April 2011 - Anesthesia History Association

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30 30 BULLETIN BULLETIN BULLETIN OF OF ANESTHESIA ANESTHESIA ANESTHESIA HISTORY HISTORY HISTORY Dutch. . . Continued from Page 29 later chloroform. Unaware of the error, Silliman accepted Guthrie’s “sweet whiskey” as a cheaper chloric ether and gave it to his Yale colleagues, the physicians Eli Ives (1776-1861) and his son Nathan, to try it as a “diffusible stimulant” in lung diseases. They used it in inhalation, ingestion and even injection for various respiratory and infectious conditions.(16) From 1831-2 on, the name of “chloric ether” in North America and shortly later in Great Britain, signified Guthrie’s compound, but there were exceptions, however. Daniel B. Smith (1792-1883), a professor of chemistry at the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, aware of Eugene Soubeiran’s (1797-1859) discovery of “bichloric ether” (an impure chloroform) in 1831 clearly distinguished between Thomson’s Dutch liquid and Guthrie’s solution of chloroform.(17) Justus von Liebig (1803-1873) in Giessen (Germany) made a similar distinction in 1832.(18) As will be mentioned below, some confusion also existed in London in the early 1840s. From North America to Leeeds (1832- 1852) The American chloric ether soon reached Great Britain. In 1833, a Dr. J. Black, of Bolton (North England), after hearing of it from American colleagues, prescribed it for asthma and asthaenia.(19) In 1838 or 1839 a prescription for chloric ether was brought to Dr. Brett, the head chemist at the Liverpool Apothecary Hall.(20,21) Brett did not find its name in any British compendium but he did in the 1834 edition of the United States Dispensatory.(22) The prescription’s writer may have been Dr. Richard Formby (1790-1865), a prominent Liverpool physician and friend of J. Y. Simpson. He had heard of it from American visitors.(23) Many prescriptions for chloric ether were later filled for him and other local physicians.(20,21) How the drug reached London from Liverpool is unknown, but it was used there in the early 1840s as an oral medication for bronchitis (24) and as a topical analgesic and deodorant in ulcers, ulcerated cancers and noma.(25-27) It was generally known as per- (or ter-) chloride of carbon. The latter’s nature (chloride of olefiant gas vs. American chloric ether) was often unclear.(25,28) The use of chloric ether as an alcoholic solution of chloroform as an inhalation anesthetic in two London hospitals in early and mid-1847 is well known.(29,30) David Waldie (1813-1889), Brett’s col- league in Liverpool, who had refined an alcoholic solution of chloroform, suggested to his friend J. Y. Simpson in October 1847 that he try chloroform as an inhalation anesthetic.(20,21) It is doubtful, however, that Simpson was swayed by Waldie’s advice. His account (31) and and that of his assistant James Matthews Duncan (32,33) show that Simpson inhaled chloroform on November 4, 1847, at the suggestion of Duncan who had inhaled it a few hours before. They had obtained a sample of pure chloroform (among several other compounds) from Dr. William Gregory (1803- 1858), professor of chemistry at the University of Edinburgh. Gregory, who had studied under von Liebig in Giessen was well aware of the nature and formula of chloroform in 1847. The success of chloroform renewed clinical interest in the chloride of olefiant gas (as the Dutch liquid was then commonly called in Great Britain). Simpson saw it induce anesthesia in several subjects but when he inhaled it himself it caused him a severe and prolonged sore throat.(34) He had probably used an impure product.(35) Allegedly, Lyon Playfair (1818-1898), a professor of chemistry in Manchester, suggested the Dutch liquid as an anesthetic to Simpson but prevented him from inhaling it it; they gave it to a rabbit which immediately died.