Qasim, Syed R._ Zhu, Guang - Wastewater Treatment and Reuse (Volume 1)
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
Wastewater Treatment
and Reuse
Theory and Design Examples
Volume 2: Post-Treatment, Reuse, and Disposal
References
12 12. Effluent Reuse and Disposal
1. Snyder, S. A., P. Westerhoff, Y. Yoon, and D. L. Sedlak,
Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, and endocrine
disruptors in water: Implications for the water industry,
Environmental Engineering Science, 20 (5), 2003, 449–469.
2. Barcelό, D. and M. Petrovic, Pharmaceutical and personal
care products in the environment, Analytical and
Bioanalytical Chemistry, 387, 2007, 1141–1142.
3. Yu, J. T., E. J. Bouwer, and M. Coelhan, Occurrence and
biodegradability studies of selected pharmaceuticals and
personal care products in sewage effluent, Agricultural Water
Management, 86 (1–2), 2006, 72–80.
4. Hernando, M. D., M. Mezcua, A. R. Fernandez-Alba, and D.
Barcelo, Environmental risk assessment of pharmaceutical
residues in wastewater effluents, surface waters and
sediments, Talanta, 69 (2), April 2006, 334–342.
5. Schwab, B. W. et al. Human pharmaceuticals in U.S.
surface waters: A human health risk assessment, Regulatory
Toxicology and Pharmacology, 42 (3), 2005, 296–312.
6. Qasim, S. R.,Wastewater Treatment Plants: Planning,
Design, and Operation, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,
1999.
7. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.,Wastewater Engineering, Treatment
and Reuse, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York,
NY, 2003.
8. Metcalf & Eddy | AECOM, Wastewater Engineering:
Treatment and Resource Recovery, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New
York, NY, 2014.
9. Metcalf & Eddy AECOM, Asano, T., F. L. Burton, H. L.
Leverenz, R. Tsuchihashi, and G. Tchobanoglous, Water
Reuse: Issues, Technologies, and Applications, McGraw-Hill
Professional, New York, NY, 2007.
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Agency
for International Development, Guidelines for Water Reuse,
EPA/625/R-04/108, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and
U.S. Agency for International Development, Washington DC,
September 2004.
11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Agency
for International Development, 2012 Guidelines for Water
Reuse, EPA 600/R-12/618, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency and U.S. Agency for International Development,
Washington, DC, September 2012.
12. Watts, R. J., Hazardous Wastes: Sources, Pathways,
Receptors, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 1998.
13. LaGrega,M. D., P. L. Buckingham, and J. C.
Evans,HazardousWasteManagement, 2nd ed.,Waveland Press,
Inc., Long Grove, IL, 2010.
14. Cockerham, L. G., and B. S. Shane, Basic Environmental
Toxicology, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1993.
15. Pepper, I. L., C. P. Gerba, and M. L. Brusseau (eds.),
Pollution Science, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 1996.
16. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guidelines for
Carcinogen Risk Assessment, EPA/630/ R00/004, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment Forum,
Washington, DC, September 1986.
17. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guidelines for
Carcinogen Risk Assessment, EPA/630/P03/001F, Risk
Assessment Forum, Washington, DC, March 2005.
18. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Risk Assessment
and Management: Framework for Decision Making, EPA
600/9-85-002, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington DC, December 1984.
19. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk
Information System (IRIS), Electronic On-Line Database of
Summary Health Risk Assessment and Regulatory Information
on Chemical Substances Assessment, EPA 1630/R-92/001, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, 1996.
21. Qasim, S. R., E. M. Motely, and G. Zhu, Water Works
Engineering: Planning, Design, and Operation, Prentice Hall
PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2000.
22. Miller, J. K., U.S. water reuse: Current status and
future trends,Water Environment and Technology, 2 (12),
1990, 83–89.
23. Lazarova, V. and A. Bahri (eds.), Water Reuse for
Irrigation: Agriculture, Landscapes, and Turf Grass, CRC
Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005.
24. AWWA, Guidelines for Distribution of Nonpotable Water,
AWWA, California-Nevada Section, 1992.
