Final portafolio 2021 Morphology

M o r p h o l o g y | 1

UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA

FACULTAD DE HUMANIDADES

PEM EN IDIOMA INGLÉS

Idi60 Morphology & Syntax of English

Professor: Jorge Gustavo López Ruíz

5th CYCLE


Name

ID

Lesdy Xiomara Ramos Morales 200810564

Luz Vanessa Maritza Monroy Guzmán 201901575

Sergio Josue Bernal Flores 200213767

Wendy Naydú Sir Velásquez 201907257

Evelyn Judith Rodas López 200910418



Meaning

In English grammar and morphology, a root is a word or word element (in other words,

a morpheme) from which other words grow, usually through the addition of prefixes and suffixes.

Also called a root word.

In Greek and Latin Roots (2008), T. Rasinski et al. defines root as "a semantic unit. This simply means

that a root is a word part that means something. It is a group of letters with meaning."



WORKSHEET: ROOTS CATA TO CRYPT

Series I

Instructions: Write (G) if the root origin is Greek and (L) if the root is Latin.

1. Cata ______ 3. Centr _______

2. Circu ______ 4. Chrome _______

5. Cis ______

Series II

Instructions: Match using different colors the meaning with the correct root.

1. Ced A. One hundred

2. Clud B. Declare, call out

3. Cent C. Goes before

4. Clam D. Shut

5. Com E. With, completely, jointly

Series III

Instructions: Write an example per each of the following roots.

1. Ced_____________________________________________________________

2. Clu______________________________________________________________

3. Circu____________________________________________________________

4. Chrome_________________________________________________________

5. Cent____________________________________________________________

Series IV

Instructions: Use the bank of roots to complete each word. There may be more than

one answer for some words.

cogn contra cord corp cosm crac/crat


Series V

Instructions: Fill in the blank using the correct word from the bank according to the

context.

Decrypt increase credence bureaucratic criterion

1. The parliament has well-established _________________________procedures.

2. Environmentalists are alarmed by the dramatic _____________________ in pollution.

3. Since you have a history of lying, I find it difficult to give ____________________ to

anything you tell me.

4. The main _________________for joining the country club is one's ability to pay the

sizable annual fee

5. That's why you don't want to _____________________ the files.

1._____dict 2._____onaut 3.ac_____ 4._____ism 5.pre_____ition

6.auto_____ 7._____ial 8._____ition 9.demo_____y 10._____band


Name:

ID:

Date:

INSTRUCTIONS: Match the following roots with the correct concept. Look at the example:

1. CUM/CUM

2. DIC

3. CUR

4. DEC

5. DEMI/HEMI/SEMI

6. FAC

7. Examples of FAC/FEC/FIC are:

( ) benefactor, manufactor, confection, proficient

( ) comes from the Latin verb Facere, meaning “to make” or “to do”

8. classify the following words, according to their root. look at the example:

facilitate, perfectionism, elecrification, benefactor, autoinfection, indemnification, factualism,

confectionary, personification, factitious

FAC FEC FIC

factitious______ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________

______________ ______________ ______________


WORKSHEET

1.) Instructions: Complete the following words with the letters missing.

F_rt_ _e

Co_fi_ _r_t_on

_on_o_m

D_ _ra_e

C_ng_at_la_ _o_s

_n_oh_ _e_t

2.) Instructions: Identify the root for each of the following words:

e.g: Gravity: ___GRAV___

Hostel:

Adherent:

Habitual:

Generic:

Deflect:

Configuration:

___________

___________

___________

___________

___________

___________


INSTRUCTIONS: Choose the roots from the box and write it next to their definition.

NEC/ NIC/NOX NEG NOM PAN

MOR/MORT PARA MORPH

NASC/NAT/NAI PATER/PATR MUT

1 Have to do with violent death

2 It is used to say no

3 Comes from the Latin word for name

4 Comes from the Latin verb “nasel” its meaning is “To be Born”

5 Lines that run beside each other.

6 Comes from the noun “Mors” Latin and its meaning is “Death”

7 Comes from the Greek and Latin word “father”

8 Comes from the Greek its meaning is “Shape”

9 Comes from the Greek. It simply means all.

10 From the Latin “mutare” its meaning is “Change”

Exercise # 2


INSTRUCTIONS: Find the words and mark with another color the word´s roots

D P H I L L A S D G H J K L

F I S S P E R C O L A T E I

A W M O O O L F T O M A T E

L E U P A T E R N A L A A D

A E J L A F L F M A R T E S

N E K P E R I O D O N T A L

J R T K R E T N I Ñ A O S O

T L S U S P E N D P E S O A

H L H J U U M C T U Y L Y O

R T Y M R L M O L O O V E R

O H W L G S M L A C U E R D

P R Q A B I M A R A M A S T

Y O P N H O M E N U D O S S

E L Ñ E K N P T I E M P O D

S E X P E D I E N T U Y O S

B P P H I L A N T H R O P Y

IMPART - PATERNAL- PEDAGOGY - EXPEDIENT- REPULSION - PENAL

SUSPEND - PERCOLATE - PERIODONTAL - PHILANTHROPY


Worksheet Group #7

I SERIES

Instructions: In the blank space, write the meaning of the given root.

first after many to clean put first formed

prove city four sound

0. Quint – Fifth

1. Purg – _____ 6. Quart – ____

2. Prov – _____ 7. Prot – ____

3. Poly – _____ 8. Post – ____

4. Polis – _____ 9. Pon – ____

5. Phon – _____ 10.Prim – ____

II SERIES

Instructions: match each word with its root by placing the number in the space provided.

III SERIES

Instructions: find the words.

1. Population ___ PUT

2. Prediction ___ PURG

3. Input ___ PRE

4. Purge ___ PROT

5. Proton ___ POPUL

1. phonetics

2. deplete

3. photometer

4. polygon

5. politics

6. postdate

7. prime

8. proceed

9. proper

10. expunge


Name: _______________________________________________ Group No. _______________________________

INSTRUCTIONS: Read the root words bank and write the correct one on the blank space, next to the definition that

matches.

RECT SACR/SANCT RETRO SERV

SCAND/SCEND ROG SECU/SEQU SOLV/SOLU

SCI SCRIB/SCRIP SIGN SPHER

SOPH QUIS SON SPIC/SPEC

TANG/TACT STRU/STRUCT SUB TELE

1. _____________________ comes from the Latin word rectus, which means “straight” or “right”.

2. _____________________ is derived from the Latin verb, quaerere, meaning “to seek or obtain”.

3. _____________________ means “back”, “behind”, or “backward” in Latin.

4. _____________________ is the Latin root meaning “ask”.

5. _____________________ meaning “holy”.

6. _____________________ comes from the Latin verb scandere, “to climb“

7. _____________________ comes from the Latin verb scire “to know”

8. _____________________ comes from the Latin verb scribere “to write”

9. _____________________ comes from the Latin verb sequi, meaning “to follow”

10. _____________________ means “to be subject to”

11. _____________________ means comes from the Latin noun signum, “sign or mark”

12. _____________________ comes from the Latin verb solver, “to loosen free, release”

13. _____________________ is the Latin root meaning “sound”.

14. _____________________ is a Greek root from the word meaning “wise” or “wisdom”.

15. _____________________ comes from the Latin verb struere, meaning “to put together”.

16. _____________________ comes from the Latin verb specere or spicere, meaning “to look at or behold”.

17. _____________________ comes from the Greek word for “ball”.

18. _____________________ means “under”.

19. _____________________ comes from the Latin verb tangere, “to touch”.

20. _____________________ has as its basic meanings “distant” or “at distance”.


SERIE I:

Instructions: Write 2 example words per root.

1) Root “Term/Termin”; to limit, bound, or set limits to, tend to be final.

Example 1: _______________________

Example 2: _______________________

2) Root “Terr”; It has the meaning “earth; land.”

Example 1: _______________________

Example 2: _______________________

3) Root “Therm/Thermo” meaning "heat", measures the amount of warmth in a body, the air, or

an oven.

Example 1: ________________________

Example 2: ________________________

4) Root “Temper”; Comes from Latin verb temperare, to moderate or keep within limits.

Example 1: ____________________________

Example 2: ____________________________

5) Root “Tempor”; Comes from Latin tempus meaning “time”.

Example 1: ____________________________

Example 2: ____________________________

6) Root “Ten/Tin”; Come from Latin verb tenere and the related word tenax, means “hold” or

“hold on to.”

Example 1: ____________________________

Example 2: ____________________________

7) Root “Tend/Tent”; comes from Latin tendere that means “to stretch, extend or spread.”

Example 1: ________________________

Example 2: ________________________


SERIE II:

Instructions:

1. Comes from the Greek word for "place." A topic is the subject of a paper or discussion.

Its root originally meant "commonplace" -that is a common subject.

TOP - TRI - TURB

2. Comes from trahere, the Latin verb meaning "drag or draw" something attractive

draws us toward it.

TORS/ORT - TRANS - TRACT

3. Comes from Latin to indicate movement "through, across, or beyond" something.

Translation carries the meaning from one language to another.

TUT/TUI - TURB - TRANS

4. comes from two forms of the Latin verb torquere, meaning "to twist" or "to wind" or

"to wrench.

UMBR - TORS/TORT - TRI

5. Comes from the Latin verb berhare, “to throw into disorder” and the noun turbe,

“crowd” or “confusion”

TOP - UMBR - TURB

6. “three”, whether derived from Greek or Latin.

TRACT - TRI - TRANS

7. From the Latin verb “tueri” originally meant “to look at” but the English meaning of the

root gradually came to be “to guide, guard or teach”.

TUT/TUI - TRANS - TOP

8. From the Latin umbra “shadow”, is a shady customer.

TURB - TORS/ORT - UMBR


SERIE III:

Instructions: Match the correct meaning with the correct statement.

UND

UNI

UT/US

VEN/ VENT


Group #10 (MONI TO PLIC)

I SERIES: Underline the correct meaning for each root.

1. MONI – from the Latin Verb which means…

“To talk” “life” ”To Warn or Remind”

2. MONO – is a Greek root meaning…

“ONE or ONLY” None of them “Herd”

If none of them, what does it mean? ___________________________________________.

3. Mor/Mort – comes from the Latin word meaning…

“Heavy, weighty, serious” “death, to die” “head”

4. MORPH – from the Latin and Greek, that means…

“shape” “on both sides” “to fall”

5. ANN/ENN – Comes from the Latin verb annus, which means….

“Year” “Above or beyond it all” None of them

If none of them, what does it mean? ___________________________________________.

6. MUT – comes from the Latin verb that means…

“To change” “soul” “hearing”

7. NASC/NAT – comes from the Latin “anima”, that means…

“skill” “To be born” “above or beyond it”

8. CANT – comes from the Latin verb canere…

“sing” “take, seize” “to pour out, to melt”

9. NFC/NIC – comes from the Latin nouns, that have to do with…

“play” “Violent death” “care”

10. NOM – comes from the Latin word meaning…

“love” “name” “war”


II SERIES: Write at least two examples for each root. You can guide by its meaning.

1. CAD/CID/CAS – from the same Latin word cadere, which means “to fall, fall down, drop”. Or

from the related noun casus, “fall or chance”.

Examples: ____________ __________________________________.

2. BI – basic meaning is “two” or “double”.

Examples: ____________ ____________________________.

3. AB/ABS – From the Latin that means “from”, “away”, “off”.

Examples: ______________ _ ____________________.