(36) John Snow (1818-1858) purified the product and tried it on mice and on nine patients.(35) He found it to be a good anesthetic but slower and less potent (and hence safer) than chloroform but very expensive, Robert M. Glover (1815-1849) in 1840 had given it to dogs by ingestion and intravenous injection without causing anesthesia.(37) In 1848, however, he used it on a few patients and found it to be a good anesthetic but without marked advantage over chloroform. He also found it difficult and expensive to manufacture.(38,39) The main advocate of the chloride of olefiant gas was Thomas Nunneley (1809- 1856), a Leeds surgeon who wrote several laudatory papers about it, based on his extensive animal experiments (40) and his trials on seven subjects.(41) He had used a purified product, that he claimed to be cheaper than chloroform. He failed to convince his colleagues, however, and the compound soon disappeared from British surgical practice. The Dutch Liquid after 1852 Abandoned by physicians, the compound continued to be studied in the laboratory. In 1881, Edward T. Reichert (1855- 1931) a noted physiologist at the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia described it as potent as chloroform in rabbits but a severe cardiac depressant.(42,43) It was also tested in rats and frogs in France (44-46) and in cats (47) and mice (48) in Germany. It generally was found to be equipotent to chloroform. An exception was the Glascow Committee of the British Medical Association: in rabbits and dogs it produced no anesthesia but only convulsions and death.(49) French chemists found it to be an excellent preservative for meat and produce.(50) In 1850 the French chemist Henri Victor Regnault (1810-1878) prepared a chlorinated derivative of the Dutch liquid that he named “chlorinated chlorhydric ether.” It was successfully tested in France (51) and in Germany (52) as a topical analgesic for neuralgias and abdominal cramps. However, Johann F. Heyfelder (1798-1869) the famous Erlangen (Gernany) surgeon found it to be ineffective as a topical analgesic although he induced anesthesia in two patients who inhaled it.(53) The Dutch Liquid Today 1,2 dichloroethane or ethylene dichloride is still extensively used in industry as a solvent, degreaser, fumigant and precursor of various chemicals. Twelve tons are manufactured yearly, made like in 1794 by chlorination of ethylene. It has been found to be toxic to humans in factories and as an environmental contaminant from industrial discharges, damaging the central nervous system, the lungs, the liver and the kidneys and being a carcinogen.(54- 56) Acknowledgments The authors gratefully acknowledge the valuable help of Professor Bernhard Panning, of Hanover (Germany) and of Professors Marie Therese Cousin and Jean Bernard Cazalaa, of Paris (France). References (1) Duncum BM. The Development of Inhalation Anaesthetics. London, Royal Society of Medicine Press, 1994:171-2, 209-12. (2) Snelders HAM. Het Gezelschap der Hollandsche Scheikunden. Amsterdam, Rodiolpi, 1980; 84-88. (3) Snelders HAM. New chemistry in the Netherlands. Osiris 1988;4(2 nd Series):121-45. (4) Ingen-Housz J. Account of a new kind of inflammable gass, which can be made in a moment without apparatus, and is as fit for explosion as other inflammable gases in use for that purpose; together with a new theory of gun-powder. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 1779;69:376-418. (5) Scheele CW. De Aethere (Volume 2). Opuscula Chemica et Chemica. Leipzig, 1789; 134-5. (6) Fourcroy AF. Extrait d’un mémoire sur trois espèces de gaz hydrogènes chlores, retirées
