Yuva Purush Bachat Gat’ , the work of seed
procurement was done.
•Telephonic advisories was provided by ICAR-CIFE
to BOSCH India for seed procurement.
•Fish seed of catla, rohu and common carp was
procured through local seed supplier and provided
to the group by BOSCH India.
•Thus advanced fish fry (seed size 0.5 to 1 inch)
were stocked in the tank @ 21000 numbers i.e.,
7000 number each of catla, rohu and common carp
by the SHG in the 3 rd week of September.

Feeding
• Feeding advise of GOC 12 kg and rice bran 8 kg was provided by
ICAR-CIFE.
• The advise was to feed GOC and rice bran 10 kg/day (5 kg in
morning 7.00 am and 5 kg in evening 5.30 pm.
• Before feeding GOC and rice bran has to be soaked in water
overnight.
• Feeding to be done manually (hand spreading) through out the
pond.
• All youth members (15) were counselled to take ownership in
looking after the culture activities including feeding
• Duties were allocated on rotation basis to two members in
morning and two in the evening.
• A total of 50 kg rice bran and 100 kg GOC was purchased by
BOSCH and stored in the store room of the primary school for
which youth members have the access.

Trainings
• 10.10.19: Awareness programme, Advisory, TNA, Prioritise training
needs
• Field visit and Awareness Programme on Basics of Aquaculture
• Advisory on feed and feeding management was provided to ‘LakshYuva
Purush Bachat Gat’ and BOSCH India officials.
• Training Need Assessment (TNA) was conducted.
• Youth’s Knowledge, Skill, Attitude and Aspirations (KASA) was
measured with reference to aquaculture using 5 point Likert scale. (Very
low to Very High).
• Knowledge and skill in aquaculture was found to be very low.
• Attitude scores towards learning of aquaculture was high.
• Aspiration scores to make aquaculture successful was also high.
• Borich Need Assessment Model was adopted to measure importance
and competency scores using 5 point Likert Scale to prioritise training
areas.
• Training areas were selected through expert group discussions. Expert
group with 9 professionals consisted of 3 subject matter experts from
fisheries, 1 disease management expert, 2 social science, 2
engineering, 1 integrated agri fish farming.
• Interest shown for ornamental fisheries, cage culture

Competency and importance of training areas
• Training topics were Candidate species for aquaculture, Seed stocking,
Water and soil quality management, Feed and feeding management,
Harvest and post harvest management and integrated agri-fish
farming.
• Competency of the ‘LakshYuva Purush Bachat Gat’ members on these
training areas was v. low as they had never attended any training nor
had any knowledge on fisheries or aquaculture.
• But perceived importance for different training areas was given high
scores by them.
• Accordingly training areas were prioritised.
• A training programme in Marathi was designed
• A booklet on ‘Scientific Aquaculture’ was made in Marathi for
distribution.
• Basic questions related to the above mentioned training areas were
prepared to be administered before and after the training programme to
have pre and post training scores so as to test the improvement in the
knowledge and skill.

प्रशिक्षण कार्यक्रम पाझर तलावामध्ये
मत्स्यपालन
• 11.2.20
• 15 SHG members
• 5 villagers
• 3 BOSCH officials
• Venue: Primary school and anganwadi of Pahine hamlet.
• Topics:
• गोडया पाण्यातील मत्स्यसंवर्धनाकरीता उपयुक्त जाती: Candidate species for
aquaculture
• मत्स्यबीज साठवणुक: Seed stocking
• पाणी आणण माती गुणवत्ता व्यवस्थापन: Water and soil quality management
• एकात्मिक मत्स्यसंवर्धन: Integrated agri-aquaculture
• मत्स्य संवर्धनावर आर्ारीत मासेमारी : Culture based fisheries
• खाद्य व खाद्य व्यवस्थापन : Feed and feeding management
• मासे काढणीपश्चात प्रक्रीया: Harvest and post harvest
• भातशेतीतील मत्स्यसंवर्धन and Agri fish farming)