4. CAP/CEP – comes from Latin verb capere, “take, seize”.

Examples: ___________ ___ _________________________.

5. ANTRHOP – comes from the Greek word for “human being”.

Examples: ______________________________________________________.

6. ANT/ANTI – is opposite to opposes something else.

7. CARN – comes from caro, the Latin word for “flesh”.

Examples: ___________________ _______________________________.

8. ART – comes from a Latin word meaning “skill”. Could also mean “cleverness”.

Examples: ___________ ________________________________________.

9. ANN/ENN – comes from the Latin annus, which means year.

Examples: _______ __ ___________________________________.

BONUS: What is the root of these words, and what does it mean?

Cadaver

Suicide

Cascade

"There are many good fishermen and some great ones. But there is only one you." –

Ernest Hemingway, (The old man and the sea).


GROUP 11 WORKSHEET

SERIES I

INSTRUCTIONS: FIND THE WORDS FROM THE WORD SEARCH, IT CAN BE FORWARD, BACKWARDS,

ACROSS, AND ALL THE WAYS YOU CAN IMAGINE. SELECT THEM WITH DIFFERENT COLORS.

I N P H I L O L O G Y P

M O N I T O R Y R A L A

O C A C O P H O N Y C R

R R O A G J K M N P R A

T R A N S M U T E E E G

I N V O R A C I G N P O

F S P A T E R N A L L N

Y F V I M P A R T L I Y

B U T I L I T Y I V C T

C O G N A T E L V W A S

D E C O P V I V E A T L

E K Q X E E U M B R E A

T R I I E R N T O P S N

G L R O I N L A Q X H I

H M S U U S U F L U C M

P R O S O K E M S I I O

A M O R P H O U S S S N

I N T F E S L E P X E P

P E R C O L A T E N A Q

J T U P A N A C E A K R

S E X P E D I E N T L S

WORD SEARCH: AMORPHOUS, COGNATE, MONITORY, MORTIFY, TRANSMUTE, NOXIOUS, NECROSIS,

NEGATIVE, NOMINAL, PANACEA, PARAGON, IMPART, PATERNAL, EXPEDIENT, EXPEL, PENAL, PERCOLATE,

PHILOLOGY, CACOPHONY, REPLICATE.

SERIES II

INSTRUCTIONS: CLASSIFY THE WORDS FROM THE BOX ACCORDING TO THE ROOT THEY BELONG TO

AMORPHOUS, COGNATE, MONITORY, MORTIFY, TRANSMUTE, NOXIOUS, NECROSIS, NEGATIVE,

NOMINAL, PHOSPHORECENT, PANACEA, PARAGON, IMPART, PATERNAL, EXPEDIENT, EXPEL, PENAL,

PERCOLATE, PHILOLOGY, CACOPHONY, REPLICATE, PHILANTROPY, PEDESTRIAN, PROPENSITY,

COMPLEMENT, DIAPHANOUS, PERIMETER, COMPLEMENT, MONOLITIC.

PLIC ______________________________________

PHON______________________________________

PLE__________________________________________

PHIL________________________________________


PER_________________________________________

PEN/PUN________________________________________

PEL/PULS_______________________________________

PED _________________________________________

PEND/PENS________________________________________

PHOS/PHOT____________________________________

PHAN/PHEN__________________________________________

PERI_________________________________________

MONI___________________________________

MONO_________________________________________

MOR-/MORT_______________________________________

MUT____________________________________

NEG__________________________________________

NOM___________________________________________

NEC/NIC/NOX_____________________________________

NASC/NAT/NAI___________________________________

MORPH__________________________________________

PAN____________________________________________

PARA___________________________________________

PART___________________________________________

PATER/PATR__________________________________________

SERIES III

MATCH THE ROOT WITH THEIR CORRECT MEANING:

No. ROOT ANSWER MEANING

1 PLIC GREEK VERB: INTACT

2 PHOS/PHOT GREK VERB: BEYONG

OUTSIDE

3 PHIL LATIN NEX: HAVE TO DO WITH

VIOLENT DEATH

4 PHAN/PHEN LATIN VERB NEGARE: TO SAY

NO

5 PED LATIN FOR NAME: NAMED OR

NOMINATED

6 PARA LATIN VERB PLICARE: TO FOLD

7 PAN GREEK FOR LIGHT:

PHOSPHORUS

8 NOM GREEK FOR LOVE: LOVE OF…..

9 NEG GREEK FOR TO APPEAR: SEEM

10 NEC/NOX/NIC GREEK FOR CHILD: FOOT


Root, Prefix or Suffix Meaning Examples

a, ac, ad, af, ag,

al, an, ap, as, at

a-, an-

to, toward, near, in addition

to, by

not, without

aside, accompany, adjust, aggression, allocate,

annihilate, affix, associate, attend, adverb

apolitical, atheist, anarchy, anonymous, apathy,

aphasia, anemia

ab, abs away from, off absolve, abrupt, absent

-able, -ible Adjective: worth, ability solvable, incredible

acer, acid, acri bitter, sour, sharp acerbic, acidity, acrid, acrimony

act, ag do, act, drive active, react, agent, active, agitate

acu sharp acute, acupuncture, accurate

-acy, -cy Noun: state or quality privacy, infancy, adequacy, intimacy, supremacy

-ade act, product, sweet drink blockade, lemonade

aer, aero air, atmosphere, aviation aerial, aerosol, aerodrome

ag, agi, ig, act

-age

do, move, go

Noun: activity, or result of

action

agent, agenda, agitate, navigate, ambiguous,

action

courage, suffrage, shrinkage, tonnage

agri, agro pertaining to fields or soil agriculture, agroindustry

-al Noun: action, result of action referral, disavowal, disposal, festival

-al, -ial, -ical Adjective: quality, relation structural, territorial, categorical

alb, albo white, without pigment albino, albite

ali, allo, alter other alias, alibi, alien, alloy, alter, alter ego, altruism

alt high, deep altimeter, altitude

am, ami, amor love, like, liking amorous, amiable, amicable, enamoured

ambi both ambidextrous

ambul to walk ambulatory, amble, ambulance, somnambulist

-an Noun: person artisan, guardian, historian, magician

ana, ano up, back, again, anew anode, anagram, anagenetic

-ance, -ence

-ancy, -ency

Noun: action, state, quality or

process

Noun: state, quality or

capacity

resistance, independence, extravagance,

fraudulence

vacancy, agency, truancy, latency

andr, andro male, characteristics of men androcentric, android

ang angular angle

anim mind, life, spirit, anger animal, animate, animosity

ann, annu, enni yearly annual, annual, annuity, anniversary, perrenial

-ant, -ent

-ant, -ent, -ient

ante

Noun: an agent, something

that performs the action

Adjective: kind of agent,

indication

before

disinfectant, dependent, fragrant

important, dependent, convenient


anterior, anteroom, antebellum, antedate,

antecedent antediluvian

anthrop man anthropology, misanthrope, philanthropy

anti, ant

against, opposite

antisocial, antiseptic, antithesis, antibody,

antinomies, antifreeze, antipathy

anti, antico old antique, antiquated, antiquity

apo, ap, aph

away from, detached,

formed

apology, apocalypse, aphagia

aqu water aqueous

-ar, -ary

arch

Adjective: resembling, related

to

chief, first, rule

spectacular, unitary

archangel, architect, archaic, monarchy,

matriarchy, patriarchy, Archeozoic era

-ard, -art Noun: characterized braggart, drunkard, wizard

aster, astr star aster, asterisk, asteroid, astronomy, astronaut

-ate Noun: state, office, fuction candidate, electorate, delegate

-ate Verb: cause to be graduate, ameliorate, amputate, colligate

-ate Adjective: kind of state inviolate

-ation Noun: action, resulting state specialization, aggravation, alternation

auc, aug, aut to originate, to increase augment , author, augment, auction

aud, audi, aur, aus

to hear, listen

audience, audio, audible, auditorium, audiovisual,

audition, auricular, ausculate

aug, auc increase augur, augment, auction

aut, auto

self

automobile, automatic, automotive, autograph,

autonomous, autoimmune

bar weight, pressure barometer

be

on, around, over, about,

excessively, make, cause,

name, affect

berate, bedeck, bespeak, belittle, beleaguer

belli war rebellion, belligerent, casus belli, bellicose

bene

good, well, gentle

benefactor, beneficial, benevolent, benediction,

beneficiary, benefit

bi, bine two biped, bifurcate, biweekly, bivalve, biannual

bibl, bibli, biblio book bibliophile, bibliography, Bible

bio, bi life biography, biology, biometricsm biome, biosphere

brev short abbreviate, brevity, brief

cad, cap, cas, ceiv,

cept, capt, cid, cip

to take, to seize, to hold

receive, deceive, capable, capacious, captive,

accident, capture, occasion, concept, intercept,

forceps, except, reciprocate


cad, cas to fall cadaver, cadence, cascade

-cade procession motorcade

calor heat calorie, caloric, calorimeter

capit, capt head decapitate, capital, captain, caption

carn flesh carnivorous, incarnate, reincarnation, carnal

cat, cata, cath down, with catalogue, category, catheter

caus, caut burn, heat caustic, cauldron, cauterize

cause, cuse, cus cause, motive because, excuse, accusation

ceas, ced, cede,

ceed, cess

to go, to yield, move, go,

surrender

succeed, proceed, precede, recede, secession,

exceed, succession

cent hundred centennial, century, centipede

centr, centri center eccentricity, centrifugal, concentric, eccentric

chrom color chrome, chromosome, polychrome, chromatic

chron

cide, cis, cise

circum

time

to kill, to cut, cut down

around

chronology, chronic, chronicle chronometer,

anachronism, synchronize

fratricide, homicide, incision, incision,

circumcision, scissors

circumnavigate, circumflex, circumstance,

circumcision, circumference, circumorbital,

circumlocution, circumvent, circumscribe,

circulatory

cit call, start incite, citation, cite

civ citizen civic, civil, civilian, civilization

clam, claim

cry out

exclamation, clamor, proclamation, reclamation,

acclaim

clin lean, bend decline, aclinic, inclination

clud, clus claus

co, cog, col, coll,

con, com, cor

cogn, gnos

com, con

contr, contra,

counter

to close, shut

with, together

to know

fully

against, opposite

include, exclude, clause, claustrophobia, enclose,

exclusive, reclusive, conclude

cohesiveness, cognate, collaborate, convene,

commitment, compress, contemporary,

converge, compact, confluence, convenient,

concatenate, conjoin, combine, correct

recognize, cognizant, diagnose, agnostic,

incognito, prognosis

complete, compel, conscious, condense, confess,

confirm

contradict, counteract, contravene, contrary,

counterspy, contrapuntal

cord, cor, cardi heart cordial, concord, discord, courage, encourage

corp

body

corporation, corporal punishment, corpse,

corpulent, corpus luteum

cort correct escort, cortage

cosm universe, world cosmos, microcosm, cosmopolitan, cosmonaut

cour, cur, curr,

curs

run, course


occur, excursion, discourse, courier, course

crat, cracy rule autocrat, aristocrat, theocracy, technocracy

cre, cresc, cret,

crease

grow

create, crescent, accretion, increase

crea create creature, recreation, creation

cred

cresc, cret,

crease, cru

believe

rise, grow

creed, credo, credence, credit, credulous,

incredulous, incredible

crescendo, concrete, increase, decrease, accrue

crit separate, choose critical, criterion, hypocrite

cur, curs

run

current, concurrent, concur, incur, recur, occur,

courier, precursor, cursive

cura care curator, curative, manicure

cycl, cyclo wheel, circle, circular Cyclops, unicycle, bicycle, cyclone, cyclic

de-

from, down, away, to do the

opposite, reverse, against

detach, deploy, derange, decrease, deodorize,

devoid, deflate, degenerate

dec, deca ten, ten times decimal, decade, decalogue, decimate, decathlon

dec, dign suitable decent decorate dignity

dei, div God divinity, divine, deity, divination, deify

dem, demo people, populace, population democracy, demography, demagogue, epidemic