25. AWWA, Planning for the Distribution of Reclaimed Water,
Manual of Water Supply Practices, M24, 3rd ed., AWWA,
Denver, CO, 2009.
26. Innovyze, Software and Services Catalog 2016,
http://www.innovyze.com, 2016.
27. Bentley Systems, Inc., Water Distribution Modeling and
Management, http://www.bently.com, 2014.
28. KYPipe, LLC, KYPIPE, Pipe 2016, http://kypipe.com, 2016.
29. Ayers, R. S. and D. W. Westcot, Water Quality for
Agriculture, FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29, Rev. 1,
Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations,
Rome, Italy, 1985.
30. Pettygrove, G. S. and T. Asano (eds.), Irrigation with
Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater—A Guidance Manual, Lewis
Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, 1985.
31. Asano, T. (ed.),Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse, Water
Quality Management Library, Vol. 10, CRC Press, Boca Raton,
FL, 1998.
32. Hammer, D. A. (ed.), Constructed Wetlands for
Wastewater Treatment: Municipal, Industrial, and
Agricultural, Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, 1989.
33. Gearheart, R. A., Use of constructed wetlands to treat
domestic wastewater, city of Arcata, California, Water
Science and Technology, 26 (7–8), 1992, 1625–1637.
34. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Manual
Constructed Wetlands Treatment of Municipal Wastewaters,
EPA/625/R-99/010, Office of Research and Development,
Cincinnati, OH, September 2000.
35. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Guiding
Principles for Constructed Treatment Wetlands: Providing
for Water Quality and Wildlife Habitat, EPA 843-B-00-003,
Office of Wetlands, Oceans and Watersheds, Washington, DC,
October 2000.
36. Bouwer, H. and R. C. Rice, Effect of water depth in
groundwater recharge basins on infiltration, Journal of
Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, ASCE, 115 (4), 1989,
556 –567.
37. Roberts, P. V., Water reuse for groundwater recharge:
An overview, Journal American Water Works Association, 72
(7), 1980, 375–379.
38. Gerba, C. P. and S. M. Goyal, Pathogen removal from
wastewater during groundwater recharge, Artificial Recharge
of Groundwater, T. Asano (ed.), Butterworth Publishers,
Stoneham, MA, 1985, pp. 283–318.
39. Oaksford, E. T., Artificial Recharge: Methods,
Hydraulics, and Monitoring, Artificial Recharge of
Groundwater, T. Asano (ed.), Butterworth Publishers,
Stoneham, MA, 1985, pp. 69–128.
40. Bouwer, H., Role of groundwater recharge in treatment
and storage of wastewater for reuse,Water Science and
Technology, 24 (9), 1991, 295–302.
41. Bouwer, E. J., P. L. McCarty, H. Bouwer, and R. C.
Rice, Organic contaminant behavior during rapid infiltration
of secondary wastewater at the Phoenix 23rd avenue project,
Water Research, 18 (4), 1984, 463–472.
42. Piet, G. J. and B. C. J. Zoetaman, Organic water
quality changes during sand bank and dune filtration of
surface waters in the Netherlands, Journal
AmericanWaterWorks Association, 72 (7), 1980, 400–404.
44. Lauer, W. C., Denver’s direct potable water reuse
demonstration project, Proceedings of the 21st Annual
Conference on Water Policy and Management: Solving the
Problems, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, NY
, 1994, pp. 657–660.
45. Harhoff, J. and B. van der Merwe, Twenty-five years of
wastewater reclamation in Windhoek, Namibia, Water Science
and Technology, 33 (10–11), 1996, 25–35.
46. National Research Council, Issues in Potable Reuse: The
Viability of Augmenting Drinking Water Supply with
Reclaimed Water, National Research Council, National
Academy Press, Washington, D C, 1998.
47. Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972
(P.L. 92-500), 92nd Congress, October 18th, 1972.
48. Clean Water Act (P.L. 95-217), 95th Congress, December
27, 1977.
49. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.,Wastewater Engineering, Treatment,
Disposal, and Reuse, 3rd ed., McGrawHill, Inc., New York,
NY, 1991.
50. Tchobanoglous, G. and E. D. Schroeder, Water Quality:
Characteristics, Modeling, Modification, Addison-Wesley
Publishing Co., Reading, MA, 1985.
51. Rawn, A. M., F. R. Bowerman, and N. H. Brooks, Diffusers
for disposal of sewage in seawater, Journal of the Sanitary
Engineering Division, Proceedings of the ASCE, ASCE, 86
(SA2), March 1960, 65–105.
52. Burchett, M. E., G. Tchobanoglous, and A. J. Burdoin, A
practical approach to submarine outfall calculations,
Public Works, 98 (5), 1967, 95–101.
53. Falk, L. L., Factors affecting outfall design, Water and
Sewage Works, 113 (11), 1966, 233.
54. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Characterization
of Stream Reaeration Capacity, Ecological Research Series,
EPA-R3-72-012, Office of Reacher and Monitoring, Washington,
DC, October 1972.
55. Streeter, H. W. and E. B. Phelps, A study of the
pollution and natural purification of the Ohio River, III,
Factors Concerned in the Phenomena of Oxidation and
Reaeration, Public Health Bulletin No. 146, U.S. Public
Health Services, Cincinnati, OH, 1925.
56. Thomann, R. V. and J. A. Mueller, Principles of Surface
Water Quality Modeling and Control, Harper & Row, New York,
NY, 1987.
57. Eckenfelder, W. W. and D. J. O’Connor, Biological Waste
Treatment, Pergamon Press, New York, NY, 1961.
58. Wilcock, R. J., Study of river reaeration at different
flow rates, Journal of the Environmental Engineering
Division, ASCE, 114 (1), 1988, 91– 105.
59. McCutcheon, S. C., Volume I transport and surface
exchange in rivers, Water Quality Modeling, R. H. French
(ed.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 1989.
60. Peavy, H. S., D. R. Rowe, and G. Tchobanoglous,
Environmental Engineering, 3rd ed., McGrawHill, Inc., New
York, NY, 1985.
61. Lin, S. D., Water and Wastewater Calculations Manual,
3rd ed., McGraw-Hill Professional, New York, NY, 2014.
62. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.,Wastewater Engineering:
Collection, Treatment, and Disposal, McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
New York, NY, 1972.
63. Texas Water Development Board, DOSAG-1 Simulation of
Water Quality in Streams and Canals, Program Documentation
and User’s Manual, Texas Water Development Board, Austin,
TX, 1970.
64. TexasWater Development Board, Simulation of Water
Quality in Streams and Canals, Theory and Description of
QUAL-I Mathematical Modeling System, Report 128, Texas
Water Development Board, Austin, TX, 1971. GA, 1981.
66. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ecological
Restoration: A Tool to Manage Stream Quality, EPA
841-F-95-007, Office of Water, Washington, DC, November 1995.
67. Viessman, W., Jr., M. J. Hammer, E. M. Perez, and P. A.
Chadik, Water Supply and Pollution Control, 8th ed.,
Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2008.
68. IWA Task Group on River Water Quality Modeling, River
Water Quality Modeling No. 1, IWA Publishing, London, UK,
2001.
69. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, TMDL Models and
Tools, website information at
70. Hydrologic Engineering Center, HEC-5Q: System Water
Quality Modeling, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Hydrologic
Engineering Center, Davis, CA, 1986.
71. Schwarz, G. E., A. B. Hoos, R. B. Alexander, and R. A.
Smith, The SPARROW surface WaterQuality Model: Theory,
Application and User Documentation, U.S. Department of the
Interior, USGS, Reston, VA, 2006.
72. DHI, MIKE 2016 Embedding Knowledge in Technology,
Release Flyer, http://www.mikepoweredbydhi.com, 2016.
73. Innovyze, InfoWorks® ICM Overview,
http://www.innovyze.com.
74. Rambow, C. A., Submarine disposal of industrial wastes,
Proceedings of the 24th Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue
University, Part 2, May 6–8, 1969, pp. 1486–1493.
