DIN V 18599-5 Energy efficiency of buildings — Calculation of the ...
DIN V 18599-5 Energy efficiency of buildings — Calculation of the ...
DIN V 18599-5 Energy efficiency of buildings — Calculation of the ...
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Date: 2007 February<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5<br />
<strong>Energy</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> energy needs, delivered energy and<br />
primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting <strong>—</strong> Part<br />
5: Delivered energy for heating systems<br />
Energetische Bewertung von Gebäuden <strong>—</strong> Berechnung des Nutz-, End- und Primärenergiebedarfs für Heizung,<br />
Kühlung, Lüftung, Trinkwarmwasser und Beleuchtung <strong>—</strong> Teil 5: Endenergiebedarf von Heizsystemen<br />
Supersedes <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2005-07
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Contents Page<br />
Foreword..............................................................................................................................................................7<br />
Introduction .........................................................................................................................................................9<br />
1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................... 10<br />
2 Normative references ......................................................................................................................... 11<br />
3 Terms and definitions, symbols and units....................................................................................... 13<br />
3.1 Terms and definitions ........................................................................................................................ 13<br />
3.2 Symbols, units and subscripts.......................................................................................................... 17<br />
4 Relationship between <strong>the</strong> parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series <strong>of</strong> prestandards ................................ 20<br />
4.1 Input parameters from o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series <strong>of</strong> prestandards ........................... 21<br />
4.2 Output parameters for o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series <strong>of</strong> prestandards ........................... 22<br />
4.2.1 Generator heat output ........................................................................................................................ 23<br />
4.2.2 Delivered heat ..................................................................................................................................... 24<br />
4.2.3 Auxiliary energy.................................................................................................................................. 25<br />
4.2.4 Uncontrolled heat gains due to <strong>the</strong> heating system ....................................................................... 25<br />
5 Boundary conditions for <strong>the</strong> individual subsystems...................................................................... 26<br />
5.1 Part load levels.................................................................................................................................... 26<br />
5.1.1 Heat control and emission................................................................................................................. 26<br />
5.1.2 Heat distribution ................................................................................................................................. 26<br />
5.1.3 Storage................................................................................................................................................. 26<br />
5.1.4 Heat generation................................................................................................................................... 27<br />
5.2 Temperatures ...................................................................................................................................... 27<br />
5.3 Boiler rated output.............................................................................................................................. 29<br />
5.4 Times.................................................................................................................................................... 29<br />
5.4.1 Running times..................................................................................................................................... 29<br />
5.4.2 Distribution <strong>of</strong> annual values over individual months.................................................................... 32<br />
6 Determination <strong>of</strong> energy expenditure............................................................................................... 32<br />
6.1 Heat control and emission................................................................................................................. 32<br />
6.1.1 Efficiencies for free emitters (radiators); room heights ≤ 4 m ....................................................... 33<br />
6.1.2 Efficiencies for water based embedded systems (surface heating); room heights ≤ 4 m.......... 35<br />
6.1.3 Efficiencies for electric heating; (room heights ≤ 4 m)................................................................... 36<br />
6.1.4 Efficiencies for air heating/residential ventilation; room heights ≤ 4 m ....................................... 36<br />
6.1.5 Efficiencies for air heating (HVAC systems); room heights ≤ 4 m ................................................ 37<br />
6.1.6 Efficiencies for rooms with heights ≥ 4 m (large indoor spaces) .................................................. 37<br />
6.1.7 Efficiencies for rooms with heights > 10 m...................................................................................... 39<br />
6.1.8 Auxiliary energy Q h,ce,aux ................................................................................................................... 40<br />
6.2 Heat distribution Q h,d – central hot water heating pipe system ..................................................... 43<br />
6.2.1 Auxiliary energy for central hot water heating pipe system .......................................................... 45<br />
6.3 Storage................................................................................................................................................. 50<br />
6.4 Heat generator..................................................................................................................................... 52<br />
6.4.1 Solar systems supporting domestic hot water heating and space heating systems<br />
(combination systems)....................................................................................................................... 53<br />
6.4.1.1 Satisfaction <strong>of</strong> energy need by solar combination systems.......................................................... 53<br />
6.4.1.2 <strong>Energy</strong> contribution <strong>of</strong> solar combination systems........................................................................ 54<br />
6.4.1.3 <strong>Calculation</strong> procedure for combination systems ............................................................................ 56<br />
6.4.1.4 <strong>Calculation</strong> procedure for large combination systems .................................................................. 60<br />
6.4.1.5 Auxiliary energy for operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar pump ........................................................................... 60<br />
6.4.2 Heat pump ........................................................................................................................................... 61<br />
6.4.2.1 Principles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> calculation .............................................................................................................. 62<br />
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<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
6.4.2.2 Outdoor air as heat source; average climatic data for Germany ...................................................65<br />
6.4.2.3 <strong>Energy</strong> need for domestic hot water ................................................................................................69<br />
6.4.2.4 <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fraction <strong>of</strong> heating energy to be provided by <strong>the</strong> second generator<br />
(back-up heating).................................................................................................................................69<br />
6.4.2.5 Heat output and coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump at full load (steady-state<br />
operation) .............................................................................................................................................73<br />
6.4.2.6 Coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance in part load operation...........................................................................76<br />
6.4.2.7 Generator <strong>the</strong>rmal losses ...................................................................................................................78<br />
6.4.2.8 <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> total energy consumption..........................................................................................79<br />
6.4.2.9 Auxiliary energy...................................................................................................................................80<br />
6.4.2.10<strong>Energy</strong> consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up heating system)....................................81<br />
6.4.2.11Total energy consumption .................................................................................................................82<br />
6.4.2.12Regenerative energy contribution.....................................................................................................82<br />
6.4.2.13Performance factor to account for <strong>the</strong> generator subsystem ........................................................82<br />
6.4.3 Conventional boilers ...........................................................................................................................83<br />
6.4.3.1 Multiple boiler systems.......................................................................................................................83<br />
6.4.3.2 Fuel-fired systems (boilers) ...............................................................................................................84<br />
6.4.3.3 Hand stocked biomass combustion systems ..................................................................................94<br />
6.4.3.4 Decentralized fuel-fired systems .......................................................................................................99<br />
6.4.4 Electric heaters..................................................................................................................................101<br />
6.4.4.1 Decentralized electric heaters..........................................................................................................101<br />
6.4.4.2 Central electric heaters.....................................................................................................................101<br />
6.4.5 District heating and local heating....................................................................................................101<br />
6.4.6 Decentralized CHP.............................................................................................................................102<br />
Annex A (normative) <strong>Energy</strong> use to meet <strong>the</strong> heating need.......................................................................103<br />
A.1 Electrically driven heat pumps ........................................................................................................103<br />
A.2 Heat pumps with combustion drive.................................................................................................104<br />
A.3 Default values for heat pump calculations .....................................................................................105<br />
A.3.1 Default power values and coefficients <strong>of</strong> performance for electrically driven heat pumps......105<br />
A.4 Default power values and coefficients <strong>of</strong> performance for combustion engine-driven heat<br />
pumps.................................................................................................................................................106<br />
A.4.1 Air-to-water heat pumps ...................................................................................................................106<br />
A.4.2 Combustion engine-driven air-to-water heat pumps.....................................................................107<br />
A.4.3 Air-to-air heat pumps ........................................................................................................................107<br />
A.4.4 Absorption heat pumps ....................................................................................................................108<br />
A.5 Correction factor for part load operation........................................................................................110<br />
A.5.1 Electrically driven heat pumps ........................................................................................................110<br />
A.5.2 Absorption heat pumps with modulation burner...........................................................................111<br />
A.6 <strong>Calculation</strong> procedure for source and sink temperature corrections with a set exergetic<br />
<strong>efficiency</strong> ............................................................................................................................................111<br />
A.7 VRF systems: relative heat output performance ...........................................................................113<br />
Annex B (informative) Dimensioning <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> ......................................................................................116<br />
B.1 General information ..........................................................................................................................116<br />
Bibliography....................................................................................................................................................119<br />
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<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Figures<br />
Figure 1 <strong>—</strong> Overview <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> .............................................................................................. 9<br />
Figure 2 <strong>—</strong> Content and scope <strong>of</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5 (schematic diagram) ........................................................... 11<br />
Figure 3 <strong>—</strong> Subscript system............................................................................................................................. 20<br />
Figure 4 <strong>—</strong> Designation <strong>of</strong> pipes in hot water heating pipe systems................................................................. 44<br />
Figure 5 <strong>—</strong> Distribution <strong>of</strong> cumulated bin hours for <strong>the</strong> outdoor air temperature .............................................. 63<br />
Figure 6 <strong>—</strong> Bin hours and energy fractions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump and <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up<br />
heating) in alternate operation.................................................................................................................... 70<br />
Figure 7 <strong>—</strong> Bin hours and energy fractions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump and <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up<br />
heating) in parallel operation ...................................................................................................................... 71<br />
Figure 8 <strong>—</strong> Bin hours and energy fractions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump and <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up<br />
heating) in partly parallel operation ............................................................................................................ 72<br />
Figure A.1 <strong>—</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> balance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generator subsystem (electrically driven heat pump) ........................... 103<br />
Figure A.2 <strong>—</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> balance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generator subsystem (heat pump with combustion drive) .................... 104<br />
Figure A.3 <strong>—</strong> Heat output <strong>of</strong> combustion engine-driven air-to-water heat pumps at various source and<br />
sink temperatures ..................................................................................................................................... 106<br />
Figure A.4 <strong>—</strong> Standard coefficients <strong>of</strong> performance for combustion engine-driven air-to-water heat<br />
pumps at various source and sink temperatures...................................................................................... 107<br />
Figure A.5 <strong>—</strong> Heat output <strong>of</strong> combustion engine-driven air-to-air heat pumps ............................................... 107<br />
Figure A.6 <strong>—</strong> Standard coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> combustion engine-driven air-to-air heat pumps ........ 108<br />
Figure A.7 <strong>—</strong> Heat output <strong>of</strong> water-to-water NH 3 /H 2 O absorption heat pumps at various source and sink<br />
temperatures............................................................................................................................................. 108<br />
Figure A.8 <strong>—</strong> Heat output <strong>of</strong> water-to-water H 2 O/LiBr absorption heat pumps at various source and sink<br />
temperatures............................................................................................................................................. 109<br />
Figure A.9 <strong>—</strong> VRF systems: COP heating for load ratios between 10 % and 100 %...................................... 114<br />
Figure A.10 <strong>—</strong> VRF systems: relative heat output performance ..................................................................... 114<br />
Figure A.11 <strong>—</strong> VRF systems: relative COP heating for load ratios between 10 % and 100 % ....................... 115<br />
Figure B.1 <strong>—</strong> Building geometry...................................................................................................................... 116<br />
Tables<br />
Table 1 <strong>—</strong> Symbols and units............................................................................................................................ 17<br />
Table 2 <strong>—</strong> Subscripts......................................................................................................................................... 19<br />
Table 3 <strong>—</strong> Input parameters .............................................................................................................................. 21<br />
Table 4 <strong>—</strong> Output parameters ........................................................................................................................... 23<br />
Table 5 <strong>—</strong> Design temperatures........................................................................................................................ 28<br />
Table 6 <strong>—</strong> Efficiencies for free emitters (radiators); room heights ≤ 4 m .......................................................... 34<br />
Table 7 <strong>—</strong> Efficiencies for water based embedded systems (surface heating); room heights ≤ 4 m................ 35<br />
Table 8 <strong>—</strong> Efficiencies for electric heating; (room heights ≤ 4 m) ..................................................................... 36<br />
Table 9 <strong>—</strong> Efficiencies for air heating (HVAC systems); (room heights ≤ 4 m)................................................. 37<br />
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<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Table 10 <strong>—</strong> Efficiencies for rooms with heights from 4 m to 10 m.....................................................................38<br />
Table 11 <strong>—</strong> Efficiencies for rooms with heights > 10 m .....................................................................................39<br />
Table 12 <strong>—</strong> Default values for auxiliary energy for <strong>the</strong> control system..............................................................41<br />
Table 13 <strong>—</strong> Default values for <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> fans for air supply in rooms where h ≤ 4 m ...................41<br />
Table 14 <strong>—</strong> Default values for <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> fans and for <strong>the</strong> control system in rooms h > 4 m<br />
in height (large indoor spaces)....................................................................................................................42<br />
Table 15 <strong>—</strong> Default values .................................................................................................................................44<br />
Table 16 <strong>—</strong> Assumptions for heat transfer coefficients U i in W/(m · K) .............................................................45<br />
Table 17 <strong>—</strong> Constants C P1 ,C P2 for calculation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expenditure factor <strong>of</strong> heat pumps ..................................49<br />
Table 18 <strong>—</strong> Distribution <strong>of</strong> annual solar contribution over months.....................................................................56<br />
Table 19 <strong>—</strong> Correction factor for inclination and alignment ...............................................................................57<br />
Table 20 <strong>—</strong> Correction factor for <strong>the</strong> solar load ratio (f slr )..................................................................................58<br />
Table 21 <strong>—</strong> Correction factor for <strong>the</strong> heat loss rate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tank or tanks (f s,loss )...................................58<br />
Table 22 <strong>—</strong> Correction factor for <strong>the</strong> temperature level <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> space heating f h,T .............................................59<br />
Table 23 <strong>—</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> fraction from <strong>the</strong> combination system for domestic water heating.....................................60<br />
Table 24 <strong>—</strong> Hours frequency <strong>of</strong> outdoor temperature (reference location: Würzburg)......................................66<br />
Table 25 <strong>—</strong> Monthly hours sum in <strong>the</strong> individual bins, distributed according to <strong>the</strong> testing points from<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all parts) .............................................................................................................................69<br />
Table 26 <strong>—</strong> Mean source temperature for ground and groundwater as a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> average outdoor<br />
temperature .................................................................................................................................................74<br />
Table 27 <strong>—</strong> Mean source temperature for ground and groundwater as a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> average monthly<br />
outdoor temperature....................................................................................................................................74<br />
Table 28 <strong>—</strong> Correction factors f ∆ϑ to account for deviations in temperature differences in heat pump<br />
measurement and operation .......................................................................................................................75<br />
Table 29 <strong>—</strong> Boiler temperatures ........................................................................................................................87<br />
Table 30 <strong>—</strong> Temperature correction factors.......................................................................................................87<br />
Table 31 <strong>—</strong> Efficiency factors.............................................................................................................................90<br />
Table 32 <strong>—</strong> Radiation loss factors .....................................................................................................................91<br />
Table 33 <strong>—</strong> Stand-by heat factors......................................................................................................................92<br />
Table 34 <strong>—</strong> Auxiliary energy factors ..................................................................................................................93<br />
Table 35 <strong>—</strong> Default values .................................................................................................................................99<br />
Table 36 <strong>—</strong> Efficiency factor.............................................................................................................................100<br />
Table 37 <strong>—</strong> D DS as a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> primary temperature and type <strong>of</strong> dwelling substation............................102<br />
Table 38 <strong>—</strong> Coefficient B DS as a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> class <strong>of</strong> insulation and <strong>the</strong> type <strong>of</strong> dwelling substation ........102<br />
Table A.1 <strong>—</strong> Air-to-water heat pumps with a supply temperature <strong>of</strong> 35 °C .....................................................105<br />
Table A.2 <strong>—</strong> Air-to-water heat pumps with a supply temperature <strong>of</strong> 50 °C .....................................................105<br />
Table A.3 <strong>—</strong> Brine-water heat pumps with supply temperatures <strong>of</strong> 35°C and 50 °C.......................................105<br />
Table A.4 <strong>—</strong> Water-water heat pumps with supply temperatures <strong>of</strong> 35°C and 50 °C .....................................106<br />
Table A.5 <strong>—</strong> Correction factor for part load operation <strong>of</strong> electrically driven heat pumps with radiators ..........110<br />
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<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Table A.6 <strong>—</strong> Correction factor for part load operation <strong>of</strong> electrically driven heat pumps with surface<br />
heating systems........................................................................................................................................ 110<br />
Table A.7 <strong>—</strong> Correction factor for part load operation <strong>of</strong> absorption heat pumps........................................... 111<br />
Table A.8 <strong>—</strong> Relative heat output performance .............................................................................................. 113<br />
6
Foreword<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
This prestandard has been prepared by <strong>DIN</strong> Joint Committee NA 005-56-20 GA Energetische Bewertung von<br />
Gebäuden <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Normenausschuss Bauwesen (Building and Civil Engineering Standards Committee), which<br />
also lead-managed <strong>the</strong> work, and Normenausschuss Heiz- und Raumlufttechnik (Heating and Ventilation<br />
Standards Committee) with <strong>the</strong> co-operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> Normenausschuss Lichttechnik (Lighting Technology<br />
Standards Committee).<br />
A prestandard is a standard which cannot be given full status, ei<strong>the</strong>r because certain reservations still exist as<br />
to its content, or because <strong>the</strong> manner <strong>of</strong> its preparation deviates in some way from <strong>the</strong> normal procedure.<br />
No draft <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present prestandard has been published.<br />
Comments on experience with this prestandard should be sent:<br />
⎯ preferably by e-mail containing a table <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> data, to nabau@din.de. A template for this table is provided<br />
on <strong>the</strong> Internet under <strong>the</strong> URL http://www.din.de/stellungnahme;<br />
⎯ or as hard-copy to Normenausschuss Bauwesen (NABau) im <strong>DIN</strong> Deutsches Institut für Normung e. V.,<br />
10772 Berlin, Germany (<strong>of</strong>fice address: Burggrafenstrasse 6, 10787 Berlin, Germany).<br />
The <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series <strong>of</strong> prestandards <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> energy needs,<br />
delivered energy and primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting consists<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> following parts:<br />
⎯ Part 1: General balancing procedures, terms and definitions, zoning and evaluation <strong>of</strong> energy carriers<br />
⎯ Part 2: <strong>Energy</strong> needs for heating and cooling <strong>of</strong> building zones<br />
⎯ Part 3: <strong>Energy</strong> need for air conditioning<br />
⎯ Part 4: <strong>Energy</strong> need and delivered energy for lighting<br />
⎯ Part 5: Delivered energy for heating systems<br />
⎯ Part 6: Delivered energy for ventilation systems and air heating systems for residential <strong>buildings</strong><br />
⎯ Part 7: Delivered energy for air handling and air conditioning systems for non-residential <strong>buildings</strong><br />
⎯ Part 8: <strong>Energy</strong> need and delivered energy for domestic hot water systems<br />
⎯ Part 9: Delivered and primary energy for combined heat and power plants<br />
⎯ Part 10: Boundary conditions <strong>of</strong> use, climatic data<br />
The <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series <strong>of</strong> prestandards provides a methodology for assessing <strong>the</strong> overall energy <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>buildings</strong>. The calculations enable all energy quantities required for <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong> heating, domestic hot water<br />
heating, ventilation, air conditioning and lighting <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> to be assessed.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> described procedures, <strong>the</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series <strong>of</strong> prestandards also takes into account <strong>the</strong> interactive<br />
effects <strong>of</strong> energy flows and points out <strong>the</strong> related consequences for planning work. In addition to <strong>the</strong><br />
calculation procedures, <strong>the</strong> use- and operation-related boundary conditions for an unbiased assessment (i.e.<br />
7
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
independent <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> behaviour <strong>of</strong> individual users and <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> local climatic data) to determine <strong>the</strong> energy needs<br />
are specified.<br />
The <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series <strong>of</strong> prestandards is suitable for determining <strong>the</strong> long-term energy needs <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> or<br />
parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> as well as for assessing <strong>the</strong> possible use <strong>of</strong> renewable sources <strong>of</strong> energy in <strong>buildings</strong>. The<br />
procedure is designed both for <strong>buildings</strong> yet to be constructed and for existing <strong>buildings</strong>, and for retr<strong>of</strong>it<br />
measures for existing <strong>buildings</strong>.<br />
Amendments<br />
This prestandard differs from <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2005-07 in that it has been revised in form and content.<br />
Previous edition<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5: 2005-07<br />
8
Introduction<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
When an energy balance is calculated in accordance with <strong>the</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series <strong>of</strong> prestandards, an<br />
integrative approach is taken, i.e. <strong>the</strong> building, <strong>the</strong> use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building and <strong>the</strong> building’s technical installations<br />
and equipment are assessed toge<strong>the</strong>r, taking <strong>the</strong> interaction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se factors into consideration. In order to<br />
provide a clearer structure, <strong>the</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series <strong>of</strong> prestandards is divided into several parts, each having<br />
a particular focus. Figure 1 provides an overview <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> topics dealt with in <strong>the</strong> individual parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> series.<br />
Figure 1 <strong>—</strong> Overview <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong><br />
9
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
1 Scope<br />
The <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series <strong>of</strong> prestandards provides a methodology for calculating <strong>the</strong> overall energy balance <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>buildings</strong>. The described algorithm is applicable to <strong>the</strong> calculation <strong>of</strong> energy balances for:<br />
⎯ residential <strong>buildings</strong> and non-residential <strong>buildings</strong>;<br />
⎯ planned or new building construction and existing <strong>buildings</strong>.<br />
The procedure for calculating <strong>the</strong> balances is suitable for:<br />
⎯ balancing <strong>the</strong> energy use <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> with partially pre-determined boundary conditions;<br />
⎯ balancing <strong>the</strong> energy use <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> with freely-selectable boundary conditions from <strong>the</strong> general<br />
engineering aspect, e.g. with <strong>the</strong> objective <strong>of</strong> achieving a good comparison between calculated and<br />
measured energy ratings.<br />
The balance calculations take into account <strong>the</strong> energy use for:<br />
⎯ heating,<br />
⎯ ventilation,<br />
⎯ air conditioning (including cooling and humidification),<br />
⎯ heating <strong>the</strong> domestic hot water supply, and<br />
⎯ lighting<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong>, including <strong>the</strong> additional electric power input (auxiliary energy) which is directly related to <strong>the</strong><br />
energy supply.<br />
This document determines <strong>the</strong> energy use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating system for <strong>the</strong> building according to its different<br />
subsystems. It is also possible to use <strong>the</strong> results from some subsystems for calculating <strong>the</strong> delivery <strong>of</strong> heat to<br />
<strong>the</strong> sectors covered by <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-6, <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-8 and vice-versa.<br />
It is also possible to calculate <strong>the</strong> energy balances <strong>of</strong> several building zones in which <strong>the</strong>re are several units to<br />
be balanced.<br />
This document describes <strong>the</strong> energy use <strong>of</strong> heating systems with <strong>the</strong>ir subsystems (control and emission,<br />
distribution, storage and generation). For this purpose, both <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal losses and <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
individual subsystems are determined and, provided <strong>the</strong>se occur within <strong>the</strong> heated zone, are made available<br />
for <strong>the</strong> ensuing calculations described in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1 and <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2. Information is given on <strong>the</strong><br />
possible influence <strong>of</strong> domestic hot water generation according to <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-8. Recourse to <strong>the</strong> heating<br />
system by o<strong>the</strong>r systems (e.g. ventilation <strong>of</strong> residential <strong>buildings</strong> as in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-6, or ventilation and air<br />
conditioning systems in non-residential <strong>buildings</strong> as in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7), that can make demands on certain<br />
subsystems, can accordingly be taken into account and analysed, with <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1 acting as <strong>the</strong> link<br />
between <strong>the</strong> Parts.<br />
It is assumed that heating systems are operated as intended and in keeping with accepted best practices.<br />
Special guidance (e.g. with regard to <strong>the</strong> hydraulic balance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> hot water heating system) is given in<br />
VDMA 24199.<br />
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<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
The required energy use can be calculated using ei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> methods described in clause 6, or by o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
calculation methods (e.g. <strong>DIN</strong> V 4701-10, <strong>DIN</strong> V 4701-12 and PAS 1027), provided <strong>the</strong>se alternative methods<br />
deliver equivalent results under comparable boundary conditions (see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-10). The assumptions and<br />
boundary conditions on which <strong>the</strong>se calculations are based shall be recorded systematically and shall apply to<br />
<strong>the</strong> annual heating need Q h,b .<br />
The energy need values calculated using this procedure cannot be used to size individual components.<br />
Systems not covered by this document shall be assessed by analogy with this document while taking account<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> physics specific to <strong>the</strong> individual systems.<br />
Figure 2 shows <strong>the</strong> scope <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> present document as a diagram. For <strong>the</strong> reader’s orientation, all o<strong>the</strong>r parts<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> <strong>18599</strong> series <strong>of</strong> prestandards contain an illustration similar to Figure 2 as shown here, and in which<br />
<strong>the</strong> respective energy components dealt with are shown in colour.<br />
2 Normative references<br />
Figure 2 <strong>—</strong> Content and scope <strong>of</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5 (schematic diagram)<br />
The following referenced documents are indispensable for <strong>the</strong> application <strong>of</strong> this document. For dated<br />
references, only <strong>the</strong> edition cited applies. For undated references, <strong>the</strong> latest edition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> referenced<br />
document (including any amendments) applies.<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V 4701-10, <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> heating and ventilation systems in <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> Part 10: Heating, domestic<br />
hot water supply, ventilation<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V 4701-12, Energetic evaluation <strong>of</strong> heating and ventilation systems in existing <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> Part 12: Heat<br />
generation and domestic hot water generation<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V 4753-8, Water heaters and water heating installations for drinking water and for service water <strong>—</strong> Part 8:<br />
Thermal insulation for water heaters with nominal capacity up to 1 000 l <strong>—</strong> Requirements and testing<br />
11
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1, <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> energy needs, delivered energy and<br />
primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting <strong>—</strong> Part 1: General balancing<br />
procedures, terms and definitions, zoning and evaluation <strong>of</strong> energy carriers<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2, <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> energy needs, delivered energy and<br />
primary energy use for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting <strong>—</strong> Part 2: <strong>Energy</strong> need for<br />
heating and cooling <strong>of</strong> building zones<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-3, <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> energy needs, delivered energy and<br />
primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting <strong>—</strong> Part 3: <strong>Energy</strong> need for air<br />
conditioning<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-4, <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> energy needs, delivered energy and<br />
primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting <strong>—</strong> Part 4: <strong>Energy</strong> need and<br />
delivered energy for lighting<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-6, <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> energy needs, delivered energy and<br />
primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting <strong>—</strong> Part 6: Delivered energy for<br />
ventilation systems and air heating systems for residential <strong>buildings</strong><br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7, <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> energy needs, delivered energy primary<br />
energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting <strong>—</strong> Part 7: Delivered energy for air<br />
handling and air conditioning systems for non-residential <strong>buildings</strong><br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-8, <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> energy needs, delivered energy and<br />
primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting <strong>—</strong> Part 8: <strong>Energy</strong> need and<br />
delivered energy for domestic hot water systems<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-9, <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> energy needs, delivered energy and<br />
primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting <strong>—</strong> Part 9: Delivered and<br />
primary energy for combined heat and power plants<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-10, <strong>Energy</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> energy needs, delivered energy and<br />
primary energy for heating, cooling, ventilation, domestic hot water and lighting <strong>—</strong> Part 10: Boundary<br />
conditions <strong>of</strong> use, climatic data<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> 18892, Inserts for solid fuel to be built in ceramic stoves ("Kacheloefen/Putzoefen")<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 297, Gas-fired central heating boilers <strong>—</strong> Type B boilers, fitted with atmospheric burners <strong>of</strong> nominal<br />
heat input not exceeding 70 kW<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 303-5, Heating boilers <strong>—</strong> Part 5: Heating boilers for solid fuels, hand and automatically stocked,<br />
nominal heat output <strong>of</strong> up to 300 kW <strong>—</strong> Terminology, requirements, testing and marking<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 304, Heating boilers <strong>—</strong> Test code for heating boilers for atomizing oil burners<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 308, Heat exchangers <strong>—</strong> Test procedures for establishing performance <strong>of</strong> air-to-air and flue gases<br />