dent, dont tooth dental, denture, orthodontist, periodontal

derm skin, covering hypodermic, dermatology, epidermis, taxidermy

di-, dy- two, twice, double divide, diverge, diglycerides

dia

dic, dict, dit

dis, dif

through, across, between

say, speak

not, opposite of, reverse,

separate, deprive of, away

diameter, diagonal, dialogue dialect, dialectic,

diagnosis, diachronic

dictation, dictionary, dictate, dictator, Dictaphone,

edict, predict, verdict, contradict, benediction

dismiss, differ, disallow, disperse, dissuade, divide,

disconnect, disproportion, disrespect, distemper,

disarray

dit give credit, audit

doc, doct

domin

teach, prove

master, that which is under

control

docile, doctor, doctrine, document, dogma,

indoctrinate

dominate, dominion, predominant, domain

don give donate, condone

dorm sleep dormant, dormitory

dox thought, opinion, praise orthodox, heterodox, paradox, doxology

-drome run, step syndrome, aerodrome, velodrome

duc, duct

to lead, pull

produce, abduct, product, transducer, viaduct,

aqueduct, induct, deduct, reduce, induce

dura hard, lasting durable, duration, endure


dynam power dynamo, dynamic, dynamite, hydrodynamics

dys-

e-

bad, abnormal, difficult,

impaired, unfavorable

not, missing, out, fully, away,

computer network related

dysfunctional, dyslexia, dyspathy

emit, embed, eternal,ether, erase, email, e-tailer

ec- out of, outside echo, eclipse, eclectic, ecesis, ecstasy, exzema

eco-

household, environment,

relating to ecology or

economy

ecology, economize, ecospheres, ecomanagement

ecto- outside, external ectomorph, ectoderm, ectoplasm

-ed Verb: past tense dressed, faded, patted, closed, introduced

-ed

Adjective: having the quality

or characteristics of

winged, moneyed, dogged, tiered

-en Verb: to cause to become lengthen, moisten, sharpen

-en Adjective: material golden, woolen, silken

en-, em-

-ence, -ency

endepiequi-

put into, make, provide with,

surround with

Noun: action or process,

quality or state

inside, within

upon, close to, over, after,

altered

equal

enamor, embolden, enslave, empower, entangle

reference, emergency, dependence, eminence,

latency

endorse, endocardial, endergonic, endoskeleton,

endoscope, endogenous

epicenter, epicarp, epilogue, epigone, epidiorite

equidistant, equilateral, equilibrium, equinox,

equation, equator

-er, -ier Adjective: comparative better, brighter, sooner, hotter, happier

-er, -or

Noun: person or thing that

does something

flyer, reporter, player, member, fryer, collector,

concentrator

-er, -or Verb: action ponder, dishonor, clamor

erg

-ery

-es, -ies

-es, -ies

work, effect

collective qualities, art,

practice, trade, collection,

state, condition

Noun: plural of most nouns

ending in -ch, -s, -sh, -o and

-z and some in -f and -y

Verb: third person singular

present indicative of verbs

that end in -ch, -s, -sh, - and

some in -y

energy, erg, allergy, ergometer, ergograph,

ergophobia

snobbery, bakery, geenery, gallery, slavery

passes, glasses, ladies, heroes

blesses, hushes, fizzes, defies

-ess female actress, goddess, poetess

-est, -iest

Adjective or Adverb:

superlative

latest, strongest, luckiest, lyingest


ev-, et- time, age medieval, eternal

ex-

exter-, extra-,

extro-

out of, away from, lacking,

former

outside of, beyond

exit, exhale, exclusive, exceed, explosion, ex-mayor

external, extrinsic, extraordinary, extrapolate,

extraneous, extrovert

fa, fess speak fable, fabulous, fame, famous, confess, profess

fac, fact, fec,

fect, fic, fas, fea

do, make

difficult, fashion, feasible, feature, factory, fact,

effect, manufacture, amplification, confection

fall, fals deceive fallacy, falsify, fallacious

femto quadrillionth femtosecond

fer

fic, feign, fain, fit,

feat

bear, carry

shape, make, fashion

ferry, coniferous, fertile, defer, infer, refer,

transfer

fiction, faint, feign

fid belief, faith confide, diffident, fidelity

fid, fide, feder

faith, trust

confidante, fidelity, confident, infidelity, infidel,

federal, confederacy, semper fi

fig shape, form figurem, effigy, figure, figment

fila, fili thread filigree, filament, filter, filet, filibuster

fin

end, ended, finished

final, finite, finish, confine, fine, refine, define,

finale

fix repair, attach fix, fixation, fixture, affix, prefix, suffix

flex, flect

bend

flex, reflex, flexible, flexor, inflexibility, reflect,

deflect,circumflex

flict strike affliction, conflict, inflict

flu, fluc, fluv, flux

-fold

flow

Adverb: in a manner of,

marked by

influence, fluid, flue, flush, fluently, fluctuate,

reflux, influx

fourfold

for, fore before forecast, fortune, foresee

forc, fort

form

fract, frag, frai

strength, strong

shape, resemble

break

effort, fort, forte, fortifiable, fortify, forte,

fortitude

form, format, conform, formulate, perform,

formal, formula

fracture, infraction, fragile, fraction, refract,

frail

fuge flee subterfuge, refuge, centrifuge

-ful

-ful

Noun: an amount or quanity

that fills

Adjective: having, giving,

marked by

mouthful

fanciful

fuse pour confuse, transfuse

-fy make, form into falsify, dandify


gam marriage bigamy, monogamy, polygamy

gastr, gastro stomach gastric, gastronomic, gastritis, gastropod

gen kind generous

gen

birth, race, produce

genesis, genetics, eugenics, genealogy, generate,

genetic, antigen, pathogen

geo earth geometry, geography, geocentric, geology

germ vital part germination, germ, germane

gest carry, bear congest, gestation

giga billion gigabyte, gigaflop

gin careful gingerly

gloss, glot tongue glossary, polyglot, epiglottis

glu, glo lump, bond, glue glue, agglutinate, conglomerate

gor to gather, to bring together category, categorize

grad, gress, gree

graph, gram,

graf

to gather, to bring together,

step, go

write, written, draw

grade, degree, progress, gradual, graduate,

egress

graph, graphic, autograph, photography,

graphite, telegram, polygraph, grammar,

biography, lithograph, graphic

grat pleasing congratulate, gratuity, grateful, ingrate

grav heavy, weighty grave, gravity, aggravate, gravitate

greg herd gregarious, congregation, segregate, gregarian

hale, heal make whole, sound inhale, exhale, heal, healthy, healthiness

helio sun heliograph, heliotrope, heliocentric

hema, hemo blood hemorrhage, hemoglobin, hemophilia, hemostat

her, here, hes

hetero

stick

other, different

adhere, cohere, cohesion, inherent, hereditary,

hesitate

heterodox, heterogeneous, heterosexual,

heterodyne

hex, ses, sex six hexagon, hexameter, sestet, sextuplets

homo same homogenize, homosexual, homonym, homophone

hum, human earth, ground, man humus, exhume, humane

hydr, hydra,

hydro

hyper

water

over, above

dehydrate, hydrant, hydraulic, hydraulics,

hydrogen, hydrophobia

hyperactive, hypertensive, hyperbolic,

hypersensitive, hyperventilate, hyperkinetic

hypn sleep hypnosis, hypnotherapy

-ia Noun: names, diseases phobia

-ian, an Noun: related to, one that is pedestrian, human

-iatry Noun: art of healing psychiatry

-ic Adjective: quality, relation generic


-ic, ics

Noun: related to the arts and

sciences

arithmetic, economics

-ice Noun: act malice

-ify Verb: cause specify

ignis fire ignite, igneous, ignition

-ile

Adjective: having the qualities

of

projectile

in, im into, on, near, towards instead, import

in, im, il, ir

not

illegible, irresolute, inaction, inviolate, innocuous,

intractable, innocent, impregnable, impossible,

imposter

infra beneath infrared, infrastructure

-ing

Noun: material made for,

activity, result of an activity

flooring, swimming, building

-ing Verb: present participle depicting

-ing Adjective: activity cohering

inter

intra

between, among

within, during, between

layers, underneath

international, intercept, interject, intermission,

internal, intermittent,

intramural, intranet, intranatal

intro into, within, inward interoffice, introvert, introspection, introduce

-ion Noun: condition or action abduction

-ish

-ism

Adjective: having the

character of

Noun: doctrine, belief, action

or conduct

newish

formalism

-ist Noun: person or member podiatrist

-ite Noun: state or quality graphite

-ity, ty Noun: state or quality lucidity, novelty

-ive Noun: condition native

-ive, -ative, -itive


of

festive, cooperative, sensitive

-ize Verb: cause fantasize

jac, ject

join, junct

throw

join

reject, eject, project, trajectory, interject, dejected,

inject, ejaculate, adjacent

adjoining, enjoin, juncture, conjunction, injunction,

conjunction

judice judge prejudice

jug, junct, just to join junction, adjust, conjugal

juven young juvenile, rejuvenate

labor work laborious, belabor

lau, lav, lot, lut wash launder, lavatory, lotion, ablution, dilute


lect, leg, lig choose, gather, select, read collect, legible, eligible

leg law legal, legislate, legislature, legitimize

-less Adjective: without, missing motiveless

levi light alleviate, levitate, levity

lex, leag, leg law legal, college, league

liber, liver free liberty, liberal, liberalize, deliverance

lide strike collide, nuclide

liter letters literary, literature, literal, alliteration, obliterate

loc, loco place, area location, locally, locality, allocate, locomotion

log, logo, ology

word, study, say, speech,

reason, study

catalog, prologue, dialogue, zoology, logo

loqu, locut talk, speak eloquent, loquacious, colloquial, circumlocution

luc, lum, lun, lus,

lust

light

translucent, luminary, luster, luna, illuminate,

illustrate

lude play prelude

-ly Adverb: in the manner of fluently

macr-, macer lean emaciated, meager

magn

great

magnify, magnificent, magnanimous, magnate,

magnitude, magnum

main strength, foremost mainstream, mainsail, domain, remain

mal

man, manu

bad, badly

hand, make, do

malformation, maladjusted, dismal, malady,

malcontent,malfunction, malfeasance,

maleficent

manual, manage, manufacture, manacle,

manicure, manifest, maneuver, emancipate,

management

mand command mandatory, remand, mandate

mania madness mania, maniac, kleptomania, pyromania

mar, mari, mer sea, pool marine, marsh, maritime, mermaid

matri mother matrimony, maternal, matriarchate, matron

medi

mega

mem

half, middle, between,

halfway

great, million

recall, remember

mediate, medieval, Mediterranean, mediocre,

medium

megaphone, megaton, megaflop, megalomaniac,

megabyte, megalopolis

memo, commemoration, memento, memoir,

memorable

ment mind mental, mention

-ment Noun: condition or result document

meso middle mesomorph, mesoamerica, mesosphere

meta

beyond, change

metaphor, metamorphosis, metabolism,

metahistorical, metainformation


meter measure meter, voltammeter, barometer, thermometer

metr admeasure, apportion metrics, asymmetric, parametric, telemetry

micro

small, millionth

microscope, microfilm, microcard, microwave,

micrometer, microvolt

migra wander migrate, emigrant, immigrate

mill, kilo thousand millennium, kilobyte, kiloton

milli thousandth millisecond, milligram, millivolt

min little, small minute, minor, minuscule

mis

mit, miss

wrong, bad, badly

send

misconduct, misinform, misinterpret,

mispronounce, misnomer, mistake, misogynist

emit, remit, submit, admit, commit, permit,

transmit, omit, intermittent, mission, missile

mob, mov, mot move motion, remove, mobile, motor

mon warn, remind monument, admonition, monitor, premonition

mono

one

monopoly, monotype, monologue, mononucleosis,

monorail, monotheist,

mor, mort mortal, death mortal, immortal, mortality, mortician, mortuary

morph

multi

shape, form

many, much

amorphous, dimorphic, metamorphosis,

morphology, polymorphic, morpheme,

amorphous

multifold, multilingual, multiped, multiply,

multitude, multipurpose, multinational

nano billionth nanosecond, nanobucks

nasc, nat, gnant,

nai

to be born

nascent, native, pregnant, naive

nat, nasc to be from, to spring forth innate, natal, native, renaissance

neo

new

Neolithic, nuveau riche, neologism, neophyte,

neonate

-ness Noun: state, condition, quality kindness

neur nerve neuritis, neuropathic, neurologist, neural, neurotic

nom law, order autonomy, astronomy, gastronomy, economy

nom, nym name nominate, synonym

nomen, nomin name nomenclature, nominate, ignominious

non nine nonagon

non not nonferrous, nonsense, nonabrasive, nondescript

nov new novel, renovate, novice, nova, innovate

nox, noc night nocturnal, equinox, noctilucent

numer number numeral, numeration, enumerate, innumerable

numisma coin numismatics

ob, oc, of, op toward, against, in the way oppose, occur, offer, obtain

oct eight octopus, octagon, octogenarian, octave


oligo few, little Oligocene, oligosaccharide, oligotrophic, oligarchy

omni

all, every

omnipotent, omniscient, omnipresent,

omnivorous

onym name anonymous, pseudonym, antonym, synonym

oper work operate, cooperate, opus

-or Noun: condition or activity valor, honor, humor, minor

ortho straight, correct orthodox, orthodontist, orthopedic, unorthodox

-ory Noun: place for, serves for territory, rectory

-ous, -eous, -ose, -

ious


of, relating to

adventurous, courageous, verbose, fractious

over excessive, above overwork, overall, overwork

pac peace pacifist, pacify, pacific ocean

pair, pare arrange, assemblage, two repair, impair, compare, prepare

paleo

pan

para

old

all

beside

Paleozoic, Paleolithic, paleomagnetism,

paleopsychology

Pan-American, pan-African, panacea,

pandemonium (place of all the demons),

paradox, paraprofessional, paramedic,

paraphrase, parachute

pat, pass, path feel, suffer patient, passion, sympathy, pathology

pater, patr father paternity, patriarch, patriot, patron, patronize

path, pathy feeling, suffering pathos, sympathy, antipathy, apathy, telepathy

ped, pod

foot

pedal, impede, pedestrian, centipede, tripod,

podiatry, antipode, podium

pedo child orthopedic, pedagogue, pediatrics

pel, puls

pend, pens, pond

drive, push, urge

hang, weigh

compel, dispel, expel, repel, propel, pulse, impulse,

pulsate, compulsory, expulsion, repulsive

pendant, pendulum, suspend, appendage,

pensive, append

per through, intensive persecute, permit, perspire, perforate, persuade

peri around periscope, perimeter, perigee, periodontal

phage eat macrophage, bacteriophage

phan, phas, phen,

fan, phant, fant

show, make visible

phantom, fantasy

phe speak blaspheme, cipher, phenomenon, philosopher

phil

love

philosopher, philanthropy, philharmonic,

bibliophile

phlegma inflammation phlegm, phlegmatic

phobia, phobos

phon

fear

sound

phobia, claustrophobia, acrophobia, aquaphobia,

ergophobia, homophobia

telephone, phonics, phonograph, phonetic,

homophone, microphone, symphony, euphonious

phot, photo

light

photograph, photoelectric, photogenic,

photosynthesis, photon


pico trillionth picofarad, picocurie, picovolt

pict paint, show, draw picture, depict

plac, plais please placid, placebo, placate, complacent

pli, ply fold reply, implicate, ply

plore cry out, wail implore, exploration, deploring

plu, plur, plus more plural, pluralist, plus

pneuma,

pneumon

breath

pneumatic, pneumonia,

pod foot, feet podiatry, tripod

poli

city

metropolis, police, politics, Indianapolis,

megalopolis, acropolis

poly many polytheist, polygon, polygamy, polymorphous

pon, pos, pound

place, put

postpone, component, opponent, proponent,

expose, impose, deposit, posture, position,

expound, impound

pop people population, populous, popular

port

carry

porter, portable, transport, report, export,

import, support, transportation

portion part, share portion, proportion

post after, behind postpone, postdate

pot power potential, potentate, impotent

pre, pur before precede

prehendere

prin, prim, prime

seize, grasp

first

apprehend, comprehend, comprehensive,

prehensile

primacy, prima donna, primitive, primary,

primal, primeval, prince, principal

pro for, foward propel

proto

first

prototype, protocol, protagonist, protozoan,

Proterozoic, protoindustrial

psych mind, soul psyche, psychiatry, psychology, psychosis

punct

point, dot

punctual, punctuation, puncture, acupuncture,

punctuation

pute think dispute, computer

quat, quad four quadrangle, quadruplets

quint, penta

five

quintet, quintuplets, pentagon, pentane,

pentameter

quip ship equip, equipment

quir, quis, quest,

quer

seek, ask

query, inquire, exquisite, quest

re back, again report, realign, retract, revise, regain

reg, recti

retro

straighten

backwards


regiment, regular, rectify, correct, direct,

rectangle

retrorocket, retrospect, retrogression,

retroactive

ri, ridi, risi laughter deride, ridicule, ridiculous, derision, risible

rog, roga ask prerogative, interrogation, derogatory

rupt break rupture, interrupt, abrupt, disrupt, ruptible

sacr, sanc, secr

sacred

sacred, sacrosanct, sanction, consecrate,

desecrate

salv, salu safe, healthy salvation, salvage, salutation

sanct

holy

sanctify, sanctuary, sanction, sanctimonious,

sacrosanct

sat, satis enough satient, saturate, satisfy

sci, scio, scientia know science, conscious, omniscient, cognocienti

scope

scrib, script

see, watch

write

telescope, microscope, kaleidoscope, periscope,

stethoscope

scribe, scribble, inscribe, describe, subscribe,

prescribe, manuscript

se apart, move away from secede

sect, sec cut intersect, transect, dissect, secant, section

sed, sess, sid

semi

sit

half, partial

sediment, session, obsession, possess, preside,

president, reside, subside

semifinal, semiconscious, semiannual,

semimonthly, semicircle

sen, scen old, grow old senior, senator, senile, senescence, evanescent

sent, sens

feel, think

sentiment, consent, resent, dissent, sentimental,

sense, sensation, sensitive, sensory, dissension

sept seven septet, septennial

sequ, secu, sue

serv

follow

save, serve, keep

sequence, consequence, sequel, subsequent,

prosecute, consecutive, second, ensue, pursue

servant, service, subservient, servitude, preserve,

conserve, reservation, deserve, conservation,

observe

-ship Noun: status, condition relationship, friendship

sign, signi sign, mark, seal signal, signature, design, insignia, significant

simil, simul

sist, sta, stit

like, resembling

stand, withstand, make up

similar, assimilate, simulate, simulacrum,

simultaneous

assist, insist, persist, circumstance, stamina,

status, state, static, stable, stationary, substitute

soci to join, companions sociable, society

sol, solus alone solo, soliloquy, solitaire, solitude, solitary, isolate

solv, solu, solut

loosen, explain

solvent, solve, absolve, resolve, soluble, solution,

resolution, resolute, dissolute, absolution


somn sleep insomnia, somnambulist

soph wise sophomore (wise fool), philosophy, sophisticated

spec, spect, spi,

spic

look, see

specimen, specific, spectator, spectacle, aspect,

speculate, inspect, respect, prospect,

retrospective, introspective, expect, conspicuous

sper render favorable prosper

sphere ball, sphere sphere, stratosphere, hemisphere, spheroid

spir

stand, stant, stab,

stat, stan, sti, sta,

st, stead

breath

stand

spirit, conspire, inspire, aspire, expire, perspire,

respiration

stature, establish, stance

-ster person mobster, monster

strain, strict,

string, stige

stru, struct, stroy,

stry

sub, suc, suf, sup,

sur, sus

bind, pull, draw tight

build

under, below, from, secretly,

instead of

stringent, strict, restrict, constrict, restrain, boa

constrictor

construe, structure, construct, instruct, obstruct,

destruction, destroy, industry, ministry

sustain, survive, support, suffice, succeed,

submerge, submarine, substandard, subnormal,

subvert

sume, sump take, use, waste consume, assume, sump, presumption

super, supra

over, above

superior, suprarenal, superscript, supernatural,

superimpose, supercede

syn, sym together, at the same time sympathy, synthesis, synchronous, syndicate

tact, tang, tag,

tig, ting

touch

tactile, contact, intact, intangible, tangible,

contagious, contiguous, contingent

tain, ten, tent, tin hold, keep, have retain, continue, content, tenacious

tect, teg cover detect, protect, tegular, tegument

tele

tem, tempo

ten, tin, tain

tend, tent, tens

distance, far, from afar

time

hold

stretch, strain

telephone, telegraph, telegram, telescope,

television, telephoto, telecast, telepathy, telepathy

tempo, temporary, extemporaneously,

contemporary, pro tem, temporal

tenacious, tenant, tenure, untenable, detention,

retentive, content, pertinent, continent, obstinate,

contain, abstain, pertain, detain

tendency, extend, intend, contend, pretend,

superintend, tender, extent, tension, pretense

tera trillion terabyte, teraflop

term end, boundary, limit exterminate, terminal

terr, terra earth terrain, terrarium, territory, terrestrial

test to bear witness testament, detest, testimony, attest, testify

the, theo God, a god monotheism, polytheism, atheism, theology

therm

heat

thermometer, theorem, thermal, thermos bottle,

thermostat, hypothermia

thesis, thet place, put antithesis, hypothesis, synthesis, epithet

tire draw, pull attire, retire, entire


tom

tor, tors, tort

cut

twist

atom (not cutable), appendectomy, tonsillectomy,

dichotomy, anatomy

torture, retort, extort, distort, contort, torsion,

tortuous, torturous

tox poison toxic, intoxicate, antitoxin

tract, tra, trai,

treat

trans

drag, draw, pull

across, beyond, change

attract, tractor, traction, extract, retract,

protract, detract, subtract, contract, intractable

transform, transoceanic, transmit,

transportation, transducer

tri three tripod, triangle, trinity, trilateral

trib

pay, bestow

tribute, contribute, attribute, retribution,

tributary

tribute give contribute, distribute, tributary

turbo disturb turbulent, disturb, turbid, turmoil

typ

print

type, prototype, typical, typography, typewriter,

typology, typify

ultima last ultimate, ultimatum

umber,

umbraticum

shadow

umbra, penumbra, (take) umbrage, adumbrate

un not, against, opposite unceasing, unequal

uni

-ure

vac

one

Noun: act, condition, process,

function

empty

uniform, unilateral, universal, unity, unanimous,

unite, unison, unicorn

exposure, conjecture, measure

vacate, vacuum, evacuate, vacation, vacant,

vacuous

vade go evade, invader

vale, vali, valu strength, worth equivalent, valiant, validity, evaluate, value, valor