75. McNown, J. S., Mechanics of Manifold Flow, Transactions
of American Society of Civil Engineers, 119, 1954,
1103–1142.
76. Benefield, L. D., J. F. Judkins, and A. D. Parr,
Treatment Plant Hydraulics for Environmental Engineers,
Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1984.
77. Droste, R. D., Theory and Practice of Water and
Wastewater Treatment, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York,
NY, 1997.
78. Hudson, H. E., Water Clarification Processes: Practical
Design and Evaluation, von Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York,
NY, 1981.
79. Hudson, H. E., Jr., R. B. Uhler, and R. W. Bailey,
Dividing-flow manifold with square-edged laterals, Journal
of the Environmental Engineering Division, ASCE, 105 (EE4),
1979, 745–755.
14 14. Plant Layout, Yard Piping, Plant
Hydraulics, and Instrumentation and
Controls
1. Task Force of the Water Environment Federation and the
American Society of Civil Engineers/ Environmental and
Water Resources Institute, Design of Municipal Wastewater
Treatment Plant, WEF Manual of Practice No. 8 and ASCE
Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practice No. 76, 5th
ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 2009.
2. Qasim, S. R.,Wastewater Treatment Plants: Planning,
Design, and Operation, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,
1999.
3. Metcalf & Eddy | AECOM, Wastewater Engineering:
Treatment and Resource Recovery, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New
York, NY, 2014.
4. Qasim, S. R., E. M. Motely, and G. Zhu, Water Works
Engineering: Planning, Design, and Operation, Prentice Hall
PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2000.
5. Corbin, D. J., R. D. G. Monk, C. J. Hoffman, and S. F.,
Crumb, Jr., Compact treatment plant layout, Journal
American Water Works Association, 84 (8), 1992, 36–42.
6. Matsunaga, K., Design of multistory settling tanks in
Osaka, Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 52 (5),
1980, 950–954.
7. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), NFPA ® 1:
Fire Code, 2015 ed., NFPA, Quincy, MA, 2014.
8. International Code Council, Inc. (ICC), 2015
International Fire Code ®, ICC, Country Club Hills, IL,
2014.
9. Nakai, K., Unique design features of Kobe’s wastewater
treatment plant, Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation, 52 (5), 1980, 955–960.
10. Terada, K., Development of sewer systems and treatment
plants in Tokyo, Journal Water Pollution Control
Federation, 52 (5), 1980, 961–968.
11. Yuki, Y., E. Takayanagi, and T. Abe, Design of
multi-story treatment in Osaka, Japan, Water Science and
Technology, 23 (10–12), 1991, 1733–1742.
12. Isgard, E., Underground wastewater treatment plants,
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 47 (4), 1975,
684–687.
13. Bishop, Jr., W. A., , and J. S. Fraser, Wastewater
under home plate, Civil Engineering, American Society of
Civil Engineers, 62 (10), 1992, 61–63.
14. Water World ®, Largest Underground MBR Plant in Asia
Completed, Water World, http://www.
15. Water World ®, China’s Largest Underground Wastewater
Recycling Plant Moves Ahead, Water World,
16. Ando, S., Odor control of wastewater treatment plants,
Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, 52 (5), 1980,
906–913.
19. Chow, V. T., Open-Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill Book
Co., New York, 1959.
20. Henderson, F. M., Open Channel Flow, MacMillan, New
York, 1966.
21. Finnemore, E. J., and J. B. Franzini, Fluid Mechanics
with Engineering Applications, 10th ed., McGraw-Hill
Education, New York, 2002.
22. Benefield, L. D., J. F. Judkins, and A. D. Parr,
Treatment Plant Hydraulics for Environmental Engineers,
Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1984.
23. MontgomeryWatson Harza,Water Treatment: Principles and
Design, 2nd ed., JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ, 2005.
of
25. Technical Practice Committee Control Group, Process
Instrumentation and Control Systems, OM-6, Water Pollution
Control Federation, Alexandria, VA, 1984.