heat recovery devices<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 656, Gas-fired hot water boilers <strong>—</strong> Type B boilers <strong>of</strong> nominal heat input exceeding 70 kW but not<br />
exceeding 300 kW<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 1264, Floor heating <strong>—</strong> Systems and components (all parts)<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 12828, Heating systems in <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> Design <strong>of</strong> water-based heating systems<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 12975-1, Thermal solar systems and components <strong>—</strong> Solar collectors <strong>—</strong> Part 1: General requirements<br />
12
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 12975-2, Thermal solar systems and components <strong>—</strong> Solar collectors <strong>—</strong> Part 2: Test methods<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 13229, Inset appliances including open fires fired by solid fuels <strong>—</strong> Requirements and test methods<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 13240, Roomheaters fired by solid fuel <strong>—</strong> Requirements and test methods<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 13410, Gas-fired overhead radiant heaters <strong>—</strong> Ventilation requirements for non-domestic premises<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511, Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven compressors<br />
for space heating and cooling (all parts)<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> CEN/TS 14825, Air conditioners, liquid chilling packages and heat pumps with electrically driven<br />
compressors for space heating and cooling <strong>—</strong> Testing and rating at part load conditions<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN ISO 12241, Thermal insulation for building equipment and industrial installations <strong>—</strong> <strong>Calculation</strong> rules<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V ENV 12977-3, Thermal solar systems and components <strong>—</strong> Custom built systems <strong>—</strong> Part 3:<br />
Performance characterization <strong>of</strong> stores for solar heating systems<br />
Council Directive 92/42/EEC <strong>of</strong> 21 May 1992 on <strong>efficiency</strong> requirements for new hot water boilers fired with<br />
liquid or gaseous fuels<br />
Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) (German <strong>Energy</strong> Saving Ordinance) 2002/2004<br />
VDMA 24199, Regelungstechnische Anforderungen an die Hydraulik bei Planung und Ausführung von<br />
Heizungs-, Kälte-, Trinkwarmwasser- und Raumlufttechnischen Anlagen (Hydraulic system control<br />
requirements in <strong>the</strong> planning and execution <strong>of</strong> heating, cooling, domestic hot water and ventilation systems)<br />
3 Terms and definitions, symbols and units<br />
3.1 Terms and definitions<br />
For <strong>the</strong> purposes <strong>of</strong> this document, <strong>the</strong> terms and definitions given in <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong><br />
series <strong>of</strong> prestandards and <strong>the</strong> following apply.<br />
3.1.1<br />
expenditure factor<br />
ratio <strong>of</strong> expenditure to desired use (need) in an energy system<br />
3.1.2<br />
operating range<br />
range indicated by <strong>the</strong> manufacturer, located within <strong>the</strong> upper and lower limits (e.g. in respect <strong>of</strong> temperature,<br />
air humidity, voltage) within which <strong>the</strong> unit is deemed to be fit for use and has <strong>the</strong> product data stated by <strong>the</strong><br />
manufacturer<br />
3.1.3<br />
operating time<br />
heating time and running time in set-back/cut-out or switch-<strong>of</strong>f mode<br />
3.1.4<br />
reference area<br />
usable area within <strong>the</strong> conditioned volume <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building<br />
NOTE The net floor area (A NGF ) is used as <strong>the</strong> reference area.<br />
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<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
3.1.5<br />
calculation period<br />
period for which <strong>the</strong> balance <strong>of</strong> relevant energy flows in a building is calculated<br />
NOTE The calculation period for calculating <strong>the</strong> delivered energy and primary energy is one year; periods <strong>of</strong> one<br />
month or one day can be used for calculating partial energy characteristics.<br />
3.1.6<br />
balance point temperature<br />
temperature at which <strong>the</strong> heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump and <strong>the</strong> energy need <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building are equal<br />
3.1.7<br />
decentralized heating system<br />
heating system in which heat is generated in a unit and is emitted into <strong>the</strong> same space, with water or air<br />
serving as <strong>the</strong> heat carrier<br />
3.1.8<br />
delivered energy use (“energy use” in this document)<br />
calculated quantity <strong>of</strong> energy delivered to <strong>the</strong> technical building installations (heating system) in order to<br />
ensure <strong>the</strong> specified room temperature throughout <strong>the</strong> entire year<br />
NOTE This energy includes <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy required to operate <strong>the</strong> technical building installations. The delivered<br />
energy is transferred at <strong>the</strong> “interface” constituted by <strong>the</strong> external building envelope and thus represents <strong>the</strong> amount <strong>of</strong><br />
energy which <strong>the</strong> connected load requires in order to use <strong>the</strong> building for its intended purpose under standardized<br />
boundary conditions. Against this background, <strong>the</strong> energy use is expressed individually for each energy carrier.<br />
3.1.9<br />
generation<br />
subsystem which provides, and may also deliver, <strong>the</strong> quantity <strong>of</strong> heat required by <strong>the</strong> systems (e.g. extract air<br />
heat pump, see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-6)<br />
3.1.10<br />
heat output<br />
Θ g<br />
heat delivered from <strong>the</strong> unit to <strong>the</strong> heat carrier per unit <strong>of</strong> time<br />
NOTE If heat is removed from <strong>the</strong> internal heat exchanger for defrosting purposes it is taken into account.<br />
3.1.11<br />
heating area<br />
area that encompasses those parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building that are supplied by <strong>the</strong> same heating system; it can extend<br />
over a number <strong>of</strong> zones, and at <strong>the</strong> same time one zone can include a number <strong>of</strong> heating areas<br />
3.1.12<br />
heating time<br />
running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating system to ensure <strong>the</strong> temperatures specified for use<br />
3.1.13<br />
auxiliary energy<br />
energy (electric power), that is not used to directly satisfy <strong>the</strong> heating need (e.g. energy for <strong>the</strong> drive <strong>of</strong> system<br />
components, circulation pumps, controls, "Carter" heating in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> heat pumps, etc.)<br />
3.1.14<br />
internal temperature, mean<br />
temperature felt in <strong>the</strong> interior <strong>of</strong> a building, given as <strong>the</strong> internal temperature for <strong>the</strong> space, averaged over<br />
space and time<br />
NOTE This parameter is specified as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> planning process.<br />
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<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
3.1.15<br />
combined operation<br />
operation <strong>of</strong> a heat generator with double service (e.g. for space heating and domestic hot water)<br />
3.1.16<br />
conditioning<br />
generation <strong>of</strong> defined conditions in spaces by means <strong>of</strong> heating, cooling, ventilation, humidification, lighting<br />
and domestic hot water supply<br />
NOTE Conditioning aims to meet requirements relating to <strong>the</strong> room temperature, fresh air supply, light, humidity<br />
and/or domestic hot water.<br />
3.1.17<br />
conditioned space<br />
space and/or enclosure which is heated and/or cooled to a defined set-point temperature and/or humidified<br />
and/or illuminated and/or provided with ventilation and/or domestic hot water<br />
NOTE Zones are conditioned spaces having at least one mode <strong>of</strong> conditioning. Spaces which have no form <strong>of</strong><br />
conditioning are called “unconditioned spaces”.<br />
3.1.18<br />
load factor<br />
ratio between <strong>the</strong> running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> compressor and <strong>the</strong> total time over which <strong>the</strong> generator is switched on<br />
(stand-by and operation)<br />
3.1.19<br />
coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance COP<br />
ratio <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating capacity to <strong>the</strong> effective power input <strong>of</strong> a unit<br />
3.1.20<br />
energy need<br />
energy that is supplied by <strong>the</strong> heating system under standard conditions in order to meet <strong>the</strong> space heating<br />
need and, if necessary, <strong>the</strong> heating need for domestic hot water<br />
NOTE See <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-8.<br />
3.1.21<br />
heat output<br />
part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> quantity <strong>of</strong> heat that is transferred to <strong>the</strong> ensuing system<br />
3.1.22<br />
energy need for heating<br />
calculated heat energy required in order to maintain <strong>the</strong> specified <strong>the</strong>rmal room conditions within a building<br />
zone during <strong>the</strong> heating period<br />
NOTE See <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1.<br />
3.1.23<br />
product data<br />
manufacturer-specific data on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong><br />
⎯ a declaration <strong>of</strong> conformity to harmonized European specifications or corresponding European directives,<br />
or<br />
⎯ a declaration <strong>of</strong> conformity to generally recognized technical standards, or<br />
⎯ a building-inspectorate certificate <strong>of</strong> usability<br />
that is suitable for this calculation procedure<br />
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<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
3.1.24<br />
simultaneous operation<br />
simultaneous generation <strong>of</strong> heat energy for space heating and for domestic water heating<br />
3.1.25<br />
storage<br />
subsystem in which heat contained in a medium is stored<br />
NOTE In heating circuits this is <strong>the</strong> buffer storage tank (e.g. in heat pump systems).<br />
3.1.26<br />
default value<br />
data which can be used for <strong>the</strong> calculation if no suitable product data are available for <strong>the</strong> calculation<br />
procedure<br />
3.1.27<br />
part load operation<br />
operating status <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in which <strong>the</strong> actual load requirement lies below <strong>the</strong> actual load capacity <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> heat pump<br />
3.1.28<br />
control and emission<br />
subsystem in which energy is emitted (e.g. into <strong>the</strong> space), whilst maintaining <strong>the</strong> defined requirements<br />
(notably in respect <strong>of</strong> comfort) (see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-10)<br />
3.1.29<br />
loss<br />
losses (heat emission) occurring in <strong>the</strong> subsystems between <strong>the</strong> energy need and <strong>the</strong> delivered energy, i.e.<br />
losses occurring due to control and emission, distribution, storage and generation. Where such losses occur<br />
within <strong>the</strong> conditioned spaces, <strong>the</strong>y count as heat sources<br />
3.1.30<br />
distribution<br />
subsystem in which <strong>the</strong> required quantity <strong>of</strong> energy is transported from <strong>the</strong> generator to <strong>the</strong> heat control and<br />
emission system<br />
3.1.31<br />
heat energy<br />
energy used directly to meet <strong>the</strong> energy need for heating (e.g. oil, gas, wood or electric power)<br />
3.1.32<br />
heat generator with double service<br />
heat generator which supplies energy to two different systems (e.g. <strong>the</strong> space heating system and <strong>the</strong><br />
domestic hot water system in combined operation)<br />
3.1.33<br />
heat carrier<br />
any medium (water, air, etc.) used for <strong>the</strong> transfer <strong>of</strong> heat without changing its state<br />
NOTE In addition to <strong>the</strong> water circulating in <strong>the</strong> heating circuits, such media also include:<br />
⎯ <strong>the</strong> cooled fluid circulating in an evaporator;<br />
⎯ <strong>the</strong> refrigerant circulating in a condenser;<br />
⎯ <strong>the</strong> heat recovery medium circulating in a heat recovery heat exchanger.<br />
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<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
3.1.34<br />
central heating system<br />
heating system in which <strong>the</strong> heat is generated in a unit and is transported via distribution piping to a number <strong>of</strong><br />
rooms in a building, with water serving as <strong>the</strong> heat carrier<br />
3.1.35<br />
zone<br />
basic unit <strong>of</strong> space for calculating energy balances<br />
NOTE 1 A zone is a cumulative term for a section <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> floor area or certain part <strong>of</strong> a building having uniform boundary<br />
conditions <strong>of</strong> use and which does not exhibit any relevant differences in <strong>the</strong> mode <strong>of</strong> conditioning and o<strong>the</strong>r zone criteria.<br />
NOTE 2 <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-10 contains a compilation <strong>of</strong> boundary conditions <strong>of</strong> use.<br />
3.1.36<br />
cycle time<br />
time for one cycle <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generator, consisting <strong>of</strong> an ON period t ON , where <strong>the</strong> generator is running, and an<br />
OFF period t OFF , where <strong>the</strong> generator is in stand-by mode<br />
3.2 Symbols, units and subscripts<br />
Table 1 <strong>—</strong> Symbols and units<br />
Symbol Meaning Common unit<br />
Ac collector area m 2<br />
b factor –<br />
B width m<br />
Bezugsgröße reference quantity –<br />
c specific heat capacity kWh/(kg · K)<br />
C constant –<br />
COP coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance –<br />
d time d/a, d/mth<br />
e expenditure factor –<br />
f factor –<br />
FC load factor –<br />
h height m<br />
HDH heating degree hours Kh<br />
IAM incidence angle modifier –<br />
k coefficient –<br />
L length m<br />
n number –<br />
p pressure kPa<br />
P power, energy output W, kW<br />
PE power input, power consumption W, kW<br />
q loss –<br />
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<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
18<br />
Table 1 (continued)<br />
Symbol Meaning Common unit<br />
Q energy kWh/mth<br />
R heat loss rate –<br />
SPF seasonal performance factor –<br />
t time, period h/d, h/mth, h/y<br />
U heat transfer coefficient (<strong>the</strong>rmal transmittance) W/m · K<br />
UA heat loss rate W/K<br />
V volume m 3<br />
V & volume flow m 3 /h<br />
W auxiliary energy kWh/mth<br />
z daily running time h/d<br />
α time component –<br />
β part load level, (load factor) –<br />
η <strong>efficiency</strong>, conversion factor –<br />
Θ energy W, kW<br />
ϑ temperature °C<br />
ρ density kg/l
Table 2 <strong>—</strong> Subscripts<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Subscript Meaning Subscript Meaning<br />
a year, over- mth monthly, in <strong>the</strong> respective month<br />
A connection, branching, design n nominal, rated, index, exponent<br />
Abgl balance N night-time set-back/switch-<strong>of</strong>f<br />
App unit NA inclination, night<br />
aux auxiliary energy outg generator heat output<br />
b need, use P pump<br />
B stand-by, shut down, components pl part load<br />
Betrieb operation PM pump management<br />
bin bin prim primary<br />
Bio biomass PS buffer storage tank<br />
bp balance point Q heat quantity<br />
bu back up heating rB design operating time<br />
C space temperature control rd recovered<br />
ce control and emission, over-heating reg regenerative<br />
combi<br />
combination <strong>of</strong> heating and domestic hot<br />
rl recoverable<br />
water<br />
d distribution rL design running time<br />
DS dwelling substation RL return, outlet<br />
e electric, <strong>efficiency</strong>, external, outdoor rv residential ventilation system<br />
ex exhaust air, extract air RV reverse flow inhibitor<br />
f delivered energy, factor s storage, emitted radiation, upper<br />
FBH underfloor heating S main supply pipe<br />
fl full load SB stand-by<br />
G building/zone Sch circuit<br />
ges total, overall sek secondary<br />
Grenz limit sin heating mode only<br />
GZ base cycle SL stub pipe, branching<br />
h heating slr solar load ratio (system utilization)<br />
H heating system sol solar<br />
HK heating circuit soll required value, set-point<br />
hours hours sys reference, system<br />
Hs/Hi gross calorific value/net calorific value T day<br />
hydr hydraulic Test test condition<br />
i interior, serial counter, lower, bin TH <strong>the</strong>rmostat valve<br />
I internal, indoor upper upper<br />
in consumption, input v loss<br />
int intermittent V vertical distribution<br />
intern internal VL supply<br />
Itc cut-out point w domestic hot water<br />
k cold water, boiler W heat<br />
K combination system WA weekend set-back/switch-<strong>of</strong>f<br />
km mean boiler (temperature) WE heat generator<br />
L air temperature pr<strong>of</strong>ile, running time WP heat pump<br />
loss loss WRG heat recovery<br />
lower lower z circulation circuit<br />
m average, mean 70 temperature boundary condition<br />
max maximum 100 % at rated load<br />
mot engine<br />
19
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Subscript system<br />
Figure 3 shows <strong>the</strong> system <strong>of</strong> subscripts used for <strong>the</strong> characteristic values <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building’s technical<br />
installations and equipment. The various types <strong>of</strong> system, subsystem and energy are also listed.<br />
20<br />
Figure 3 <strong>—</strong> Subscript system<br />
4 Relationship between <strong>the</strong> parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series <strong>of</strong> prestandards<br />
The following two subclauses<br />
⎯ summarize <strong>the</strong> input parameters to be used in this document,<br />
⎯ provide an overview <strong>of</strong> how <strong>the</strong> part-balances calculated using <strong>the</strong> method explained here are applied in<br />
o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series.<br />
For simplification, nei<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> parameters nor <strong>the</strong> reasons why <strong>the</strong> data are needed in o<strong>the</strong>r calculations are<br />
explained here.<br />
This document is intended to be used in <strong>the</strong> calculation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal losses and <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy for<br />
⎯ <strong>the</strong> control and emission <strong>of</strong> heat to <strong>the</strong> space or to air as <strong>the</strong> heat carrier, or to an ensuing system such<br />
as in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7,<br />
⎯ distribution in <strong>the</strong> heating circuit, or to an ensuing system such as in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-6 or <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7,<br />
⎯ storage and<br />
⎯ heat generation<br />
<strong>of</strong> heating systems for <strong>the</strong> ensuing balancing procedures according to <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1.
4.1 Input parameters from o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series <strong>of</strong> prestandards<br />
Table 3 <strong>—</strong> Input parameters<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Symbol Meaning Source<br />
B G Width <strong>of</strong> building, in m –<br />
h G Storey height, in m –<br />
f Hs/Hi<br />
Ratio <strong>of</strong> gross calorific value to net calorific value according to<br />
energy carrier<br />
L G Length <strong>of</strong> building, in m –<br />
n G Number <strong>of</strong> heated storeys –<br />
Qh, max<br />
& Maximum heat load, in kW<br />
see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1<br />
see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2,<br />
Annex B<br />
Q h,b <strong>Energy</strong> need (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1<br />
Q rv,h,outg<br />
Q h*,b<br />
Generator heat output <strong>of</strong> residential ventilation unit (in <strong>the</strong><br />
respective month), in kWh<br />
Generator heat output <strong>of</strong> air handling unit<br />
(in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh<br />
see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-6<br />
see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7<br />
Q c,f Delivered energy for chiller (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7<br />
Q w,outg<br />
Generator heat output to domestic hot water system (in <strong>the</strong><br />
respective month), in kWh<br />
see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1<br />
t w,100% Daily running time <strong>of</strong> boiler for domestic hot water heating, in h see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-8<br />
t c,op Daily operating time <strong>of</strong> space cooling system, in h see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-10<br />
t h Heating hours (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in h see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2<br />
t h,op Daily duration <strong>of</strong> heating operation, in h see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-10<br />
t h*,op Daily operating time <strong>of</strong> HVAC heating coil, in h see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-10<br />
d mth Number <strong>of</strong> days per month, in d/mth see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-10<br />
t Nutz,d Daily usage period, in h see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-10<br />
d Nutz,a Number <strong>of</strong> usage days per annum see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-10<br />
ϑ e Monthly average outdoor temperature, in °C see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-10<br />
ϑ e,min<br />
Daily average outdoor temperature on a design reference day<br />
for heating, in °C<br />
see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-10<br />
ϑ i a Ambient temperature, in °C see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2<br />
21
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
22<br />
Table 3 (continued)<br />
Symbol Meaning Source<br />
ϑ i,h,soll Internal set-point temperature for heating, in °C see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-10<br />
ϑ h*<br />
ϑ r,Nutz<br />
Mean heating medium temperature for heating coil during <strong>the</strong><br />
usage time, in °C<br />
Mean heating medium temperature for absorption chiller during<br />
<strong>the</strong> usage time, in °C<br />
see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7<br />
see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7<br />
a <strong>—</strong> ϑ i,h , is to be used for system components in a heated zone, taking into account reduced heating operation (without taking into<br />
account weekends and holidays).<br />
<strong>—</strong> ϑ i,c is to be used for system components in a cooled zone (<strong>the</strong> user shall decide whe<strong>the</strong>r a cooled zone exists).<br />
<strong>—</strong> ϑ u is to be used for system components in an unheated and uncooled zone.<br />
<strong>—</strong> If a zone is heated and cooled in <strong>the</strong> same month, it shall be determined which occurred more <strong>of</strong>ten and <strong>the</strong> appropriate<br />
temperature used.<br />
NOTE Examples <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dimensioning <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> are to be found in Annex B.<br />
Daily operation shall be considered <strong>the</strong> normal case and is to be taken into account by <strong>the</strong> heating time<br />
(operating hours/duration) t h,op . <strong>Calculation</strong>s are to be based on <strong>the</strong> assumption that <strong>the</strong>re is always only one<br />
connected load. Where <strong>the</strong>re are a number <strong>of</strong> different loads a differentiation shall be made between <strong>the</strong><br />
individual requirements for each case.<br />
The illustrations in Annex B may be helpful when determining L G and B G .<br />
Heating is only necessary if <strong>the</strong> monthly energy need Q h,b,i is greater than 1 kWh.<br />
4.2 Output parameters for o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series <strong>of</strong> prestandards<br />
Values are calculated for <strong>the</strong> zones specified in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1.<br />
If components are used in more than one subsystem, values are to be added toge<strong>the</strong>r for use in <strong>the</strong> ensuing<br />
calculations, taking into account <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal data relate to <strong>the</strong> gross calorific value unless <strong>the</strong><br />
heat is generated by electric power or district heating.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> following, <strong>the</strong> fractions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal and auxiliary energy in <strong>the</strong> different subsystems are determined for<br />
use in <strong>the</strong> ensuing calculations in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1.
Table 4 <strong>—</strong> Output parameters<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Symbol Meaning Used in<br />
dh,rB Monthly design operating time, in d see 5.4.1<br />
Q h,ce<br />
Q h,ce,aux<br />
Q h,d<br />
Q h,d,aux<br />
Q I,h,d<br />
Q h,s<br />
Q h,s,aux<br />
Q I,h,s<br />
Q h,g<br />
Q h,g,aux<br />
Q I,h,g<br />
Q h,reg<br />
Control and emission <strong>the</strong>rmal losses <strong>of</strong> heating system to <strong>the</strong> surrounding<br />
environment (e.g. space, room, zone, basement) (in <strong>the</strong> respective month),<br />
in kWh<br />
Auxiliary energy for heating system control and emission (in <strong>the</strong> respective<br />
month), in kWh<br />
Distribution <strong>the</strong>rmal losses <strong>of</strong> heating system to <strong>the</strong> surrounding<br />
environment (e.g. room, zone, basement) (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh<br />
Auxiliary energy for heating system distribution (in <strong>the</strong> respective month),<br />
in kWh<br />
Uncontrolled internal heat gains in <strong>the</strong> zone due to heating system<br />
distribution (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh<br />
Storage <strong>the</strong>rmal losses <strong>of</strong> heating system to <strong>the</strong> installation space (in <strong>the</strong><br />
respective month), in kWh<br />
Auxiliary energy for heating system storage (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in<br />
kWh<br />
Uncontrolled internal heat gains in <strong>the</strong> zone due to heating system storage<br />
(in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh<br />
Generation <strong>the</strong>rmal losses <strong>of</strong> heating system to <strong>the</strong> installation space (in<br />
<strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh<br />
Auxiliary energy for heating system generation (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in<br />
kWh<br />
Uncontrolled internal heat gains in <strong>the</strong> zone due to heating system heat<br />
generation (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh<br />
Regenerative energy contribution (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh<br />
see 6.1<br />
see 6.2<br />
see 6.3<br />
see 6.4<br />
If <strong>the</strong>re are different configurations for individual components <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating system within one zone (e.g.<br />
underfloor heating, radiators, air heating) an overall value is to be used in <strong>the</strong> calculations that is determined<br />
by calculating <strong>the</strong> proportion <strong>of</strong> each parameter in relation to <strong>the</strong> net floor area.<br />
4.2.1 Generator heat output<br />
The generator heat is obtained from <strong>the</strong> energy need and from <strong>the</strong> losses from <strong>the</strong> individual subsystems.<br />
Q h, outg Qh,<br />
b + Qh,<br />
ce + Qh,<br />
d + Qh,<br />
s<br />
= (1)<br />
For <strong>the</strong> heating <strong>of</strong> heating coils in HVAC systems <strong>the</strong> generator heat output is determined as follows:<br />
Q h, outg Qh*,<br />
b + Qh,<br />
d + Qh,<br />
s<br />
= (2)<br />
For <strong>the</strong> heating <strong>of</strong> absorption chillers in HVAC systems <strong>the</strong> generator heat output is determined as follows:<br />
Q h, outg Qc,<br />
f + Qh,<br />
d + Qh,<br />
s<br />
= (3)<br />
23
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
If <strong>the</strong> heat generator delivers heat to several subsystems Q h,outg is <strong>the</strong> sum <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> values <strong>of</strong> Q h,outg from <strong>the</strong><br />
individual subsystems, taking into account <strong>the</strong> fact that <strong>the</strong> data relate to <strong>the</strong> gross calorific value (unless <strong>the</strong><br />
heat is generated by electric power).<br />
In <strong>the</strong> above,<br />
24<br />
Q h,outg is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output to <strong>the</strong> heating system (see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1, <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-6 or<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7);<br />
Q h,b<br />
Q h*,b<br />
Q c,f<br />
Q h,ce<br />
Q h,d<br />
Q h,s<br />
4.2.2 Delivered heat<br />
where<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy need (see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2);<br />
is <strong>the</strong> generation heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> air handling unit (see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> delivered energy for <strong>the</strong> chiller (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7), in kWh;<br />
are <strong>the</strong> control and emission <strong>the</strong>rmal losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating system to <strong>the</strong> surrounding<br />
environment (e.g. room, zone, basement) (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 6.1), in kWh;<br />
are <strong>the</strong> distribution <strong>the</strong>rmal losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating system to <strong>the</strong> surrounding environment (e.g.<br />
room, zone, basement) (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 6.2), in kWh;<br />
are <strong>the</strong> storage <strong>the</strong>rmal losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating system to <strong>the</strong> surrounding environment (in <strong>the</strong><br />
respective month) (see 6.3), in kWh.<br />
Qh, f ( Qh,<br />
outg + Qh,<br />
g)<br />
⋅ fg,<br />
PM − Qh,<br />
reg<br />
= (4)<br />
with Q h,reg = Q h,sol + Q h,in<br />
Q h,f<br />
is <strong>the</strong> delivered energy for <strong>the</strong> heat generator (see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1);<br />
Q h,outg is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output to <strong>the</strong> heating system (see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1);<br />
Q h,g<br />
Q h,reg<br />
Q h,in<br />
Q h,sol<br />
f g,PM<br />
are <strong>the</strong> generation losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating system to <strong>the</strong> installation space (in <strong>the</strong> respective<br />
month) (see 6.4), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> regenerative energy contribution (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 6.4), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> ambient heat (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 6.4), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> solar energy contribution (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> correction factor for heat generators with integrated pump management.<br />
It shall be taken into account that <strong>the</strong> data relate to <strong>the</strong> gross calorific value unless <strong>the</strong> heat is generated by<br />
electric power. If <strong>the</strong> delivered energy is electric power, <strong>the</strong>re is no difference between gross calorific value<br />
and net calorific value.<br />
For <strong>the</strong> purposes <strong>of</strong> this document, integrated pump management is <strong>the</strong> coupling <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating circulation<br />
pump with <strong>the</strong> operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> burner in <strong>the</strong> generator for control purposes.
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
The correction factor for heat generators with integrated pump management takes into account <strong>the</strong> energy<br />
used for operation at a higher temperature over shorter pump running times. Pump running times are<br />
considered in 6.2.1.<br />
Heat generators with integrated pump management f g,PM<br />
⎯ For heat generators with integrated pump management, f g,PM is equal to 1.<br />
⎯ For heat generators with integrated pump management and boiler temperature control with outdoor<br />
sensors, f g,PM is equal to 1,03.<br />
⎯ For heat generators with integrated pump management and boiler temperature control with indoor<br />
sensors, f g,PM is equal to 1,06.<br />
4.2.3 Auxiliary energy<br />
where<br />
Q h, aux Qh,<br />
ce, aux + Qh,<br />
d, aux + Qh,<br />
s, aux + Qh,<br />
g, aux<br />
Q h,aux<br />
= (5)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy for <strong>the</strong> heating system (see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1);<br />
Q h,ce,aux is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy for heating system control and emission (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see<br />
6.1), in kWh;<br />
Q h,d,aux<br />
Q h,s,aux<br />
Q h,g,aux<br />
is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy for heating system distribution (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 6.2), in<br />
kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy for heating system storage (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 6.3), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy for heating system generation (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 6.4), in<br />
kWh;<br />
4.2.4 Uncontrolled heat gains due to <strong>the</strong> heating system<br />
It shall be identified which subsystems are located in <strong>the</strong> respective zone and are to be taken into account<br />
accordingly:<br />
where<br />
Q I, h QI,<br />
h, d + QI,<br />
h, s + QI,<br />
h, g<br />
Q I,h<br />
Q I,h,d<br />
Q I,h,s<br />
Q I,h,g<br />
= (6)<br />
are <strong>the</strong> uncontrolled internal heat gains in <strong>the</strong> zone due to <strong>the</strong> heating system (in <strong>the</strong> respective<br />
month), in kWh (see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2);<br />
are <strong>the</strong> uncontrolled internal heat gains in <strong>the</strong> zone due to distribution (in <strong>the</strong> respective month)<br />
(see 6.2), in kWh;<br />
are <strong>the</strong> uncontrolled internal heat gains in <strong>the</strong> zone due to storage (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see<br />
6.3), in kWh;<br />
are <strong>the</strong> uncontrolled internal heat gains in <strong>the</strong> zone due to generation (in <strong>the</strong> respective month)<br />
(see 6.4), in kWh.<br />
25
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Values shall be calculated for <strong>the</strong> zones specified in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1.<br />
5 Boundary conditions for <strong>the</strong> individual subsystems<br />
If <strong>the</strong> specifications result in a usage time t h,Nutz = 0, <strong>the</strong> associated part load β i is similarly zero. If<br />
requirements from <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7 exist, <strong>the</strong>n t h,Nutz shall be determined according to <strong>the</strong> times specified in<br />
that document.<br />
5.1 Part load levels<br />
5.1.1 Heat control and emission<br />
The mean part load for a heating circuit in <strong>the</strong> control and emission subsystem is<br />
where<br />
26<br />
Qh,<br />
b<br />
h, ce =<br />
Q&<br />
h, max ⋅th<br />
β (7)<br />
Q h,b<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy need in <strong>the</strong> calculation period (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 4.1), in kWh;<br />
Qh, max<br />
& is <strong>the</strong> maximum heat load required by <strong>the</strong> building (see 4.1), in kW;<br />
t h<br />
5.1.2 Heat distribution<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> heating hours in <strong>the</strong> respective month (see 4.1).<br />
The mean part load in <strong>the</strong> distribution subsystem is<br />
where<br />
Qh,<br />
b + Qh,<br />
ce<br />
h,d =<br />
Q&<br />
h, max ⋅ th<br />
β (8)<br />
Q h,b<br />
Q h,ce<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy need in <strong>the</strong> calculation period (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 4.1), in kWh;<br />
are <strong>the</strong> monthly control and emission <strong>the</strong>rmal losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating system to <strong>the</strong> surrounding<br />
environment (e.g. room, zone, basement) (see 4.2), in kWh;<br />
Qh, max<br />
& is <strong>the</strong> maximum heat load required by <strong>the</strong> building (see 4.1), in kW;<br />
t h<br />
5.1.3 Storage<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> heating hours in <strong>the</strong> respective month (see 4.1).<br />
The design temperature required for <strong>the</strong> storage tank is <strong>the</strong> mean heating circuit temperature as specified in<br />
5.2. The mean part load <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tank in <strong>the</strong> heating circuit is:<br />
Qh,<br />
b + Qh,<br />
ce + Qh,d<br />
h,s =<br />
Q&<br />
h, max ⋅th<br />
β (9)
where<br />
Q h,b<br />
Q h,ce<br />
Q h,d<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly energy need in <strong>the</strong> calculation period (see 4.1), in kWh;<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
are <strong>the</strong> monthly control and emission <strong>the</strong>rmal losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating system (in <strong>the</strong> respective<br />
month) (see 4.2), in kWh;<br />
are <strong>the</strong> monthly distribution <strong>the</strong>rmal losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating system (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see<br />
4.2), in kWh;<br />
Qh, max<br />
& is <strong>the</strong> maximum heat load required by <strong>the</strong> building (see 4.1), in kW;<br />
t h<br />
5.1.4 Heat generation<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> heating hours in <strong>the</strong> respective month (see 4.1).<br />
Distribution losses Q h,d and <strong>the</strong>rmal losses from any storage tank that may be present, Q h,s , result in an<br />
increase in <strong>the</strong> mean generation part load, as a result <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong> distribution subsystem has to be fed at a<br />
higher temperature. The mean generation part load in <strong>the</strong> heating circuit is:<br />
where<br />
Qh,<br />
b + Qh,<br />
ce + Qh,d<br />
+ Qh,s<br />
h,g =<br />
Q&<br />
h, max ⋅th<br />
β (10)<br />
Q h,b<br />
Q h,ce<br />
Q h,d<br />
Q h,s<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy need in <strong>the</strong> calculation period (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 4.1), in kWh;<br />
are <strong>the</strong> heating system control and emission <strong>the</strong>rmal losses (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 4.2),<br />
in kWh;<br />
are <strong>the</strong> heating system distribution <strong>the</strong>rmal losses (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 4.2), in kWh;<br />
are <strong>the</strong> heating system storage <strong>the</strong>rmal losses (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 4.2), in kWh;<br />
Qh, max<br />
& is <strong>the</strong> maximum heat load required by <strong>the</strong> building (see 4.1), in kW;<br />
t h<br />
5.2 Temperatures<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> heating hours in <strong>the</strong> respective month (see 4.1).<br />
For automatic temperature-controlled heating circuits <strong>the</strong> following shall apply for <strong>the</strong> individual subsystems as<br />
a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean part load and <strong>the</strong> mean temperature difference under design conditions:<br />
and<br />
ϑ HK,m (β i ) = 0,5 · (ϑ VL,m (β i ) + ϑ RL,m (β i )) (11)<br />
∆ϑ HK (β i ) = ϑ VL,m (β i ) – ϑ RL,m (β i ) (12)<br />
VL, m<br />
1<br />
i<br />
( β ) ( ϑ −ϑ<br />
) ⋅ β n ϑi,<br />
h,soll<br />
ϑ = +<br />
(13)<br />
i<br />
VA<br />
i, h,soll<br />
27
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
where<br />
28<br />
RL, m<br />
1<br />
i<br />
( β ) ( ϑ −ϑ<br />
) ⋅ β n ϑi,<br />
h,soll<br />
ϑ = +<br />
(14)<br />
β i<br />
ϑ VA<br />
ϑ RA<br />
i<br />
RA<br />
i, h,soll<br />
is <strong>the</strong> mean part load in <strong>the</strong> subsystem;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> supply temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating medium under design conditions;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> return temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating medium under design conditions;<br />
n is <strong>the</strong> emitter exponent (default values: 1,33 for radiators; 1,1 for underfloor heating);<br />
ϑ i,h,soll is <strong>the</strong> room temperature during <strong>the</strong> usage time (see 4.1), in °C.<br />
The mean over-temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating medium is obtained as follows:<br />
where<br />
ϑVA<br />
+ ϑ<br />
∆ ϑ RA<br />
A =<br />
−ϑi,<br />
h,soll<br />
(15)<br />
2<br />
∆ϑ A<br />
is <strong>the</strong> mean over-temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating medium under design conditions.<br />
For constant temperature boilers with mixers, over-temperatures shall be used for distribution and control and<br />
emission, while a mean temperature <strong>of</strong> 70 °C shall be assumed for boilers without mixers.<br />
The design temperatures can be adjusted where existing <strong>buildings</strong> have been refurbished.<br />
If no new detailed design is to be carried out and <strong>the</strong> existing emitters are retained, <strong>the</strong> design temperatures<br />
from Table 5 can be roughly adjusted as a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> old and new heat load according to <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2,<br />
Annex B. In <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> intermediate values, <strong>the</strong> next higher pair <strong>of</strong> temperatures shall be selected.<br />
Old design temperatures<br />
Table 5 <strong>—</strong> Design temperatures<br />
70/55 °C<br />
Q&<br />
N, neu / Q&<br />
N, alt<br />
at new design temperatures<br />
55/45 °C 35/28 °C<br />
90/70 °C 63,8 % 40,6 % 11,3 %<br />
70/55 °C − 63,7 % 17,8 %<br />
55/45 °C − − 27,9 %<br />
The mean required (supply and return) temperatures for heat generators without a storage tank are calculated<br />
according to equation (11). If a buffer storage tank is interposed, <strong>the</strong> required temperatures shall be calculated<br />
using equation (11) unless o<strong>the</strong>r provisions are given in 6.3 or are dependent on <strong>the</strong> system (see 6.4.3.3).<br />
This temperature is assumed to be <strong>the</strong> storage temperature and <strong>the</strong> supply pipe temperature.<br />
If different heating circuits are operated, <strong>the</strong> maximum temperature is dependent on <strong>the</strong> requirement to be met<br />
by <strong>the</strong> heat generator.