veh, vect to carry vector, vehicle, convection, vehement

ven, vent

come

convene, intervene, venue, convenient, avenue,

circumvent, invent, convent, venture, event,

advent, prevent

ver, veri true very, aver, verdict, verity, verify, verisimilitude

verb, verv word verify, veracity, verbalize, verve

vert, vers

turn, change

convert, revert, advertise, versatile, vertigo,

invert, reversion, extravert, introvert, diversion,

introvert, convertible, reverse, controversy

vi way viable, vibrate, vibrant

vic, vicis change, substitute vicarious, vicar, vicissitude

vict, vinc conquer victor, evict, convict, convince, invincible

vid, vis

viv, vita, vivi

voc, voke

see

alive, life

call


video, evident, provide, providence, visible, revise,

supervise, vista, visit, vision, review, indivisible

revive, survive, vivid, vivacious, vitality, vivisection,

vital, vitamins, revitalize

vocation, avocation, convocation, invocation,

evoke, provoke, revoke, advocate, provocative,

vocal

vol will malevolent, benevolent, volunteer, volition

volcan fire volcano, vulcanize, Vulcan

volv, volt, vol

vor

-ward

-wise

turn about, roll

eat greedily

Adverb: in a direction or

manner

Adverb: in the manner of,

with regard to

revolve, voluble, voluminous, convolution, revolt,

evolution

voracious, carnivorous, herbivorous, omnivorous,

devour

homeward

timewise, clockwise, bitwise

with against withhold, without, withdraw, forthwith

-y

Noun: state, condition, result

of an activity

society, victory

-y Adjective: marked by, having hungry, angry, smeary, teary

zo animal zoo (zoological garden), zoology, zodiac, protozoan



An affix is a bound morpheme that attaches to the stem of a

word to form a new word or a new form of the same word. The

two types of English affixes are prefixes and suffixes. Affixes

derivational prefixes and suffixes

may be derived or inflectional. Derived affixes create new

words.Inflectional affixes create new forms of the same word.

Derivational is an adjective that refers to the formation of a

new word from another word through derivational affixes.

Inflectional . is an adjective that refers to the formation of a

new form of the same word through inflectional affixes.

In English, only suffixes are inflectional

Prefix is a bound morpheme that attaches to the beginning of

the stem of a word to form either a new word or a new form

of the same word.