de l’ether et de l’alcool par differents procédés, envoyé à l’Institut par la Société des Chimistes Hollandais, tiré d’un rapport lu à la première classe de l’Institut de France par le citoyen Fourcroy, séance du 26 Frimaire an 5 (16 Decembre 1796). Annales de Chimie et de Physique 1797;21:43-71. (7) Deiman JR, Paets van Trostwijck A, Bondt N, Lauwerenburgh A. Recherches sur les diverses espèces des gaz qu’on obtient en melant de l’acide sulfurique concentré avec l’alcool. Journal de Physique,de Chimie, d’Histoire Naturelle et des Arts 1794;4(2):178-91. (8) Deiman, Van Trostwijck, Bondt, Lauwerenburgh. Ueber die Gasarten, welche man aus Verbindungen von starken Vitriolsaeure erhalt. Chemische Annalen 1795;2:195-205, 310-6, 430-40. (9) Robiquet P. Colin J. Recherches sur la nature de la matière huileuse des Chimistes Hollandais. Annales de Chimie et de Physique 1816;1:337-56. (10) Robiquet P, Colin J. Note sur l’huile du gaz oléfiant. Annales de Chimie et de Physique 1816;2:206-9. (11) Berthoud SH. L’huile des hollandaise, ou chlorure d’hydrogène bicarbone. Petites Chroniques de la Science 1869;8:189-95. (12) Wootton AC. Chronicles of Pharmacy, volume 2, London, Mc Millan & Co, 1910; 254-6. (13) Juhn B. Die erste Narkose in Wien. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 1953;103:694-5. (14)Thomson T. A System of Chemistry, 6 th Edition. Edinburgh, Blackwood, Bell & Bradfure. 1820; 237-8. (15) Silliman B. Jr. Elements of Chemistry, Volume 2. New Haven, CT, H. Howe, 1831; 20-2. (16) Ives E, Ives NB. Statement of Prof. Ives. American Journal of the Sciences and the Arts 1832;21 (Appendix):406-8. (17) Smith DB. On certain compounds of carburetted hydrogen. American Journal of Pharmacy 1832;4:114-21. (18) Liebig v. J. Ueber die Verbindungen welche durch die Einwirkung des Chlors auf Alcohol, Aether, Oelbildendes Gas und Eissiggeist entstehen. Justus Liebig Annalen 1832;1:182-230. (19) Black J. Chloric ether, new remedy in spasmodic asthma. London Medical Gazette 1833;12:865-6. (20) Waldie D. Chloroform, the new agent for producing insensitivity to pain by inhalation. Pharmaceutical Times 1848;3:201-3. (21) Waldie D. The True Story of the Introduction of Chloroform into Anesthetics. Linlithgow & Edinburrgh, Boyd & Oliver, 1870. (22) Wood GT, Bache F. The Dispensatory of the United States of America. Philadelphia, Grigg & Eliot, 1834; 1077. (23) Gray TC. Little Known Liverpool Contributions. In: Atkinson RS, Boulton TB, eds. The History of Anaesthesia. London, New York, Royal Society Medical Services, Ltd. 1989; 518-9. (24) Cattell T. On the anaesthetic use of terchloride and perchloride of carbon, and the utility of oxygen as a corrector and modificator of the action of anesthetic agents on the system. Lancet 1848;2:522. (25) Ure. On the nature and properties of a liquid sold under the name of terchloride of carbon. Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 1843;3:170-2. (26) Tuson EW. On the effect of the ter-chloride of formyle, commonly called chloric ether, or terchloride of carbon. Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 1845;5:412-4. (27) Robinson (no first name given). Perchloride of carbon in cancrum oris. Medical Times Gazette 1845;11:463. (28) Pereira J. Historical notice on the chloride of formyle, commonly called chloric ether, or terchloride of carbon. Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 1845;5:412-4. (29) Dinnick OP. Jacob Bell and his trial of chloric ether at the Middlesex Hospital. Pharmacy in History 1991;33:70-5. (30) Sykes ES. Essays on the First Hundred Years of Anaesthesia. Chloroform before Simpson. Volume 2. Huntington, NY. Krieger, 1973; 168-77. (31) Simpson JY. Account of a New Anaesthetic Agent, as a Substitute for Sulfuric Ether in Surgery and in Midwifery. Edinburgh, Sunderland and Knox, 1847; 8. (32) The Life of Sir Robert Christison, Bart. Edited by his Sons. Memoirs (Volume 2). Edinburgh, London. W Blackwood & Sons 1855; 352-3. (33) Duncan JHM. The Jubilee of Anaesthesia. British Medical Journal 1896;2:1413. (34) Simpson JY. Note on the anaesthetic effects of chloride of hydrocarbon, nitrate of ethyle, benzin, aldehyde and bisulphuret of carbon. Monthly Journal of the Medical Sciences 1847;2 (2 nd series):415-7. (35) Snow J. On narcotism by the inhalations of