26. Kawamura, S., Integrated Design and Operation of Water
Treatment Facilities, 2nd ed., JohnWiley & Sons, Inc., New
York, 2000.
27. Molvar, A. E., J. F. Roesler, R. F. Wise, and R. H.
Babcock, Instrumentation and Automation Experiences in
Wastewater-Treatment Facilities, EPA-600/2-76-198, U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH, October 1976.
28. Committee on Instrumentation, Instrumentation in
Wastewater Treatment Plants, MOP 21, Water Pollution
Control Federation, Washington, D.C., 1978.
29. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Process Design
Manual for Sludge Disposal, Technology Transfer, EPA
625/1-79-011, Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory,
Cincinnati, OH, September 1979.
30. Anderson, N. A., Instrumentation for Process
Measurement and Control, 3rd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton,
FL, 1997.
31. Considine, D. M. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Instrumentation
and Control, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1971.
32. Instrument Society of America, Instrument Loop
Diagrams, American National Standard, ANSI/ISA-S5.4-1991,
1991.
33. Patry, G. G., and D. T. Chapman, Dynamic Modeling and
Expert Systems in Wastewater Engineering, Lewis Publishers
Inc., Chelsea, MI, 1989.
34. Waterman, D. A., A Guide to Expert Systems,
Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1986.
35. Krichten, D. J., K. D. Wilson, and K. D. Tracy,
Application of Expert System Technology to Control of
Biological Phosphorus Removal Plant, Air Products and
Chemicals, Inc., Allentown, PA, August 1990.
36. Brown, R. J., An artificial neural network experiment,
Dr. Dobb’s Journal, 12 (4), 1987, 16–27.
37. Widrow, B. and R. Winter, Neural nets for adaptive
filtering and adaptive pattern recognition, Browse Journals
& Magazines/Computer, IEEE, 21 (3), 1988, 25–39.
38. Winston, P. H., Artificial Intelligence, Addison-Wesley,
Reading, MA, 1984.
39. Cubberly, W. H. (ed.), Comprehensive Dictionary of
Measurement and Control, 2nd ed., Instrument Society of
America, Research Triangle Park, NC, 1991.
Appendix A: Abbreviations and Symbols,
Basic Information about Elements, Useful
Constants, Common Chemicals Used in Water
and Wastewater Treatment, and the U.S.
Standard Sieves and Size of Openings
1. Qasim, S. R., Wastewater Treatment Plants: Planning,
Design, and Operation, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,
1999.
2. Qasim, S. R., E. M. Motley, and G. Zhu,WaterWorks
Engineering: Planning, Design, and Operation, Prentice Hall
PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2000.
4. Metcalf & Eddy | AECOM, Wastewater Engineering:
Treatment and Resource Recovery, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New
York, NY, 2014.
5. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., Wastewater Engineering: Treatment
and Reuse, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York,
NY, 2003.
6. AWWA and ASCE, Water Treatment Plant Design, 5th ed.,
McGraw-Hill Education, New York, NY, 2012.
7. Chen, W. F. and J. Y. Richard Liew (editors), The Civil
Engineering Handbook, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,
2002.
Appendix B: Physical Constants and
Properties of Water, Solubility of
Dissolved Gases in Water, and Important
Constants for Stability and Sodicity of
Water
1. Qasim, S. R.,Wastewater Treatment Plants: Planning,
Design, and Operation, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,
1999.
2. Droste, R. L., Theory and Practice of Water and
Wastewater Treatment, John Wiley of Sons, Inc., New York,
NY, 1997.
3. Metcalf & Eddy | AECOM, Wastewater Engineering:
Treatment and Resource Recovery, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New
York, NY, 2014.
4. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.,Wastewater Engineering: Treatment
and Reuse, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York,
NY, 2003.
5. Qasim, S. R., E. M. Motley, and G. Zhu, Water Works
Engineering: Planning, Design, and Operation, Prentice Hall
PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2000.
6. Tchobanoglous, G., H. Theisen, and S. Vigil, Integrated
Solid Waste Management: Engineering Principles and
Management Issues, McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY, 1993.