A suffix is a bound morpheme that attaches to the end of the stem of a

word to formeither a new word or a new form of the same word. Suffixes

are types of affixes. Suffixes in English may be derivational, meaning the

suffixes create new words, or inflectional, meaning the suffixes create new

forms of the same word



Prefix Meaning Example

a- predicative adjective with awake, afloat, atremble

progressive aspect

a-/an- not, without acyclic, asexual, atonal, atheist, anemic

Afro- relating to Africa Afro-American, Afro-Caribbean

after- following after, behind afterglow, afterlife, aftermath

ambi- both ambidextrous, ambitendency

amphi- around, two, both, on both sides amphiaster, amphitheatre, amphibian

an-/ana- up, against anacardiaceous, anode, analog

Anglo- relating to England Anglo-Norman, Anglo-Saxon, Anglo-

American

ante- before antenatal, antechamber, antedate

anti- against, opposite anticlimax, anti-freeze, antiviral,

antagonist, antivenom

ap-/apo- away from, detached aphelion, apogee, apomorphine

arch-

ruling, dominating, most archangel, archaen, archconservative

extreme

astro- star astrobiology, astrology, astronomy

auto- self autobiography, automatic, autonomy

back- behind backporch, backhoe, backfire

be-

equipped with, covered with, bedeviled, becalm, bedazzle, bewitch

beset with

bi- two bicycle, biped

bio- life, biological biology, biotic

by- near to, next to byway, bypass, byproduct

circum- around, surrounding circumlocution, circumnavigate

cis- on this side of cislunar, cisgender

co-, col-, com-,

con-, cortogether,

with, joint

co-worker, coordinator, cooperation,

cohabit, colleague, commingle,

confederation, correlation

contra/o- opposite contradict, contraindication

counter- against, in opposition to counteract, counterpart

cryo- ice cryogenics

crypto- hidden, secret cryptocurrency, cryptography

de- reverse action, get rid of debug, de-emphasize

de- down depress, descend

demi- half demigod

demo- people democracy, demography

deuter- second deuteragonist, deuterogamy

di- two dicotyledon, digamy, dioxide

dia- through dialysis, diameter

di-/dif-/dis- apart differ, dissect, divide

dis- not, opposite of, reverse action disagree, disloyal, disconnect,

disinformation


down-

from higher/greater to download, downright, downbeat

lower/lesser

du-/duo- two dual, duet

eco- ecological ecosystem

electro- electric, electricity electro-analysis, electromagnetic

el-/em-/en- in ellipsis, emphasis, energetic

em-/en- to make into, to put into, to get empower, enmesh

into

ep-/epi- upon, at, close upon, in addition ephemeron, epicentre, epidermis

Euro- European Eurocentric

ex- former ex-wife, ex-husband, ex-boss, ex-colleague,

ex-friend

ex- out of exit, expel, explode, exploit, explore, export

extra- outside extracurricular

fore- before, in front forearm, forerunner, forebode

Franco- French, France Francophile, Franco-British, Franco-

German

geo-

relating to the earth or its geography, geology, geometry

surface

gyro- spinning on an axis gyrocopter, gyroscope, gyrosphere

hetero- different heterosexual

hemi- half hemimorphic, hemisphere

hind- after hindsight, hindquarters

homo- same homogenous, homologous

hydro- relating to water, or using hydroelectricity, hydrant

water

hyper- excess, above, over hyperthermia

hypo-

deficient, under or below

something, low

hypothermia, hypotonia, hyponatremia,

hypothermia

ideo- image, idea ideograph, ideology

idio- individual, personal, unique idiolect, idiopathic

il-/im-/in-/ir- not, opposite of illicit, impossible, inexact, irregular

in- in, into insert, include

Indo-

relating to the Indian

Indo-European

subcontinent

infra- below, beneath infrared

inter- among, between internet, intercede, international

intra- inside, within intravenous

iso- equal isochromatic, isotherm

macr- long macrobiotic

mal- badly malnourish, maladjusted

maxi- very long, very large maxi-skirt

mega- great, large

megastar, megalopolis

/megalometa-

after, along with, beyond, metabolism, metaphysics

among, behind

micro- small microbacillus, microcephalus

mid- middle midstream, midlife


mini- small minimarket, mini-room, minivan

midi- medium-sized midi-length, Midibus

mis- wrong, astray misinformation, misguide, misfortune

mono-, mon- sole, only monogamy, monotone, monosyllabic

multi-, mult- many multicultural, multi-storey, multitude

neo- new neolithic, neoether

non- not nonexistent, noncompete

off- non-standard, away off-color, offish, offset

omni- all omnipotent, omnipresent, omnivore

on- immediate proximity, locative onset, onlook, ongoing, oncoming

ortho- correcting or straightening orthodontics, orthotropic

out- better, faster, longer, farther outreach, outcome, outlier

over- excessive, above overreact, overact, overbearing

paleo- old paleolithic

pan- all, worldwide pan-African, pandemic, panorama

para- beside, beyond parallel, paraplegic, parasail

ped- foot pedal, pedestrian

per-

through, completely, wrongly, permeate, permute

exceedingly

peri- around, near or adjacent perihelion, periphrase

photo- light photoelectric, photography

pleo- more pleonasm, pleroma

pod- foot podiatrist

poly- many polygon, polyhedron

post- after, behind postposition, post-election, postgraduation,

post-war, postfix, postpone,

postscript

pre- before preposition, prevent, previous, pre-election,

pre-enter, pre-select, predict, prepare,

preview

preter- beyond, past, more than preternatural

pro- for, forward, in favor of propulsion, propound, proponent

pro- for, substitute, deputy proconsul, pronoun

pro- before procambium

pros- toward prosthesis, prostrate, prose

proto- first, original protoplasm, prototype

pseudo- false, imitation pseudonym

pyro- fire pyrokinetic, pyrotechnic

quasi-

partly, almost, appearing to be quasi-religious

but not really

re- again, back redo, revisit, rerun, reorganize

retro- backwards retrograde

self- self self-explanatory, self-sufficient

semi- half semicircle

socio- relating to society sociopath, social, sociological

step- family relation by remarriage stepbrother, stepfather, stepmother,

stepsister


sub-/sup- below, under submarine, subterranean, suburban,

support

super- above, over supervisor, superintendent

supra- above, over suprarenal

sur- above, over surreal, surrender, surplus

sy-/syl-/sym- together, with

syllable, symbol, synthesis, system

/syntele-

at a distance telegraph, telephone, telescope, television

trans- across, over transatlantic, transverse, transform

tri- three tricycle, tripartite

twi- two twibill, twilight

uber- a lot, great uberchic, ubergeek, ubersexual,

uberwealthy

ultra- beyond ultramagnetic, ultrasonic, ultraviolet

un-

under-

not, against, opposite of,

reverse action, deprive of,

release from

below, beneath, lower in grade

or dignity, lesser, insufficient

undesirable, undo, unequal, unexpected,

unhappy, unlock, unnecessary, untie

underachieve, underpass, understand,

undergo

uni- one, consisting of only one unicycle, universal

up- greater, higher, better upgrade, uplift, upright

vice- deputy vice-president, vice-principal, vice-admiral

with- against, back, away from withstand, withhold


Inflectional Suffix Meaning Example

-s/-es third person singular present eats, washes

-ed

simple past, regular past participle called, smiled

-en irregular past participle eaten, written

-ing present participle marking, arguing, writing

-s/-es plural cats, dogs, watches, axes

- - possessive

-er comparative faster, prettier

-est superlative fastest, prettiest

Derivational

Suffix Meaning Example

-able able to be excitable, portable, preventable

-ac pertaining to cardiac, hemophiliac, maniac

-acity/-ocity quality of perspicacity, sagacity, velocity

-ade

act, action or process, product

blockade, cavalcade,

promenade

-age action or process passage, pilgrimage, voyage

-aholic/-oholic one with an obsession for

workaholic, shopaholic,

alcoholic

-al relating to bacterial, theatrical, natural

-algia pain neuralgia, nostalgia

-an/-ian relating to, belonging to Italian, urban, African

-ance state or quality of brilliance, defiance, annoyance

-ant a person who applicant, immigrant, servant

-ant inclined to, tending to brilliant, defiant, vigilant

-ar of or relating to, being lunar, molecular, solar

-ar a person who beggar, burglar, liar

-ard a person who does an action coward, sluggard, wizard

-arian

a person who

disciplinarian, vegetarian,

librarian

-arium/orium a place for terrarium, aquarium, solarium

-ary of or relating to literary, military, budgetary

-ate

state or quality of

affectionate, desolate,

obstinate

-ate makes the word a verb activate, evaporate, medicate

-ation

action or process

creation, narration,

emancipation

-ative tending to creative, preservative, talkative

-cide act of killing homicide, suicide, genocide


-cracy

rule, government, power

bureaucracy, aristocracy,

theocracy

-crat

someone who has power

aristocrat, bureaucrat,

technocrat

-cule diminutive, making something small molecule, ridicule

-cy

state, condition or quality

efficiency, privacy,

belligerency

-cycle circle, wheel bicycle, recycle, tricycle

-dom condition of, state, realm boredom, freedom, wisdom

-dox belief, praise orthodox, paradox

-ectomy surgical removal of appendectomy, hysterectomy

-ee receiver, performer nominee, employee, devotee

-eer associated with/engaged in engineer, volunteer

-emia

blood condition

anemia, hypoglycemia,

leukemia

-ence

state or condition, action

absence, dependence,

negligence

-ency

condition or quality

clemency, dependency,

efficiency

-ent

inclined to performing/causing, or

one who performs/causes

competent, correspondent,

absorbent

-er action or process flutter, ponder, stutter

-er a person who does an action announcer, barber, teacher

-ern state or quality of eastern, northern, western

-escence state or process adolescence, convalescence

-ese relating to a place Chinese, Congolese, Vietnamese

-esque

in the style of

Kafkaesque, grotesque,

burlesque

-ess female actress, heiress, lioness

-etic relating to athletic, energetic, poetic

-ette diminutive, make something smaller cigarette, diskette, kitchenette

-ful full of helpful, thankful, cheerful

-fy make, cause makes the word a verb amplify, falsify, terrify

-gam/gamy marriage, union monogam, polygamy

-gon/gonic angle hexagon, polygonic, pentagon

-hood

state, condition, or quality

childhood, neighborhood,

motherhood

-ial relating to celestial, editorial, martial

-ian relating to Martian, utopian, pediatrician

-iasis diseased condition elephantiasis, psoriasis

-iatric healing practice pediatric, psychiatric

-ible able to be audible, plausible, legible

-ic/ical relating to, characterized by analytic/al, comic/al, organic

-ile relating to, capable of agile, docile, volatile

-ily in what manner sloppily, steadily, zanily

-ine relating to canine, feminine, masculine

-ing materials bedding, frosting, roofing


-ion

action or process

celebration, completion,

navigation

-(s/t)ion

state or quality

attention, caution, confusion,

fascination

-ious having the qualities of, full of ambitious, cautious, gracious

-ish relating to, characteristic apish, brutish, childish

-ism state or quality altruism, despotism, heroism

-ist a person, one who does an action artist, linguist, pianist

-ite resident of, follower, product of suburbanite, luddite, dynamite

-itis inflammation appendicitis, tonsillitis

-ity state, condition, or quality abnormality, civility, necessity

-ive inclined to, quality of, that which attractive, expensive, repulsive

-ization

act or process of making

colonization, fertilization,

modernization

-ize

cause, treat, become

antagonize, authorize,

popularize

-less without fearless, helpless, homeless

-let version of booklet, droplet, inlet

-like resembling, characteristic childlike, homelike, lifelike

-ling younger or inferior duckling, underling

-loger/logist one who does

astrologer, cardiologist,

chronologer

-log speech dialog, monolog

-ly in what manner badly, courageously, happily

-ment

action, result

movement, placement,

shipment

-ness state or quality kindness, shyness, weakness

-oid resembling humanoid, tabloid, hemorrhoid

-ology

study of, science of

anthropology, archaeology,

biology

-oma

tumor, swelling

carcinoma, osteoma,

hematoma

-onym

name, word

synonym, antonym, homonym,

heteronym, oronym

-opia eye defect myopia, nyctalopia, hyperopia

-opsy examination biopsy, autopsy, necropsy

-or a person who inventor, legislator, translator

-ory relating to armory, dormitory, laboratory

-osis

process, diseased condition

diagnosis, prognosis, neurosis,

psychosis

-ostomy/otomy surgical

colostomy, lobotomy,

craniotomy

-ous

full of

hazardous, humorous,

wondrous

-path

one who engages in

homeopath, naturopath,

psychopath

-pathy feeling, diseased sympathy, apathy, neuropathy

-phile one who loves bibliophile, audiophile, pyrophile


-phobia

abnormal fear of

acrophobia, claustrophobia,

xenophobia

-phone

sound

homophone, telephone,

microphone

-phyte

plant, to grow

zoophyte, cryptophyte,

epiphyte

-plegia

paralysis

paraplegia, quadriplegia,

hemiplegia

-plegic

one who is paralyzed

paraplegic, technoplegic,

quadriplegic

-pnea air, spirit apnea, hyperpnea, orthopnea

-scopy/scope visual exam

arthroscopy, gastroscopy,

microscope

-scribe/script to write

transcript, describe,

manuscript

-sect to cut dissect, insect, bisect

-ship

state or condition of, skill of

authorship, citizenship,

friendship

-some

characterized by, group of

cumbersome, quarrelsome,

foursome

-sophy/sophic wisdom, knowledge

philosophy, theosophy,

anthroposophic

-th state or quality depth, length, strength

-tome/tomy to cut

hysterectomy, epitome,

tonsillotome

-trophy

nourishment, growth

atrophy, hypertrophy,

dystrophy

-tude state, condition or quality fortitude, gratitude, magnitude

-ty state, condition or quality ability, honesty, loyalty

-ular relating to or resembling cellular, circular, muscular

-uous state or quality of arduous, tumultuous, virtuous

-ure action, condition closure, erasure, failure

-ward

specifies direction

backward, eastward,

homeward

-ware

things of the same type or material

hardware, software,

kitchenware

-wise in what manner or direction clockwise, lengthwise, otherwise

-y made up of, characterized brainy, fruity, gooey



A paradigm is a set of related forms having the same stem but different affixes.

Example:

A derivational paradigm with the stem head; ahead, behead, header, headlong, headship,

heady, subhead

Paradigms are also formed by the words to which the inflectional affixes are attached. These are

called inflectional paradigms. There are only four of them

PLURAL POSSESSIVE PLURAL POSSESSIVE

Carpenters

Women

Brothers

Clouds

Cattle

Ducks

Japanese

Means

Athletics

Scissors

1. Plurals that take the inflectional morpheme -s, es, ies

-s -es -ies

dog dogs bus buses city cities

car cars match matches baby babies

cat cats dish dishes story stories

town towns box boxes party parties

book books quiz quizzes country countries

word words hero heroes candy candies

day days echo echoes family families

key keys tomato tomatoes butterfly butterflies

boy boys potato potatoes duty duties

guy guys tax taxes activity activities

donkey donkeys boss bosses pony ponies

zoo zoos class classes lady ladies

apple apples business businesses fairy fairies

radio radios reflex reflexes dictionary dictionaries

stereo stereos bush bushes bully bullies


2. Uncountable nouns that take only one form.

water safety stress snow

childhood sunshine anger courage

air oxygen honesty oil

silence tea yoga youth

time wood weather travel

silence news money currency

electricity failure cash data

imagination traffic music milk

furniture hair salt rain

art calm aid damage

employment enthusiasm energy fame

fire gold justice leisure

flour heat lack logic

money news pride sand

room seafood racism punctuation

soup smoke rubbish respect

speed sugar haste accommodation

tennis currency usage vision

trust pride pronunciation management

grammar fuel freedom determination

coffee equipment help love

metal travel permission knowledge

failure entertainment information power

3. Only plural nouns

riches valuables clothes

trousers alms tropics

suds troops trusses

feelings coveralls surroundings

scissors binoculars heroics

suds congratulations jeans

manners glasses bowels


4. Nouns that take the -s inflectional suffix but are singular

news classics species

mathematics economics obstetrics

physics draughts skittles

billiards acoustics means

aerodynamics genetics politics

thermodynamics rabies rickets

brussels linguistics glasses

aerobics logistics athletics

bowls measles shingles

mumps bellows cards

mechanics electronics darts

diabetes aeronautics draughts

5. Nouns that take the -s inflectional suffix but are either singular

or plural according to its function on the syntax of the sentence.

politics heroics criminalistics

graphics acoustics isometrics

oats ceramics tactics

athletics pliers physics

ethics tropics suds

6. Nationalities that do not take the -s inflectional suffix according to the

phonological conditioning to those nouns that end in -s, -sh, -ch and

so on.

Ending in -sh Ending in -ch Ending in ese

Nationality

Nationality

Nationality Doe

plural

plural

plural

Spanish Spanishes French Frenches Portuguese Portugueses

English Englishes Dutch Dutches Chinese Chineses

Polish Polishes Vietnamese Vietnameses

Swedish Swedishes Taiwanese Taiwaneses

Turkish Turkishes Burmese Burmeses

Scottish Scottishes Congolese Congoleses

7. Collective nouns that can be either singular or plural.

couple tribe quiver range bevy

swarm crop caravan band brood

flight tribe could host crew

patrol family muster list gang

horde crate forest congregation cast

hack flock staff train packet

class team herd cluster mass

crowd colony album line dynasty

stack choir kennel batch troop

plague Army shower jury litter

collection party zoo set school

anthology constellation galaxy sloth group

range murder drove set team


8. The O plural allomorph

deer perch pickerel duck

butter carp quail luck

sheep fruit swine pike

grouse love chaos antelope

bass fish water fun

9. Plural -en allomorph

Singular

child

brether

man

ox

woman

Plural

children

brethren

men

oxen

women


10. Common nouns that take the plural by a replacive allomorph

Singular

man

woman

goose

tooth

foot

mouse

die

mailman

diagnosis

this

person

Plural

men

women

geese

teeth

feet

mice

dice

mailmen

diagnoses

these

people

11. Some nouns in English have borrowed from other languages that have

foreign plurals.

SIngular

genus

focus

curriculum

vita

datum

ellipsis

codex

larva

oasis

analysus

nebula

diagnosis

alumna

medium

corpus

concerto

addendum

alumnus

apex

antenna

axis

bacillus

bacterium

bureau

thesis

ovum

Plural

genera

foci

curricula

vitae

data

ellipses

codices

larvae

oases

analyses

nebulae

diagnoses

alumnae

media

corpora

concerti

addenda

alumni

apices

antennae

axes

bacili

bacteria

bureaux

theses

ova


12. Some nouns that English has borrowed from other language that end

in O and take the -s plural allomorph.

SIngular

burrito

soprano

combo

logo

kimono

auto

photo

taco

memo

Plural

burritos

sopranos

combos

logos

kimonos

autos

photos

tacos

memos

13. Nouns that end in /f/ or /0/.

/f/ /0/

leaf leaves thing things

wolf wolves month months

life lives path paths

knife knives youth youths

half

halves



The ing adjective and verb paradigm

Some suffixes, both inflectional and derivational, have homophonous forms. The verbal inflexional

suffix {ing vb} has two homophones in ing.

The first one is the nominal derivational suffix {-ing nm} which is found in words such as

meetings, weddings, readings. The second one is the adjectival morpheme {ing aj} as in a

charming woman.

