Modern Philosophers by Suhail Ahmed Solangi

Modern
Philosophers
Suhail Ahmed Solangi
Suhail Ahmed Solangi
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MODERN PHILOSOPHY
• The philosophy of the 17th and 18th centuries, the era is
called “Modern” because it marks the end of philosophy
dominated by the church and by its concerns, and by the
introduction of a number of themes still operative today.
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René Descartes (1596 – 1650)
(French philosopher)
• Descartes argued the theory of innate knowledge and that
all humans were born with knowledge through the higher
power of God.
• "I think, therefore I am“
• Refusal to accept the authority of previous philosophers.
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René Descartes
• He outlined four main rules for himself in his thinking:
• Never accept anything except clear and distinct ideas.
• Divide each problem into as many parts are needed to solve it.
• Order your thoughts from the simple to the complex.
• Always check thoroughly for oversights.
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Thomas Hobbes (1588 – 1679)
• English philosopher
• Social contract theory
• He claimed there is no natural source of authority to order
our lives, and that human judgment is inherently unreliable,
and therefore needs to be guided.
• Hobbes argues that people are inherently wicked and selfish,
and he puts forth his ideas for the social contract and laws
required by a society of evil creatures.
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John Locke (1632 – 1704)
• All persons are endowed with natural rights to life,
liberty, and property and that rulers who fail to protect
those rights may be removed by the people, by force if
necessary.
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Age of
Enlightenment
period of the Modern era of
philosophy corresponds
roughly to the 18th
Century.
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Enlightenment Philosophy
• Reason: Truth can be discovered only by using logic and
proof.
• Nature: that which is "natural" is inherently true, logical and
desirable.
• Happiness: it is a moral duty to pursue happiness here and
now and to not prevent others from achieving there own.
• Progress.
• Liberty.
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It includes the following major philosophers
• Berkeley, Bishop George (1685 - 1753) Irish
• Voltaire (François Marie Arouet) (1694 - 1778) French
• Hume, David (1711 - 1776) Scottish
• Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712 - 1778) Swiss-French
• Smith, Adam (1723 - 1790) Scottish
• Kant, Immanuel (1724 - 1804) German
• Burke, Edmund (1729 - 1797) Irish
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Voltaire (1694 – 1778)
• a French philosopher and writer
• He was an outspoken supporter of social reform (including
the defense of civil liberties, freedom of religion and free
trade)
• Voltaire followed the beliefs of deism
• Belief in God based on reason rather than revelation or
the teaching of any specific religion
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Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
• a German philosopher
• He is regarded as one of the most important thinkers of
modern Europe, and his influence on Western thought
is immeasurable
• Kant holds that if there is a fundamental law of morality, it is a
categorical imperative. Taking the fundamental principle of
morality to be a categorical imperative implies that moral
reasons override other sorts of reasons.
• Good Will…
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Shall we end here?
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