Training and discussions
• 11.2.20:
• Discussions with officials of BOSCH India, Nashik on progress of
aquaculture, growth of fish, water level, ‘constraints faced.
• Anganwadi has been renovated by BOSCH CSR and has a facility of a
television where the videos were displayed along with presentations.
• After each presentation doubt clarification session was also organized. A
Marathi booklet on Scientific Aquaculture was distributed.
• Basic questions for testing the knowledge were prepared. Pre and post
training scores were recorded. Difference between the pre and post
training scores was found to be high and statistically significant. It could
be concluded that there was increase in their knowledge on the areas
where the training was imparted.
• ‘LakshYuva Purush Bachat Gat’ members suggested that they would like
to have exposure visits so plans were made for visits in April 2020.

Whtsapp Group for advisories
• 11.2.20:
• To provide timely advisories a whatsapp group was formed which
consist of ‘LakshYuva Purush Bachat Gat’ members, CIFE scientists
and Ph.D students, BOSCH CSR officials.
• Advisories are regularly provided on the group via text/video/audio in
Marathi.
• Visual Confirmation though technology of mobile phone is being done
regularly taking the advantage of whatsapp where text/photo/video
messages are posted on group.
• ‘LakshYuva Purush Bachat Gat’ members, BOSCH CSR and ICAR-
CIFE share visual confirmation that they had meetings, they completed
task in real life, growth of fish, feeding, growth monitoring by uploading
video/audio/photo/visual proof/screen shots via smartphone.
• In the group all have access to these. This has also increased social
ownership where all are engaged to learn from each other. This has
emerged as an efficient advisory tool for all.

Fish growth and feeding
• At the end of February, 2020
• Catla showed growth up to 350-400 gm
• Rohu had a growth of 200-250 gm
• Common carp had growth of 250-300 gm
• Satisfactory specially when no commercial feed was provided and
no use of cow dung.
• 4.3.20: Based on the growth of fish a meeting was held to decide
about the increase in fish feed.
• Seeing the growth, from 04 March 2020 feeding rate was
increased to 20 kg/day (10 kg in morning and 10 kg in evening).
• Growth monitoring and sampling dates are also fixed fortnightly
and responsibilities assigned to each member.

Growth 15.4.20

Challenges and anxieties
• Our plan was to harvest fish by May/June
• But stored feed got over in mid March
• Indigenous feed was suggested
• But for indigenous feed also material was scarce
• Feed availability was no regular between Mid March to May
• Fish growth monitoring also could not be done
• Fish growth was affected
• Alternate harvesting strategy: To do partial harvesting as per local demand
was suggested maintaining social distancing and Government advisories
• Contacts with wholesalers and army canteen in Nashik was done but
marketing of fish could not be done. Even army trucks were not allowed to
come to collect harvest
• Fish growth was not as expected
• Partial harvesting as per demand was done maintaining social distancing
and Government advisories
• Project team was in daily contact with the youth group and BOSCH CSR
and provided advisories and counselling
• Motivation was important so that they take up fisheries next season
• As their first time experience n fisheries has been full of challenges
• Very challenging

Online meetings
• ICAR-CIFE Team (PIs and Co PIs), Ph.D students, CSR
BOSCH Team and Youth Group Representatives of
Lakshmanpada, Nashik
• 29.4.20:
• Platform used Zoom and Telephone Conference calling
• 20.5.20:
• Platform used: Skype and Telephone Conference calling
• 30.6.20
• July 2020
Constraints:
• Network connectivity
• Learning curve to participate in Online meetings
• So training to use online platofrms was provided

Advisory tools
Whatsapp
• Text messaging
• Pictures and Video sharing
• Audio messaging
• Individual/Group audio call
• Individual/Group video call
Zoom
• Training on how to use Zoom provided with trials
• Motivated them to attend 3 trainings organised by CoF,
Ratnagiri on Zoom