For the verbal

ing suffixal homophone does exists certain characteristics such as:

1. Present continuous.

For the continuous form of a verb in present, past, future, conditional. The -ing remains

unchanged, for example:

He is working

They were working all day long

She will be working this weekend

I would have been working now

2. -ing after verbs of perception:

In English grammar, a verb of perception is a verb related to different kinds of

perception such as see, watch, look, hear, listen, feel or taste that conveys the experience

of one of the physical senses. Also called perception verb or perceptual verb. Distinctions

can be drawn between subject-oriented and object-oriented verbs of perception. For

example:

I listened the radio playing my favorite song

I saw her walking along the street


3. -ing after verbs of movement, action or position to indicate parallel activity.

Certain verbs express movement as walk or run, others indicate position such as set or

stay and also there are verbs that express actions such as drink or eat, anyway all these

verbs could be combined with another verb expressed as a gerund (verb+ing) in order to

indicate parallel activity, for example:

4. -ing as adjectives that express characteristics in contraposition to adjectives that

express feelings.

There are many adjectives that in English that end in -ED or -ING. An adjective that ends in

-ED is used to describe a feeling (or how a person feels) or an emotion; in the other hand

an adjective that ends in -ING is used to describe: the characteristic of a person, a thing or

a situation.

We was surprised for the party

The party was surprising

He felt bored when he saw the movie

The movie was boring

5. -ing for gerunds that function as the subject of a sentence.


Sometimes a gerund can be used as the subject of a sentence; in these cases gerunds are

always singular, and when they are used as the subject of a sentence, the verb that

follows always takes the third-person singular form.

6. Nouns with -ing that can be plural or singular and can function as subject or

object of a sentence.

In occasions a gerund (verb - -ing) adopts the function of a noun or object in a sentence

or phrase. ... A gerund can take on a variety of parts in a sentence: it can act as the

subject of a sentence, as the object of a preposition, or as the object of a verb, for

example:


7. Verbs followed by Gerunds.

In occasions to follow a verb with another action, it is necessary to use a gerund or

infinitive. For example:

We resumed talking. (gerund

verb + ing)

I want to see a movie. (infinitive

to + base verb)

Nevertheless there are certain verbs that can only be followed by one or the other, and

these verbs must be memorized. The most common verbs followed by a gerund are listed

below.


8. Gerunds after adjective + preposition combination.

case of the combination adjective + preposition that can be followed by a gerund.

This is a list of the most common adjective + preposition combination followed by gerunds.

9. Gerunds in compound nouns


A gerund is a present participle used as a noun (e.g. making, solving). In a compound

formed from a noun plus a gerund the use of a hyphen depends on how the compound is

being used in the sentence, for example:

Hyphenated

The decision-making process was difficult

They considered a power-sharing agreement

Not hyphenated

His driving lesson was difficult because he was nervous

You have to wear a bathing suit on the swimming pool

10. Gerund as complement of the verb be to indicate description of activities.

When a gerund is a complement Gerunds can take function of a subject complement. A

subject complement is a noun that follows a linking verb which are forms of the verb to be,

such as am, is, are, was, and were, for example:

10. Gerunds after phrasal verbs.

When using any verb after a preposition it must be used always as a gerund, and not in any other

phrasal verb, it is also necessary to use the gerund, for example:


12. Gerunds in reduced subject adjective clauses.

In English it is possible to reduce sentences when having the same subject in the main

clause and the adjective clause. Adjective clauses contain relative pronouns like who, which,

or that. The reduced adjective clause becomes an adjective phrase, which does not have a

subject, for example:

13. Reduced adverb clauses when the dependent and independent clause have the

same subject.

Reduced adverb clauses refer to the shortening of an adverb clause to an adverbial phrase

of time, causality, or opposition. Adverb clauses may be reduced only if the subject of both

the dependent (the adverb clause) and independent clause are the same.



The adverbial derivational suffix ly is added to most adjectives to form adverbs of manner, as in

rich, richly, kind, kindly, formal, formally.

A small group of adjectives does not take this ly, among them: big, small, little, tall, long, fast.

Other examples:

Adjective

Easy

Quick

Happy

Slow

Brave

Bright

Fast

Bad

Cheap

Adverb of manner

Easily

Quickly

Happily

Slowly

Bravely

Brightly

Fastly

Badly

Cheaply


Advervial

ly and adjectival morpheme -ly

This adverbial ly has a homophone the derivational suffix ly, an adjectival morpheme that is

distributed as follows:

1. It is added to monosyllabic nouns to form adjectives that are inflected with er, -est.

2. It is added to nouns to form adjectives that are not inflected with er; -est.


3. It is added to a few adjectives, giving alternate adjectival forms that are also inflected

with er; -est.






English has a small clutch of nouns with feminine derivational suffixes. All but one of these

feminizing suffixes (-ster) are of foreign origin. They have been added to a masculine form or to a

base morpheme. Here is a list of most of them, with examples of the feminine nouns to which have

been attached and the corresponding masculine forms.

Suffix Masculine Feminine

-e Fiancé Fiancée

-enne Comedian Comedienne

-ess Patron Patroness

Author

Authoress

Count

Countess

Conductor

Conductress

Duke

Dutchess

Emperor

Empress

god

goddess

Heir

Heiress

Host

Hostess

Murderer

Murderess

Poet

Poetess

Prince

Princess

Waiter

Waitress

Tailor

Tailoress

Steward

Stewardess

Protector

Protectress

Shepher

Shepherdess

Propietor

Propietress

Prophet

Prophetess

Priest

Priestess

Monitor

Monitress

Millionare

Millinairess

Mayor

Mayoress

Manager

Manageress

Hunter

Huntress

Giant

Giantess

Emperor

Empress

Conductor

Conductress


-etta Henry Henrietta

-ette Usher Usherette

Major

Majorette

Bachelor

Bachelorette


Smurf

Smurfette

Leather

Leatherette

-euese Masseur Masseuse

Chanteur

Chanteuse

-ina George Georgina

Czar

Czarina


-ine William Wilhelmina

Hero

Heroine

Carol

Caroline

Joseph

Josephine

-ster Spinner Spinster

Brother

Sister


-stress seamster seamstress

master

mistress

postmaster

postmistress

headmaster

headmistress

songster

songstress

-ix aviator aviatrix

administrator

administratix

teastator

testatrix

prosecutor

prosecutrix

executor

executrix


Suffix

Diminutive

-ie, -i, -y Annie MIckey

Johnny Mikey

Jackie Betty

Doggie Sally

Sweetie Maggie

Birdie Bobby

Mommy Jimmy

Auntie Tootsie

Jamey Bitsy

-ling

-let

-ock

-en

darling

duckling

Gosling

underling

fingering

booklet

bullock

bittock

Hattock

Hillock

Maddock

Whinnock

chicken

maiden

kitten

woolen


Suffix

-o kiddo

wacko

-le

dimple

dingle

hovel

nipple

nozzle

Diminutive

-et

Suffix

Clarinet

faucet

minuet

pallet

parquet

poppet

puppet

swallet

wallet

Diminutive

-ette

Suffix

Diminutive

cigarette

kitchenette

courgette

disquette

marionette

oubliette

suffragette

towelette



Processes

It has been estimated that the English language contains more than a million words, of which fewer

than half are included in unabridged dictionaries. it is natural to wonder where all these words came

from. The answer is not difficult to find.

First of all, our language contains a core of words that have been a part of it as far back as we

can trace its history, 5000 plus years. a few examples are these words: sun, man, foot, father

eat, fore, I, he, with, of. Second, English has been a prodigious borrower of words from other

languages throughout its history, and a vast number of borrowed words are now in our language.

This has come about through invasions, immigration, exploration, trade and other avenues of

contact between English and some foreign language. Below are a few examples of these borrowings.

In many cases a word may pass, by borrowing, through one or more languages before it enters

English. A case in point as the Arabic plural noun Hashshaashin, hashish eaters, which entered

French in the form assassin, and from French was borrowed into English.


Acronymy is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials or beginning segments of a

succession of words. In some cases, the initials are pronounced, is in mp (military police, Member of

Parliament). In others the initials and/ or beginning segments are pronounced as the spelled word

would be. For example, NATO (north Atlantic treaty organization) is pronounced as /neto/ and radar

(radio detecting and ranging) as /redar/.


Compounding is the morphological operation

that in general puts together two free forms

and gives rise to a new word. The importance of

compounding stems from the fact that there are

probably no languages without compounding, and

in some languages (e.g., Chinese) it is the major

source of new word formation. Compounds are

particularly interesting linguistic constructions for

a number of reasons. First, they constitute an

anomaly among grammatical constructions

furthermore, represent a contact point between

several crucial linguistic and nonlinguistic notions

such as syntagmatic and paradigmatic

relationships, syntax and morphology, and linguistic

knowledge and pragmatic knowledge. As for the

relationship between syntax and morphology, it has

often been observed that compounds are the morphological constructions that are closest to

syntactic constructions, to the extent that there is no general agreement on which component of

the grammar is responsible for their formation.

Derivation is the process of forming a new word on the basis of an existing word, e.g. Happiness

and unhappy from happy. ... For example, the English derivational suffix -ly changes adjectives

into adverbs (slow →slowly).


Now and then new words are totally invented such as Kodak, Nylon, Dingbat, Goof and Blurb, but

few of these find their way into the common vocabulary.

Echoism is the formation of words whose sound suggests their meaning, like hiss and peewee. The

meaning is usually a sound, either natural like roar

of a waterfall or the artificial like the clang of a bell.

But the meaning may also be the creature that

produces the sound, like bobwhite. Example: moan,

click, murmur, quack, thunder, whisper, lisp,

-

of English are largely echoic; and at the other

cultural scale are the echoic words called

onomatopoeic in literary studies, which are frequent

in poetry.


Clipping means cutting off the beginning or the end of a word,

or both, leaving a part to stand for the whole. The resultant form

is called a clipped word.

The jargon of the campus is filled with clipped words: lab, dorm,

prof, exam, gym, prom, math, psych, mike and countless others.

As these examples suggest, the clipping of the end of a word I

the most common, and it is mostly nouns that undergo this

process. Clipping results in new free forms in the language and

sometimes in the creation of new morphemes, like prof and mike.

Blending us the fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of one word with the last part

of another, as in gasohol from gasoline and alcohol. The resultant bland partakes of both original

meanings. Many blends are nonce words, here today and gone tomorrow, and relatively few become

part of the standard lexicon. The two classes, blends and clipped words, are not sharply separated,

and some words may be put into either class.


Back-formation is the reverse of affixation, being the analogical creation of a new word from an

existing word falsely assumed to be its derivative. For example, the verb to edit has been formed

from the noun editor on the reverse analogy of the noun actor from to act, and similarly the verbs

automate, bulldoze, commute, escalate, liaise, loaf,

sightsee, and televise are backformed from the nouns

automation, bulldozer, commuter, escalation, liaison,

loafer, sightseer, and television. From the single noun

procession are backformed two verbs with different

and prócess,

special operation.

Folk etymology is based on the sound of the place-name and is therefore similar to phonetic

transfer. Folk etymology occurs when the sounds of one language will not easily convert to the

sounds of the second language, as in phonetic transfer. The transfer of many place-names

occurred between French and English settlers of North America through folk etymology.


Antonomasia means the formation of a common noun, a verb, or an adjective from the name of

a person or place. For example, the word Frisbee comes from the Frisbee bakery in Bridgewater,

Connecticut, whose pie tins were used for a throwing game. The term vandal derives from the

vandals, a Germanic people who overran southern Europe 1500 years ago and sacked and looted

Rome in the fifth century.


