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53//Cutting Season_Secrets World’s of Trees Chapter Opening 3THE 2010S CLOSEDWITH RISINGDEFORESTATIONAND INCREASEDINCIDENCE OF FIRE INTROPICAL FORESTS.
ExacerbateDRIVERS OF DEFORESTATIONCommodity production on tropical forest lands continued to rise through the 2010s despite global stagnation in commodity prices inthe second half of the decade. Accordingly, a relatively limited number of export-oriented commodities — cattle, palm oil, soy, timberand wood pulp — accounted for an outsize share of deforestation in the tropics. ▼ The cattle sector is the single largest direct driver oftropical deforestation globally due to itsoutsize footprint in the Amazon. At theend of the last decade, major Brazilianslaughterhouses signed a “cattle agreement”brokered by Greenpeace, whichendeavored to clean up the sector. Butwidespread cheating — and a largeclandestine market — limited theeffectiveness of the pact. Substantialamounts of deforestation for cattle pasturealso shifted from the Amazon toadjacent dry forests and wooded savannaslike the Chaco and Cerrado biomes.And although the end of the 2010s saw asurge in interest in meat alternatives inthe United States, global beef consumptioncontinued to rise with growinglevels of affluence. ▼ Palm oil arguablyattracted the most attention amongtropical commodities during the decadefor its rapid expansion and the heavytoll it is taking on some of the world’smost endangered forests and wildlife,especially in Southeast Asia. Althoughpalm oil prices have been depressedsince 2012, the crop still represents themost profitable form of agriculturalland use in many countries. As a result,oil palm expansion was larger in the2010s than in the 2000s. Asia addednearly 4 million hectares of plantationsbetween 2010 and 2017, accountingfor nearly 90% of expansion over theperiod. Pressure from environmentalgroups and importing governments— for example, the EU via renewablefuels mandates — prompted many ofthe largest companies operating in thepalm oil sector to adopt zero deforestation,zero peat and zero exploitation(ZDPE) policies in the first.54//
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CuttingSeasonsecrets world’s of t
Page 6 and 7: 03//Cutting Season_Secrets World’
Page 8 and 9: PREFACEHalting deforestation will r
Page 24 and 25: DEFORESTATION IS THE PERMANENTREMOV
Page 26 and 27: Forests can be found from the tropi
Page 34 and 35: IMPACTED SPECIESAMUR LEOPARD ▼ Th
Page 36 and 37: orests can be found from thetropics
Page 40 and 41: IMPACTED PLACES► AMAZON ▼ Amazo
Page 46 and 47: HISTORYConversion of forests to lan
Page 49: MODERN DEFORESTATIONThe United Nati
Page 58 and 59: INDEXabaxialabscissionabscissileaca
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