vapours. London Medical Gazette 1849;44:272-7. (36) Duns J. Memoirs of Sir James Y Simpson. Edinburgh, Edmonton & Douglas, 1873; 231. (37) Glover RM. On the physiological and medicinal properties of bromine and its compounds. Edinburgh Medical Surgical Journal 1842;58:120-41, 335-64. (38) Glover RM. Anaesthetic properties of the Dutch Liquid. London Lancet 1851;1:15. (39) Glover RM. Report on anaesthesia and anaesthetic agents. Lancet 1858;2:468-70. (40) Nunneley T. On anaesthesia and anaesthetic substances generally. Edinburgh Medical Surgical Journal 1849;72:343-95. (41) Nunneley T. On common coal gas and Dutch oil as anaesthetics. Retrospective of Medicine and Surgery 1849;19:340-1. (42) Reichert ET. Ethylene bichloride as an anaesthetic agent; with a consideration of ethylene methylate, ethylene ethylate, ethyl nitrate, and ethylidene bichloride. Philadelphia Medical Times 1881;11:490-2, 518-22, 553-7. (43) Reichert ET. Are all anaesthetics dangerous which contain chlorine, bromine, or iodine? American Medical Times 1881;82:50-65. (44) Rabuteau A. Recherches sur les effets du chlorure d’éthylène, du tétrachlorure de carbone et du chlorure d’éthylidène. Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie 1885;37:377-81. (45 ) Dubois R. Étude comparative des propriétés physiologiques des composés chlorés de l’éthane. Archives de Physiologie Normale et Pathologique 1888;20(4):298-310. (46) Dubois R, Roux P. Action du chlorure d’éthylène sur la cornée. Comptes Rendus des Séances de la Société de Biologie 1887;39:584-5. (47) Franz M. Studien ueber die Wirkung der Einatmung von Daempfen von Pentachloraether, Perchloraethylen und Dichloraethylen. Inaugural Dissertation. Universitaet Wuezrburg, Wuerzburg, 1909. (48) Mueller J. Vergleichende Untersuchungen ueber die narkotische und toxische Wirkung einiger Halogen- Kohlenwasserstoffe. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg Archiv Pharmacologie 1925;109:276-94. (49) McKendrick JG, Coates J, Newman D. Report on the action of anaesthetics to the Scientific Grants Committee of the British Medical Association. British Medical Journal 1880;2:957-78. (50) Robin E. Memoire sur de nouveaux procedes et de nouveaux agents de conservation des matieres animales et vegetales. Comptes Rendus des Séances de l’Académie des Sciences 1850;31:720- 2. (51) Aran FA. Medication anesthetique locale. Archives Générales de Médecine 1851;4 Series:245- 9. (52) Uhle C. De Aethere Chlorio. Inaugural Dissertation, Fakultaet Medizin, Universitaet Leipzig. Leipzig, G. Kreisig. 1860:10-13. BULLETIN BULLETIN BULLETIN OF OF ANESTHESIA ANESTHESIA HISTORY HISTORY HISTORY 31 31 (53) Heyfelder JF. Versuche mit dem Aether muriaticus transchloratus (Ether chlorhydrique chlore, Liqueur des Hollandais Chlorée) in der chirurgische Klinik zu Erlangen. Deutsche Klinik 1851;3:353-4. (54) ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and Diseases Registry) 1,2 Dichoroethane. Atlanta, GA. US Department of Health and Human Services, 1992. (55) US Department of Health and Human Services. Report on Carcinogenesis. National Toxicology Program. 8 th Edition. Research Triangle Park, NC, 1998; 95-7. (56) National Cancer Institute. Technical Report No 37. Bioassay of 1,2 dichloroethane for possible carcinogenicity. CAS No 107-06-2. National Institute of Health Publications 18-1361. Bethesda, MD, 1978. History Matters! International Symposium on the History of Anaesthesia January 22-25, 2013 Sydney, Australia isha2013.wordpress.com/
Page 1 and 2: AHA VOL VOLUME VOL UME 29, 29, 29,
Page 3 and 4: The Anesthesia History Association
Page 5 and 6: BULLETIN BULLETIN OF OF ANESTHESIA
Page 7 and 8: after the armistice in June-July 19
Page 9 and 10: Ray J. Defalque, M.D., 1932-2011 By
Page 11 and 12: with his health. [email to AJW, 25
Page 13: From Amsterdam to Leeds: The Travel

April 2011 - Anesthesia History Association

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