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Where constant temperature boilers and biomass boilers are used, a mean temperature <strong>of</strong> 70 °C can be<br />
assumed for heat generation.<br />
Fuel conversion and solid fuel boilers shall be treated in <strong>the</strong> same way as constant temperature boilers.<br />
Return temperatures shall be taken into account when calculating efficiencies <strong>of</strong> condensing boilers.<br />
For all low temperature and condensing boilers <strong>the</strong> stand-by loss shall be related to <strong>the</strong> mean heating circuit<br />
temperature.<br />
5.3 Boiler rated output<br />
The rated output QN & <strong>of</strong> boilers to be installed in newly erected <strong>buildings</strong> is calculated as follows:<br />
Firstly, <strong>the</strong> rated output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler and <strong>the</strong> required maximum output for all connected loads (consumers)<br />
are determined. Depending on <strong>the</strong> extent to which requirements need to be met simultaneously, <strong>the</strong> boiler<br />
rated output QN & shall be determined ei<strong>the</strong>r from <strong>the</strong> largest individual output or by adding toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong><br />
simultaneous requirements according to 6.4.3. The value <strong>of</strong> QN, h<br />
& for space heating generation is obtained as<br />
follows:<br />
where<br />
QN, h<br />
& = 1,3 · h, max<br />
Q & (16)<br />
Qh, max<br />
& is <strong>the</strong> maximum heat load required by <strong>the</strong> building (see 4.1), in kW.<br />
For existing <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>the</strong> rated output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> existing heat generation system is used. If this cannot be<br />
established, <strong>the</strong>n for heat generators that have been installed before 1994, <strong>the</strong> required heat output shall be<br />
calculated according to equation (17):<br />
QN, h<br />
& = 2,5 h, max<br />
Q & in kW (17)<br />
The maximum generator output required by a building or building zone for space heating, central domestic<br />
water heating, residential ventilation and air conditioning is <strong>the</strong> sum <strong>of</strong> all outputs that are required<br />
simultaneously ( ∑QN, gleichzeitig)<br />
& , or from <strong>the</strong> largest output in prioritized operation ( QVorrang ) & :<br />
&<br />
N max( Q&<br />
N, gleichzeitig,<br />
Q&<br />
∑<br />
Vorrang )<br />
Q<br />
5.4 Times<br />
= (18)<br />
5.4.1 Running times<br />
If in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2 night-time or weekend set-back or switch-<strong>of</strong>f has been taken into account, this shall also<br />
be included when considering <strong>the</strong> heating system. Boost operation is taken into account in <strong>the</strong> time data given<br />
in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-10.<br />
Design running time <strong>of</strong> a heating system<br />
The design running time shall be used for determining <strong>the</strong>rmal losses from distribution piping and, where<br />
applicable, a heat generator. It takes into account both <strong>the</strong> reduced running time as a result <strong>of</strong> night-time or<br />
weekend set-back or switch-<strong>of</strong>f and also <strong>the</strong> set-back temperatures and, alternatively, continuous operation.<br />
29
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Daily design heating running time<br />
where<br />
30<br />
t = − f ⋅ ( 24 − t )<br />
(19)<br />
h, rL, T<br />
t h,rL,T<br />
f L,NA<br />
t h,op<br />
24 L, NA h, op<br />
is <strong>the</strong> daily design running time, in h;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> running time factor for night-time set-back or switch-<strong>of</strong>f;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> daily heating time, in h.<br />
The running time factor taking into account night-time set-back or switch-<strong>of</strong>f, f L,NA is as follows:<br />
⎯ for continuous night-time operation: f L,NA = 0;<br />
⎯ for night-time switch-<strong>of</strong>f: f L,NA = 1;<br />
⎯ for night-time set-back:<br />
where<br />
ϑNA,<br />
Grenz − ϑe<br />
f L, NA = 1−<br />
with f L, NA ≤ 1<br />
(20)<br />
ϑNA,<br />
Grenz − ϑe,<br />
min<br />
ϑ NA,Grenz<br />
ϑ e<br />
ϑ e,min<br />
Monthly design operating days<br />
where<br />
is <strong>the</strong> night-time set-back temperature limit <strong>of</strong> 10 °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly average outdoor temperature (see 4.1), in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> daily mean design temperature (see 4.1), in °C.<br />
365 − fL,WA<br />
⋅ ( 365 − dNutz,<br />
a ) th<br />
d h, rB = dmth<br />
⋅<br />
⋅<br />
(21)<br />
365<br />
d ⋅ 24<br />
d h,rB<br />
d mth<br />
f L,WA<br />
d Nutz,a<br />
t h<br />
is <strong>the</strong> design number <strong>of</strong> operating days in <strong>the</strong> respective month;<br />
mth<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> days in <strong>the</strong> respective month (see 4.1);<br />
is <strong>the</strong> factor taking into account weekend set-back or switch-<strong>of</strong>f;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> annual usage time (see 4.1), in d;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> heating hours in <strong>the</strong> respective month (see 4.1), in h.<br />
The running time factor taking into account weekend set-back or switch-<strong>of</strong>f, f L,WA is as follows:<br />
⎯ for continuous operation over <strong>the</strong> weekend: f L,WA = 0;
⎯ for weekend switch-<strong>of</strong>f: f L,WA = 1;<br />
⎯ for weekend set-back:<br />
where<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
ϑWA,<br />
Grenz − ϑe<br />
f L,WA = 1−<br />
with f L,WA ≤ 1<br />
(22)<br />
ϑWA,<br />
Grenz − ϑe,<br />
min<br />
ϑ WA,Grenz<br />
ϑ e<br />
ϑ e,min<br />
is <strong>the</strong> weekend set-back temperature limit <strong>of</strong> 15 °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly average outdoor temperature (see 4.1), in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> daily mean design temperature (see 4.1), in °C.<br />
Monthly design heating running time<br />
where<br />
t = t ⋅ d<br />
(23)<br />
h, rL<br />
t h,rL<br />
t h,rL,T<br />
d h,rB<br />
h, rL, T<br />
h, rB<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly design running time, in h;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> daily design running time, in h;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly design number <strong>of</strong> operating days.<br />
If different heating circuits are operated differently, or if o<strong>the</strong>r loads in addition to <strong>the</strong> heating system are<br />
connected to a heat generator or to a distribution (e.g. a chiller or air handling unit) <strong>the</strong>n accordingly <strong>the</strong><br />
longest operating time shall be taken into account for <strong>the</strong> heat generators. Domestic water heating is dealt<br />
with in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-8.<br />
The number <strong>of</strong> heating days in <strong>the</strong> respective month is given by<br />
where<br />
th<br />
d h, mth = (24)<br />
24<br />
t h<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> heating hours in <strong>the</strong> respective month.<br />
The monthly number <strong>of</strong> usage days is given by<br />
where<br />
dNutz,<br />
a<br />
dNutz, mth ⋅ dmth<br />
365<br />
d Nutz,a<br />
d mth<br />
= (25)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> annual usage time, in d;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> days in <strong>the</strong> respective month.<br />
31
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
5.4.2 Distribution <strong>of</strong> annual values over individual months<br />
The energy use <strong>of</strong> components (e.g. for circulation pumps) can take <strong>the</strong> form <strong>of</strong> an annual mean if this is not<br />
needed in <strong>the</strong> balance for individual zones according to <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2.<br />
If <strong>the</strong> energy use in <strong>the</strong> zone is to be balanced monthly, <strong>the</strong> annual values shall be converted by means <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
following equation.<br />
32<br />
Wh,<br />
d, e, M<br />
=<br />
Wh,<br />
d, e, a<br />
βh,<br />
d, M ⋅ tNutz,<br />
mth<br />
h, d, a ⋅ th,<br />
op ⋅ dNutz,<br />
a<br />
β<br />
6 Determination <strong>of</strong> energy expenditure<br />
The energy need from 6.4 shall be used as <strong>the</strong> input parameter for calculation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> characteristic values<br />
relating to <strong>the</strong> heating system.<br />
If <strong>the</strong>re are additional requirements from ano<strong>the</strong>r part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series (e.g. for HVAC systems<br />
according to <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7) this is also to be considered taking into account <strong>the</strong> required temperature,<br />
compared with that <strong>of</strong> conventional heating systems (provided it is higher). The different subsystems shall be<br />
analysed according to <strong>the</strong>ir usage, in <strong>the</strong> same way as for <strong>the</strong> heating system.<br />
6.1 Heat control and emission<br />
In <strong>the</strong> following, <strong>the</strong> energy characteristics required to determine <strong>the</strong> losses associated with <strong>the</strong> transfer <strong>of</strong><br />
heat to <strong>the</strong> room are specified.<br />
Q h,ce is calculated for each month according to equation (27).<br />
Q<br />
where<br />
h, ce<br />
Q h,ce<br />
Q h,b<br />
f hydr<br />
f int<br />
⎛ f<br />
= ⎜<br />
⎝<br />
Radiant<br />
η<br />
f<br />
int<br />
h, ce<br />
f<br />
hydr<br />
⎞<br />
− 1⎟Q ⎟<br />
⎠<br />
h, b<br />
is <strong>the</strong> additional loss due to control and emission (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy need (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 4.1), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> factor to account for hydraulic balance, currently equal to 1;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> factor to account for intermittent operation (intermittent operation is understood to be <strong>the</strong><br />
option <strong>of</strong> reducing <strong>the</strong> temperature in individual rooms at certain times);<br />
f Radiant is <strong>the</strong> factor to account for <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> radiation (only relevant when heating large indoor spaces<br />
where h > 4 m);<br />
η h,ce<br />
is <strong>the</strong> overall <strong>efficiency</strong> for heat emission in <strong>the</strong> room.<br />
f int and f Radiant shall be set at 1, unless described in more detail in <strong>the</strong> following clauses.<br />
(26)<br />
(27)
The overall <strong>efficiency</strong> η h,ce is generally calculated as follows:<br />
where<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
1<br />
ηh,<br />
ce = (28)<br />
( 4 − ( ηL<br />
+ ηC<br />
+ ηB<br />
))<br />
η L is <strong>the</strong> partial <strong>efficiency</strong> for a vertical air temperature pr<strong>of</strong>ile;<br />
η C is <strong>the</strong> partial <strong>efficiency</strong> for room temperature control;<br />
η B is <strong>the</strong> partial <strong>efficiency</strong> for specific <strong>the</strong>rmal losses via external components.<br />
In some cases a breakdown <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> is not required. The annual expenditure for heat emission in <strong>the</strong><br />
space is calculated as<br />
where<br />
∑<br />
h, ce, a = Q h, ce<br />
Q (29)<br />
Q h,ce,a is <strong>the</strong> annual heat loss due to control and emission, in kWh;<br />
Q h,ce<br />
is <strong>the</strong> heat loss due to control and emission (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) according to equation (27),<br />
in kWh.<br />
The partial and <strong>the</strong> overall <strong>efficiency</strong> given in <strong>the</strong> following tables are based on <strong>the</strong> following assumptions:<br />
⎯ standard room heights h ≤ 4m (with <strong>the</strong> exception <strong>of</strong> large indoor spaces where h > 4 m);<br />
⎯ residential and non-residential <strong>buildings</strong>;<br />
⎯ different levels <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal insulation;<br />
⎯ continuous operating mode (intermittent operation in excess <strong>of</strong> that specified in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2 is<br />
accounted for by <strong>the</strong> factor f int );<br />
⎯ reference is to one room in each case.<br />
System solutions not covered in this clause<br />
⎯ are dealt with in 6.4<br />
NOTE The systems dealt with here are mainly heating equipment or individual fireplaces in which a differentiation<br />
between heat generation and heat control and emission is not appropriate.<br />
or<br />
⎯ shall be interpolated or adjusted in a suitable manner.<br />
6.1.1 Efficiencies for free emitters (radiators); room heights ≤ 4 m<br />
Table 6 specifies <strong>the</strong> efficiencies for free emitters.<br />
33
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Room temperature<br />
control<br />
Over-temperature<br />
(reference ϑ i =<br />
20 °C)<br />
Specific <strong>the</strong>rmal<br />
losses via external<br />
components<br />
(GF = glazing<br />
surfaces)<br />
34<br />
Table 6 <strong>—</strong> Efficiencies for free emitters (radiators); room heights ≤ 4 m<br />
Parameters<br />
Efficiencies<br />
η L η C η B<br />
Uncontrolled, with central supply temperature control 0,80<br />
Master space 0,88<br />
P controller (2 K) 0,93<br />
P controller (1 K) 0,95<br />
PI controller 0,97<br />
PI controller (with optimum tuning function, e.g. presence<br />
management, adaptive controller)<br />
0,99<br />
ηL1 ηL2 60 K (e.g. 90/70) 0,88<br />
42,5 K (e.g. 70/55) 0,93<br />
30 K (e.g. 55/45) 0,95<br />
Radiator located on internal wall<br />
Radiator located on external wall<br />
0,87 1<br />
<strong>—</strong> glazing surface (GF) without radiation protection 0,83 1<br />
<strong>—</strong> glazing surface (GF) with radiation protectiona 0,88 1<br />
<strong>—</strong> normal external wall 0,95 1<br />
a Radiation protection must prevent 80 % <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> radiation losses from <strong>the</strong> radiator to <strong>the</strong> glazing surface by means <strong>of</strong> insulation<br />
and/or reflection.<br />
The overall <strong>efficiency</strong> η h,ce is obtained by means <strong>of</strong> equation (28).<br />
For η L a mean value shall be calculated from <strong>the</strong> data for <strong>the</strong> main parameters “over-temperature” and<br />
”specific <strong>the</strong>rmal losses via external components”.<br />
η L = (η L1 +η L2 )/2 (30)<br />
EXAMPLE Radiator on external wall; over-temperature 42,5 K; P controller (2 K)<br />
η L = (η L1 + η L2 )/2 = (0,93 + 0,95)/2 = 0,94<br />
η C = 0,93<br />
η B = 1<br />
η h,ce = 1/(4 – (0,94 + 0,93 + 1)) = 0,88<br />
Factor to account for intermittent operation: f int = 0,97<br />
NOTE For continuous operation f int is given a value <strong>of</strong> 1.<br />
Factor to account for <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> radiation: f Radiant = 1,0
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
6.1.2 Efficiencies for water based embedded systems (surface heating); room heights ≤ 4 m<br />
Table 7 specifies <strong>the</strong> efficiencies for water based embedded systems (surface heating) for room heights<br />
≤ 4 m.<br />
Table 7 <strong>—</strong> Efficiencies for water based embedded systems (surface heating); room heights ≤ 4 m<br />
Room<br />
temperature<br />
control<br />
System<br />
Specific <strong>the</strong>rmal<br />
losses via laying<br />
surfaces<br />
Parameters<br />
Part efficiencies<br />
η L η C η B<br />
Water as heat transfer medium<br />
<strong>—</strong> uncontrolled 0,75<br />
<strong>—</strong> uncontrolled, with central supply temperature control 0,78<br />
<strong>—</strong> uncontrolled, with mean value (ϑ V –ϑ R ) 0,83<br />
<strong>—</strong> master space 0,88<br />
<strong>—</strong> two-step controller/P controller 0,93<br />
<strong>—</strong> PI controller 0,95<br />
Electric heating<br />
<strong>—</strong> two-step controller 0,91<br />
<strong>—</strong> PI controller 0,93<br />
Underfloor heating η B1 η B2<br />
<strong>—</strong> wet system 1 0,93<br />
<strong>—</strong> dry system 1 0,96<br />
<strong>—</strong> dry system with thin cover 1 0,98<br />
Wall heating 0,96 0,93<br />
Ceiling heating 0,93 0,93<br />
Underfloor heating without minimum insulation to<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 1264<br />
Underfloor heating with minimum insulation to <strong>DIN</strong> EN 1264 0,95<br />
Underfloor heating with 100 % better insulation than<br />
required by <strong>DIN</strong> EN 1264<br />
The overall <strong>efficiency</strong> η h,ce shall be determined using equation (28).<br />
For η B , a mean value shall be calculated from <strong>the</strong> data for <strong>the</strong> parameters “system” and “specific <strong>the</strong>rmal<br />
losses via laying surfaces”.<br />
η B = (η B1 + η B2 )/2 (31)<br />
EXAMPLE Underfloor heating – wet system (water); two-step controller; underfloor heating with a high level <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>rmal insulation<br />
η L = 1,0<br />
η C = 0,93<br />
η B = (η B1 + η B2 )/2= (0,93 + 0,95)/2 = 0,94<br />
η h,ce = 1/(4 – (1,0 + 0,93 + 0,94)) = 0,88<br />
0,86<br />
0,99<br />
35
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Factor to account for intermittent operation: f int = 0,98<br />
NOTE For continuous operation f int is given a value <strong>of</strong> 1.<br />
Factor to account for <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> radiation: f Radiant = 1,0<br />
6.1.3 Efficiencies for electric heating; room heights ≤ 4 m<br />
Table 8 specifies <strong>the</strong> efficiencies for electric heating for room heights ≤ 4 m.<br />
At external wall<br />
At internal wall<br />
36<br />
Table 8 <strong>—</strong> Efficiencies for electric heating; room heights ≤ 4 m<br />
Parameters<br />
Overall <strong>efficiency</strong><br />
η h,ce<br />
P controller (1 K) for direct electric heating 0,91<br />
PI controller (with optimum tuning) for direct electric heating 0,94<br />
Storage heating uncontrolled without outdoor-temperature-dependent charging<br />
and static/dynamic discharging<br />
Storage heating P controller (1 K) with outdoor-temperature-dependent charging<br />
and static/dynamic discharging<br />
Storage heating PID controller (with optimum tuning) with outdoor-temperaturedependent<br />
charging and static and continuous dynamic discharging<br />
P controller (1 K) for direct electric heating 0,88<br />
PI controller (with optimum tuning) for direct electric heating 0,91<br />
Storage heating, uncontrolled without outdoor-temperature-dependent charging<br />
and static/dynamic discharging<br />
Storage heating P controller (1 K) with outdoor-temperature-dependent charging<br />
and static/dynamic discharging<br />
Storage heating PID controller (with optimum tuning) with outdoor-temperaturedependent<br />
charging and static and continuous dynamic discharging<br />
Factor to account for intermittent operation: f int = 0,97 (to be used for electric heating systems with<br />
integrated backward charging)<br />
NOTE For continuous operation f int is given a value <strong>of</strong> 1.<br />
Factor to account for <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> radiation: f Radiant = 1,0<br />
6.1.4 Efficiencies for air heating/residential ventilation; room heights ≤ 4 m<br />
Residential ventilation systems are systems that supply and/or extract air, supplying residential <strong>buildings</strong> with<br />
outdoor air, possibly combined with heat recovery and air handling.<br />
Efficiencies η h,ce for air heating and residential ventilation are described in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-6.<br />
0,78<br />
0,88<br />
0,91<br />
0,75<br />
0,85<br />
0,88
6.1.5 Efficiencies for air heating (HVAC systems); (room heights ≤ 4 m)<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Table 9 specifies <strong>the</strong> efficiencies η h,ce for air heating (non-residential HVAC systems) for room heights ≤ 4 m.<br />
Table 9 <strong>—</strong> Efficiencies for air heating (HVAC systems) for room heights ≤ 4 m<br />
System configuration Control parameter<br />
Supply air back-up<br />
heating (additional<br />
heater)<br />
Recirculation air heating<br />
(induction terminal units,<br />
fan convectors)<br />
Low quality <strong>of</strong> control<br />
η h,ce<br />
High quality <strong>of</strong><br />
control<br />
Room temperature 0,82 0,87<br />
Room temperature (cascade control<br />
<strong>of</strong> supply air temperature)<br />
0,88 0,90<br />
Extract air temperature 0,81 0,85<br />
Room temperature 0,89 0,93<br />
The auxiliary energy for recirculation air heating shall be taken from Table 9. The data for residential<br />
ventilation systems from <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-6 can be used as <strong>the</strong> values for ventilation systems with a partial<br />
heating function.<br />
6.1.6 Efficiencies for rooms with heights ≥ 4 m (large indoor spaces)<br />
Efficiencies for rooms with heights from 4 m to 10 m are specified in Table 10.<br />
37
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Space<br />
temp.<br />
control<br />
Heating<br />
systems<br />
38<br />
Table 10 <strong>—</strong> Efficiencies for rooms with heights from 4 m to 10 m<br />
Parameters<br />
Part efficiencies<br />
ηL 4 m 6 m 8 m 10 m<br />
Uncontrolled 0,80<br />
Two-step controller 0,93<br />
P controller (2 K) 0,93<br />
P controller (1 K) 0,95<br />
PI controller 0,97<br />
PI controller with optimum tuning 0,99<br />
Warm air heating Air outlet at <strong>the</strong> side 0,98 0,94 0,88 0,83 1<br />
Air distribution with normal induction<br />
ratio<br />
Air outlet above 0,99 0,96 0,91 0,87 1<br />
Warm air heating Air outlet at <strong>the</strong> side 0,99 0,97 0,94 0,91 1<br />
Air distribution with controlled vertical<br />
recirculation<br />
Air outlet above 0,99 0,98 0,96 0,93 1<br />
Ceiling mounted radiant panels 1,00 0,99 0,97 0,96 1<br />
Radiant tube heaters 1,00 0,99 0,97 0,96 1<br />
Luminous radiant heaters 1,00 0,99 0,97 0,96 1<br />
Underfloor heating (with a high level <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>rmal insulation)<br />
1,00 0,99 0,97 0,96<br />
Integrated floor heating 0,95<br />
Thermally decoupled<br />
underfloor heating<br />
Evaluation <strong>of</strong> heating systems for large indoor spaces with radiators (existing <strong>buildings</strong>):<br />
Assumptions shall be based on warm air heating with a normal induction ratio and side air outlet.<br />
Warm air heating systems with high air distribution induction ratio:<br />
Characteristic values shall be determined by calculating <strong>the</strong> arithmetic mean <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> values <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> systems with<br />
air outlets at <strong>the</strong> side and above.<br />
When ceiling mounted radiant panels are used in rooms with a height <strong>of</strong> less than 4 m, <strong>the</strong> overall <strong>efficiency</strong><br />
η h,ce for a room height <strong>of</strong> 4 m shall be used. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>the</strong> factor f Radiant is equal to 1.<br />
The overall <strong>efficiency</strong> η h,ce is determined using equation (28).<br />
EXAMPLE Room height 8 m, warm air heating with air outlet above, P controller (1 K)<br />
ηL = 0,91<br />
ηC = 0,95<br />
ηB = 1<br />
ηges = 1/(4 – (0,91 + 0,95 + 1)) = 0,88<br />
η C<br />
η B<br />
1
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Factor to account for <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> radiation: f Radiant = 0,85 for ceiling mounted radiant panels, luminous<br />
radiant heaters, radiant tube heaters and underfloor heating.<br />
The efficiencies <strong>of</strong> heating systems in large indoor spaces and <strong>the</strong> factor f Radiant are mean values based on a<br />
heating system and product typology, which can also be used as a basis for approximations <strong>of</strong> deviating<br />
configurations.<br />
6.1.7 Efficiencies for rooms with heights > 10 m<br />
Table 11 specifies efficiencies for room heights > 10 m.<br />
Space<br />
temp.<br />
control<br />
Heating<br />
systems<br />
Table 11 <strong>—</strong> Efficiencies for rooms with heights > 10 m<br />
Parameters<br />
Part efficiencies<br />
η L<br />
12 m 15 m 20 m<br />
Uncontrolled 0,80<br />
Two-step controller 0,93<br />
P controller (2 K) 0,93<br />
P controller (1 K) 0,95<br />
PI controller 0,97<br />
PI controller with optimum tuning 0,99<br />
Warm air heating Air outlet at <strong>the</strong> side 0,78 0,72 0,63 1<br />
Air distribution with normal induction ratio Air outlet above 0,84 0,78 0,71 1<br />
Warm air heating Air outlet at <strong>the</strong> side 0,88 0,84 0,77 1<br />
Air distribution with controlled vertical<br />
recirculation<br />
Air outlet above 0,91 0,88 0,83 1<br />
Ceiling mounted radiant panels 0,94 0,92 0,89 1<br />
Radiant tube heaters 0,94 0,92 0,89 1<br />
Luminous radiant heaters 0,94 0,92 0,89 1<br />
Underfloor heating (with a high level <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>rmal insulation)<br />
Warm air heating systems with high air distribution induction ratio:<br />
0,94 0,92 0,89<br />
Integrated floor heating 0,95<br />
Thermally decoupled<br />
underfloor heating<br />
1<br />
The characteristic values shall be determined by calculating <strong>the</strong> arithmetic mean <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> values <strong>of</strong> systems with<br />
an air outlet at <strong>the</strong> side and above.<br />
The overall <strong>efficiency</strong> η h,ce is calculated using equation (28).<br />
EXAMPLE Room height 12 m, radiant tube heaters, P controller (2 K)<br />
η L = 0,94<br />
η C = 0,93<br />
η C<br />
η B<br />
39
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
40<br />
η B = 1<br />
η ges = 1/(4 –(0,94 + 0,93 + 1)) = 0,88<br />
Factor to account for <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> radiation: f Radiant = 0,85 for ceiling mounted radiant panels, luminous<br />
radiant heaters, radiant tube heaters and underfloor heating.<br />
The characteristic values <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> efficiencies <strong>of</strong> heating systems in large indoor spaces and <strong>the</strong> factor f Radiant<br />
are mean values for <strong>the</strong> heating systems and product types, which can also be used as a basis for<br />
approximation <strong>of</strong> deviating configurations.<br />
6.1.8 Auxiliary energy Q h,ce,aux<br />
The auxiliary energy that is used to improve heat transfer processes in <strong>the</strong> room and is not dealt with in 6.1.2<br />
and 6.1.4 is calculated according to equation (32).<br />
where<br />
Q h, ce, aux QC<br />
+ QV,<br />
P<br />
Q h,ce,aux<br />
Q C<br />
Q V,P<br />
= (32)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> control system (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> fans and additional pumps (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh.<br />
The individual fractions Q C and Q V,P shall be determined using equations (33) and (34) respectively.<br />
where<br />
PC<br />
⋅ dmth<br />
⋅ 24<br />
Q C =<br />
(33)<br />
1000<br />
( P ⋅ n + P ⋅ n )<br />
V V P P ⋅ th,<br />
rL<br />
QV,<br />
P = (34)<br />
1 000<br />
P C<br />
d mth<br />
n V<br />
n P<br />
P V<br />
P P<br />
is <strong>the</strong> electrical rated power consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> control system with auxiliary energy (from<br />
Table 12 or product data), in W;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> days in <strong>the</strong> respective month (see 4.1);<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> fan units;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> additional pumps;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> electrical rated power consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fans (from Table 13 or product data), in W;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> electrical power consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pump from manufacturer’s data, in W<br />
or<br />
[ ] 08 , 0 &<br />
P<br />
50 ⋅ QLH<br />
= (35)
where<br />
QLH & is <strong>the</strong> electrical rated power consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating coil, in kW;<br />
t h,rL<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly design running time (see 5.4.1), in h.<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
The electrical rated power consumption <strong>of</strong> an additional pump can only be used in <strong>the</strong> calculations if <strong>the</strong><br />
hydraulic circuit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating coil requires an additional pump (e.g. an injection circuit), which is not already<br />
taken into account in <strong>the</strong> heat distribution.<br />
The operating time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fan and/or pump is assumed to be equal to <strong>the</strong> operating time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating system.<br />
Control with auxiliary<br />
energy P C<br />
Table 12 <strong>—</strong> Default values for auxiliary energy for <strong>the</strong> control system<br />
Parameters<br />
Power<br />
W<br />
Electrical control with electromotoric actuation 0,1 (per drive)<br />
Electrical control with electro<strong>the</strong>rmal actuation 1,0 (per drive)<br />
Electrical control with electromagnetic actuation 1,0 (per drive)<br />
Table 13 <strong>—</strong> Default values for <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> fans for air supply in rooms where h ≤ 4 m<br />
Fan P V<br />
Parameters<br />
Power<br />
W<br />
Fan convector 10<br />
Fan convector for direct electric heating 10<br />
Storage heating with dynamic discharge 12<br />
Storage heating with continuous dynamic discharge 12<br />
Auxiliary energy in large indoor spaces (h > 4 m) – systems with direct heating<br />
Most notably in large indoor spaces, heaters are used whose functions cannot be easily divided into <strong>the</strong><br />
subsystems heat generation and heat control and emission, and which are installed in <strong>the</strong> space in which <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are used. Examples <strong>of</strong> such heaters are gas and infrared radiators. The total auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
systems is credited to <strong>the</strong> heat requirement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> space in which <strong>the</strong> heaters are installed (see top <strong>of</strong><br />
Table 14).<br />
Q<br />
h, ce, aux<br />
Ph,<br />
aux ⋅ th,<br />
rL<br />
= (36)<br />
1 000<br />
Auxiliary energy in large indoor spaces (h > 4 m) – systems without direct heating<br />
Where heating systems used in large indoor spaces have a central heat generator and a separate unit for<br />
emission <strong>of</strong> heat into <strong>the</strong> space in which it is required, only <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy for <strong>the</strong> heat emission <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se<br />
systems is credited to <strong>the</strong> heat requirement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> space (see bottom <strong>of</strong> Table 14).<br />
Q<br />
h, ce, aux<br />
Ph,<br />
ce, aux ⋅ th,<br />
rL<br />
= (37)<br />
1 000<br />
41
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
In equations (36) and (37)<br />
42<br />
Q h,ce,aux is <strong>the</strong> monthly auxiliary energy (heat emission and, if necessary, heat generation according to<br />
equation (36)), in kWh;<br />
P h,aux<br />
is <strong>the</strong> rated power consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> equipment from Table 14 or manufacturer’s data (heat<br />
generation and heat emission), in W;<br />
P h,ce,aux is <strong>the</strong> rated power consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> equipment from Table 14 or manufacturer’s data (heat<br />
emission), in W;<br />
t h,rL<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly design running time (see 5.4.1), in h.<br />
The operating time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fan including <strong>the</strong> control system is assumed to be equal to <strong>the</strong> operating time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
heating system.<br />
Table 14 specifies <strong>the</strong> default values for <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> fans and for <strong>the</strong> control system in rooms where<br />
h > 4 m (large indoor spaces).<br />
Table 14 <strong>—</strong> Default values for <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> fans and for <strong>the</strong> control system in rooms h > 4 m<br />
in height (large indoor spaces)<br />
Ph,aux Direct fired heat generators<br />
(installed in <strong>the</strong> space <strong>the</strong>y heat)<br />
Ph,ce,aux Heat control and<br />
emission system:<br />
air heating<br />
Luminous radiant heaters<br />
(control and regulation)<br />
Parameters<br />
Radiant tube heaters up to 50 kW<br />
(control, regulation and fan for combustion air distribution)<br />
Radiant tube heaters above 50 kW<br />
(control, regulation and fan for combustion air distribution)<br />
Warm air generator with atmospheric burner and recirculation air axial fan<br />
(control, regulation and fan for combustion air distribution)<br />
Warm air generator with fan-assisted burner and recirculation air radial fan<br />
(control, regulation and fan for combustion air distribution, fan for warm air<br />
distribution)<br />
Heating coil installed in room it heats (room height < 8 m)<br />
(central heat generator with indirect-fired heating coil)<br />
Heating coil installed in room it heats (room height > 8 m)<br />
(central heat generator with indirect-fired heating coil)<br />
Vertical recirculation fan (room height < 8 m)<br />
Vertical recirculation fan (room height > 8 m)<br />
Power<br />
W<br />
25 (per unit)<br />
80 (per unit)<br />
100 (per unit)<br />
0,014 · Q h,b<br />
0,022 · Q h,b<br />
0,012 · Q h,b<br />
0,016 · Q h,b<br />
0,002 · Q h,b<br />
0,013 · Q h,b<br />
NOTE The power requirements specified in Table 14 are mean values. Characteristic values for auxiliary energy heat<br />
generators are only introduced if not taken into account in 6.4.3.4.<br />
Q h,b shall be determined as specified in 4.1.<br />
The annual expenditure is determined according to equation (29).