• Advisory on Feeding and Fish Harvesting provided to the Youth
Group through telephone and on whtsapp group.
• Partial fish harvesting done as per local demand following the social
distancing and lockdown guidelines of the Government.
• Fish was sold to the villagers and local vendors.
• In times of crisis, this helped in providing food and nutritional security,
income
• Bank account opened
• Resulted in confidence building and bonding of the group members.
• Initial anxiety and challenge due to non-availability of feed and
problems in harvesting has been less now
• Fish growth suffered due to non-availability of feed and change of
feed to indigenous but advice of partial harvesting and selling locally
has worked in their favour.
• This project has been a very challenging study due to Covid 19.

Online training programmes
• After getting hands on training to online platforms Group members
attended 3 training programmes/web parisamvad in Marathi organized by
College of Fisheries, Ratnagiri
वेब पररसंवाद:
• १. महाराष्ट्र च्या गोड्या पाण्यातील मत्स्य व्यवसाय्ची सद्यात्मिणथ आणण वाटचाल १० जुलाई
२०२०
• २. गोड्या पाण्यातील आर्ुणनक मत्स्यसंवर्धन १५-१७ जुलाई २०२०
• ३. शोणभवंत मत्स्य पालन तंत्रज्ञान २३-२४ जुलाई २०२०
'Topics covered:
• Fish culture in reservoir, Fish culture in farm ponds, Cage farming of fishes,
Integrated fish farming, Management of fish farming in reservoirs, Tilapia
farming in pond, Prime Minister Matsya Sampada Yojana, Ornamental
fisheries

Objective wise findings

Obj 1: To explore potential of
aquaculture in percolation tank
• There is a potential of aquaculture in percolation tank.
• Water level was recorded to be 40 feet in September which receded till 10
feet in May which is satisfactory for fish culture.
• Commerical feed and cow dung was not used and growth of fish was
satisfactory till March 2020.
• Due to lockdown the feed was irregular and fish growth was affected.
• Growth monitoring could not be done regularly during lockdown period.
• Partial harvesting as per local demand could be done.
• Stocking in the next season is challenging and will depend on availability of
seed which is a challenge due to Covid-19.
• Expenditure was incurred on seed, feed, other items (labour, weighing
machine, nets, ice box) by BOSCH and also by the group.
• Details are to be collected.
• Economic analysis and data verification has to be done.
• Tentative excel sheet of the data collected from telephonic interviews and
online meetings

Aquaculture
• Fertilization with cow dung was not done as suggested since
water is used for drinking purpose.
• However, it was revealed that no direct water pipeline is laid.
• The percolated water gets collected in dug/ground wells. As
the tank is at a height the water which gets collected in the
dug wells goes through natural filtration process.
• The collected water is treated, lifted to the overhead tanks
and supplied to different tap points in the village. The ground
wells are 70-75 meters away from the percolation tank.
• There is a possibility of using cow dung in this tank for
fertilization. This will enhance the primary productivity and
provide natural food (Phyto and Zoo plankton) for fishes in
the tank.
• Aquaculture can be done in percolation tanks

Obj 2: To study existing institutional
arrangements for undertaking aquaculture in
percolation tanks in tribal areas
• Water body is not in the purview of DoF
• This is with Gram Sabha under the Provisions of
the Panchayats Extension to the Scheduled Areas
(PESA) Act, 1996.
• Community ownerships of percolation tanks is
beneficial
• New extension model Convergence of Corporate
Social Responsibility in Aquaculture (CCSRA)
model is suitable

Obj 3: To conduct TNA and
constraints analysis in undertaking
aquaculture in percolation tank
• Training needs were assessed and prioritised as per KASA
method and Borich Need Assessment model
• Constraint study to be undertaken
• Major fisheries constraint due to Covid-19 and lockdown
were availability of fish feed which affected fish growth,
harvesting of fish, finding fish buyers
• As they are undertaking aquaculture for the first time, the
anxiety and uncertainty have created doubts

Advisories
• Advisory services through whtsapp groups using
text/audio/video messages has shown to be efficient.
• It has also been beneficial in visual confirmation and bringing
social ownerships.
• Small focused Whatsapp groups of community, CSR and
Government with clear objectives are useful in providing
advisories, visual confirmations and social ownerships and
group bonding.