Reduplication is the process of forming a new word by doubling a morpheme, usually with a change

of vowel or initial consonant, as in pooh-pooh, tiptop, and hanky-panky. the basic, originating

morpheme is most frequently the second half, like dilly-dally, but it may be the first half, like tick

tock, or both halves, like singsong, or neither half, like boogie-woogie. Because the word reduplication

has three meaning relevant to our discussion the process, the result of the process (that is, the new

-



Phonesthemes are speech sounds that in themselves express, elicit, or suggest meaning. For

mos

since the two words differ only in their vowels, it must be these vowels that elicit the two meanings.

These vowels, then are phonesthemes.

Two of the most common phonesthemes in english are the pair of high front vowels, / i /

and / i /, suggesting smallness. These appear in many words that have smallness as part of

their meaning. They are also two of the three diminutive vowels in english, as exemplified in birdie

language students but sensed by the average person.

Another common English phonestheme is the vowel / ə /. Professor f. W. Householder, in a study of

over six hundred English monosyllables, found that the vowel / ə / has, in a large majority of cases,

have phones thematic value. Among them are these:


Light = /gl-/

Moving light =/fl-/

Point = /sp-/ (the most important

essential)


Movement = /sl-/

(change of place or position or posture)

Movement = /sl-/ (change of place or

position or posture)


Unabrupt stoppage of movement (a

gradual stop of intonation)

Repetition (the act or an instance of

repeating or being repeated)



1. Morphology: introduction

Generally, morphology is the study of forms. It is a sub branch of many sectors of science.

Biology

Geology

Linguistics

In linguistics, morphology is the study of inflectional forms, part s - of - speech (lexical categories)

and word for

-

2. Words, and word structure

- what is a word? Smallest independent units of language

Graphic/ phonetic DEF: a word is an isolatable unit (separated by s paces)

Semantic DEF.: a word is an independent unit of meaning

Morphological DEF: a word is a structural unit composed of at least 1 base morpheme and

decomposable into morphemes.

Syntactic DEF: a word is a

Constituent which can be the head of a lexical phrase.

2.1. Morphemes

In English grammar and morphology, a morpheme is a meaningful linguistic unit consisting of a

word such as dog, or a word element, such as the -

smaller meaning full parts.

Morphemes are the smallest unit s of meaning in a language. They are commonly classified as

stand al one as words.

Many words in English are made up of a single free morpheme. For example, each word in the

following sentence is a distinct morpheme: " I need t o g o now, but you can stay . " put another way

, none of the nine words in that sentence can be divided into smaller parts that are also

meaningful .

-Linguists as some that words have internal structure.

-having a grammatical function means

1. To mean something, e. G. Print, out and - able ( ’ suited to be x’) in (1)

2. To mark something, e. G. - ED marking past tense in (1 c) (1) A. Print out, B. Print - able c. Print

ED

- -


The assumption that words of a language l are composed of smaller building blocks is

primarily motivated by the fact that speakers of l have the intuit ion that this is so. Example:

Book- shelf, bird- brain, green- house --- Fashion- able, craft - y, in- visible - Shout - ED, put - s

2.2 Allomorphs

Allomorphs: different realizations of one single underlying morphological representation. An

allomorph is a variety of a single morpheme. So what does it mean? An allomorph is an

alternate pronunciation of a phonological form of a morpheme in a particular linguistic

environment. Concrete phonological realization of a morpheme.

Example: the different morph ( eme) s in ( 3 ) are allomorphs of an abs tract plural morpheme

Dog -[ z] b. Cat -[ s ] Bus h-[ 9 z]

In case of allomorph, we have to formulate rules that derive the appropriate pronunciation for

any particular context .

Example:

Plural allomorph [ z] occurs when the word stem ends in a voiced sound;

Plural allomorph [ s ] occurs when the word stem ends in a voiceless sound;

Plural allomorph [ 9 z] occurs when the word stem ends in a sibilant .

The English plural morpheme has 3 allomorphs: l / schwa z/ or / ә

The allomorph is conditioned by the phonetic or sound environment of the word.

2.3 morphological concepts: root vs. Base; simple vs. Complex words

In English grammar and morphology , a root is a word or word element ( in other words, a

morpheme) from which other words g row, usually through the addition of prefixes and suffixes .

Also called a root word.

Root : morpheme which carry lexical meaning , typically belongs to a lexical category .

Simple word/ simple stem: word made up of exact l y one root morpheme. Example: think in ( 5 a) is

a simple word.

Complex word/ complex stem: word which cons is t s of more than one morpheme, a root

morpheme+ one or more affixes. Ex. : thinkable, unthinkable are complex root : morpheme which

carry lexical meaning , typical l y belongs to a lexical category .

Simple word/ simple stem: word made up of exact l y one root morpheme. Example: think is a simple

word.

Complex word/ complex stem: word which cons is t s of more than one morpheme, a root

morpheme+ one or more affixes . Ex.: thinkable.

A. Think

B. Think- able

C. Un- thinkable

2.4 Some common morphological phenomena

2.4.1 Affixation


Affixation is an addition of an affix. Affix is a bound morpheme which does not belong t o a lexical

category. Affixes can be categorized according to:

Form: prefix, infix, suffix

Prefix: an affix that is at t ached to the front of its bases (undo, de- compos e)

Re-: replay; in-: inaccurate; bi-: bilingual; pre-: prehistoric

Infix: a type of affix that occurs within a base. There are very few, marginal infixes in English:

houses; - er hunter; - is t: violinist; - l y: s l owl y

Function: derivational affix, inflectional affix.

Clitic: word that syntactically functions as a free morpheme, but phonetically appears as a bound

morpheme; must be at t ached to another word ( = hos t ) clitics : a word in which a

grammatical element is treated as an independent item in syntax but forms the same

2.4.3 Internal change

Internal changes are process that substitutes one no morphemic segment for another to mark a

grammatical contrast.

Examples: about ( = vowel gradation), umlaut ( = i - mutation)

1. Sings, san, sung , son

2. Bind, band ( ablaut marks difference in lexical category )

3. Goose, geese ( umlaut marks contrast in number; s o- called irregular plural s )

Differences between internal change and infixing:

The base into which a real infix is inserted typically exists as a separate from in the language

(edumacation education)

In t he cas e of int ernal chang e, t here is no s eparat e inf ixl es s f orm in t he l ang uag e (

f oot / f eet and s ing / s ang , but no f orms

ment s af f ect ed by int ernal chang e

Are not morphemes t hems el ves .

Exis t ence of int ernal chang e and inf ixing il l us t rat es an import ant point about word s t ruct

ure: morphol og y is not al way s concat enat ive, ie. , not al l word s t ruct ure is buil t by as s embl

ing morphemes in an addit ive, l inear f as hion.

2.4.4 stress shift

Stress shift change in the placement of stress or tone to reflect a contrast in lexical category. No

affix is added to the base, but the stress is shifted from one syllable to the other. With the stress

shift comes a change in category.

-

Stress shift the derived word has a different main stress from the base worde. G: párent ~

paréntal compúte ~ computátion japán ~ japanése pártial ~ partiálity


2.4.5 suppletion

Suppletion: replacement of a morpheme with an entirely different morpheme in order to indicate

a grammatical contrast. The term suppletion is typically used to refer to the phenomenon

whereby regular semantic and/ or grammatical relations are encoded by unpredictable formal

patterns.

Examples: forms of be ( am, are, is, were, was, and been)

The present and past tense forms of the verb go: go, went;

Dance: danced

The degrees of comparison of some adjectivesgood: better best; nice: nicer- nicest;

Big: bigger biggest; bad: worse worst

2.4.6 reduplication

Is a word- formation process in which meaning is expressed by repeating all or part of a word.

The study of reduplication has generated a great deal of interest in terms of understanding a

number of properties associated with the word- formation process. As with morphology in general,

two considerations that arise in reduplication are related to form and meaning.

Types of reduplication

1 . Full Reduplication: repetition of a part of the base.

Examples:

child': anak-

- - tulan ' bones, ' malay a'

2 . Partical Reduplication: repetition of the entire base.

Examples:

Airy- fairy, hoity- toity, razzle- dazzle, and nitty- gritty

Tip- top, shilly- shally, zigzag, pitter- patter. Fifty- fifty, dillydally, hubble- bubble.

2.5 classification of morphemes

The english morpheme inventory can be classified according to three criteria:

With regard to meaning/ function

I with regard to degree of autonomy i i i with regard to

2.5.1 ad (i): classification feature

We distinguish between 3 classes of morphemes with regard to their meaning of function:


1. Root Morpheme

Is the base form of a word. A word made up of exactly one root morpheme is called simple word

or simple stem. Morphemes which carry lexical meaning, and typically belong to a lexical category.

A word made up of exactly one root morpheme is called simple word or simple stem.

Example:

(5 a) is a root.

Walk walks, walking, walked,

(house + hold= household), and/ or take affixes

(man + ly = manly)(cold + ness = coldness)(manly, coldness).

2. Derivational Morphemes

Morphemes which serve to form new words. Can change the lexical category of a word. Example:

if the derivational morpheme - able is added to the verbal root think in ( 5 b), the resulting

derivate is an adjective. Derivational morphemes carry grammatical and ( to some extent) lexical

information:

Example:

- able able to be excitable, portable, preventable

- ac pertaining to cardiac, hemophiliac, maniac

- acity/- ocity quality of perspicacity, sagacity, velocity

- ade act, action or process, product blockade, cavalcade, promenade

- age action or process passage, pilgrimage, voyage

- aholic/- oholic one with an obsession for workaholic, shopaholic, alcoholic

- al relating to bacterial, theatrical, natural

- Algia pain neuralgia.

3. Inflectional Morphemes

Morphemes which carry grammatical information and represent the grammatical categories of

the inflected lexical categories (case, number, person, gender, tense, aspect, voice, modality,

comparison).

Examples

Lives - s

Goes - es

He is worki n g - ing

Wanted- ed

Poore r - er

Poorest- est

Books - s

Oxen - en

2.5.2 ad (ii): classification feature


autonomy:

: We distinguish between 2 classes of morphemes with regard to Degree of

Free Morpheme:

Morpheme that can stand alone in a given clause, i . E. , without having to be bound to another

morpheme. Free morphemes that can stand by themselves.

Example: girl, teach, book, class, the, of, talk, open, tour, hunt, etc.

Bound Morpheme:

Morpheme that has to be attached to another element. Cannot stand alone as a word, it needs a

base morpheme to have a meaning.

EXAMPLES:

( s) in plays

( re) in r e play

( ly) in cheapl y

( er) in cheape r

( un) in u n able

( en) in brighte n

2.5.2 ad (iii): classification feature

We distinguish between 2 classes of morphemes with regard to reproducibility:

1. Reproducible Morphemes:

Usually, morphemes are saved in our mental lexicon and can be recalled again for new

combinations. 99 % of the morpheme inventory belongs to this class.

2. Cranberry Morphemes: ( = unique morphemes):

bound and usually exist in only 1 combination ( can only interpreted diachronically).

Examples:

Lukewarm (middle

cranberry ( cran < crane);

Twilight ( -])

Examples in english:

- c e i v e

Perc e i v e , rec e i v e , dec e i v e

- f e r

Inf e r , ref e r , def e r

- m i t

Comm i t , perm i t , subm i t


Final portafolio 2021 Morphology

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?