6.2 Heat distribution Q h,d – central hot water heating pipe system<br />
Heat loss from central hot water heating piping<br />
The following general equation applies for losses from piping:<br />
where<br />
( HK, m − ϑi<br />
) ⋅ Li<br />
th,<br />
rL, i<br />
Qh, d = ∑ U i ⋅<br />
⋅<br />
U i<br />
ϑ HK,m<br />
ϑ i<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
ϑ (38)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> linear heat transfer coefficient, in W/m · K;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> mean heating medium temperature from 5.4, in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> ambient temperature (see 4.1 or Table 15), in °C;<br />
L is <strong>the</strong> length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> piping, in m;<br />
t h,rL<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly design running time (see 5.4.1), in h.<br />
If, for a HVAC system, a heating coil is provided with heat by <strong>the</strong> heating system, <strong>the</strong> mean heating medium<br />
temperature ϑ h* and <strong>the</strong> operating time th*,op for <strong>the</strong> distribution system shall be taken from 4.1.<br />
If an absorption chiller is provided with heat by <strong>the</strong> heating system, <strong>the</strong> mean heating medium temperature<br />
ϑ r, Nutz and <strong>the</strong> operating time tc,op for <strong>the</strong> distribution system shall be taken from 4.1.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> zones through which <strong>the</strong> pipes pass, <strong>the</strong> loss corresponds to <strong>the</strong> uncontrolled heat gains:<br />
where<br />
i i Q QI, h,<br />
d, = h, d,<br />
(39)<br />
Q I,h,d<br />
Q h,d<br />
are <strong>the</strong> uncontrolled losses to <strong>the</strong> zone via <strong>the</strong> heating distribution system (in <strong>the</strong> respective<br />
month), in kWh<br />
is <strong>the</strong> heat output from distribution piping (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh.<br />
The value shall be summated with <strong>the</strong> values for <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r zones and used in <strong>the</strong> ensuing calculations<br />
according to <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2.<br />
Boundary conditions for default values<br />
If no detailed heating piping layout plan is available, <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal losses can be approximated using <strong>the</strong> values<br />
in Table 15. It is assumed that average piping comprises three different zones: V, S and A: Zone V is <strong>the</strong><br />
horizontal distribution <strong>of</strong> heat from <strong>the</strong> generator to <strong>the</strong> main supply pipes, zone S comprises <strong>the</strong> vertical main<br />
supply pipes (if necessary up to <strong>the</strong> local distribution system for each dwelling) and zone A comprises <strong>the</strong><br />
branching pipes (that can be sealed <strong>of</strong>f) to <strong>the</strong> radiators within <strong>the</strong> dwelling.<br />
Length <strong>of</strong> piping for hot water heating pipe systems (see Figure 4)<br />
L V Pipe section between heat generator and main supply pipes. This (horizontal) pipework can be located in<br />
<strong>the</strong> unheated area (such as a basement or attic) or in <strong>the</strong> heated area (such as in <strong>the</strong> screed);<br />
43
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
L S main supply pipes (vertical and, in some cases, horizontal). These pipes are located in <strong>the</strong> heated area,<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r in <strong>the</strong> external walls (external distribution) or mainly in <strong>the</strong> interior <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building (internal<br />
distribution). Continuous circulation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating medium;<br />
L A branching pipes: pipes that can be sealed <strong>of</strong>f in <strong>the</strong> heated area. Connection between <strong>the</strong> circulating pipe<br />
sections and <strong>the</strong> radiators.<br />
44<br />
Figure 4 <strong>—</strong> Designation <strong>of</strong> pipes in hot water heating pipe systems<br />
Table 15 <strong>—</strong> Default values<br />
Parameter Symbol Unit Zone V Zone S Zone A<br />
Ambient temperature ϑ i °C from <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2<br />
Ambient temperature<br />
outside <strong>the</strong> heating<br />
season (if no values are<br />
calculated from<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2)<br />
Ambient temperature in<br />
<strong>the</strong> heating season (if<br />
no values are<br />
calculated from<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2)<br />
Length <strong>of</strong> external main<br />
supply pipe sections<br />
Length <strong>of</strong> internal main<br />
supply pipe sections<br />
Length <strong>of</strong> internal main<br />
supply pipe sections<br />
Building/zone data are taken from <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> above table<br />
ϑ i °C 22 °C<br />
ϑ i<br />
°C<br />
13 °C in <strong>the</strong> unheated zone<br />
and 20 °C in <strong>the</strong> heated<br />
zone<br />
Two-pipe heating<br />
20 °C in <strong>the</strong> heated zone<br />
L m 2 · LG + 0,016 25 · LG · B2 G 0,025 · LG · BG · hG · nG 0,55 · LG · BG · nG L m 2 · LG + 0,032 5 · LG · BG + 6 0,025 · LG · BG · hG · nG 0,55 · LG · BG · nG One-pipe heating<br />
L m 2 · L G + 0,032 5 · L G · B G + 6 0,025 · L G · B G · h G · n G +<br />
2 · (L G + B G ) · n G<br />
L G is <strong>the</strong> largest extended length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building (see 4.1), in m;<br />
B G is <strong>the</strong> largest extended width <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building (see 4.1), in m;<br />
0,1 · L G · B G · n G
n G is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> heated storeys (see 4.1);<br />
h G is <strong>the</strong> height <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storeys, in m (see 4.1).<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
If a building is not rectangular in shape, <strong>the</strong> pipe lengths to be used in <strong>the</strong> calculations shall be determined by<br />
dividing <strong>the</strong> building into rectangles, adding toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> lengths <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> individual rectangles and taking <strong>the</strong>ir<br />
mean width. The values thus calculated shall be inserted in <strong>the</strong> formulae in Table 15.<br />
Heat supply piping for air handling units<br />
Lengths <strong>of</strong> pipework used for <strong>the</strong> heating <strong>of</strong> decentralized air handling units shall be calculated in <strong>the</strong> same<br />
way as for hot water heating systems. For central air handling units, <strong>the</strong> length <strong>of</strong> piping shall be specified to<br />
suit <strong>the</strong> location.<br />
Determining <strong>the</strong> length <strong>of</strong> piping in <strong>buildings</strong> extending over more than one zone<br />
If a building comprises a number <strong>of</strong> zones (see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2), <strong>the</strong>n for simplification <strong>the</strong> length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
branching and main supply pipes is determined from <strong>the</strong> geometrical dimensions <strong>of</strong> each zone. The lengths <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> distribution pipes are determined from <strong>the</strong> geometrical dimensions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building as a whole.<br />
Alternatively, <strong>the</strong> distribution system can be calculated for <strong>the</strong> whole building and <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal losses assigned<br />
to <strong>the</strong> zones proportionately to <strong>the</strong>ir areas.<br />
Age class <strong>of</strong> building<br />
Table 16 <strong>—</strong> Assumptions for heat transfer coefficients U i in W/(m · K)<br />
Distribution External main supply pipes Internal main supply pipes<br />
V S A S A<br />
From 1995 0,200 0,255 0,255 0,255 0,255<br />
1980 to 1995 0,200 0,400 0,400 0,300 0,400<br />
Up to 1980 0,400 0,400 0,400 0,400 0,400<br />
Non-insulated piping<br />
A NGF ≤ 200 m 2 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000<br />
200 < A NGF ≤ 500 m 2 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000<br />
A NGF > 500 m 2 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000<br />
Located in external wall<br />
(EW)<br />
total/usable a<br />
EW, non-insulated 1,35/0,80<br />
EW, externally insulated 1,00/0,90<br />
EW (U = 0,4 W/(m 2 · K)) 0,75/0,55<br />
a Total = total heat output; usable = output <strong>of</strong> heat that is usable in <strong>the</strong> space.<br />
6.2.1 Auxiliary energy for central hot water heating pipe system<br />
Auxiliary energy expenditure for circulation<br />
The auxiliary energy expenditure required to operate heating circulation pumps is calculated on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> hydraulic requirement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> distribution system and an expenditure factor describing <strong>the</strong> operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
pump.<br />
45
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
where<br />
46<br />
Qh, d, aux Wh,<br />
d, hydr ⋅ eh,<br />
d, aux<br />
Q h,d,aux<br />
W h,d,hydr<br />
e h,d,aux<br />
= (40)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy expenditure (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> hydraulic energy requirement (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> expenditure factor for operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump.<br />
For intermittent operation <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy shall be obtained from equation (47).<br />
Hydraulic energy requirement<br />
The hydraulic energy requirement <strong>of</strong> heating distribution is obtained from <strong>the</strong> hydraulic power at <strong>the</strong> design<br />
point (P hydr ) toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> mean distribution part load (β h,d and t h ). The correction factors f Sch and f Abgl<br />
take into account <strong>the</strong> principal parameters governing <strong>the</strong> system design.<br />
Integrated pump management reduces <strong>the</strong> running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat circulation pump. This is taken into<br />
account by introducing <strong>the</strong> factor f d,PM in equation (41).<br />
where<br />
Phydr<br />
Wh, d, hydr = ⋅ β h, d ⋅ ( th<br />
⋅ fd,<br />
PM)<br />
⋅ fSch<br />
⋅ fAbgl<br />
(41)<br />
1 000<br />
P hydr<br />
β h,d<br />
t h<br />
f Sch<br />
f Abgl<br />
f d,PM<br />
is <strong>the</strong> hydraulic power <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pump at <strong>the</strong> design point, in W;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> mean distribution part load;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> heating hours in <strong>the</strong> respective month (see 4.1), in h;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> correction factor to account for <strong>the</strong> hydraulic circuit;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> correction factor to account for <strong>the</strong> hydraulic balance;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> correction factor for heat generators with integrated pump management.<br />
⎯ For heat generators without integrated pump management, <strong>the</strong> factor f d,PM = 1.<br />
⎯ For heat generators with integrated pump management and boiler temperature control with external<br />
sensors, <strong>the</strong> factor f d,PM = 0,75.<br />
⎯ For heat generators with integrated pump management and boiler temperature control with internal<br />
sensors, <strong>the</strong> factor f d,PM = 0,45.<br />
Hydraulic power <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pump at <strong>the</strong> design point<br />
The hydraulic power <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pump at <strong>the</strong> design point is given by<br />
P = 0,<br />
2778<br />
⋅ ∆ p ⋅V&<br />
hydr (42)
where<br />
V & is <strong>the</strong> volume flow at <strong>the</strong> design point, in m 3 /h;<br />
∆p is <strong>the</strong> pressure drop at <strong>the</strong> design point, in kPa.<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
The volume flow at <strong>the</strong> design point is obtained from <strong>the</strong> design heat load Q max<br />
& (see 4.1) and <strong>the</strong> design<br />
temperature difference ∆ϑ HK in <strong>the</strong> heating circuit.<br />
where<br />
h,<br />
max<br />
=<br />
1, 15 ⋅ ∆ϑHK<br />
Q&<br />
V<br />
& (43)<br />
∆ϑ HK<br />
is <strong>the</strong> temperature difference at <strong>the</strong> design point (see 5.2), in K.<br />
The pressure drop at <strong>the</strong> design point is given by <strong>the</strong> resistance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> piping (with individual resistances) and<br />
<strong>the</strong> components providing additional resistances.<br />
where<br />
∆ (44)<br />
p = 0, 13 ⋅ Lmax<br />
+ 2 + ∆pFBH<br />
+ ∆pWE<br />
L max<br />
∆p FBH<br />
∆p WE<br />
is <strong>the</strong> maximum length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> piping, in m;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> pressure drop <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> underfloor heating = 25 kPa (if present);<br />
is <strong>the</strong> pressure drop <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat generator, in kPa.<br />
If no product data are available, <strong>the</strong>n for heat generators with a water content <strong>of</strong> < 0,15 l/kW at<br />
Qh, max<br />
& < 35 kW ∆pWE = 20 ⋅ ,<br />
2<br />
V& in kPa and at Qh, max<br />
& ≥ 35 kW ∆pWE = 80 kPa, while for heat generators with<br />
a water content <strong>of</strong> > 0,15 l/kW ∆p WE = 1 kPa shall be used.<br />
The maximum pipe length for a rectangular building can be estimated from <strong>the</strong> external dimensions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
building or zone according to <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2.<br />
where<br />
⎛ BG<br />
⎞<br />
L max = 2 ⋅ ⎜ LG<br />
+ + nG<br />
⋅ hG<br />
+ ld<br />
⎟<br />
(45)<br />
⎝ 2<br />
⎠<br />
L G is <strong>the</strong> largest extended length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building (see 4.1), in m;<br />
B G is <strong>the</strong> largest extended width <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building (see 4.1), in m;<br />
n G is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> heated storeys (see 4.1);<br />
h G is <strong>the</strong> average height <strong>of</strong> a storey (see 4.1), in m;<br />
l d = 10 (an allowance for connections in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> two-pipe heating systems), in m;<br />
h,<br />
47
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
48<br />
l d<br />
= L + B (an allowance for connections in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> one-pipe heating systems), in m.<br />
The boundary conditions specified in 6.2 shall apply when calculating <strong>the</strong> piping section lengths to be<br />
assumed.<br />
Correction factors for:<br />
Type <strong>of</strong> system (hydraulic circuit) f Sch<br />
⎯ two pipe systems: f Sch = 1;<br />
⎯ one-pipe systems: f Sch = 8,6 ⋅ m + 0,7<br />
where<br />
m is <strong>the</strong> proportional radiator mass flow, in %.<br />
Hydraulic balance f Abgl<br />
⎯ For hydraulically balanced heating distribution: f Abgl = 1.<br />
⎯ For heating distribution that is not hydraulically balanced: f Abgl = 1,1.<br />
Expenditure factor<br />
To assess <strong>the</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump, an expenditure factor e h,d,aux is calculated using equation (46).<br />
The expenditure factor takes account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> principal parameters governing <strong>the</strong> annual electrical expenditure<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pump, which can be derived from <strong>the</strong> size and <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pump as well as its part load and control<br />
performance. When calculating on a monthly basis, it is assumed for simplification that a monthly value for<br />
e h,d,aux can be calculated using <strong>the</strong> monthly value β h,d .<br />
where<br />
−1<br />
( CP1<br />
+ CP2<br />
⋅ h, d )<br />
e (46)<br />
h, d, aux = fe<br />
⋅<br />
β<br />
C P1 , C P2 are constants from Table 17;<br />
f e<br />
where<br />
is <strong>the</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> factor, calculated as follows:<br />
⎛<br />
0,<br />
5 ⎞<br />
⎜ ⎛ ⎞ ⎟<br />
f ⎜ 200 ⎟<br />
e = ⎜1<br />
, 25 +<br />
⋅ b<br />
P<br />
⎟<br />
⎜<br />
⎜ ⎟<br />
⎟<br />
⎝<br />
⎝ hydr ⎠<br />
⎠<br />
for an unidentified pump<br />
PPumpe<br />
f e =<br />
Phydr<br />
for an identified pump<br />
b is <strong>the</strong> over-dimensioning factor, determined as follows:<br />
⎯ for pumps designed to meet <strong>the</strong> demand, b = 1;<br />
⎯ for pumps which are not designed to meet <strong>the</strong> demand, b = 2.
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
For existing pumps, <strong>the</strong> power stated on <strong>the</strong> rating plate can be taken as an approximate value for P Pumpe .<br />
Table 17 <strong>—</strong> Constants C P1 ,and C P2 for calculation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> expenditure factor <strong>of</strong> heat pumps<br />
Pump control C P1 C P2<br />
Uncontrolled 0,25 0,75<br />
∆pconst 0,75 0,25<br />
∆p variable 0,90 0,10<br />
Intermittent operation<br />
The pump operates in <strong>the</strong> intermittent mode if it is operated outside <strong>the</strong> usage time at limited power or is<br />
switched <strong>of</strong>f. In <strong>the</strong>se cases <strong>the</strong> electrical energy expenditure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating circulation pumps is determined<br />
as follows:<br />
Q<br />
where<br />
h, d, aux<br />
Q h,d,aux<br />
W h,d,hydr<br />
e h,d,aux<br />
t h,rL<br />
f P,A<br />
t h<br />
h<br />
( t − t )<br />
1,<br />
03 ⋅ th,<br />
rL + fP,<br />
A ⋅ h h, rL<br />
= Wh,<br />
d, hydr ⋅ eh,<br />
d, aux ⋅<br />
(47)<br />
t<br />
is <strong>the</strong> electrical energy use (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> hydraulic energy requirement (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> expenditure factor for heat pump operation;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly design running time (see 5.4.1), in h;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> correction factor to account for pump set-back/switch-<strong>of</strong>f;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> heating hours in <strong>the</strong> respective month (see 4.1), in h.<br />
The correction factor to account for set-back or switch-<strong>of</strong>f <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pump is given by <strong>the</strong> following:<br />
⎯ for set-back operation:<br />
0 ≤ f P,A ≤ 1; default value 0,6;<br />
⎯ for switch-<strong>of</strong>f:<br />
f P,A = 0.<br />
Deviations in <strong>the</strong> calculation procedure<br />
In certain applications, deviations in <strong>the</strong> calculation procedure shall be taken into account.<br />
⎯ One-pipe heating<br />
The total mass flow and accordingly <strong>the</strong> throughflow at <strong>the</strong> pump are approximately constant. The pump<br />
operates at <strong>the</strong> design point throughout <strong>the</strong> year. For <strong>the</strong> mean hydraulic part load β h,d = 1 applies.<br />
49
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
⎯ Overflow valves<br />
Overflow valves are used to ensure minimum water circulation flow at <strong>the</strong> heat generator or to limit <strong>the</strong><br />
pressure drop at <strong>the</strong> connected load. The function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> overflow valve results from <strong>the</strong> interaction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
system pressure loss, pump performance curve and response pressure <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> valve. The effects on <strong>the</strong><br />
mean hydraulic requirement can be estimated with <strong>the</strong> aid <strong>of</strong> equation (48).<br />
where<br />
50<br />
(β' h,d from <strong>the</strong> definition <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean part load)<br />
& min<br />
V ( − h, ′ d)<br />
V&<br />
h, d = βh,<br />
′ d + 1 β ⋅<br />
β (48)<br />
V & is <strong>the</strong> design volume flow, in m 3 /h;<br />
Vmin & is <strong>the</strong> minimum volume flow, in m3 /h.<br />
The minimum volume flow shall depend on <strong>the</strong> requirements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat generator or on <strong>the</strong> load circuit<br />
overpressure safeguard.<br />
6.3 Storage<br />
Heat loss<br />
If <strong>the</strong> heating circuit is provided with a storage tank (to minimize <strong>the</strong> cyclical behaviour <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat generator or<br />
to store solar energy, for instance) <strong>the</strong> storage losses shall be calculated according to equation (49).<br />
where<br />
( ϑh,<br />
s − ϑi<br />
)<br />
Qh, s = f Verbindung ⋅ ⋅ dh,<br />
mth ⋅ qB,<br />
S<br />
45<br />
Q h,s<br />
ϑ h,s<br />
ϑ i<br />
d h,mth<br />
q B,S<br />
is <strong>the</strong> heat loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tank (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 4.2), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> mean temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tank (see clause 5), in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> average ambient temperature (see 4.1 or Table 15), in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> heating days (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 4.1);<br />
is <strong>the</strong> stand-by heat loss, in kWh/d.<br />
As long as <strong>the</strong> storage tank is located in <strong>the</strong> same space as <strong>the</strong> heat generator, <strong>the</strong> heat loss from <strong>the</strong> pipe<br />
between heat generator and storage tank shall be taken to be f Verbindung = 1,2. For ano<strong>the</strong>r configuration (e.g.<br />
if <strong>the</strong>y are located in separate rooms) <strong>the</strong> pipe losses shall be calculated according to 6.2.<br />
The factor 1,2 takes blanket account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> additional <strong>the</strong>rmal losses that occur through <strong>the</strong> piping extending<br />
from <strong>the</strong> heat generator to <strong>the</strong> storage tank. The stand-by heat loss q B,S <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> buffer storage tank shall be<br />
measured according to <strong>DIN</strong> V 4753-8 (with a mean temperature difference between <strong>the</strong> storage water and <strong>the</strong><br />
installation space <strong>of</strong> 45 K). The monthly heat loss Q h,s from <strong>the</strong> buffer storage tank can <strong>the</strong>n be determined on<br />
<strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> stand-by heat loss thus measured, <strong>the</strong> location <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tank, and <strong>the</strong> mean heating<br />
circuit temperature.<br />
(49)
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Electric central storage heaters shall be calculated in <strong>the</strong> same way as buffer storage tanks. The stand-by<br />
losses from one or more storage heaters shall be determined on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> those actually in use. No default<br />
values are specified for <strong>the</strong> storage losses. The distribution and control and emission losses are calculated as<br />
for central water heating systems.<br />
If <strong>the</strong> storage tank is located in a zone, <strong>the</strong> loss corresponds to <strong>the</strong> uncontrolled heat gain:<br />
where<br />
Q I,h,s = Q h,s<br />
Q I,h,s<br />
Q h,s<br />
is <strong>the</strong> uncontrolled loss to <strong>the</strong> zone from <strong>the</strong> storage tank (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> loss from <strong>the</strong> storage tank (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh.<br />
Boundary conditions for <strong>the</strong> default values<br />
If <strong>the</strong> stand-by heat loss q B,S <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tank is not known (i.e. it has not been measured as specified in<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V 4753-8), it can, for simplification, be determined using equation (51) for calculation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal<br />
losses due to storage.<br />
where<br />
q B,S = 0,4 + 0,14 · V 0,5<br />
q B,S is <strong>the</strong> stand-by heat loss, in kWh/d;<br />
V is <strong>the</strong> nominal capacity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tank, in l.<br />
For operation in combination with a heat pump, <strong>the</strong> nominal capacity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tank required for<br />
determining <strong>the</strong> stand-by heat loss qB,S can be estimated as V = 9,5 · QN & . The volume <strong>of</strong> a storage tank that<br />
is operated in combination with a biomass combustion system can be taken to be V = 50 · QN & , with a mean<br />
temperature ϑh,s <strong>of</strong> 85 °C.<br />
If <strong>the</strong> volume <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> buffer storage tank exceeds 1 500 l, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> storage function shall comprise a number <strong>of</strong><br />
individual storage tanks. In this case it shall be assumed that <strong>the</strong>re is at least one storage tank with a capacity<br />
<strong>of</strong> 1 500 l and that <strong>the</strong>re is just one o<strong>the</strong>r storage tank that provides <strong>the</strong> remaining volume. In this case, <strong>the</strong><br />
storage losses shall be added toge<strong>the</strong>r.<br />
Auxiliary energy for charging a buffer storage tank<br />
If a separate circulation pump is required for operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> buffer storage tank, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy<br />
shall be determined using equation (52).<br />
where<br />
Qh,<br />
s, aux<br />
PPumpe<br />
⋅ tP<br />
= (52)<br />
1 000<br />
Q h,s,aux is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pump (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 4.2.4), in kWh;<br />
P Pumpe is <strong>the</strong> rated power consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pump (from design data or equation (53)), in W;<br />
t P<br />
is <strong>the</strong> operating period <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pump (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in h.<br />
(50)<br />
(51)<br />
51
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
The auxiliary energy for operation <strong>of</strong> a buffer storage tank can be calculated if <strong>the</strong> pump power is known. This<br />
value can be specified, for example on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> a particular pump selected. The operating period <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
buffer storage tank pump is given by t P = β h,s · 24 · d h,mth , if it is operated at <strong>the</strong> same time as <strong>the</strong> heat<br />
generator.<br />
Boundary conditions for <strong>the</strong> default values<br />
If <strong>the</strong> pump power is not known it can be roughly calculated using equation (53). It shall also be assumed that<br />
<strong>the</strong> pump is in operation at <strong>the</strong> same time as <strong>the</strong> heat generator.<br />
where<br />
52<br />
P Pumpe = 40 + 0,03 ⋅ L G ⋅ B G ⋅ n G<br />
P Pumpe is <strong>the</strong> rated power consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pump, in W;<br />
L G<br />
B G<br />
n G<br />
6.4 Heat generator<br />
is <strong>the</strong> largest extended length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building (see 4.1), in m;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> largest extended width <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building (see 4.1), in m;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> heated storeys (see 4.1).<br />
If <strong>the</strong>re is additional requirement for heat generation alone from ano<strong>the</strong>r part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series <strong>of</strong><br />
prestandards (e.g. for HVAC systems according to <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7) this is also to be taken into account. If <strong>the</strong><br />
desired temperature is higher than that <strong>of</strong> conventional heating systems, this is also to be taken into account.<br />
If, on <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r hand, heat is supplied to <strong>the</strong> heating system from o<strong>the</strong>r parts <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong> series (e.g.<br />
from an extract air heat pump, see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-6 or <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7), <strong>the</strong>n this is also to be taken into<br />
account when calculating <strong>the</strong> heat generation requirement (see also <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1).<br />
The remaining energy need met by <strong>the</strong> additional heat generator (e.g. a boiler), is given by:<br />
where<br />
Q * h,outg = Q h,outg – Q h,sol – Q rv,h,outg<br />
Q * h,outg<br />
Q h,outg<br />
is <strong>the</strong> remaining generator heat output (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output to <strong>the</strong> heating distribution (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 4.2), in<br />
kWh;<br />
Q rv,h,outg is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> residential ventilation system for space heating (in <strong>the</strong><br />
respective month) (see 4.1), in kWh;<br />
Q h,sol<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy contribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar system for space heating (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in<br />
