Linguistics magazine

“Attribute each of the…phrases to Ferdinand de Saussure,
Noam Chomsky, or Michael Halliday. What does the quote
tell you about their perspective on the study and analysis
of language?”.
“If we could embrace the sum of wordimages
stored in the minds of all
individuals, we could identify the social
bond that constitutes language? It is a
storehouse filled by the members of a
given community through their activity use
of speaking, a grammatical system that
has a potential existence in each brain, or,
specifically, in the brains of a group of
individuals. For language is not complete
in any speaker; it exits perfectly only within
a collectivity”
Ferdinand de Sausurre: it was posed by
Saussure, that language was a system of
signs showing a relation between a given
signified and its signifier, which can be the
image-word stored in the minds of all
individuals. But it is mentioned that signs
are not stable in terms of the relationship
between signified and signifier since there
is not an already-existing concept assigned
due to it would depend on a grupo of
individuals or their community.
“It seems clear that we must regard
linguistic competence- knowledge of a
language- as an abstract system
underlying behaviour, a system constituted
by rules that interact to determine the form
and intrinsic meaning of a potentially
infinite number of sentences”
Noam Chomsky: Chomsky‟s linguistics is
based on that everyone has got a mental
repository of the rules by which our
language or dialect organizes linguistic
elements into well-formed strings: this
means that we have a syntactic expertise
in our heads, in terms of a set of finite
rules which allows us to generate an
infinitive number of sentences, many of
which we have never Heard before.
“Every text- that is, everything that is said
or written- unfolds in some context of use;
furthermore, it is the uses of language
that, over tens of thousands of
generations, have shaped the system.
Language has evolved to satisfy human
needs; and the way it is organized is
functional with respect to these needs”
Michael Halliday: This phrase is from
Michael Halliday because he established a
dialectical relationship between language
and society. Since linguistics for Halliday
was a form of social action, his work was
involved in educational projects on this
topic and he explains that in this way the
variation of language is attributed to the
social relationships in which they emerge.
So it can be said that language not only
reflects social structures, but rather these
social structures build language.

“Linguistic theory is concerned primarily
with an ideal speaker-hearer, in a
completely homogeneous speech
community, who knows its language
perfectly and is unaffected by such
grammatically irrelevant conditions as
memory limitations, distractions, shifts of
attention and interest, errors (random or
characteristic) in applying his knowledge of
the language in actual performance”
Noam Chomsky: Chomsky was interested
in underlying mental structures rather than
on actual performance which means that
his theory was being focused on idealized
utterances, or instances of language which
are considered to be well-formed according
to the syntactic rules of a language, rather
than on a real language in use.
“Language is a system of interdependent
terms in which the value of each results
solely from the simultaneous presence of
the others… [for example]. To determine
what a five-franc piece is worth one most
know: (1) that it can be exchanged for a
fixed quantity of a different thing, e.g.
bread; and (2) that can be compared with
a similar value of the same system, e.g. a
one-franc piece, or with coins of another
system (a dollar, etc.). in the same way a
word can be exchanged for something
dissimilar, an idea; besides, it can be
compared with something of the same
nature, another word. Its value is therefore
not fixed so long as one simply states that
it can be “exchanged” for a given concept”
Ferdinand de Suasurre: in an effort to
define linguistics, Saussure presented a
principle in which is explained that
language is a set of signs that are
members of a system and defined by their
relationships to each others. So when it is
drawn our attention to the elements of
language, they are related to each other on
the paradigmatic dimensión, which
presents a set of choices where we
consider something based on the
relationship that has with others.
“Spoken and written language, then, tend
to display different KINDS of complexity;
each of them is more complex in its own
way. Written language tends to be lexically
dense but grammatically simple; spoken
language tends to be grammatically
intricate but lexically sparse”… “the value
of having some explicit knowledge of the
grammar of written language is that you
can use this knowledge, not only to analyze
the texts, but as a critical resource for
asking questions about them”
Michael Halliday: Language acquisition
includes the gradual mastery of functional
potential until the third stage, in which the
characteristic functions of adult language
have been registered. Meaning and purely
interactive processes constitute the two
pillars of the theory, which is why Michael
Halliday concluded that the conditions for
us to learn languages ​are largely
determined by culture. It's called part of
social psychology.

Linguistics, like most social sciences, has had a long way to
position itself as such, that is, a science. Although it studies
something so fundamental to the existence of society, such
as language, it has not aroused great interest; therefore its
resources have been limited. It is true that “Linguistics deals
with human language”, Bauer, Laurie.(2007) and this makes
its object of study important for other sciences and in general
for understanding human life.
Likewise, linguistics comprises
a great variety of branches, which
specialize in specific language aspects,
such is the case of semiotics, which
is the study of signs and symbols and
their interpretations and it has great
importance in the commercial and
social world, in addition, it
makes significant contributions to the
study of language, understanding it,
from the context, thus the language “is
a treasure buried by the practice of
speech in people belonging to the
same community” because is the community
of the social group who gives it meaning.
On the other hand, linguistics encompasses
philology, which is in charge of studying the
evolution of language through history,
presenting in its studies even more
data for the comprehensive study of language. We can also
name within the great repertoire of branches that linguistics
encompasses grammar, syntax, semantics, phonetics, among
others, making the study carried out from linguistics
encompass all aspects of language.
In the same way, linguistics uses the scientific method as a
basis to generate its postulates, Like many scientists,
“linguists construct hypotheses about the structure of
language and then test those hypotheses by
experimentation” Bauer, Laurie.(2007) This certifies that all
the knowledge that is produced from the studies of linguistics
has a rigorously academic foundation.

The concept of „double articulation‟ is a classic one at identifying language,
please, explain it, and give examples.
Double articulation ‟sometimes called „duality of patterning‟ refers to the
property of all human languages that meaningful units of speech are composed
ultimately by meaningless units. Wier(wd) It is a property shared by all the
languages ​of the world. According to André Martinet, language is doubly
articulated: when speaking or listening,
Rivera (2006).
In other words, we have two units,
the monemes that have meaning and
signifier, and there are two types of
lexemes, which provide the basic
meaning of the word and the morphemes
that indicate gender, number and time.
For example, in the word walker, the lexeme is walk, the verb and the ending er is the one given by the
person who performs the action.
The above refers to the first articulation of language. the second refers to the sound or the mental
representation of a sign, in this case the letter and are called phonemes, For example, in the word creator,
the phonemes are "c", "r", "e", "a", "t", "or" and "r"