7. Lange, N. A. and J. A. Dean, Lange’s Handbook of
Chemistry, 13th ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc., New York, NY, 1985.
8. Tchobanoglous, G. and E. D. Schroeder, Water Quality:
Characteristics Modeling and Modification, Addison-Welsey,
Publishing Co., Reading, MA, 1985.
9. Elmore, H. L. and T. W. Hayes, Solubility of atmospheric
oxygen in water, No. 29 Report of the Committee on Sanitary
Engineering Research, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering
Division, ASCE, 86(SA 4), 1960, 41–53.
11. APHA, AWWA, and WEF, Standard Methods for Examination
of Water and Wastewater, 22nd ed., American Public Health
Association, Washington, DC, 2012.
12. Hunter, J. S. and J. C. Ward, The effects of water
temperature and elevation upon aeration, Proceedings of
International Symposium on Wastewater Treatment in Cold
Climates, Institute of Northern Studies, University of
Saskatchewan, Canada, 1974.
13. Fair, G. M., J. C. Geyer, and D. A. Okum,Water and
Wastewater Engineering, Vol. 2, John Wiley and Sons Inc.,
New York, NY, 1968.
14. Viessman, W., Jr., M. J. Hammer, E. M. Perez, and P. A.
Chadik,Water Supply and Pollution Control, 8th ed.,
Prentice Hall PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2008.
15. Pettygrove, G. S. and T. Asano (editors), Irrigation
with Reclaimed Municipal Wastewater—A Guide Manual, Lewis
Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI, 1985.
Appendix C: Minor Head Loss Coefficients
for Pressure Conduits and Open Channels,
Normal Commercial Pipe Sizes,and Design
Information of Parshall Flume
1. Qasim, S. R., E. M. Motley, and G. Zhu, Water Works
Engineering: Planning, Design, and Operation, Prentice Hall
PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2000.
2. Qasim, S. R.,Wastewater Treatment Plants: Planning,
Design, and Operation, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,
1999.
3. FMC Corporation, Hydraulics and Useful Information,
Chicago Pumps, Chicago, IL, 1963.
4. Benefield, L. D., J. F. Judkins, and A. D. Parr,
Treatment Plant Hydraulics for Environmental Engineers,
Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1984.
5. Brater, E. F., H. W. King, J. E. Lindell, and C. Y. Wei,
Handbook of Hydraulics, 7th ed., MaGraw-Hill, New York, NY,
1996.
7. Zipparro, V. J. (editor), Davis’s Handbook of Applied
Hydraulics in Engineering, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
New York, 1993.
8. U.S. Department of the Interior, Water Measurement
Manual, 2nd ed., Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, CO, 1967.
9. U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation,
Water Measurement Manual, A Water Resources Technical
Publication, 3rd ed., 1997 (Revised Reprint, 2001), Bureau
of Reclamation, http://www.usbr.gov, 2001.
10. Parshall, R. L.,Measuring Water in Irrigation Channels
with Parshall Flumes and Small Weirs, U.S. Soil
Conservation Service, Circular 843, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, Washington, DC, 1950.
Appendix D: Unit Conversions
1. Qasim, S. R., Wastewater Treatment Plants: Planning,
Design, and Operation, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,
1999.
2. Qasim, S. R., E. M. Motley, and G. Zhu,WaterWorks
Engineering: Planning, Design, and Operation, Prentice Hall
PTR, Upper Saddle River, NJ, 2000.
3. Mechtly, E. A., The International System of Units,
Physical Constants and Conversion Factors, 2nd rev.,
Scientific and Technical Information Office, National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Washington,
D.C., 1973.
Appendix E: Summary of Design Parameters
for Wastewater Treatment Processes
1. Qasim, S. R., Wastewater Treatment Plants: Planning,
Design, and Operation, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL,
1999.
2. Metcalf & Eddy | AECOM, Wastewater Engineering:
Treatment and Resource Recovery, 5th ed., McGraw-Hill, New
York, NY, 2014.
3. Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., Wastewater Engineering: Treatment
and Reuse, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., New York,
NY, 2003.