kWh.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> ensuing calculations Q * h,outg shall be used instead <strong>of</strong> Q h,outg .<br />
If several heat generators are used, <strong>the</strong>y shall be calculated in <strong>the</strong> sequence in which <strong>the</strong>y are used for<br />
energy generation.<br />
(53)<br />
(54)
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
If <strong>the</strong> same heat generator is used for space heating and domestic hot water, <strong>the</strong>n in <strong>the</strong> ensuing calculations<br />
<strong>the</strong> time <strong>the</strong> generator is being operated for domestic hot water heating purposes according to <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-8<br />
shall be deducted from <strong>the</strong> heating time.<br />
The maximum required heat generator output <strong>of</strong> a building or building zone for space heating, domestic hot<br />
water heating, residential ventilation and HVAC is <strong>the</strong> sum <strong>of</strong> all loads that are required in parallel or <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
largest load in prioritized operation:<br />
Q&<br />
= ⎜<br />
⎛<br />
⎟<br />
⎞<br />
N , max max<br />
⎝∑Q&<br />
N,<br />
gl,<br />
Q&<br />
Vorrang<br />
(55)<br />
⎠<br />
The following clauses deal with <strong>the</strong> space heating system. Unless o<strong>the</strong>rwise described, calculations for <strong>the</strong><br />
o<strong>the</strong>r subsystems shall be by analogy.<br />
6.4.1 Solar systems supporting domestic hot water heating and space heating systems (combination<br />
systems)<br />
<strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> contribution <strong>of</strong> solar systems in meeting <strong>the</strong> energy need (combination systems) shall be<br />
according to recognized technical rules or shall make use <strong>of</strong> documented results from recognized simulation<br />
programmes.<br />
If <strong>the</strong> solar system is combined with a bivalent space heating system (e.g. using a heat pump with an electric<br />
heating rod), this shall be taken into account when considering <strong>the</strong> heat pump or heating rod (<strong>the</strong> proportion <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> space heating supplied by <strong>the</strong> base load heat generator <strong>the</strong>n refers to <strong>the</strong> energy need for heating less <strong>the</strong><br />
heat provided by solar energy).<br />
6.4.1.1 Satisfaction <strong>of</strong> energy need by solar combination systems<br />
The total solar energy contribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combination system is calculated as follows:<br />
where<br />
Q K,sol = Q w,sol + Q h,sol<br />
Q w,sol<br />
Q h,sol<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy contribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar system for domestic water heating (in <strong>the</strong> respective<br />
month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy contribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar system for space heating (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in<br />
kWh.<br />
The energy contribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combination system for domestic water heating is calculated as specified in<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-8 as follows:<br />
where<br />
Q w,sol = Q K,sol · f K,w<br />
f K,w<br />
is <strong>the</strong> fraction <strong>of</strong> energy provided by <strong>the</strong> combination system for domestic water heating (see<br />
equation (64)).<br />
The energy contribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combination system for space heating is given by<br />
Q h,sol = Q K,sol · (1,0 – f K,w ) (58)<br />
(56)<br />
(57)<br />
53
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
6.4.1.2 <strong>Energy</strong> contribution <strong>of</strong> solar combination systems<br />
Combination systems dealt with in this document consist <strong>of</strong> a combination storage tank or a solar buffer<br />
storage tank and a domestic hot water storage tank (dual storage system). The hot water storage tank uses<br />
<strong>the</strong> same configuration as for small solar systems used for hot water heating. When a combination storage<br />
tank is used, domestic hot water heating is ei<strong>the</strong>r according to <strong>the</strong> instantaneous principle or by means <strong>of</strong> a<br />
small tank that is located within <strong>the</strong> combination storage tank (“tank in tank” principle). The solar buffer<br />
storage tank or <strong>the</strong> solar part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combination storage tank is used for storage <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> energy supplied by <strong>the</strong><br />
solar system.<br />
The procedure outlined is only suitable for calculating combination systems that do not have significant annual<br />
variations in heat storage.<br />
Required parameters<br />
To determine <strong>the</strong> energy contribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combination system <strong>the</strong> following parameters need to be known:<br />
⎯ total annual heat required for domestic hot water Q w,outg,a , obtained from <strong>the</strong> sum <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> monthly values<br />
(see 4.2), in kWh;<br />
⎯ collector (product data determined according to <strong>DIN</strong> EN 12975-2; see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-8 for default values<br />
(including those for old systems)):<br />
54<br />
⎯ Ac <strong>the</strong> aperture area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> collector, in m 2 ;<br />
⎯ η 0<br />
⎯ k 1<br />
⎯ k 2<br />
<strong>the</strong> conversion factor;<br />
is a heat loss coefficient, in W/(m 2 · K);<br />
is a heat loss coefficient, in W/(m 2 · K 2 );<br />
⎯ IAM (50°) is <strong>the</strong> incidence angle modifier to account for Θ = 50° incident radiation;<br />
⎯ c is <strong>the</strong> effective heat capacity, in kJ/(m 2 · K).<br />
⎯ inclination and alignment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> collector field (see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-8 for default values, including those for<br />
old systems):<br />
⎯ inclination angle β (β = 0° horizontal);<br />
⎯ angle <strong>of</strong> deviation from <strong>the</strong> sou<strong>the</strong>rly alignment γ (γ = –90° east).<br />
For residential <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>the</strong> default value for <strong>the</strong> collector area for combination systems is twice <strong>the</strong> surface<br />
area for hot water systems (see <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-8). Default values for <strong>the</strong> aperture area <strong>of</strong> collectors on nonresidential<br />
<strong>buildings</strong> are not specified for combination systems; in this case, project values shall be used.<br />
⎯ storage tank (product data, determined according to <strong>DIN</strong> V 4753-8 or <strong>DIN</strong> V ENV 12977-3; see 6.3 for<br />
default values, including those for old systems):<br />
⎯ V sto<br />
⎯ (UA) s<br />
⎯ (UA) * s<br />
is <strong>the</strong> total storage volume, in l;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> heat loss rate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tank, in W/K;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> specific heat loss rate, in W/(K · l).<br />
⎯ total annual heat required for space heating Q h,outg,a obtained from <strong>the</strong> sum <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> monthly values (see<br />
4.2.1), in kWh; total heat load for domestic hot water and space heating: Q W,ges = Q w,outg + Q h,outg;
⎯ solar load ratio, in m 2 /kWh:<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Ac<br />
slr = (59)<br />
QW,<br />
ges<br />
⎯ temperature level in <strong>the</strong> space heating circuit ϑ h (see 5.2), in °C;<br />
⎯ storage tank (product data, determined according to <strong>DIN</strong> V 4753-8 or <strong>DIN</strong> V ENV 12977-3; see<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-8 for default values, including those for old systems).<br />
For conversion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> values <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal loss, <strong>the</strong> following equation can be used:<br />
where<br />
1 000 ⋅ 24 h<br />
( UA ) s = qB,<br />
S ⋅<br />
(60)<br />
45 K<br />
(UA) s<br />
q B,S<br />
is <strong>the</strong> heat loss rate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tank, in W/K;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> stand-by heat loss, in kWh/d.<br />
If <strong>the</strong> combination system consists <strong>of</strong> a domestic hot water storage tank and a solar buffer storage tank, <strong>the</strong>n<br />
<strong>the</strong> total specific heat loss rate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tanks is given by<br />
where<br />
*<br />
( UA)<br />
s<br />
(UA) * s<br />
(UA) s,dhw<br />
(UA) s,sol<br />
V dhw,sto<br />
V sto<br />
( UA)<br />
s, dhw + ( UA)<br />
s,<br />
sol<br />
Vdhw,<br />
sto + Vsto<br />
= (61)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> total specific heat loss rate, in W/(K ⋅ l);<br />
is <strong>the</strong> heat loss rate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> domestic hot water storage tank, in W/K;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> heat loss rate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar buffer storage tank or <strong>the</strong> combination storage tank, in W/K;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> total volume <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> domestic hot water storage, in l;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> total storage volume, in l.<br />
If <strong>the</strong> combination system consists <strong>of</strong> a combination storage tank, <strong>the</strong> total specific heat loss rate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
combination storage tank is given by<br />
* ( UA)<br />
s<br />
( UA ) s = (62)<br />
Vsto<br />
⎯ volume <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar buffer storage tank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reference system:<br />
where<br />
V sol,ref = Ac ⋅ 70 l/m 2 (63)<br />
V sol,ref<br />
is <strong>the</strong> volume <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar buffer storage tank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reference system, in l;<br />
55
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
56<br />
Ac is <strong>the</strong> aperture area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> collector, in m 2 ;<br />
70 is a factor, in l/m 2 .<br />
⎯ ratio f K,w <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> domestic water <strong>the</strong>rmal load to <strong>the</strong> total <strong>the</strong>rmal load:<br />
f<br />
K,w<br />
Qw,<br />
outg Qw,<br />
outg<br />
= =<br />
(64)<br />
Q Q + Q<br />
W, ges<br />
h, outg<br />
w, outg<br />
6.4.1.3 <strong>Calculation</strong> procedure for combination systems<br />
The monthly energy contribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar system is calculated using equation (65) by distributing <strong>the</strong><br />
annual input over <strong>the</strong> individual months:<br />
where<br />
QK, sol = fM<br />
⋅ QK,<br />
sol, a<br />
(65)<br />
Q K,sol,a is <strong>the</strong> annual energy contribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar system, in kWh;<br />
Q K,sol<br />
f M<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy contribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar system in <strong>the</strong> respective month, in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> factor accounting for <strong>the</strong> contribution made in <strong>the</strong> respective month in relation to <strong>the</strong><br />
annual contribution from Table 18.<br />
Table 18 <strong>—</strong> Distribution <strong>of</strong> annual solar contribution over months<br />
Month<br />
January 0,057<br />
February 0,055<br />
March 0,117<br />
April 0,134<br />
May 0,109<br />
June 0,081<br />
July 0,087<br />
August 0,073<br />
September 0,098<br />
October 0,097<br />
November 0,069<br />
December 0,023<br />
The annual energy contribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combination system is calculated using <strong>the</strong> following equation:<br />
where<br />
Q K,sol,a = Q sys ⋅ f NA ⋅ f slr ⋅ f s,loss ⋅ f h,T<br />
f M<br />
(66)
Q K,sol,a is <strong>the</strong> annual energy contribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combination system, in kWh;<br />
Q sys<br />
f NA<br />
f slr<br />
f s,loss<br />
f h,T<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
is <strong>the</strong> annual energy contribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combination system for reference conditions, in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> correction factor to account for inclination and alignment (horizontal and azimuthal<br />
angles);<br />
is <strong>the</strong> correction factor to account for <strong>the</strong> solar load ratio;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> correction factor to account for <strong>the</strong> heat loss rate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tank or tanks;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> correction factor to account for <strong>the</strong> temperature level <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> space heating.<br />
6.4.1.3.1 Determination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> annual energy contribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> combination system, in relation to a<br />
reference system (Q sys )<br />
Q sys , in kWh per year, is calculated using <strong>the</strong> following equation:<br />
( ⋅ η − 16,<br />
3 ⋅ k − 504 ⋅ k + 133 ⋅IAM<br />
(50°<br />
) − 0,<br />
590 ⋅ c − 23,<br />
) Ac<br />
Qsys = 199 0 1 2<br />
5 ⋅<br />
(67)<br />
The collector parameters shall be used in <strong>the</strong> units <strong>of</strong> measurement specified in 6.4.1.2.<br />
6.4.1.3.2 Determination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> correction factor to take into account inclination and alignment (f NA )<br />
The correction factor to account for inclination and alignment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> collector field f NA can be taken from<br />
Table 19.<br />
Inclination<br />
Table 19 <strong>—</strong> Correction factor for inclination and alignment<br />
Angle <strong>of</strong> deviation from a sou<strong>the</strong>rly alignment<br />
East: γ = –90° West: γ = +90°<br />
–90° –60° –40° –20° 0° 20° 40° 60° 90°<br />
0° 0,66 0,66 0,66 0,66 0,66 0,66 0,66 0,66 0,66<br />
15° 0,66 0,73 0,76 0,79 0,81 0,80 0,78 0,75 0,68<br />
30° 0,65 0,78 0,85 0,90 0,93 0,92 0,88 0,82 0,70<br />
45° 0,64 0,81 0,90 0,97 1,00 0,98 0,94 0,86 0,70<br />
60° 0,62 0,80 0,91 0,99 1,02 1,01 0,95 0,86 0,68<br />
75° 0,56 0,76 0,87 0,95 0,99 0,98 0,92 0,82 0,64<br />
90° 0,49 0,67 0,76 0,83 0,86 0,86 0,82 0,75 0,57<br />
6.4.1.3.3 Determination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> correction factor to take into account <strong>the</strong> solar load ratio (f slr )<br />
The correction factor to account for <strong>the</strong> solar load ratio f slr can be taken as a function <strong>of</strong> f K,w and slr from<br />
Table 20.<br />
slr shall be obtained by means <strong>of</strong> equation (59) and f K,w by means <strong>of</strong> equation (64).<br />
57
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
58<br />
slr<br />
m 2 /kWh<br />
Table 20 <strong>—</strong> Correction factor for <strong>the</strong> solar load ratio (f slr )<br />
f K,w = 0,1 f K,w = 0,2 f K,w = 0,3 f K,w = 0,5<br />
0,000 25 1,569 1,751 1,957 2,213<br />
0,000 5 1,312 1,466 1,634 1,852<br />
0,000 75 1,162 1,300 1,446 1,642<br />
0,001 1,056 1,182 1,312 1,492<br />
0,001 25 0,973 1,091 1,208 1,376<br />
0,001 5 0,906 1,016 1,124 1,281<br />
0,001 75 0,849 0,953 1,052 1,021<br />
0,002 0,799 0,898 0,990 1,132<br />
0,002 5 0,717 0,807 0,886 1,016<br />
0,003 0,649 0,732 0,801 0,921<br />
0,003 5 0,592 0,669 0,730 0,841<br />
0,004 0,543 0,614 0,667 0,771<br />
0,004 5 0,499 0,566 0,613 0,710<br />
0,005 0,460 0,522 0,564 0,655<br />
6.4.1.3.4 Determination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> correction factor to take into account <strong>the</strong> magnitude <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat loss<br />
rate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tank or tanks (f s,loss )<br />
The specific heat loss rate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> actual system in its entirety shall be related to <strong>the</strong> specific heat loss rate <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> reference system:<br />
R<br />
where<br />
s, loss<br />
(UA) * s<br />
w, out<br />
0,<br />
101 87 ⋅ Q<br />
*<br />
s<br />
( UA)<br />
= (68)<br />
0,<br />
044 7 ⋅ Q + 0,14 V<br />
w, out<br />
+ V<br />
sol, ref<br />
sol, ref<br />
is <strong>the</strong> total specific heat loss rate, in W/( K· l);<br />
V sol,ref is <strong>the</strong> volume <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar buffer storage tank <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> reference system (see equation (63)), in l;<br />
Q w,outg is <strong>the</strong> total annual heat demand for domestic hot water, in kWh.<br />
The correction factor to account for <strong>the</strong> heat loss rate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tank or tanks (f s,loss ) can be determined<br />
as a function <strong>of</strong> R s,loss from Table 21.<br />
Table 21 <strong>—</strong> Correction factor for <strong>the</strong> heat loss rate <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tank or tanks (f s,loss )<br />
R s,loss 0,25 0,50 0,75 1,00 1,50 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0<br />
f s,loss 1,053 1,035 1,018 1,000 0,965 0,930 0,895 0,860 0,825 0,790
Regression equation:<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
f s,loss = 1,07 – 0,07 · R s,loss (69)<br />
6.4.1.3.5 Determination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> correction factor to take into account <strong>the</strong> temperature level (at <strong>the</strong><br />
design point) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> space heating (f h,T )<br />
The correction factor to account for <strong>the</strong> temperature level <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> space heating (f h,T ) can be taken as a<br />
function <strong>of</strong> slr and ϑ h from Table 22.<br />
NOTE See equation (59) for calculation <strong>of</strong> slr.<br />
ϑ h<br />
°C<br />
Table 22 <strong>—</strong> Correction factor for <strong>the</strong> temperature level <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> space heating f h,T<br />
slr<br />
m 2 /kWh<br />
0,000 35 0,000 6 0,001 0,004 0,006<br />
20 1,034 1,050 1,076 1,090 1,104<br />
30 1,017 1,025 1,038 1,045 1,052<br />
40 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000<br />
50 0,983 0,975 0,962 0,955 0,948<br />
60 0,966 0,950 0,924 0,910 0,896<br />
70 0,949 0,925 0,886 0,865 0,844<br />
80 0,932 0,900 0,848 0,820 0,792<br />
6.4.1.3.6 <strong>Energy</strong> fraction from <strong>the</strong> combination system used for domestic water heating (f K,w )<br />
The energy fraction from <strong>the</strong> combination system that is used for domestic water heating can be taken as a<br />
function <strong>of</strong> f K,w and slr from Table 23.<br />
NOTE See equation (59) for calculation <strong>of</strong> slr and equation (64) for calculation <strong>of</strong> f K,w .<br />
59
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
60<br />
Table 23 <strong>—</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> fraction from <strong>the</strong> combination system for domestic water heating<br />
slr<br />
m 2 /kWh<br />
f K,w = 0,1 f K,w = 0,2 f K,w = 0,3 f K,w = 0,5<br />
0,000 25 0,539 0,781 0,908 0,953<br />
0,000 5 0,390 0,602 0,732 0,859<br />
0,000 75 0,323 0,518 0,645 0,803<br />
0,001 0,283 0,465 0,589 0,764<br />
0,001 25 0,255 0,428 0,550 0,734<br />
0,001 5 0,234 0,399 0,519 0,709<br />
0,001 75 0,218 0,377 0,495 0,688<br />
0,002 0,205 0,359 0,475 0,670<br />
0,002 5 0,184 0,330 0,443 0,640<br />
0,003 0,169 0,308 0,418 0,615<br />
0,003 5 0,158 0,291 0,399 0,594<br />
0,004 0,148 0,277 0,382 0,576<br />
0,004 5 0,140 0,265 0,369 0,560<br />
0,005 0,133 0,255 0,357 0,545<br />
6.4.1.4 <strong>Calculation</strong> procedure for large combination systems<br />
The energy contribution from large combination systems is dependent on a large number <strong>of</strong> operating<br />
parameters. This is particularly <strong>the</strong> case if long-term heat storage is integrated into <strong>the</strong>se systems. <strong>Calculation</strong><br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> energy contribution <strong>of</strong> large combination systems with long-term heat storage is not possible with <strong>the</strong><br />
calculation method specified in this document.<br />
The energy contribution <strong>of</strong> large combination systems that make only a relatively small contribution to meeting<br />
<strong>the</strong> space heating load (i.e. fK,w > 0,75), and which are operated at low solar load ratios (i.e.<br />
slr < 0,001 5 m2 /kWh), can be approximated using <strong>the</strong> method described in this document for large solar<br />
systems used for domestic water heating.<br />
For solar systems for which no calculation procedure is described in this document, <strong>the</strong> energy contribution<br />
can be determined with <strong>the</strong> aid <strong>of</strong> simulation programmes used in planning design.<br />
6.4.1.5 Auxiliary energy for operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar pump<br />
After determining <strong>the</strong> solar system parameters, <strong>the</strong> surface area-related auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar pump<br />
shall be calculated using equation (70).<br />
Q<br />
where<br />
h, g, aux<br />
PP,<br />
sol ⋅ tP,<br />
sol<br />
= (70)<br />
1 000<br />
Q h,g,aux is <strong>the</strong> surface area-related auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar pump (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;
P P,sol<br />
t P,sol<br />
is <strong>the</strong> rated power consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar pump, in W;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> operating period <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar pump for heating (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in h.<br />
Boundary conditions for <strong>the</strong> default values<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
If <strong>the</strong> above parameters are not known due to <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> design calculations, <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
solar pump can be approximated using <strong>the</strong> following boundary conditions:<br />
Auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> solar pump: Q h,g,aux = 0,05 · Q h,sol , in kWh per month.<br />
6.4.2 Heat pump<br />
In <strong>the</strong> calculation procedure described below <strong>the</strong> following physical factors which have an effect on <strong>the</strong> annual<br />
performance factor and <strong>the</strong> energy consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump are taken into account:<br />
⎯ type <strong>of</strong> heat pump (air-to-water, brine-to-water, water-to-water, air to air);<br />
⎯ system configuration (domestic water heating and operating mode);<br />
⎯ generator heat output to <strong>the</strong> heating system and domestic hot water system;<br />
⎯ effects <strong>of</strong> fluctuations <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> source and sink temperatures on <strong>the</strong> power and coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance<br />
(COP) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump;<br />
⎯ effects <strong>of</strong> part load operation (cycle losses);<br />
⎯ auxiliary energy required for operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump, that is not taken into account under test rig<br />
conditions;<br />
⎯ system losses due to installed storage tanks.<br />
On <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se input data <strong>the</strong> following output data are calculated:<br />
⎯ energy in <strong>the</strong> form <strong>of</strong> electric power or fuel Q h,f , required to provide <strong>the</strong> generator heat output;<br />
⎯ total <strong>the</strong>rmal losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump Q h,g ;<br />
⎯ auxiliary energy Q h,g,aux required for operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump;<br />
⎯ total recoverable <strong>the</strong>rmal losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump k rd,g · Q h,g,aux .<br />
The output data (along with <strong>the</strong> data <strong>of</strong> all o<strong>the</strong>r heat generators) are <strong>the</strong>n used in <strong>the</strong> energy balance<br />
described in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-1. For greater clarity, <strong>the</strong> balances for electrically driven and combustion enginedriven<br />
heat pumps are presented in Annex A.<br />
Heat pumps with combustion drive can recover part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> drive losses by means <strong>of</strong> a downstream heat<br />
exchanger. Q rd,mot,g is a characteristic <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump that depends on <strong>the</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> and design <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
system for <strong>the</strong> recovery <strong>of</strong> heat from <strong>the</strong> cooling system and exhaust gas.<br />
If no product data are available, p rd,mot = 0,4 can be taken as a default value for heat pumps driven by a gas<br />
engine with appropriate cooling <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> engine. For all o<strong>the</strong>r heat pumps p rd,mot = 0 in <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> product<br />
data.<br />
61
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
where<br />
62<br />
Qrd,<br />
mot, g<br />
p rd, mot = (71)<br />
Q<br />
p rd,mot<br />
h, f<br />
is <strong>the</strong> fraction <strong>of</strong> recovered fuel input given to <strong>the</strong> generator;<br />
Q rd,mot,g is <strong>the</strong> recovered energy from <strong>the</strong> engine (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
Q h,f<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy use for <strong>the</strong> generator (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 4.2 and Annex A), in kWh.<br />
6.4.2.1 Principles <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> calculation<br />
The calculation can be carried out using <strong>the</strong> following monthly procedure or using a recognized calculation<br />
programme. If no calculation procedure is described in this document, <strong>the</strong> energy contribution can be<br />
determined with <strong>the</strong> aid <strong>of</strong> simulation programmes used in planning design.<br />
The energy performance <strong>of</strong> a heat pump largely depends on <strong>the</strong> conditions under which it is used, in particular<br />
on <strong>the</strong> temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat source and heat sink. The temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat source (e.g. outdoor air) can<br />
vary greatly within any single month. The assessment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> energy <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pumps is <strong>the</strong>refore<br />
not performed in a single step for each month but takes into account <strong>the</strong> frequency distribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat source for <strong>the</strong> respective month.<br />
For heat pumps with outdoor air as <strong>the</strong>ir heat source <strong>the</strong> calculation procedure is <strong>the</strong>refore based on an<br />
assessment <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> distribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> outdoor air temperature. The frequency with which a particular outdoor<br />
air temperature occurs in a month is given in intervals <strong>of</strong> 1 K.<br />
As measurements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat output and <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> a heat pump are generally only<br />
available for certain temperature combinations, <strong>the</strong> frequency distribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> outdoor air temperature is<br />
divided into temperature classes (bins). Each bin is limited by an upper temperature ϑupper and a lower<br />
temperatureϑlower . The design operating conditions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in each bin are characterized by <strong>the</strong><br />
operating points at <strong>the</strong> midpoint <strong>of</strong> each bin.<br />
The operating points are selected such as to reproduce <strong>the</strong> test conditions specified in <strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all<br />
parts). The temperature limits between two bins are selected to be approximately at <strong>the</strong> midpoint between two<br />
operating points, and are to be rounded to whole numbers.<br />
For each bin <strong>the</strong> heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pump and <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance are assessed on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
test rig measurements according to <strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all parts). The coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance and <strong>the</strong> heat<br />
output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pump at each testing point are adjusted to take account <strong>of</strong><br />
⎯ <strong>the</strong> source temperature;<br />
⎯ <strong>the</strong> temperatures in <strong>the</strong> distribution piping;<br />
⎯ <strong>the</strong> heat pump load.<br />
The difference between <strong>the</strong> required generator heat output and <strong>the</strong> heat supplied by <strong>the</strong> heat pump may need<br />
to be provided by a second generator. The losses associated with heat pump operation are calculated for<br />
each bin.<br />
The overall results for a calculation period (month) are obtained from <strong>the</strong> results for each bin, <strong>the</strong> individual<br />
bins being weighted.
