Introduction to Human Geography (2nd Edition), 2019a

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INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY Digital imagery like the one in Figure 1.9 is in a format that can be entered into Geographic Information Systems (GIS), the second important tool employed by geographers. GIS combines computer hardware and software in a system that stores, analyzes and displays geographic data with a “computer mapping” capability. Geographic data is stored in layers, and these layers of data can be queried in a Figure 1.11 Each data point in a GIS is georeferenced to a precise location on the Earth’s surface attributes corresponding to the data layer they are associated with. Data layers can represent a myriad of characteristics about that data point, such as elevation, soils, the presence of water, per-capita income, ethnicity, etc. Overlaying the data layers can provide incredible insights into the connections between characteristics/ factors in places, such as the connection between per-capita income and Figure 1.11 | Data Layers Data layers in a Geographic Information System (GIS). ethnicity or the links between soil types Author | and vegetative cover. GIS also has a Source | National Geographic License | Public Domain vast suite of other capabilities such as least-cost path for transportation, lineof-sight perspectives from a particular location, or 3-D models of urban areas. Because of their multi-faceted capacity to present geographic information, businesses and government agencies around the world use GIS to answer questions, plan development, chart delivery routes, and even monitor Figure 1.12 one of the fastest growing job markets is in GIS technology, as GIS jobs exist at the local, state, and national level as well as in many businesses in the private sector. Even the U.S. Census Bureau maintains an extensive GIS Figure 1.12 | Crime Analysis A crime analysis of Washington DC. database known as Topologically Author | User “Aude” Integrated Geographic Encoding and Source | Wikimedia Commons License | CC BY SA 2.5 Page | 11
INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN GEOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION TO GEOGRAPHY 1.7 CHANGES IN PLACES: DIFFUSION Thus far, we have examined the Earth in a rather static fashion by learning about places and regions, how maps are created, and how geographic information is gathered and analyzed. However, the Earth is dynamic and constantly changing, and is the spread of ideas, objects, inventions, and other practices from place to place. As people migrate or move to a new area, they bring their ideas, objects, and the like with them in a process call outward from a core area that contains the idea, cultural prac- Relocation Diffusion Initial Stage Later Stage is , and from person-to-person contact or through a hierarchy, or idea might originate in a major city, spread to medium-sized cities, and so on to smaller cities Figure 1.13 will examine how religion has spread across the world through both relocation and expansion Expansion Diffusion Initial Stage Figure 1.13 | Diffusion Later Stage will see that domesticated plants Relocation and expansion diffusion. 2 Author | Corey Parson and animals have diffused Source | Original Work extensively across the Earth. License | CC BY SA 4.0 1.8 THE HUMAN-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIP terrain, such as is the case with a mountain range. Because migration and even stopped by these physical barriers. This example is but one instance of the relationship between humans and their environment. The environment can the Earth’s surface and its atmosphere. Two major perspectives on the human- which has been largely rejected, and possibilism. Environmental determinism is the idea that the natural or physical environment shapes and creates cultures; in other words, the environment essentially dictates culture. For example, environmental determinists in the 1920s thought that people who lived in the Page | 12
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9Development and Wealth Todd Lindle
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and Food Georgeta Connor 10Agricult
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Settlements Georgeta Connor 12Human
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