Challenges
• Literature on fish culture in percolation tanks is
lacking
• Water level recedes as it is a percolation tank, due to
evaporation, high temperature.
• Water level in September was up to 40 ft and in May
it was 10 ft which was least
• Covid-19 created additional challenges like
availability of fish feed which affected fish growth,
harvesting of fish, finding fish buyers
• As they are undertaking aquaculture for the first
time, the anxiety and uncertainty have created
doubts

Paper presented in conference
• Arpita Sharma, Rajiv Rathod, Sushanta K. Rout, K. Pani Prasad
and Ajit Verma (2019) Exploring Potential of Aquaculture in
Percolation Tanks Through Adoption of Synergistic Approaches
in Nashik district, Maharashtra, in the Fourth PAF Congress on
Increasing Aquaculture Production in India Through Synergistic
Approach Between Multinational Industries, Domestic
Entrepreneurs and Aqua culturists, Organized by Pillay
Aquaculture Foundation (PAF) Association of Aqua culturists
(AoA), Bhubaneswar ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater
Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar 15-17 November, 2019.

• 27.4.20: Submitted report for the Parliamentary question
about the work done in Maharashtra by CIFE.
• 28.4.20: Provided inputs on the project activities conducted in
Nashik, Maharashtra to SMD on 28.4.20

Plan for next 6 months
• Develop interview schedule for livelihod study: Dr. Arpita Sharma
• Data analysis: Dr. Arpita Sharma
• Provide advisories: Dr. K.K. Krishnani, Dr. K.Pani Prasad, Dr. Ajit K.
Verma
• Advisory for stocking in September: Dr. K.K. Krishnani, Dr. K.Pani
Prasad, Dr. Ajit K. Verma ( Provided availability of seed is there and
funding by CSR BOSCH is given)
• Constraint study: Dr. Arpita Sharma, Dr. K.K. Krishnani, Dr. K.Pani
Prasad, Dr. Ajit K. Verma
• Paper writing: Dr. Arpita Sharma, Dr. K.K. Krishnani, Dr. K.Pani Prasad,
Dr. Ajit K. Verma

‘Laksh Yuva
Grameen Vikas Ghat’

Patent Granted
• PATENT GRANTED by the Indian Patent Office in December 2019 B.B. Nayak, A.
Ghag and Arpita Sharma (2019) Fish Drying Rack, Patent Number: 326749
Patent filed FER submitted
• FER submitted to the attorney for Catfish Hatchery and Rearing of Seed Under Three
Tier System, Number: 280/MUM/2015, Date of filing: 28.01.2015, Publication date:
29.7.16, Inventors: C.S. Chaturvedi, W.S. Lakra, Arpita Sharma and A. Landge
Copyright granted
• B. Yadav and Arpita Sharma (2019) Tool for the Study of Gender Analysis of
Ornamental Fish Enterprises, Copyright granted by Copyright Office, Government of
India, Registration Number: L87343/2019.
Website developed
• Developed website https://fishfed.wixsite.com/msfcf as per the request of Shri Ramdas
Shandhe, Chair of for Maharashtra State Fisheries Cooperative Federation (MSFCF),
Mumbai.