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Figure 5 <strong>—</strong> Distribution <strong>of</strong> cumulated bin hours for <strong>the</strong> outdoor air temperature<br />
Generator heat output in <strong>the</strong> bins<br />
The generator heat output in a month is distributed over <strong>the</strong> individual bins, i, using a weighting factor, w i ,<br />
obtained from equation (72).<br />
Qh, outg, i Qh,<br />
outg ⋅ wi<br />
= (72)<br />
The weighting factors are calculated by means <strong>of</strong> equation (73).<br />
where<br />
HDHϑ<br />
− HDH<br />
upper ϑlower<br />
wi<br />
= (73)<br />
HDH<br />
w i<br />
HDH t<br />
HDH ϑupper<br />
HDH ϑlower<br />
t<br />
is <strong>the</strong> weighting factor <strong>of</strong> bin i;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> total number <strong>of</strong> heating degree hours up to <strong>the</strong> upper ambient temperature limit for<br />
space heating, in Kh;<br />
are <strong>the</strong> heating degree hours up to <strong>the</strong> temperature at <strong>the</strong> upper limit <strong>of</strong> bin i, in Kh;<br />
are <strong>the</strong> heating degree hours up to <strong>the</strong> temperature at <strong>the</strong> lower limit <strong>of</strong> bin i, in Kh.<br />
63
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
The default values given below can be used if <strong>the</strong> upper ambient temperature limit for space heating is not<br />
known:<br />
⎯ 10 °C for passive energy houses;<br />
⎯ 12 °C for <strong>buildings</strong> meeting <strong>the</strong> requirements <strong>of</strong> EnEV 2002/2004 for <strong>buildings</strong> with normal indoor<br />
temperatures;<br />
⎯ 15 °C for all o<strong>the</strong>r <strong>buildings</strong>.<br />
The heating degree hours up to a temperature ϑ x are determined by means <strong>of</strong> equation (74):<br />
where<br />
64<br />
ϑx<br />
∑ ϑ<br />
ϑ = ϑmin<br />
( ) = n ⋅ ( ϑ − ϑ)<br />
HDH ϑ i<br />
(74)<br />
ϑ min<br />
ϑ x<br />
n ϑ<br />
ϑ i<br />
x<br />
is <strong>the</strong> minimum outdoor temperature from <strong>the</strong> relevant set <strong>of</strong> climatic data, in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> heating degree hours temperature limit (this shall not be higher than <strong>the</strong> upper ambient<br />
temperature limit for space heating), in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> hours frequency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> temperature ϑ x , in h;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> indoor set-point temperature, in °C.<br />
For simplification, i shall be taken to be 20 °C.<br />
The hours frequency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> outdoor temperature for <strong>the</strong> location <strong>of</strong> Würzburg is given in Table 24. For o<strong>the</strong>r<br />
locations, <strong>the</strong> corresponding test reference years can be used.<br />
The following procedure shall be used for heat pumps with o<strong>the</strong>r heat sources:<br />
For constant source temperatures:<br />
⎯ Ground as source: The 0 °C bin has a weighting <strong>of</strong> 1.<br />
⎯ Groundwater as source: The 10 °C bin has a weighting <strong>of</strong> 1.<br />
⎯ Extract air as source: The 20 °C bin has a weighting <strong>of</strong> 1.<br />
NOTE Extract air heat pumps for residential <strong>buildings</strong> are dealt with in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-6. In that standard, <strong>the</strong> generator<br />
heat output, Q rv,h,outg , is calculated for <strong>the</strong> ensuing calculations in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5 without an additional calculation for <strong>the</strong><br />
heat pump being required.<br />
Extract air with heat recovery as source: The drop in temperature due to heat recovery is taken into account.<br />
For units in which <strong>the</strong> heat recovery is positioned upstream <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> exhaust air heat pump, <strong>the</strong> exhaust air<br />
temperature is calculated for each month for <strong>the</strong> bin in question from <strong>the</strong> heat recovery <strong>efficiency</strong> and <strong>the</strong><br />
design temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> room (exhaust air <strong>efficiency</strong> from <strong>DIN</strong> EN 308 without deductions or heat recovery<br />
according to Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik (DIBt) less 12 %).<br />
The heat exchanger <strong>efficiency</strong> determined according to recognized technical rules characterizes <strong>the</strong><br />
temperature increase <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> supply air in relation to <strong>the</strong> maximum possible temperature increase. Besides <strong>the</strong><br />
operating characteristics <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat exchanger (WÜT), <strong>the</strong> heat dissipated by electrical components (e.g.<br />
fans, controls) also affects <strong>the</strong> heat exchanger <strong>efficiency</strong>. Leakage losses shall be within <strong>the</strong> maximum
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
permissible limits and <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal losses via <strong>the</strong> surface <strong>of</strong> equipment are also to be taken into account. In<br />
addition, <strong>the</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> ventilation units operating during periods <strong>of</strong> frost shall be considered unless <strong>the</strong><br />
ventilation system is fitted with a ground heat exchanger for preheating <strong>the</strong> air, which according to recognized<br />
technical rules ensures a frost-free (and hygienic) supply air flow. If <strong>the</strong> heat exchanger <strong>efficiency</strong> does not<br />
take <strong>the</strong> above into account, and if <strong>the</strong> supply and extract air volume flows cannot be adjusted with suitable<br />
components so as to ensure a permanent volume flow balance, <strong>the</strong> heat exchanger <strong>efficiency</strong> shall be<br />
reduced by 9 %.<br />
Exhaust air <strong>efficiency</strong> measurements from <strong>DIN</strong> EN 308 are used without deductions.<br />
where<br />
Fortluft, mth<br />
ex −<br />
( ϑex<br />
− ϑe<br />
) η WÜT, mth<br />
ϑ = ϑ<br />
⋅<br />
(75)<br />
ϑ Fortuft<br />
ϑ ex<br />
ϑ e<br />
η WÜT,mth<br />
Default values:<br />
is <strong>the</strong> temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> exhaust air, in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> air extracted from <strong>the</strong> space (see 4.1 and Table 15), in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> outdoor air temperature (see 4.1), in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> heat exchanger <strong>efficiency</strong> with regard to heat recovery (in <strong>the</strong> respective month),<br />
in °C.<br />
Heat exchanger <strong>efficiency</strong> without a ground-supply air heat exchanger: η WÜT,mth = 0,60<br />
Heat supply <strong>efficiency</strong> with a ground-supply air heat exchanger: η WÜT,mth = 0,67<br />
The weighting factors for <strong>the</strong> bins are calculated using equation (73).<br />
NOTE Extract air heat pumps for residential <strong>buildings</strong> are dealt with in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-6. In that standard, <strong>the</strong> generator<br />
heat output, Qrv,h,outg , is determined for <strong>the</strong> ensuing calculations in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5 without an additional calculation for <strong>the</strong><br />
heat pump being required.<br />
6.4.2.2 Outdoor air as heat source; average climatic data for Germany<br />
The hours frequency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> outdoor temperatures for average climatic conditions in Germany is given in<br />
Table 24, taking <strong>the</strong> town <strong>of</strong> Würzburg as an example. For o<strong>the</strong>r locations <strong>the</strong> corresponding test reference<br />
years can be used.<br />
The sum <strong>of</strong> hours in <strong>the</strong> individual bins, distributed according to <strong>the</strong> testing points from <strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all<br />
parts) are given in Table 25.<br />
65
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
66<br />
Outdoor<br />
temp.<br />
°C<br />
January<br />
hours<br />
February<br />
hours<br />
Table 24 <strong>—</strong> Hours frequency <strong>of</strong> outdoor temperature (reference location: Würzburg)<br />
March<br />
hours<br />
April<br />
hours<br />
May<br />
hours<br />
June<br />
hours<br />
July<br />
hours<br />
August<br />
hours<br />
September<br />
hours<br />
October<br />
hours<br />
November<br />
hours<br />
December<br />
hours<br />
–15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0<br />
–14 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1<br />
–13 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5<br />
–12 2 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8<br />
–11 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 10<br />
–10 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 12<br />
–9 14 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 26<br />
–8 11 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 24<br />
–7 11 4 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 14 40<br />
–6 4 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 15 33<br />
–5 3 13 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 8 38<br />
–4 3 8 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 12 35<br />
–3 14 10 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 41<br />
–2 31 25 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 30 100<br />
–1 46 51 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 54 170<br />
0 101 98 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 52 68 341<br />
1 164 87 32 13 2 0 0 0 0 6 57 99 460<br />
2 112 89 61 12 10 0 0 0 0 2 40 100 426<br />
3 80 69 78 30 14 0 0 0 0 14 35 103 423<br />
4 37 54 66 47 11 0 0 0 0 35 75 37 362<br />
5 46 36 70 59 18 0 0 0 4 58 54 30 375<br />
Annual<br />
hours
Outdoor<br />
temp.<br />
°C<br />
January<br />
hours<br />
February<br />
hours<br />
March<br />
hours<br />
April<br />
hours<br />
May<br />
hours<br />
Table 24 (continued)<br />
June<br />
hours<br />
July<br />
hours<br />
August<br />
hours<br />
September<br />
hours<br />
October<br />
hours<br />
November<br />
hours<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
December<br />
hours<br />
6 23 27 71 79 31 0 0 0 3 57 44 38 373<br />
7 7 17 75 64 41 2 0 0 2 47 90 37 382<br />
8 12 19 57 65 26 2 1 0 6 44 79 10 321<br />
9 4 8 49 66 36 6 3 2 8 55 49 9 295<br />
10 1 7 42 49 29 7 1 4 17 71 30 19 277<br />
11 4 4 25 52 31 37 4 8 41 86 21 12 325<br />
12 3 4 23 45 48 36 14 18 55 79 20 16 361<br />
13 1 1 11 43 50 51 33 29 100 57 5 5 386<br />
14 0 3 8 37 49 73 35 47 92 49 2 3 398<br />
15 0 3 8 27 65 86 69 54 75 31 2 0 420<br />
16 0 0 5 14 55 64 79 64 52 19 2 0 354<br />
17 0 0 12 6 51 59 83 72 64 9 2 0 358<br />
18 0 0 2 4 30 54 81 80 62 4 0 0 317<br />
19 0 0 1 2 27 47 71 71 45 7 0 0 271<br />
20 0 0 3 1 25 27 61 64 25 3 0 0 209<br />
21 0 0 0 1 19 34 41 42 21 2 0 0 160<br />
22 0 0 0 4 21 35 34 52 15 2 0 0 163<br />
23 0 0 0 0 13 39 31 43 13 1 0 0 140<br />
24 0 0 0 0 15 19 22 25 7 0 0 0 88<br />
25 0 0 0 0 11 14 21 27 4 0 0 0 77<br />
26 0 0 0 0 5 11 16 22 3 0 0 0 57<br />
Annual<br />
hours<br />
67
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
68<br />
Outdoor<br />
temp.<br />
°C<br />
January<br />
hours<br />
February<br />
hours<br />
March<br />
hours<br />
April<br />
hours<br />
May<br />
hours<br />
Table 24 (continued)<br />
June<br />
hours<br />
July<br />
hours<br />
August<br />
hours<br />
September<br />
hours<br />
October<br />
hours<br />
November<br />
hours<br />
December<br />
hours<br />
27 0 0 0 0 11 7 16 11 3 0 0 0 48<br />
28 0 0 0 0 0 5 12 2 3 0 0 0 22<br />
29 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 2 0 0 0 0 11<br />
30 0 0 0 0 0 4 7 1 0 0 0 0 12<br />
31 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3 0 0 0 0 4<br />
32 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1<br />
33 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0<br />
Annual<br />
hours
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Table 25 <strong>—</strong> Monthly hours sum in <strong>the</strong> individual bins, distributed according to <strong>the</strong> testing points from<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all parts)<br />
Bin w-7 w2 w7 w10 w20<br />
Testing point –7 2 7 10 20<br />
Temperature<br />
limits<br />
°C<br />
–15 to –2 –2 to 4 4 to 8 8 to 15 15 to 32<br />
Monthly<br />
sum<br />
January hours 103 540 88 13 0 744<br />
February hours 95 448 99 30 0 672<br />
March hours 23 259 273 166 23 744<br />
April hours 0 102 267 319 32 720<br />
May hours 0 37 116 308 283 744<br />
June hours 0 0 4 296 420 720<br />
July hours 0 0 1 159 584 744<br />
August hours 0 0 0 162 582 744<br />
September hours 0 0 15 388 317 720<br />
October hours 0 63 206 428 47 744<br />
November hours 48 272 267 129 4 720<br />
December hours 104 461 115 64 0 744<br />
Year hours 373 2182 1451 2462 2292 8760<br />
6.4.2.3 <strong>Energy</strong> need for domestic hot water<br />
Domestic hot water is calculated in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-8.<br />
Heat pumps with simultaneous space heating and domestic hot water heating operation shall have<br />
coefficients <strong>of</strong> performance for domestic water heating, space heating and combined operation. The energy<br />
need for space heating and domestic hot water shall be distributed over <strong>the</strong> bins according to running times.<br />
The limit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> running time in combined operation is defined by <strong>the</strong> minimum running time for hot water and<br />
space heating. The residual energy for space heating or hot water shall be calculated using <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong><br />
performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> relevant operating mode.<br />
6.4.2.4 <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fraction <strong>of</strong> heating energy to be provided by <strong>the</strong> second generator (backup<br />
heating)<br />
Operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up heating) is dependent on <strong>the</strong> system design criteria and can be<br />
characterized in terms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> operating mode (alternate, parallel, or partly parallel operation) and <strong>the</strong><br />
respective temperatures, <strong>the</strong> switch-<strong>of</strong>f temperature for <strong>the</strong> heat pump and switch-on temperature for <strong>the</strong><br />
second generator at <strong>the</strong> balance point. Using <strong>the</strong>se temperatures <strong>the</strong> energy requirement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump<br />
and back-up heating operation can be calculated.<br />
6.4.2.4.1 Alternate operation<br />
In alternate operation <strong>the</strong> heat pump supplies <strong>the</strong> entire heat down to a specified outdoor temperature (cut-out<br />
limit). If <strong>the</strong> temperature falls below <strong>the</strong> cut-out limit <strong>the</strong> heat pump switches <strong>of</strong>f and <strong>the</strong> second generator<br />
69
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
satisfies <strong>the</strong> full heating energy requirement. The weighting factor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bin in which <strong>the</strong> cut-out limit falls shall<br />
be recalculated with HDH(ϑ ltc ) = HDH(ϑ lower ).<br />
Figure 6 shows <strong>the</strong> cumulative frequency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> outdoor air temperature in bins with <strong>the</strong> ranges covered by <strong>the</strong><br />
heat pump (areas A 11 and A 12 ) and second generator (area A 2 ).<br />
where<br />
70<br />
Figure 6 <strong>—</strong> Bin hours and energy fractions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump and <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up<br />
heating) in alternate operation<br />
pbu,<br />
h<br />
P bu,h<br />
( ϑ )<br />
= (76)<br />
HDH ltc<br />
HDH t<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy fraction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up heating);<br />
HDH(ϑltc ) are <strong>the</strong> cumulated heating degree hours <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up heating) up to<br />
<strong>the</strong> low temperature cut-out limit ϑltc , in Kh;<br />
HDH t<br />
ϑ bp<br />
is <strong>the</strong> total number <strong>of</strong> heating degree hours, in Kh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> balance point temperature, in °C.
6.4.2.4.2 Parallel operation<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
In parallel operation, <strong>the</strong> heat pump alone supplies <strong>the</strong> necessary heat down to a specified outdoor<br />
temperature (balance point temperature). At temperatures below <strong>the</strong> balance point temperature <strong>the</strong> second<br />
generator switches on. Both heat generators work in parallel. The second generator supplies only <strong>the</strong> part that<br />
<strong>the</strong> heat pump cannot supply because <strong>of</strong> its heat output limitation.<br />
Figure 7 shows <strong>the</strong> cumulative frequency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> outdoor air temperature in bins with <strong>the</strong> ranges covered by <strong>the</strong><br />
heat pump (areas A 11 , A 12 and A 13 ) and second generator (area A 2 ).<br />
where<br />
Figure 7 <strong>—</strong> Bin hours and energy fractions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump and <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up<br />
heating) in parallel operation<br />
pbu,<br />
h<br />
p bu,h<br />
ϑ bp<br />
ϑ i<br />
n hours<br />
HDH(<br />
ϑbp ) − ( ϑ ) ⋅ nhours<br />
( ϑbp<br />
)<br />
= (77)<br />
i − ϑbp<br />
HDH t<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy fraction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up heating);<br />
is <strong>the</strong> balance point temperature, in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> ambient temperature (see 4.1 or Table 15), in °C;<br />
are <strong>the</strong> cumulated hours to <strong>the</strong> balance point <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up heating), in<br />
h;<br />
HDH(ϑbp ) are <strong>the</strong> cumulated heating degree hours <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up heating) up to<br />
<strong>the</strong> balance point temperature ϑbp , in Kh;<br />
71
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
72<br />
HDH t<br />
is <strong>the</strong> total number <strong>of</strong> heating degree hours, in Kh.<br />
6.4.2.4.3 Partly parallel operation<br />
In partly parallel operation <strong>the</strong> heat pump alone supplies <strong>the</strong> necessary heat down to a specified outdoor<br />
temperature (balance point temperature). At temperatures below <strong>the</strong> balance point temperature <strong>the</strong> second<br />
generator switches on. Both heat generators work in parallel. The second generator supplies only <strong>the</strong> heat<br />
that <strong>the</strong> heat pump cannot supply because <strong>of</strong> its heat output limitation. When <strong>the</strong> lower cut-out limit <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat<br />
pump is reached, <strong>the</strong> heat pump switches <strong>of</strong>f and <strong>the</strong> second generator alone supplies <strong>the</strong> heat required. The<br />
weighting factor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> bin in which <strong>the</strong> cut-out limit falls shall be recalculated with HDH(ϑ ltc ) = HDH(ϑ lower ).<br />
Figure 8 shows <strong>the</strong> cumulative frequency <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> outdoor air temperature in bins with <strong>the</strong> ranges covered by <strong>the</strong><br />
heat pump (areas A 11 and A 12 ) and second generator (area A 2 ).<br />
where<br />
Figure 8 <strong>—</strong> Bin hours and energy fractions <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump and <strong>the</strong> second generator<br />
(back-up heating) in partly parallel operation<br />
A HDH ( ϑbp ) − (( ϑ<br />
1<br />
i − ϑbp<br />
) ⋅ ( nhours<br />
( ϑbp<br />
) − nhours<br />
( ϑltc<br />
))<br />
pbu,<br />
h = =<br />
A2<br />
HDH t<br />
p bu,h<br />
ϑ bp<br />
ϑ i<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy fraction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up heating);<br />
is <strong>the</strong> balance point temperature, in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> ambient temperature (see 4.1 or Table 15), in °C;<br />
(78)
ϑ ltc<br />
n hours<br />
is <strong>the</strong> cut-out limit (switch-<strong>of</strong>f temperature) for <strong>the</strong> heat pump, in °C;<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
are <strong>the</strong> cumulated hours to <strong>the</strong> balance point <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up heating), in<br />
h;<br />
HDH(ϑbp ) are <strong>the</strong> cumulated heating degree hours <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up heating) up to<br />
<strong>the</strong> balance point temperature ϑ bp , in Kh;<br />
HDH t<br />
is <strong>the</strong> total number <strong>of</strong> heating degree hours, in Kh.<br />
The energy supplied by <strong>the</strong> heat pump and <strong>the</strong> second generator in bivalent partly parallel operation shall be<br />
determined using equation (78).<br />
6.4.2.5 Heat output and coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump at full load (steady-state<br />
operation)<br />
6.4.2.5.1 Electrically driven heat pumps<br />
6.4.2.5.1.1 Correction for source temperature<br />
The heat output and <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> heat pumps shall be taken from <strong>the</strong> test rig<br />
measurements according to <strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all parts) for <strong>the</strong> respective bin. All testing points shall be taken<br />
into account.<br />
Data not supplied by testing laboratories can be supplemented by product data from <strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all parts).<br />
Default values are given in Annex A and can be used if no o<strong>the</strong>r data are available. These however only<br />
reproduce <strong>the</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> a typical commercial heat pump and <strong>the</strong>re is no longer a reference to a specific<br />
unit. For monovalent heat pump operation it shall be assumed that <strong>the</strong> power <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump under design<br />
conditions for <strong>the</strong> space heating mode is equal to <strong>the</strong> maximum heat load according to Annex B <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2.<br />
If <strong>the</strong> source temperature in a particular bin does not correspond to <strong>the</strong> testing point used it shall be corrected<br />
by interpolation or extrapolation as specified below. If interpolation is not possible owing to a lack <strong>of</strong> data, <strong>the</strong><br />
correction for <strong>the</strong> source and sink temperatures is carried out applying <strong>the</strong> exergetic <strong>efficiency</strong> approach<br />
described in Annex A.<br />
Outdoor air as source<br />
Correction is not usually required as <strong>the</strong> bin distribution corresponds to <strong>the</strong> testing points. However, if a<br />
correction is necessary, intermediate values shall be determined by linear interpolation or extrapolation<br />
between <strong>the</strong> testing points.<br />
Exhaust air as source<br />
The coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance is corrected as specified in Annex A (exergetic <strong>efficiency</strong>) in order to align it<br />
with <strong>the</strong> indoor temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building, if no fur<strong>the</strong>r testing points are available for interpolation.<br />
Ground and groundwater as source<br />
The mean source temperature is determined from <strong>the</strong> average monthly outdoor temperature.<br />
The general correlation is shown in Table 26. The values for average climatic conditions in Germany are given<br />
in Table 27. The data for <strong>the</strong> source temperatures are ei<strong>the</strong>r obtained from test records or use default values.<br />
Intermediate values are determined by linear interpolation or extrapolation between testing points.<br />
73
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
74<br />
Table 26 <strong>—</strong> Mean source temperature for ground and groundwater as a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> average<br />
outdoor temperature<br />
Average outdoor temperature<br />
°C<br />
Mean brine temperature<br />
°C<br />
Mean groundwater temperature<br />
°C<br />
20 4,5 12,0<br />
10 3,0 10,7<br />
7 2,6 10,2<br />
5 2,3 10,0<br />
2 1,8 9,6<br />
0 1,5 9,3<br />
–2 1,2 9,0<br />
–5 0,8 8,6<br />
–7 0,5 8,4<br />
–10 0 8,0<br />
Table 27 <strong>—</strong> Mean source temperature for ground and groundwater as a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> average<br />
monthly outdoor temperature<br />
Average outdoor<br />
temperature<br />
°C<br />
Mean brine temperature<br />
°C<br />
Mean groundwater<br />
temperature<br />
°C<br />
January –1,3 1,3 9,1<br />
February 0,6 1,6 9,4<br />
March 4,1 2,1 9,9<br />
April 9,5 2,9 10,6<br />
May 12,9 3,4 11,0<br />
June 15,7 3,9 11,4<br />
July 18 4,2 11,7<br />
August 18,3 4,2 11,8<br />
September 14,4 3,7 11,2<br />
October 9,1 2,9 10,5<br />
November 4,7 2,2 9,9<br />
December 1,3 1,7 9,5<br />
6.4.2.5.1.2 Correction for <strong>the</strong> distribution temperature<br />
Water based heating distribution<br />
Two corrections are to be made as a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> distribution.
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
The coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump is first corrected as a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean monthly supply<br />
temperature (see 5.2, equation (13)). The testing points are <strong>the</strong>n linearly interpolated or extrapolated to <strong>the</strong><br />
mean supply temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> distribution for each bin.<br />
In addition, a second correction is necessary if <strong>the</strong> heat pump is operated with a temperature difference<br />
between <strong>the</strong> heating circuit flow and return temperatures that deviates from <strong>the</strong> temperature difference in <strong>the</strong><br />
test rig measurements according to <strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all parts). This effect is accounted for by <strong>the</strong> correction<br />
factor from Table 28.<br />
COP T = COP · f ∆ϑ<br />
where<br />
COP T<br />
is <strong>the</strong> corrected coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump;<br />
COP is <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance from test rig measurements according to <strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all<br />
parts); <strong>the</strong> default values given in Annex A are used if no product data are available;<br />
f ∆ϑ<br />
∆ϑ M<br />
∆ϑ B<br />
is <strong>the</strong> correction factor from Table 28;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> temperature difference from test rig measurements according to <strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all parts),<br />
in K; <strong>the</strong> default value is 10 K if no boundary conditions for <strong>the</strong> test are known;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> temperature difference when <strong>the</strong> heat pump is in operation, in K.<br />
In space heating mode, ∆ϑ B = ∆ϑ HK (from equation (12)).<br />
Table 28 <strong>—</strong> Correction factors f ∆ϑ to account for deviations in temperature differences in heat pump<br />
measurement and operation<br />
T. d. in<br />
operation<br />
∆ϑ B<br />
Temperature difference in <strong>the</strong> test rig measurements<br />
∆ϑ M<br />
K<br />
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15<br />
3 1,000 0,990 0,980 0,969 0,959 0,949 0,939 0,928 0,918 0,908 0,898 0,887 0,877<br />
4 1,010 1,000 0,990 0,980 0,969 0,959 0,949 0,939 0,928 0,918 0,908 0,898 0,887<br />
5 1,020 1,010 1,000 0,990 0,980 0,969 0,959 0,949 0,939 0,928 0,918 0,908 0,898<br />
6 1,031 1,020 1,010 1,000 0,990 0,980 0,969 0,959 0,949 0,939 0,928 0,918 0,908<br />
7 1,041 1,031 1,020 1,010 1,000 0,990 0,980 0,969 0,959 0,949 0,939 0,928 0,918<br />
8 1,051 1,041 1,031 1,020 1,010 1,000 0,990 0,980 0,969 0,959 0,949 0,939 0,928<br />
9 1,061 1,051 1,041 1,031 1,020 1,010 1,000 0,990 0,980 0,969 0,959 0,949 0,939<br />
10 1,072 1,061 1,051 1,041 1,031 1,020 1,010 1,000 0,990 0,980 0,969 0,959 0,949<br />
(79)<br />
75
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Direct output to room air<br />
If <strong>the</strong> heat output is directly to <strong>the</strong> room air (e.g. via condensation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> refrigerant in an air heat exchanger),<br />
<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> indoor set-point temperature shall be used as <strong>the</strong> distribution temperature. If <strong>the</strong> temperature does<br />
not correspond to test rig measurements, <strong>the</strong> value shall be extrapolated where <strong>the</strong>re are a number <strong>of</strong> testing<br />
points, but if <strong>the</strong>re is only one testing point, <strong>the</strong> result shall be corrected applying <strong>the</strong> exergetic <strong>efficiency</strong><br />
approach (see Annex A).<br />
6.4.2.5.2 Non-electrically driven heat pumps with combustion drive<br />
Heat pumps with combustion drive include engine-driven heat pumps and sorption heat pumps.<br />
The calculation shall be carried out on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> test measurements from a recognized testing laboratory.<br />
If no product data are available, <strong>the</strong> values specified in Annex A shall be used in <strong>the</strong> calculations.<br />
6.4.2.6 Coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance in part load operation<br />
6.4.2.6.1 Principle<br />
Since heat pumps provided with fixed-speed compressors operate at part load operation by cycling between<br />
on and <strong>of</strong>f status, losses due to cycling <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> compressor occur which reduce <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump.<br />
Variable capacity units controlled stepwise (i.e. cascading) or continuously, are more efficient at part load<br />
operation.<br />
For <strong>the</strong> calculation, <strong>the</strong> coefficients <strong>of</strong> performance and heat outputs at part load operation are required for <strong>the</strong><br />
operating point <strong>of</strong> each bin. At least one coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance at 50 % load measured as described in<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> CEN/TS 14825 is required.<br />
The coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance at part load operation is given by <strong>the</strong> following relationship:<br />
where<br />
76<br />
COPpl COPfl<br />
⋅ fpl<br />
COP pl<br />
COP fl<br />
f pl<br />
= (80)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance at part load operation;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance at full load operation;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> correction factor to account for part load operation.<br />
The correction factor f pl takes account <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal inertia <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> distribution system and heat pump as well<br />
as <strong>the</strong> running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump. The running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump is accounted for by <strong>the</strong> load factor<br />
FC.<br />
The load factor can be calculated using <strong>the</strong> following equation<br />
tON,<br />
g, i<br />
FC = (81)<br />
ti
where<br />
FC is <strong>the</strong> load factor;<br />
t on,g,i<br />
t i<br />
is <strong>the</strong> running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in h;<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
is <strong>the</strong> total time in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in h (if outdoor air is <strong>the</strong> heat source, see<br />
Table 25).<br />
For electrically operated heat pumps f pl is given in Annex A for radiators, convectors, and surface heating.<br />
For absorption heat pumps f pl is given (as c dt ) in Annex A.<br />
6.4.2.6.2 Running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump<br />
The running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump depends on <strong>the</strong> heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> pump under <strong>the</strong> operating conditions<br />
(heat source temperature and heating water supply and return temperatures) and <strong>the</strong> required generator heat<br />
output. The running time in each bin is calculated as follows:<br />
where<br />
h, outg,<br />
i<br />
ON, g, i =<br />
0, 001⋅<br />
Φg,<br />
i<br />
Q<br />
t (82)<br />
t ON,g,i<br />
is <strong>the</strong> running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in h;<br />
Q h,outg,i is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see equation 72), in kWh;<br />
Φ g,i<br />
is <strong>the</strong> heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in bin i, in W.<br />
The heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump shall be taken from <strong>the</strong> test records. If no product data are available, it shall<br />
be assumed in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> monovalent operation that <strong>the</strong> heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump under design<br />
conditions is equal to <strong>the</strong> maximum heat load required by <strong>the</strong> zone being served according to Annex B <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2. For bivalent operation, <strong>the</strong> maximum heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump is to be taken from <strong>the</strong><br />
project documents. The heat output in each bin shall be determined using <strong>the</strong> relative heat output given in A.3.<br />
The following boundary condition applies:<br />
where<br />
∑<br />
T−<br />
≥ t M, ON tON,<br />
g, i<br />
(83)<br />
bins<br />
t ON,g,i<br />
is <strong>the</strong> maximum possible running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in h.<br />
The maximum possible running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump is given in Table 25. Equation (83) limits <strong>the</strong> running<br />
time proportionately in <strong>the</strong> respective bins.<br />
Since <strong>the</strong> running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump depends on <strong>the</strong> heat demand, <strong>the</strong> operating mode <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump<br />
is to be taken into account.<br />
If <strong>the</strong> mean monthly supply temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> distribution is higher than <strong>the</strong> maximum supply temperature <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> heat pump, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> supply temperature <strong>of</strong> this bin shall be determined and <strong>the</strong> running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat<br />
pump for this bin shall be limited.<br />
77
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Where heat pumps are used for both space heating and domestic hot water heating, <strong>the</strong> maximum possible<br />
running time for space heating can also be limited by <strong>the</strong> sum <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> running times. The running time for<br />
domestic hot water heating shall be determined as specified in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-8.<br />
If <strong>the</strong> running time is greater than <strong>the</strong> maximum possible running time obtained from equation (83), <strong>the</strong><br />
running times for space heating and domestic hot water heating are reduced by <strong>the</strong> same number <strong>of</strong> hours<br />
unless <strong>the</strong> heat pump control system foresees o<strong>the</strong>r provisions.<br />
The heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump is limited to <strong>the</strong> actual running time.<br />
where<br />
78<br />
Q 0, 001<br />
Φ<br />
(84)<br />
h, outg, i,WP = ⋅ tON,<br />
g, i,WP ⋅<br />
g, i<br />
Q h,outg,i,WP is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
t ON,g,i,WP<br />
Φ g,i<br />
is <strong>the</strong> actual running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in h;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in bin i, in W.<br />
6.4.2.7 Generator <strong>the</strong>rmal losses<br />
Hot water buffer storage tank<br />
Any external buffer storage tank that may be installed is dealt with in 6.3.<br />
If <strong>the</strong> buffer storage tank is part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump, <strong>the</strong> losses are calculated using equation (49) and are<br />
distributed over individual bins as follows:<br />
where<br />
t<br />
Q i<br />
h, g, s, i Qh,<br />
s ⋅<br />
th<br />
= (85)<br />
Q h,g,s,i is <strong>the</strong> heat loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storage tank to <strong>the</strong> surrounding environment in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective<br />
month), in kWh;<br />
Q h,s<br />
t i<br />
t h<br />
is <strong>the</strong> heat loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> buffer storage tank (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh; <strong>the</strong> default value<br />
given in 6.3 shall be used if no product data are available;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> time in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in h;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> heating hours in <strong>the</strong> respective month (see 4.1), in h.<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>r generator <strong>the</strong>rmal losses<br />
For electrically driven heat pumps no fur<strong>the</strong>r losses are considered, i.e. Q h,g,WP = 0. For heat pumps with<br />
combustion drive <strong>the</strong> data shall be used from test rig results or manufacturers’ data.<br />
where<br />
Q h, g, i Qh,<br />
g, s, i + Qh,<br />
g, WP, i<br />
Q h,g,i<br />
= (86)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> generator heat loss in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh.
6.4.2.8 <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> total energy consumption<br />
6.4.2.8.1 Electrically driven heat pumps<br />
Auxiliary energy consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in <strong>the</strong> space heating mode<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
The electrical energy consumption is calculated by adding toge<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> electrical energy consumption in <strong>the</strong><br />
individual bins as follows:<br />
Q<br />
+<br />
where<br />
h, f,<br />
1<br />
nbin<br />
∑<br />
i = 1<br />
Q h,f,1<br />
=<br />
Q<br />
nbin<br />
∑<br />
i = 1<br />
Q<br />
h, outg, WP, i<br />
h, outg, combi,<br />
i<br />
+ Q<br />
+ Q<br />
h, g, i<br />
h, g,<br />
i<br />
− p<br />
COP<br />
− ( 1−<br />
p<br />
h, combi<br />
combi,<br />
i<br />
COP<br />
h, combi<br />
sin,<br />
i<br />
⋅ k<br />
rd, g<br />
) ⋅ k<br />
⋅Q<br />
rd, g<br />
⋅Q<br />
h, g, aux, i<br />
h, g, aux,<br />
i<br />
is <strong>the</strong> delivered energy required for operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in <strong>the</strong> space heating mode<br />
(in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
Q h,outg,WP,i is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) which is met by <strong>the</strong> heat pump<br />
in single (space heating) mode (see 6.4), in kWh;<br />
Q h,outg,combi,i is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) which is met by <strong>the</strong> heat pump<br />
in combined space heating and domestic hot water heating mode (see 6.4), in kWh;<br />
Q h,g,i<br />
k rd,g<br />
Q h,g,aux,i<br />
COP sin,i<br />
is <strong>the</strong> generator heat loss in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> fraction <strong>of</strong> auxiliary energy recovered as <strong>the</strong>rmal energy (k rd,g = 0);<br />
is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy for operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in <strong>the</strong> space heating mode in bin i (in<br />
<strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in single (space heating) mode in bin i;<br />
NOTE This corresponds to <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance under average operating conditions.<br />
COP combi,i<br />
is <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in combined space heating and domestic<br />
hot water heating mode in bin i;<br />
NOTE This corresponds to <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance under average operating conditions.<br />
p h,combi<br />
n bin<br />
is <strong>the</strong> fraction <strong>of</strong> combined space heating and domestic water heating (simultaneous<br />
operation);<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> bins.<br />
6.4.2.8.2 Heat pumps with combustion drive<br />
The fuel input energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump is calculated by adding <strong>the</strong> values in <strong>the</strong> individual bins by means <strong>of</strong><br />
equation (88).<br />
(87)<br />
79
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
80<br />
nbin<br />
h, f,<br />
1 = ∑<br />
i = 1<br />
Q<br />
where<br />
Q h,f,1<br />
Q h,outg,i<br />
k rd,g<br />
Q h,g,aux,i<br />
COP i<br />
Q<br />
h, outg,<br />
i<br />
− k<br />
rd, g<br />
COP<br />
i<br />
⋅Q<br />
h, g, aux, i<br />
⋅ f<br />
Hs/Hi<br />
is <strong>the</strong> delivered energy (gas) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output for <strong>the</strong> heating system in bin i, in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> fraction <strong>of</strong> auxiliary energy recovered as <strong>the</strong>rmal energy (k rd,g = 0);<br />
is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in <strong>the</strong> space heating mode in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective<br />
month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in <strong>the</strong> space heating mode in bin i;<br />
NOTE This corresponds to <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance under average operating conditions.<br />
f Hs/Hi<br />
n bin<br />
6.4.2.9 Auxiliary energy<br />
where<br />
w, g, aux<br />
is <strong>the</strong> ratio <strong>of</strong> gross calorific value to net calorific value ratio <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fuel used;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> bins.<br />
( prim, aux + sek, aux ) ⋅ 0, 001 tON,<br />
g, aux<br />
Q = Φ Φ<br />
⋅<br />
(89)<br />
Q h,g,aux<br />
Φ prim,aux<br />
Φ sek,aux<br />
t ON,g,aux<br />
is <strong>the</strong> total auxiliary energy use (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> power requirement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> primary circuit, in W;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> power requirement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> secondary circuit, in W;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> auxiliary component (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in h.<br />
If <strong>the</strong> power consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> auxiliary component is not known, it is calculated according to equation (90).<br />
Φ<br />
where<br />
prim/sek, aux<br />
Φ prim,aux<br />
Φ sek,aux<br />
∆p<br />
⋅ V<br />
=<br />
η ⋅ 3 600<br />
&<br />
aux<br />
is <strong>the</strong> power requirement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> primary circuit, in W;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> power requirement <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> secondary circuit, in W;<br />
∆p is <strong>the</strong> pressure drop in <strong>the</strong> primary or secondary circuit respectively, in Pa;<br />
V & is <strong>the</strong> volume flow, in m 3 /h;<br />
(88)<br />
(90)
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
NOTE This value can be taken from test rig measurements as specified in <strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all parts) or from<br />
product data.<br />
η aux<br />
is <strong>the</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> circulation pump.<br />
NOTE The <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> circulation pumps is specified in <strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all parts) as η aux = 0,3.<br />
6.4.2.9.1 Primary circuit (heat source)<br />
For <strong>the</strong> heat pump <strong>the</strong> drive energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> source pump is taken into account in <strong>the</strong> generator subsystem.<br />
The sum <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> running times <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump over all bins t on,g,i is to be assumed for <strong>the</strong> running time <strong>of</strong><br />
auxiliary components t ON,aux .<br />
Air-to-water heat pump<br />
As air-to-water heat pumps are tested as a unit, <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy for <strong>the</strong> fan in <strong>the</strong> source circuit is already<br />
taken into account when measuring according to <strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all parts).<br />
Brine-to-water and water-to-water heat pump<br />
In <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> brine-to-water and water-to-water heat pumps, <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy to compensate for <strong>the</strong><br />
internal pressure drop in <strong>the</strong> evaporator is taken into account in <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance in <strong>the</strong> test rig<br />
measurement according to <strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all parts). The missing source pump auxiliary energy required to<br />
compensate for <strong>the</strong> pressure drop in <strong>the</strong> heat source system is to be taken into account using equation (90). If<br />
no values are available, a pressure loss <strong>of</strong> 40 kPa is used and <strong>the</strong> volume flow is determined using <strong>the</strong><br />
nominal power <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump at a temperature difference <strong>of</strong> 3 K.<br />
6.4.2.9.2 Secondary circuit<br />
The secondary auxiliary energy shall only be taken into account in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> heat pumps with integrated<br />
buffer storage tanks or a hydraulic diverter. The secondary pressure loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump has already been<br />
included in <strong>the</strong> determination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance according to <strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all parts). ∆p we<br />
shall thus be set at zero in equation (44).<br />
If <strong>the</strong>re is a hydraulic decoupling between <strong>the</strong> heat pump and <strong>the</strong> distribution system (e.g. by means <strong>of</strong> a<br />
parallel buffer storage tank), <strong>the</strong> additional storage tank charge pump is also assigned to <strong>the</strong> generator<br />
subsystem (heat pump). In this case <strong>the</strong> energy to compensate for <strong>the</strong> external pressure drop is to be taken<br />
into account. If no values are available a pressure loss <strong>of</strong> 10 kPa is used.<br />
The sum <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> running times <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in all bins t on,g,i shall be assumed as <strong>the</strong> running time <strong>of</strong><br />
auxiliary components t ON,aux .<br />
6.4.2.10 <strong>Energy</strong> consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up heating system)<br />
Q<br />
where<br />
⎛<br />
max ⎜ Q −<br />
⋅<br />
⎜ h, outg,i Qh,<br />
outg,i, WP;<br />
pbu,h<br />
Q<br />
⎝ i<br />
h, outg,bu = ∑ h, outg,i<br />
Q h,outg,bu<br />
⎞<br />
⎟<br />
⎟<br />
⎠<br />
is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), provided by <strong>the</strong> second<br />
generator (back-up heating) (see 6.4), in kWh;<br />
Q h,outg,i,WP is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
(91)<br />
81
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
82<br />
Q h,outg,i<br />
P bu,h<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy need <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> distribution system in bin i (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy fraction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up heating).<br />
6.4.2.11 Total energy consumption<br />
The total electrical energy consumption (electrical or fuel input energy) is <strong>the</strong> sum <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> input energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
heat pump and <strong>the</strong> second generator:<br />
where<br />
Q h, f Qh,<br />
f,1 + Qh,<br />
f, bu<br />
Q h,f<br />
Q h,f,1<br />
Q h,f,bu<br />
= (92)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> total energy use (electric power or gas) for space heating (heat pump and back-up heating<br />
in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> electric power) (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in <strong>the</strong> space heating mode (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> second generator (back-up heating) in <strong>the</strong> space heating mode (in <strong>the</strong><br />
respective month), in kWh.<br />
6.4.2.12 Regenerative energy contribution<br />
The regenerative energy used for <strong>the</strong> heat supply can be calculated as<br />
where<br />
Q h, in Qh,<br />
outg − Qh,<br />
f + Qh,<br />
g<br />
Q h,in<br />
= (93)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> ambient heat for <strong>the</strong> heating system (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
Q h,outg is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output to <strong>the</strong> heating system (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh (see 6.4);<br />
Q h,f<br />
Q h,g<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump in <strong>the</strong> space heating mode (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see<br />
6.4.2), in kWh;<br />
are <strong>the</strong> generation <strong>the</strong>rmal losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating system to <strong>the</strong> installation space (in <strong>the</strong><br />
respective month) (see 6.4.2), in kWh.<br />
6.4.2.13 Performance factor to account for <strong>the</strong> generator subsystem<br />
For information purposes, <strong>the</strong> annual performance factor can be calculated on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> sum <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
monthly energy need for heating and <strong>the</strong> energy expenditure:<br />
∑<br />
∑Qh,<br />
f<br />
h, outg<br />
Monate<br />
SPF g, t, a =<br />
(94)<br />
+ Q<br />
Monate<br />
Q<br />
h, aux, g<br />
The monthly performance factor can be calculated (also for information purposes) as:<br />
SPF<br />
g, t<br />
Qh,<br />
outg<br />
= (95)<br />
Q + Q<br />
h, f<br />
h, aux, g
where<br />
SPF g,t,a<br />
SPF g,t<br />
Q h,outg<br />
Q h,f<br />
is <strong>the</strong> annual performance factor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly performance factor <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump;<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output for <strong>the</strong> heating system (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh (see 6.4);<br />
is <strong>the</strong> energy use for <strong>the</strong> heating system (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh.<br />
6.4.3 Conventional boilers<br />
Determination <strong>of</strong> heat generation losses: heating Q h,g<br />
The boiler output shall be designed to give <strong>the</strong> following part load levels: β h,i ≤ 1.<br />
If <strong>the</strong>re is only one boiler, <strong>the</strong> value <strong>of</strong> β is calculated as follows:<br />
where<br />
β = Q&<br />
/ Q&<br />
(96)<br />
β h<br />
h<br />
d, in<br />
N<br />
is <strong>the</strong> part load level;<br />
Qd, in<br />
& is <strong>the</strong> mean heat output to <strong>the</strong> heat distribution, in kW;<br />
QN & is <strong>the</strong> boiler rated output, in kW.<br />
6.4.3.1 Multiple boiler systems<br />
A differentiation shall be made between <strong>the</strong> two following modes <strong>of</strong> operation <strong>of</strong> multiple boiler systems.<br />
Parallel operation (without priority switching)<br />
All boilers are in operation at <strong>the</strong> same time to meet <strong>the</strong> heat demand. The part load level <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> individual<br />
boiler <strong>the</strong>n corresponds to <strong>the</strong> ratio <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> total mean heat output to <strong>the</strong> total rated output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boilers.<br />
where<br />
( & ∑ N, )<br />
β h, i = Q&<br />
d, in / Q j<br />
(97)<br />
β h,i<br />
is <strong>the</strong> part load level;<br />
Qd, in<br />
& is <strong>the</strong> mean heat output, in kW;<br />
QN, j<br />
& is <strong>the</strong> total rated output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boilers, in kW.<br />
83
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Series operation (with priority switching)<br />
The boiler rated outputs are added step-by-step in <strong>the</strong> sequence each individual boiler i switches on in<br />
accordance with <strong>the</strong> controller setting. The boiler is at full load (100 %) as long as after each step <strong>the</strong> sum <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong>se boiler outputs remains less than <strong>the</strong> energy requirement.<br />
Only when <strong>the</strong> sum <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se boiler outputs, added step-by-step, exceeds <strong>the</strong> requirement does <strong>the</strong> boiler<br />
whose rated output was <strong>the</strong> last to be added operate in <strong>the</strong> part load regime. The part load β h,n for this nth<br />
boiler is calculated as follows:<br />
If ∑ < Q&<br />
d, in Q&<br />
N, n :<br />
where<br />
84<br />
h, n<br />
( Qd,<br />
in − Q&<br />
) / Q&<br />
N, n<br />
& ∑ N, n−1<br />
β =<br />
(98)<br />
β h,n<br />
is <strong>the</strong> part load level <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler;<br />
Qd, in<br />
& is <strong>the</strong> mean heat output to <strong>the</strong> heat distribution, in kW;<br />
QN, n<br />
&<br />
is <strong>the</strong> rated output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler, in kW.<br />
The stand-by period for heat generation d H,g,i for a single boiler system, for all boilers in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> parallel<br />
operation, or for <strong>the</strong> lead boiler in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> sequenced control corresponds to d h,mth (<strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> heating<br />
days in <strong>the</strong> respective month, in d (see 5.4.1)); that <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> following boilers (only if <strong>the</strong>re is water-side<br />
separation from <strong>the</strong> boiler circuit when inoperative) is d h,mth · β h,n . This procedure shall be used by analogy for<br />
hot water production according to <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-8 if a multiple boiler system is used.<br />
6.4.3.2 Fuel-fired systems (boilers)<br />
In this clause <strong>the</strong> subscript i is used for calculations with more than one boiler.<br />
The heat loss Q h,g and auxiliary energy Q h,g,aux <strong>of</strong> a boiler are calculated on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rated heat output<br />
QN & , <strong>the</strong> efficiencies ηK100% , ηK pl% (ηK30% ) according to Directive 92/42/EEC (Boiler Efficiency Directive), <strong>the</strong><br />
stand-by <strong>the</strong>rmal loss qB,70 and <strong>the</strong> electric power Paux <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> auxiliary units <strong>of</strong> a boiler. These values shall<br />
ei<strong>the</strong>r be determined from measurements as product data from <strong>DIN</strong> EN 304, <strong>DIN</strong> EN 303-5, <strong>DIN</strong> EN 297 or<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 656, or else default values can be used if no measured values are available. In addition <strong>the</strong><br />
efficiencies are adjusted to <strong>the</strong> boiler temperature at <strong>the</strong> operating point.<br />
If additional heat is provided by a solar system from 6.4.1 or from o<strong>the</strong>r sources from <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-6 or<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-7, <strong>the</strong>n Qh,outg shall be replaced by Q *<br />
h,outg from equation (54). In each case <strong>the</strong> maximum<br />
required operating temperature shall be used as <strong>the</strong> basis during <strong>the</strong> operating time:<br />
HK, m<br />
( ϑ , ϑ , )<br />
ϑ = max ϑ<br />
(99)<br />
HK, m<br />
h*<br />
r, Nutz<br />
When determining <strong>the</strong> operating time it is important whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> running times <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> different processes occur<br />
in <strong>the</strong> same period or in different periods. In <strong>the</strong> following equations <strong>the</strong> times shall be combined with <strong>the</strong><br />
associated temperatures. For simplicity, only normal heating operation is dealt with.<br />
The total generation loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating system Q h,g , referred to <strong>the</strong> gross calorific value (Hs) is calculated as<br />
Q h,g = Σ(Q h,g,v,i · d h,rB ) (100)
where<br />
Q h,g<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
is <strong>the</strong> total generation loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating system (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 4.2.2), in kWh;<br />
Q h,g,v,i is <strong>the</strong> boiler heat loss, in kWh/d;<br />
d h,rB<br />
is <strong>the</strong> design number <strong>of</strong> operating days (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in d (see 5.4.1).<br />
The daily generation losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler Q h,g,v, are determined as a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> mean boiler part load β h<br />
and <strong>the</strong> load regimes on which testing <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generator is based, with part loads β K,pl (equal to 0,3 in <strong>the</strong> case<br />
<strong>of</strong> oil and gas boilers, and between 0,3 and 0,5 in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> automatic feed biomass combustion systems)<br />
and β K,100% (equal to 1,0):<br />
If 0 < β h,i ≤ β K,pl , <strong>the</strong>n<br />
where<br />
Qh,g,v,i = ((βh,i /βK,pl ) · ( Q& V,g,pl – Q& B,h ) + Q& B,h ) · (th,rL,T – tw,100% ) (101)<br />
β h,i<br />
is <strong>the</strong> part load level <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler;<br />
Q & V,g,pl is <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal power loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler at part load, in kW;<br />
Q & B,h<br />
t h,rL,T<br />
is <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal power loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler in stand-by mode, in kW;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> daily design running time (see 5.4.1), in h;<br />
t w,100% is <strong>the</strong> daily running time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler for domestic water heating (see 4.1), in h.<br />
If β K,pl < β h < 1,0, <strong>the</strong>n<br />
where<br />
Qh,g,v,i = ((βh,i – βK,pl )/(1 – βK,pl ) · ( Q& V,g,100% – Q& V,g,pl ) + ( Q& V,g,pl ) · (th,RL,T – tw,100% ) (102)<br />
Q & V,g,100%<br />
is <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal power loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler at rated output, in kW.<br />
Mean heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generation process<br />
If <strong>the</strong> generator only has to meet <strong>the</strong> heat requirements <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> space heating system or <strong>the</strong> heat requirements<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> space heating system combined with domestic hot water heating, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> mean heat output is<br />
calculated according to equation (103).<br />
Q& d,in = Qh,outg /(dh,rB · (th,rL,T – tw,100% )) (103)<br />
As soon as <strong>the</strong>re is no heating requirement in <strong>the</strong> particular month and thus d h,rB = 0, <strong>the</strong>n Q & d,in also<br />
becomes zero.<br />
If <strong>the</strong> generator has to meet fur<strong>the</strong>r heating requirements (e.g. for air conditioning) in addition to space heating<br />
and domestic hot water heating, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> mean heat output is calculated according to equation (104).<br />
85
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
where<br />
86<br />
Q & d,in = ΣQ h,outg /(t Betrieb,K – t w,100% ) · d Nutz,mth<br />
ΣQ h,outg<br />
t Betrieb,K<br />
is <strong>the</strong> total heat output from 4.2.1, taking account <strong>of</strong> 6.4;<br />
(104)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly operating time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generator, taking account <strong>of</strong> all heat loads to be<br />
supplied from 4.2.1.<br />
<strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> daily power loss Q & V,g,100% , Q& V,g,pl% , Q& B,h :<br />
Thermal power loss <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler at stand-by Q & B,h :<br />
where<br />
Q & B,h = q B,ϑ · ( Q& N /η k,100% ) · f Hs/Hi<br />
q B,ϑ<br />
Q & N<br />
is <strong>the</strong> stand-by loss at <strong>the</strong> mean boiler temperature;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> boiler rated output, in kW;<br />
η k,100% is <strong>the</strong> boiler <strong>efficiency</strong> at full load;<br />
f Hs/Hi<br />
is <strong>the</strong> ratio <strong>of</strong> gross calorific value to net calorific value <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> fuel used (see 4.1).<br />
The stand-by loss q B,ϑ <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler at <strong>the</strong> mean boiler temperature is calculated as follows:<br />
where<br />
(105)<br />
q B,ϑ = q B,70 · (ϑ HK,m – ϑ i )/(70 – 20) (106)<br />
q B,70<br />
ϑ HK,m<br />
ϑ i<br />
is <strong>the</strong> stand-by loss;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> mean boiler temperature (see 5.4), in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> ambient temperature (see 4.1 or Table 15), in °C.<br />
If <strong>the</strong> mean operating temperatures ϑHK,m <strong>of</strong> boilers (or, in <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> condensing units, <strong>the</strong> mean return<br />
temperatures ϑRL,m ) deviate from <strong>the</strong> test temperatures given in Table 29, <strong>the</strong> efficiencies shall be adjusted to<br />
take <strong>the</strong> change in temperature conditions into account. The test temperatures ϑg,test are given in Table 29.
Boiler type<br />
Table 29 <strong>—</strong> Boiler temperatures<br />
ϑ g,test 100 (full load)<br />
°C<br />
Gas/oil<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
ϑ g,test,pl (part load)<br />
°C<br />
Standard 70 50<br />
Low temperature 70 40<br />
Condensing 70 30 a<br />
Biomass<br />
Standard 70 70<br />
a Directive 92/42/EEC specifies a return temperature <strong>of</strong> 30 °C when testing condensing boilers.<br />
The boiler efficiencies determined under test conditions (ϑg,test100 ; ϑg,test,pl ) shall be corrected to take into<br />
account <strong>the</strong> actual operating temperature (ϑ HK,m or ϑRL,m ) as follows:<br />
η k,100%,Betrieb = η k,100% + G · (ϑ g,Test 100 – ϑ HK,m ) (107)<br />
η k,pl,Betrieb = η k,pl + H · (ϑ g , Test,pl – ϑ HK,m ) (108)<br />
If a number <strong>of</strong> heating circuits with differing temperatures are connected, <strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> highest value shall be used<br />
for ϑ HK,m or ϑ RL,m , as appropriate (see clause 5).<br />
For condensing boilers operated at part load, <strong>the</strong> mean return temperature ϑRL,m is substituted for <strong>the</strong> mean<br />
boiler temperature ϑHK,m in equation (108).<br />
Table 30 <strong>—</strong> Temperature correction factors<br />
Boiler type Factor G Factor H<br />
Standard boiler 0 0,000 4<br />
Low temperature boiler 0,000 4 0,000 4<br />
Condensing boiler, gaseous fuels 0,002 0,002<br />
Condensing boiler, liquid fuels 0,000 4 0,001<br />
Standard biomass boiler 0 0,000 4<br />
Thermal power loss at part load:<br />
Q & V,g,pl = (f Hs/Hi – η k,pl,Betrieb )/η k,pl,Betrieb · β K,pl · Q& N<br />
Thermal power loss at full load:<br />
Q & V,g,100% = (f Hs/Hi – η k,100%,Betrieb )/η k,100%,Betrieb · Q& N<br />
(109)<br />
(110)<br />
87
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
<strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> recoverable <strong>the</strong>rmal losses<br />
Uncontrolled heat gains from generators installed within <strong>the</strong> heated zone caused by losses via <strong>the</strong> envelope<br />
(q s,ϑ ) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generator can be taken into account as follows:<br />
atmospheric gas boiler:<br />
88<br />
q s,ϑ = 0,5 · q B,ϑ<br />
all o<strong>the</strong>r boilers:<br />
q s,ϑ = 0,75 · q B,ϑ<br />
Thus <strong>the</strong> total radiation losses Q I,h,g in <strong>the</strong> calculation period are calculated as follows:<br />
Q I,h,g = q s,ϑ � · Q & N /η k,100% · (t h,rL,T – t w , 100% ) · d h,rB<br />
Auxiliary energy Q h,g,aux<br />
The auxiliary energy for space heat generation Q h,g,aux is calculated using <strong>the</strong> auxiliary power P aux <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
boiler (measured at full load, at part load and in stand-by mode) on <strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> a volume flow at a difference<br />
<strong>of</strong> 20 K between <strong>the</strong> supply and return temperatures, and <strong>the</strong> mean boiler part load β h,i . In set-back mode, <strong>the</strong><br />
heat generator runs at a reduced temperature and with a reduced running time. These effects are taken into<br />
account via <strong>the</strong> design running time, as is any possible period <strong>of</strong> operational shut down.<br />
where<br />
(111)<br />
(112)<br />
(113)<br />
Q h,g,aux = Σ(P h,g,aux,i · (t h,rL -t w , 100% · d mth · d Nutz,a /365) + P aux,SB · (24 · d mth – t h,rL ) (114)<br />
Q h,g,aux<br />
P aux,SB<br />
th,rL<br />
d mth<br />
If 0 < β h,i ≤ β K,pl ,<br />
where<br />
is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy for space heat generation (see 4.2.3), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary power consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler at stand-by, in kW;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly design running time (see 5.4.1), in h;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> days (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 4.1).<br />
P h,g,aux,i = (β h,i /β K,pl ) · (P aux,pl,i – P aux,SB ) + P aux,SB<br />
P h,g,aux,i<br />
P aux,pl<br />
If βK,pl�� < βh,i < 1,0:<br />
is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary power consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler when in operation, in kW;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary power consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler at part load, in kW.<br />
P h,g,aux,i = (β h,i – β K,pl )/(1 – β K,pl ) · (P aux,100 – P aux,pl ) + P aux,pl<br />
(115)<br />
(116)
where<br />
P aux,100 is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary power consumption <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler at full load, in kW.<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
When determining <strong>the</strong> auxiliary power consumption for automatic feed biomass central boilers a distinction is<br />
to be made between systems with and without a buffer storage tank. For systems with buffer storage tanks,<br />
correction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> value P aux,pl is not required.<br />
For systems without buffer storage tanks, P aux,pl shall be adjusted to P aux,pl,bio,korr to take into account <strong>the</strong><br />
higher ignition power requirement as a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> relationship between <strong>the</strong> boiler part load βK,pl forming<br />
<strong>the</strong> basis <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> part load measurement, and <strong>the</strong> mean boiler load βh,i in <strong>the</strong> calculation period.<br />
f β,Bio = β K,pl /β h,i<br />
For 1 < f β,Bio < 3 <strong>the</strong> following applies:<br />
P aux,pl,bio,korr. = P aux,pl · f β,Bio<br />
If f β,Bio ≥ 3 <strong>the</strong> following applies:<br />
(117)<br />
(118)<br />
P aux,pl,bio,korr. = P aux,pl · 3 (119)<br />
This corrected value P aux,pl,bio,korr. is introduced into equations (115) and (116) instead <strong>of</strong> P aux,pl .<br />
Boundary conditions in <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> data<br />
If no product data are available, <strong>the</strong> following values can be used in <strong>the</strong> ensuing calculations:<br />
boiler efficiencies at full load and where βK,pl = 0,3 (up to a boiler output <strong>of</strong> 400 kW, however if this is higher,<br />
<strong>the</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> at a rated output Q& N <strong>of</strong> 400 kW shall be used):<br />
ηk,100% = (A + B · log ( Q& N ))/100 (120)<br />
ηk,pl = (C + D · log ( Q& N ))/100 (121)<br />
89
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Change-fuel boilers<br />
90<br />
Boiler type<br />
Solid fuel boilers (fossil fuel)<br />
Atmospheric gas boiler<br />
Heating boiler with forced draught burner<br />
Burner replacement (only heating boiler<br />
with forced draught burner)<br />
Biomass boiler<br />
Table 31 <strong>—</strong> Efficiency factors<br />
Year <strong>of</strong><br />
construction<br />
Factor A Factor B Factor C Factor D<br />
before 1978 77,0 2,0 70,0 3,0<br />
1978 to 1987 79,0 2,0 74,0 3,0<br />
before 1978 78,0 2,0 72,0 3,0<br />
1978 to 1994 80,0 2,0 75,0 3,0<br />
after 1994 81,0 2,0 77,0 3,0<br />
Standard boilers:<br />
before 1978 79,5 2,0 76,0 3,0<br />
1978 to 1994 82,5 2,0 78,0 3,0<br />
after 1994 85,0 2,0 81,5 3,0<br />
before 1978 80,0 2,0 75,0 3,0<br />
1978 to 1986 82,0 2,0 77,5 3,0<br />
1987 to 1994 84,0 2,0 80,0 3,0<br />
after 1994 85,0 2,0 81,5 3,0<br />
before 1978 82,5 2,0 78,0 3,0<br />
1978 to 1994 84,0 2,0 80,0 3,0<br />
Class 3 from 1994 67 6 68 7<br />
Class 2 from 1994 57 6 58 7<br />
Class 1 from 1994 47 6 48 7<br />
Atmospheric gas boiler<br />
Gas-fired central heating boilers<br />
(11 kW, 18 kW and 24 kW)<br />
Heating boiler with forced draught burner<br />
Low temperature boilers:<br />
1978 to 1994 85,5 1,5 86,0 1,5<br />
after 1994 88,5 1,5 89,0 1,5<br />
before 1987 η 100% = 86 % η pl = 84 %<br />
1987 to 1992 η 100% = 88 % η pl = 84 %<br />
before 1987 84,0 1,5 82,0 1,5<br />
1987 to 1994 86,0 1,5 86,0 1,5<br />
after 1994 88,5 1,5 89,0 1,5<br />
Burner replacement (only heating boiler before 1987 86,0 1,5 85,0 1,5<br />
with forced draught burner) 1987 to 1994 86,0 1,5 86,0 1,5<br />
Condensing boilers<br />
before 1987 89,0 1,0 95,0 1,0<br />
1987 to 1994 91,0 1,0 97,5 1,0<br />
after 1994 92,0 1,0 98,0 1,0<br />
Condensing boiler, improved a from 1999 94,0 1,0 103 1,0<br />
a If default values for “improved” condensing boilers are used in <strong>the</strong> calculation, <strong>the</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> given in <strong>the</strong> product data <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
installed boiler shall be at least <strong>the</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> specified above.