Papers communicated
1. Suchismita Prusty and Arpita Sharma (2020) Occupational Hazards Faced by Inland
Fishers of Odisha, India, Journal of Agromedicine (Taylor and Francis)
2. Naila M. Bhat and Arpita Sharma (2020) Occupational Hazards Faced by Fishers of Dal
Lake in the Union Territory Jammu and Kashmir, India, Journal of Agromedicine (Taylor
and Francis
3. S. Pal, V.K. Yadav, Arpita Sharma, Ananthan P.S 1 , N. W. Qureshi, S. Dey, P. Jana, S.
Karmakar and S.N. Ojha Assessment of Coastal Multi-hazard vulnerability along the
South 24 Parganas district of West Bengal, India using geospatial techniques Esturarine
coastal and shelf Science (Elsevier) journal. (Elsevier)
4. Sandesh Patil and Arpita Sharma (2020) Empirical Analysis of Constranits faced by
Shrimp Farmers of Maharashtra Journal of Experimental Zoology India (
5. Suhas Wasave and Arpita Sharma (2020) Consensus Based Assessment of Constraints
faced by Marine Fisheries Cooperative Societies in Maharashtra, India
6. Kiranmayi D., Arpita Sharma, K. Pani Prasad, Rama Sharma and S.K. Sharma ,
Development of an Android Based Application System for Fish Farmers, Agricultural
Research
7. Sandesh Patil and Arpita Sharma (2020) Overview of Constraints Faced and Test of
Agreement Among Shrimp Farmers of Palghar District in Maharashtra" Agricultural
Research

Research Papers Published
92
1. Arpita Sharma, Ananthan P.S. and Rishabh Sharma (2019) Innovative Gen Next Pedagogy:
Education Model for the Modern World of Artificial Intelligence and Beyond, University News,
Association of Indian Universities, Vol: 57, No. 50, Page: 28-32
2. Arpita Sharma (2019) Locating the Context of Fisheries in Disaster Management Plans and Need of
Integrating Blockchain Technologies for Better Fisheries Governance and Social Good, International
Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, Vol: 7, No. 6, Page: 359-363
3. Arpita Sharma and Kiranmayi Dhenuvakonda (2019) Virtual Fisheries Through Mobile Apps: The
Way Forward, Journal of Entomology and Zoology, Vol:7, Number: 6, Page: 1093-1099
4. Arpita Sharma and Sethulakshmi C.S. (2019) Assessment of Occupational Hazards and Usage of
Sea Safety Devices by Fishers of Kerala, India, Journal of Agromedicine, Arpita Sharma &
Sethulakshmi C.S. (2019) Assessment of Occupational Hazards and Usage of Sea Safety Devices by
Fishers of Kerala, India, Journal of Agromedicine, Vo: 24, Issue: 3, pp:
DOI: 10.1080/1059924X.2019.1646684
5. Sandesh Patil and Arpita Sharma (2019) Shrimp Industry Gender Gap in India: Case of Maharashtra
State, Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 7(6), Page: 380-383
6. Kiranmayi D., Arpita Sharma, K. Pani Prasad and R. Sharma (2019) Socio-economic Profile of Fish
Farmers of Telangana and Usage of Mobile apps, Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics
& Sociology, Vo : 37, Page : 1-9 https://doi.org/10.9734/ajaees/2019/v37i330268
7. Naila M. Bhat, Arpita Sharma and R. Sharma (2019) Encouraging Collective Voices of Fisherwomen
Through Celebration of Fish Festivals, Agricultural Economics Research Review, Vo: 32, pp: 228.
8. V. Gomathy, R. Sharma and Arpita Sharma (2019) Assessment of Chank Fishing as Livelihood in
Therespuram, Tuticorin, International Journal of Pure & Applied Bioscience, 7(4), Page: 207-216,
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2320-7051.7648
9. Sambit Priyadarshi, S. N. Ojha and Arpita Sharma (2019) An assessment of Vulnerability of Fishers
Livelihood to climate change in Coastal Odisha, India, Current World Environment,
4(1).http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/CWE.14.1.08

Thanks