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
If <strong>the</strong> flue gas loss <strong>of</strong> existing boilers is known, <strong>the</strong>n while retaining <strong>the</strong> boundary conditions <strong>the</strong> boiler<br />
<strong>efficiency</strong> can also be approximated to η K = 100 – q A – q St , with η K,100% = η K .<br />
The radiation loss q St <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler as a function <strong>of</strong> its rated heat output Q & N<br />
in kW is given by:<br />
qSt = (K · ( QN & ) L )/100 (122)<br />
Change-fuel boilers<br />
Solid fuel boilers<br />
Atmospheric gas boiler<br />
Boiler type<br />
Table 32 <strong>—</strong> Radiation loss factors<br />
Year <strong>of</strong><br />
construction<br />
(where<br />
differentiation is<br />
required)<br />
Factor K Factor L<br />
before 1978 13,5 –0,3<br />
1978 to 1987 11,5 –0,3<br />
before 1978 13,0 –0,3<br />
from 1978 11,0 –0,3<br />
Standard boilers:<br />
before 1978 12,0 –0,35<br />
from 1978 9,0 –0,45<br />
Heating boiler with forced draught burner before 1978 12,0 –0,4<br />
(oil/gas) from 1978 9,0 –0,37<br />
Low temperature boilers:<br />
Atmospheric gas boiler – 9,0 –0,45<br />
Gas-fired central heating boilers<br />
(11 kW, 18 kW and 24 kW combination boilers)<br />
Heating boiler with forced draught burner<br />
(oil/gas)<br />
– 9,0 –0,6<br />
– 7,0 –0,4<br />
Condensing boilers (oil/gas) – 5,5 –0,4<br />
The stand-by <strong>the</strong>rmal loss q B,70 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler as a function <strong>of</strong> its rated heat output Q & N<br />
in kW is given by:<br />
q B,70 = (E ⋅ ( Q & N )F )/100 (123)<br />
91
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
92<br />
Table 33 <strong>—</strong> Stand-by heat factors<br />
Boiler type Year <strong>of</strong> construction Factor E Factor F<br />
Change-fuel boilers before 1987 12,5 –0,28<br />
Solid fuel boiler<br />
Atmospheric gas boiler<br />
Heating boiler with forced draught burner<br />
(oil/gas)<br />
before 1978 12,5 –0,28<br />
1978 to 1994 10,5 –0,28<br />
after 1994 8,0 –0,28<br />
Standard boilers:<br />
before 1978 8,0 –0,27<br />
1978 to 1994 7,0 –0,3<br />
after 1994 8,5 –0,4<br />
before 1978 9,0 –0,28<br />
1978 to 1994 7,5 –0,31<br />
after 1994 8,5 –0,4<br />
Biomass boiler after 1994 14 –0,28<br />
Atmospheric gas boiler<br />
Gas-fired central heating boiler<br />
(11 kW, 18 kW and 24 kW combination<br />
boiler)<br />
Low temperature boilers:<br />
up to 1994 6,0 –0,32<br />
after 1994 4,5 –0,4<br />
up to 1994<br />
q B,70°C = 0,022<br />
Combination boiler KSp b after 1994 q B,70°C = 0,022<br />
Combination boiler DL a after 1994 q B,70°C = 0,012<br />
Heating boiler with forced draught burner<br />
up to 1994 7,0 –0,37<br />
(oil/gas) after 1994 4,25 –0,4<br />
Condensing boilers (oil/gas)<br />
Combination boiler KSp b (11 kW, 18 kW and<br />
24 kW)<br />
Combination boiler DL a (11 kW, 18 kW and<br />
24 kW)<br />
up to 1994 7,0 –0,37<br />
after 1994 4,0 –0,4<br />
after 1994<br />
after 1994<br />
q B,70°C = 0,022<br />
q B,70°C = 0,012<br />
a DL: Boiler with integrated domestic hot water heating working on <strong>the</strong> instantaneous principle with a heat exchanger (V < 2 l).<br />
b KSp: Boiler with integrated domestic hot water heating working on <strong>the</strong> instantaneous principle with only a small hot water storage<br />
tank (2 < V < 10 l).<br />
The auxiliary power consumption Paux <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler as a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> rated heat output Q& N in kW is as<br />
follows:<br />
P aux,x = (G + H · ( Q & N )n )/1 000 (124)
Boiler type<br />
Table 34 <strong>—</strong> Auxiliary energy factors<br />
Auxiliary power<br />
consumption<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Factor<br />
G<br />
Factor<br />
H<br />
Factor<br />
n<br />
From 1994<br />
Boiler with forced draught burner P aux,100 0 45 0,48<br />
Boiler with atmospheric burner up to 250 kW<br />
Boiler with atmospheric burner from 250 kW<br />
Auto feed pellet central boiler a , with buffer storage tank<br />
Auto feed wood chip central boiler a , with buffer storage<br />
tank<br />
All o<strong>the</strong>r boilers<br />
P aux,pl 0 15 0,48<br />
P aux,SB 15 0 0<br />
P aux,100 40 0,35 1<br />
P aux,pl 20 0,1 1<br />
P aux,SB 15 0 0<br />
P aux,100 80 0,7 1<br />
P aux,pl 40 0,2 1<br />
P aux,SB 15 0 0<br />
P aux,100 40 2 1<br />
P aux,pl 40 1,8 1<br />
P aux,SB 15 0 0<br />
P aux,100 60 2,6 1<br />
P aux,pl 70 2,2 1<br />
P aux,SB 15 0 0<br />
P aux,100 0 45 0,48<br />
P aux,pl 0 15 0,48<br />
Change-fuel boilers P aux,SB 20 b 0 0<br />
Solid fuel boilers<br />
Standard boilers<br />
Atmospheric gas boiler<br />
Heating boiler with forced draught burner (oil/gas)<br />
P aux,100 0 0 0<br />
P aux,pl 0 0 0<br />
P aux,SB 15 b 0 0<br />
P aux,100 40 0,148 1<br />
P aux,pl 40 0,148 1<br />
P aux,SB 15 b 0 0<br />
P aux,100 0 45 0,48<br />
P aux,pl 0 15 0,48<br />
P aux,SB 15 b 0 0<br />
93
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Low temperature boilers<br />
Atmospheric gas boiler<br />
94<br />
Boiler type<br />
Gas fired central heating boiler<br />
Heating boiler with forced draught burner (oil/gas)<br />
Condensing boilers (oil/gas)<br />
Table 34 (continued)<br />
Auxiliary power<br />
consumption<br />
a Paux,100 and P aux,pl are 40 % higher if combined with a forced draught burner.<br />
b If electrically-operated boiler control is used, o<strong>the</strong>rwise Paux,SB = 0.<br />
6.4.3.3 Hand stocked biomass combustion systems<br />
Factor<br />
G<br />
Factor<br />
H<br />
P aux,100 40 0,148 1<br />
P aux,pl 40 0,148 1<br />
P aux,SB 15 b 0 0<br />
Factor<br />
n<br />
P aux,100 0 45 0,48<br />
P aux,pl 0 15 0,48<br />
P aux,SB 15 b 0 0<br />
P aux,100 0 45 0,48<br />
P aux,pl 0 15 0,48<br />
P aux,SB 15 b 0 0<br />
P aux,100 0 45 0,48<br />
P aux,pl 0 15 0,48<br />
P aux,SB 15 b 0 0<br />
The following assumptions apply to a hand stocked biomass combustion system if this is <strong>the</strong> only base load<br />
heat generator used for heating (i.e. without ano<strong>the</strong>r base load heat generator, such as a gas or oil boiler or a<br />
heat pump). Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, if heat generators are located within <strong>the</strong> heated zone, input <strong>of</strong> combustion air shall<br />
be directly from outdoors (operation independent <strong>of</strong> room air; this also includes ingress <strong>of</strong> outdoor air for any<br />
draught regulator that may be present).<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, <strong>the</strong> assumptions apply to operation <strong>of</strong> combustion systems located inside <strong>the</strong> apartment or<br />
building <strong>the</strong>y heat, i.e. such that <strong>the</strong> biomass heat generator loss (indirect loss) is principally to a heat carrier<br />
circuit (e.g. a pump hot water heating circuit or <strong>the</strong> supply air ductwork <strong>of</strong> a residential ventilation system) by<br />
means <strong>of</strong> which <strong>the</strong> heat is transported to spaces located a greater distance away. Heat generators whose<br />
minimum heat output to <strong>the</strong> heat carrier circuit is greater than 20 % <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> nominal heat load required by <strong>the</strong><br />
building shall be operated toge<strong>the</strong>r with a buffer storage tank.<br />
The generation heat losses Q h,g and <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> a biomass combustion system are calculated by<br />
means <strong>of</strong> equations (125) to (129). The parameters required for <strong>the</strong> calculations shall be determined ei<strong>the</strong>r as<br />
specified in <strong>DIN</strong> EN 13240, <strong>DIN</strong> 18892, <strong>DIN</strong> EN 13229 and <strong>DIN</strong> EN 303-5, or using o<strong>the</strong>r recognized test<br />
methods appropriate to <strong>the</strong> generator; if values are not available from measurements, <strong>the</strong> values in Table 34<br />
shall be used. For biomass combustion systems that are designed to give <strong>of</strong>f heat to <strong>the</strong> space in which <strong>the</strong>y<br />
are installed (direct heat output to spaces within <strong>the</strong> heated zone) and that are operated with <strong>the</strong> purpose <strong>of</strong><br />
heating <strong>the</strong>se spaces, this direct loss is also taken into account in <strong>the</strong> following calculation.
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
The generation losses Q h,g <strong>of</strong> a hand stocked biomass combustion system are calculated according to<br />
equation (125) as a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> in steady-state operation (η Betrieb ) and <strong>the</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> during a<br />
base cycle (η GZ ), weighted by <strong>the</strong> quantities <strong>of</strong> heat that are supplied in <strong>the</strong> two phases <strong>of</strong> operation (f Q,GZ ).<br />
Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> over-heating <strong>the</strong> installation space if generators are located inside <strong>the</strong> heated zone<br />
is taken into account, in <strong>the</strong> event that <strong>the</strong> quantity <strong>of</strong> heat <strong>the</strong>se give <strong>of</strong>f directly into <strong>the</strong> space is excessive in<br />
proportion to <strong>the</strong> size <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> space (f ce ).<br />
where<br />
Q h,g = ((f Q,GZ · f Hs/Hi /η GZ + (1 – f Q,GZ + f ce ) · f Hs/Hi /η Betrieb ) – 1) · Q h,outg<br />
Q h,outg is <strong>the</strong> heat to be provided by <strong>the</strong> generator (in <strong>the</strong> respective month)) (see 6.4), in kWh;<br />
f Q,GZ<br />
η GZ<br />
f ce<br />
f Hs/Hi<br />
is <strong>the</strong> heat fraction <strong>of</strong> a base cycle according to equation (126);<br />
(125)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> biomass combustion system in a base cycle according to product data or<br />
Table 35;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> over-heating factor from equation (129);<br />
is <strong>the</strong> ratio <strong>of</strong> gross calorific value to net calorific value according to 4.1;<br />
η Betrieb is <strong>the</strong> <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> biomass combustion system in steady-state operation according to<br />
product data or Table 35.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> above, <strong>the</strong> base cycle is <strong>the</strong> phase <strong>of</strong> operation <strong>of</strong> a biomass combustion system, beginning with <strong>the</strong><br />
start-up <strong>of</strong> combustion at room temperature, firing until steady-state operation is attained, and <strong>the</strong> subsequent<br />
cooling <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler down to room temperature.<br />
The heat fraction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> base cycle is calculated using equation (126). If <strong>the</strong> generator does not heat domestic<br />
hot water while in <strong>the</strong> space heating mode, <strong>the</strong>n Q w,outg shall be set at 0.<br />
where<br />
fQ,<br />
GZ<br />
f Q,GZ<br />
x Z<br />
Q N,GZ<br />
xZ<br />
⋅ QN,<br />
GZ<br />
Qh,<br />
outg + Qw,<br />
outg<br />
dh,<br />
rB<br />
= (126)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> heat fraction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> base cycle with f Q,GZ ≤ 1;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> cycles per day from equation (127), in d –1 ;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> total heat supplied by <strong>the</strong> heat generator during a base cycle according to product data or<br />
Table 35, in kWh;<br />
Q h,outg is <strong>the</strong> monthly heat to be supplied by <strong>the</strong> heat generator for space heating, in kWh (see 6.4);<br />
d h,rB<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly design number <strong>of</strong> operating days (see 5.4.1);<br />
Q w,outg is <strong>the</strong> monthly heat to be supplied by <strong>the</strong> heat generator for domestic hot water, in kWh.<br />
95
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
When calculating <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> cycles it is assumed that <strong>the</strong>se are essentially defined by <strong>the</strong> properties <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
heating circuit. (Any direct loss to <strong>the</strong> installation space is not taken into account when determining <strong>the</strong><br />
number <strong>of</strong> cycles.) Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore it is assumed that modulating generators are operated such that <strong>the</strong>ir heat<br />
output is adjusted to suit demand (provided <strong>the</strong> demand is greater than <strong>the</strong> minimum heat output; in equation<br />
(127) it is assumed that <strong>the</strong> mean output is equal to 1,2 times <strong>the</strong> minimum output). The number <strong>of</strong> cycles per<br />
day is obtained by means <strong>of</strong> equations (127) and (128) as follows:<br />
96<br />
x<br />
where<br />
x Z<br />
Z<br />
z HK,m<br />
1,<br />
2 ⋅ 20 971⋅<br />
z<br />
=<br />
( V + V<br />
S, HK<br />
HK, m<br />
HK<br />
⋅Q&<br />
N, min<br />
⋅(<br />
1−<br />
f<br />
) ⋅(<br />
ϑ −ϑ<br />
h, S, max<br />
Q&<br />
) ⋅ f<br />
)<br />
HK, m<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> cycles per day, in 1/d with: x Z ≥ 1;<br />
Q&<br />
(127)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> mean proportion <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat output emitted to <strong>the</strong> heating circuit, according to product<br />
data or Table 35;<br />
QN, min<br />
& is <strong>the</strong> minimum output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat generator according to product data or Table 35, in kW;<br />
Q& f is <strong>the</strong> performance factor from equation (128);<br />
V S,HK<br />
V HK<br />
ϑ h,s,n,max<br />
ϑ HK,m<br />
is <strong>the</strong> volume <strong>of</strong> heating circuit water in <strong>the</strong> storage tank according to product data or in<br />
addition to 6.3, in l;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> volume <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> water in <strong>the</strong> distribution from project data or Table 35, in l;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> maximum operating temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> buffer storage tank according to product data<br />
or Table 35, in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> mean heating circuit temperature, in °C.<br />
In <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> buffer storage tanks in which a separate domestic water storage tank is integrated (combination<br />
storage tank) and which can exchange heat readily with <strong>the</strong> heating circuit water, <strong>the</strong> effective volume <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
heating circuit water in <strong>the</strong> storage tank can be increased by half <strong>the</strong> volume <strong>of</strong> domestic hot water. O<strong>the</strong>rwise<br />
calculations shall only use <strong>the</strong> water that is actually transported by <strong>the</strong> heating circuit (in a storage tank this is<br />
<strong>the</strong> volume <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> zone through which <strong>the</strong> water flows).<br />
In equation (128) a performance factor is introduced to describe <strong>the</strong> ratio <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> maximum required heat output<br />
on an average day (for space heating and for domestic hot water heating) to <strong>the</strong> heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> biomass<br />
boiler delivered to <strong>the</strong> heating circuit.<br />
f<br />
where<br />
Q&<br />
Qw,<br />
outg<br />
Q&<br />
d, in +<br />
24 ⋅ dh,<br />
rB ⋅ zHK,<br />
m<br />
= (128)<br />
Q&<br />
N, min<br />
Q& f is <strong>the</strong> performance factor with fQ < 1;<br />
z HK,m<br />
is <strong>the</strong> mean proportion <strong>of</strong> heat output delivered to <strong>the</strong> heat distribution, according to product data<br />
or Table 35;
Qd, in<br />
& is <strong>the</strong> mean heat loss to <strong>the</strong> heat distribution <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building, in kW;<br />
Q w,outg is <strong>the</strong> monthly heat supplied by <strong>the</strong> generator for domestic hot water, in kWh;<br />
d h,rB<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly design number <strong>of</strong> operating days (see 5.4.1);<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
QN, min<br />
& is <strong>the</strong> minimum long-term power output capacity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generator according to product data or<br />
Table 35, in kW.<br />
If a central biomass combustion system is located inside <strong>the</strong> heated zone and its design is such that it delivers<br />
more heat directly to <strong>the</strong> installation space than <strong>the</strong> latter needs for heating purposes, <strong>the</strong>n for simplification<br />
25 % <strong>of</strong> this heat is taken to be a <strong>the</strong>rmal loss. This <strong>the</strong>rmal loss is taken into account by <strong>the</strong> over-heating<br />
factor f CE :<br />
f<br />
where<br />
CE<br />
f CE<br />
Q CE<br />
0,<br />
25 ⋅ Q<br />
=<br />
Q + Q<br />
h, outg<br />
CE<br />
w, outg<br />
=<br />
Q<br />
0,<br />
25 ⋅ Q<br />
+ Q<br />
h, outg<br />
h<br />
w, outg<br />
⎛ Q&<br />
⋅ ⎜<br />
⎝<br />
is <strong>the</strong> over-heating factor, with f CE ≥ 0;<br />
N, max<br />
⋅(<br />
1−<br />
z<br />
Q&<br />
h, max<br />
HK, m<br />
is <strong>the</strong> non-usable, direct heat loss from <strong>the</strong> generator;<br />
)<br />
−<br />
L<br />
Q h,outg is <strong>the</strong> monthly heat supplied by <strong>the</strong> generator for space heating, in kWh (see 6.4);<br />
Q w,outg is <strong>the</strong> monthly heat supplied by <strong>the</strong> generator for domestic hot water, in kWh;<br />
Q h,b<br />
is <strong>the</strong> annual energy need for heating <strong>the</strong> building, in kWh (see 4.1);<br />
QN, max<br />
& is <strong>the</strong> maximum output capacity <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generator according to product data or Table 35, in kW;<br />
z HK,m<br />
G<br />
A<br />
⋅ B<br />
Auf<br />
G<br />
⋅ n<br />
G<br />
⎞<br />
⎟<br />
⎠<br />
(129)<br />
is <strong>the</strong> mean proportion <strong>of</strong> heat output delivered to <strong>the</strong> heat distribution, according to product data<br />
or Table 35;<br />
Qh, max<br />
& is <strong>the</strong> maximum heat load required by <strong>the</strong> building (see 4.1), in kW;<br />
A Auf<br />
L G<br />
B G<br />
n G<br />
is <strong>the</strong> floor area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> installation space in which <strong>the</strong> biomass boiler is located, in m 2 ;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> largest extended length <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building (see 4.1), in m;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> largest extended width <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building (see 4.1), in m;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> heated storeys (see 4.1).<br />
The area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> installation space can also comprise <strong>the</strong> area taken up by adjacent spaces if <strong>the</strong>se can be<br />
heated regularly thanks to <strong>the</strong> ingress <strong>of</strong> warm air from <strong>the</strong> installation space or adjacent spaces, provided this<br />
air has been directly heated in <strong>the</strong> biomass boiler and its ingress can be controlled.<br />
97
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
The auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> a biomass boiler that is fitted with electrically operated components such as a<br />
controller, combustion air fan, integrated storage charging pump, or heating rod for automatic ignition, is given<br />
by equation (130). If <strong>the</strong> biomass combustion system has a permanently fitted circulation pump, this shall be<br />
operated during testing such that <strong>the</strong>re is an external pressure drop in <strong>the</strong> water-side section <strong>of</strong> 10 kPa, and<br />
<strong>the</strong> temperature difference between <strong>the</strong> supply and return temperatures at <strong>the</strong> maximum heat output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
boiler is less than 15 K.<br />
where<br />
98<br />
Q = x ⋅ Q ⋅ d + ( Q + Q − x ⋅ Q ⋅ d ) ⋅ f<br />
(130)<br />
h, g, aux<br />
Z<br />
aux, GZ<br />
h, rB<br />
h, outg<br />
w, outg<br />
Z<br />
N, GZ<br />
h, mth<br />
el, Betrieb<br />
Q h,g,aux is <strong>the</strong> monthly auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> biomass boiler in <strong>the</strong> heating season, in kWh;<br />
x Z<br />
is <strong>the</strong> number <strong>of</strong> cycles per day;<br />
Q aux,GZ is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy required during a base cycle according to product data or Table 35, in<br />
kWh;<br />
Q h,outg is <strong>the</strong> monthly heat to be supplied by <strong>the</strong> boiler for space heating (see 6.4), in kWh;<br />
Q w,outg is <strong>the</strong> monthly heat to be supplied by <strong>the</strong> heat generator for domestic hot water, in kWh;<br />
f el,Betrieb is <strong>the</strong> relative power consumption in steady-state operation;<br />
Q N,GZ<br />
d h,rB<br />
is <strong>the</strong> usable heat supplied by <strong>the</strong> heat generator during a base cycle according to product data<br />
or Table 35, in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly design number <strong>of</strong> operating days (see 5.4.1).<br />
Boundary conditions in <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> product data<br />
If <strong>the</strong> product data are not known (in full or in part), <strong>the</strong>n for simplification <strong>the</strong> generator expenditure factor and<br />
<strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> a biomass boiler can be calculated using <strong>the</strong> default values given in Table 35. The<br />
rated output <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> boiler ( Q & N,max ) that is required for this purpose can be estimated from 5.3 if no data are<br />
available from <strong>the</strong> manufacturer.
Table 35 <strong>—</strong> Default values<br />
Parameter Meaning Unit<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Log wood firing<br />
Direct and indirect loss<br />
η Betrieb Efficiency in steady-state operation – 0,70<br />
η GZ Efficiency in <strong>the</strong> base cycle – 0,85 · η Betrieb<br />
QN,GZ Heat delivered by <strong>the</strong> boiler during a base cycle kWh N, max ⋅1,5<br />
h<br />
z HK,m Fraction <strong>of</strong> heat output to <strong>the</strong> heat distribution – 0,4<br />
QN, max<br />
&<br />
Maximum power output capacity in operation<br />
according to <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-2<br />
Q &<br />
1,3 Q& ⋅<br />
kW h, max<br />
QN, min<br />
& Minimum power output capacity in operation kW , 9 ⋅ N, max<br />
0 Q &<br />
QN, m<br />
& Mean power output capacity in operation kW N, max<br />
ϑ h,s,max Maximum storage charging temperature K 85<br />
V HK Water volume <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heating circuit l 0,8 (l/m 2 ) · L G · B G · n G<br />
Qaux,GZ Auxiliary energy for <strong>the</strong> base cycle kWh 0,05a or , 02 + 0,<br />
02 ⋅ b<br />
N, max<br />
f el,Betrieb<br />
Relative auxiliary power consumption in steady-state<br />
operation<br />
a Equipment with controller only.<br />
b Equipment with fan/ignition source.<br />
Q &<br />
0 Q &<br />
W 0,001a or 0, 011 QN, max<br />
& ⋅<br />
The values for <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy do not include <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> any storage charging pump that may<br />
be present. This shall be taken into account separately when dealing with <strong>the</strong> storage system.<br />
If for determination <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> over-heating factor f CE <strong>the</strong> ratio <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> installation space to <strong>the</strong> net floor<br />
area <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> storey is not known, this can be assumed to be 0,2.<br />
6.4.3.4 Decentralized fuel-fired systems<br />
In <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> decentralized fuel fired systems <strong>the</strong> energy for net (usable) heat, control and emission,<br />
distribution and generation is brought toge<strong>the</strong>r into one quantity which is <strong>the</strong>n used in <strong>the</strong> subsequent balance<br />
calculation as described in 4.2. It thus corresponds directly to <strong>the</strong> energy use <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat generator.<br />
6.4.3.4.1 Gas space heaters<br />
Chimney-dependent units<br />
up to 1985 Q h,f = 1,40 · Q h,b in kWh in <strong>the</strong> respective month<br />
after 1985 Q h,f = 1,34 · Q h,b in kWh in <strong>the</strong> respective month<br />
Outside wall units<br />
up to 1985 Q h,f = 1,47 · Q h,b in kWh in <strong>the</strong> respective month<br />
b<br />
99
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
after 1985 Q h,f = 1,40 · Q h,b in kWh in <strong>the</strong> respective month<br />
6.4.3.4.2 Oil-fired stand-alone stoves with vaporization burner<br />
up to 1985 Q h,f = 1,40 · Q h,b in kWh in <strong>the</strong> respective month<br />
after 1985 Q h,f = 1,34 · Q h,b in kWh in <strong>the</strong> respective month<br />
6.4.3.4.3 Tiled stove (“Kachel<strong>of</strong>en”)<br />
100<br />
Q h,f = 1,55 · Q h,b<br />
6.4.3.4.4 Coal-fired iron stove<br />
Q h,f = 1,60 · Q h,b<br />
6.4.3.4.5 Heating <strong>of</strong> large indoor spaces<br />
in kWh in <strong>the</strong> respective month<br />
in kWh in <strong>the</strong> respective month<br />
Radiant tube heater (Type C), decentralized convection air heaters (Type C)<br />
The heat generation loss for radiant tube heaters and decentralized convection air heaters is given by:<br />
Q h,g = f · Q h,outg in kWh in <strong>the</strong> respective month (131)<br />
In <strong>the</strong> above, <strong>the</strong> following <strong>efficiency</strong> factors shall be applied (see Table 36).<br />
Nominal heat output<br />
kW<br />
Table 36 <strong>—</strong> Efficiency factor<br />
Factor f<br />
> 4 to 25 0,111<br />
> 25 to 50 0,099<br />
> 50 0,087<br />
It shall be assumed that <strong>the</strong>se heaters are installed in <strong>the</strong> space <strong>the</strong>y are intended to heat and are<br />
independent <strong>of</strong> room air, and that <strong>the</strong>y are connected to concentric air piping / a flue.<br />
Luminous radiant heaters (Type A)<br />
The heating system generally comprises a number <strong>of</strong> luminous radiant heaters. The heat generation loss for<br />
luminous radiant heater systems is given by:<br />
where<br />
Q h,g = V Abluft,spez · c p,Abluft · (ϑ Abluft – ϑ Außen ) · t h,rL<br />
V Abluft,spez is <strong>the</strong> specific combustion air demand = 10 m 3 /(h · kW heat load);<br />
c p,Abluft is <strong>the</strong> specific heat capacity = 0,361 Wh/(m 3 · K);<br />
ϑ Abluft is <strong>the</strong> extract air temperature = 18 °C;<br />
(132)
ϑ e<br />
t h,rL<br />
is <strong>the</strong> average monthly outdoor air temperature (see 4.1), in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> monthly design running time (see 5.4.1), in h.<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
It is assumed that <strong>the</strong>se heat generators are installed in <strong>the</strong> space <strong>the</strong>y are intended to heat and that <strong>the</strong>y are<br />
fitted with an indirect flue system conforming to <strong>DIN</strong> EN 13410.<br />
Auxiliary energy for luminous radiant heaters<br />
The auxiliary energy for wall or ceiling fans in relation to <strong>the</strong> energy need for heating <strong>the</strong> large indoor space,<br />
heated by a luminous radiant heater, is as follows:<br />
Q h,g,aux = 0,000 6 · Q h,b in kWh in <strong>the</strong> respective month (133)<br />
6.4.4 Electric heaters<br />
6.4.4.1 Decentralized electric heaters<br />
Decentralized electrical systems are taken into account in <strong>the</strong> emission subsystem.<br />
6.4.4.2 Central electric heaters<br />
In <strong>the</strong> case <strong>of</strong> central electric heating, <strong>the</strong> following loss shall be assumed:<br />
⎯ storage with separate generation Q h,s + Q h,g = 0,11 · Q h,outg in kWh in <strong>the</strong> respective month;<br />
⎯ storage with integrated generation Q h,s + Q h,g = 0,09 · Q h,outg in kWh in <strong>the</strong> respective month<br />
where<br />
Q h,outg is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 6.4.1), in kWh.<br />
6.4.5 District heating and local heating<br />
The heat loss Q h,g <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dwelling substations is given by:<br />
with<br />
and<br />
Q h,g = H DS ⋅ (ϑ DS – ϑ i ) (134)<br />
H DS = B DS ⋅ Φ DS 1/3 ΦDS in kW, H DS in kWh/K · a (135)<br />
ϑ DS = D DS ⋅ ϑ prim,DS + (1 – D DS ) ⋅ϑ sek,DS<br />
For ϑprim,DS and ϑsek,DS <strong>the</strong> mean temperatures on <strong>the</strong> primary and secondary sides <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dwelling<br />
substation shall be used respectively, ϑsek,DS being equal to ϑHK,m .<br />
The equations are numerical value equations. The rated output Φ DS (equal to N<br />
Q & ) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dwelling substation<br />
in kW and <strong>the</strong> numerical values from Tables 37 and 38 are used, thus giving <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal losses Q h,g,DS in<br />
kWh per year.<br />
(136)<br />
101
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
102<br />
Table 37 <strong>—</strong> D DS as a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> primary temperature and type <strong>of</strong> dwelling substation<br />
Type <strong>of</strong> dwelling substation<br />
(Design) primary temperature)<br />
ϑ prim,DS<br />
°C<br />
Hot water, low temperature 105 0,6<br />
Hot water, high temperature 150 0,4<br />
Low pressure steam 110 0,5<br />
High pressure steam 180 0,4<br />
Table 38 <strong>—</strong> Coefficient B DS as a function <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> class <strong>of</strong> insulation and type <strong>of</strong> dwelling substation<br />
Type <strong>of</strong><br />
station<br />
D DS<br />
Class <strong>of</strong> insulation <strong>of</strong> components <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dwelling<br />
substation according to <strong>DIN</strong> EN 12828<br />
Insulation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> secondary side 4 3 2 1<br />
Insulation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> primary side 5 4 3 2<br />
Hot water, low temperature 3,5 4,0 4,4 4,9<br />
Hot water, high temperature 3,1 3,5 3,9 4,3<br />
Low pressure steam 2,8 3,2 3,5 3,9<br />
High pressure steam 2,6 3,0 3,3 3,7<br />
In principle it is possible to consider <strong>the</strong> system on a monthly basis. As this is generally too complex, it is<br />
recommended that a year be selected as <strong>the</strong> calculation period, and that in <strong>the</strong> ensuing calculations <strong>the</strong><br />
unmodified <strong>the</strong>rmal losses in <strong>the</strong> course <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> year should be taken into account. In some cases it may be<br />
useful to calculate separate values for summer and winter.<br />
The auxiliary energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> dwelling substation is neglected. If <strong>the</strong> supply temperature for <strong>the</strong> heating system<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> building is controlled by a central control system, a value <strong>of</strong> Q h,g,aux = 10 kWh in <strong>the</strong> respective month is<br />
assumed.<br />
6.4.6 Decentralized CHP<br />
Decentralized heat and power generation is dealt with in <strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-9.
A.1 Electrically driven heat pumps<br />
Annex A<br />
(normative)<br />
<strong>Energy</strong> use to meet <strong>the</strong> heating need<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Figure A.1 <strong>—</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> balance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generator subsystem (electrically driven heat pump)<br />
The energy balance for <strong>the</strong> generator subsystem in respect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal losses is as follows:<br />
where<br />
Q = Q + Q − k ⋅ Q − Q<br />
(A.1)<br />
h, f<br />
Q h,f<br />
h, outg<br />
h, g<br />
rd, g<br />
h, g, aux<br />
h, in<br />
is <strong>the</strong> delivered energy for <strong>the</strong> heat generator (heat pump) (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
Q h,outg is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output to <strong>the</strong> heat distribution system (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 6.4.1),<br />
in kWh;<br />
Q h,g<br />
k rd,g<br />
are <strong>the</strong> losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generator subsystem (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> recovered energy fraction <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> auxiliary systems;<br />
Q h,g,aux is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary input energy for operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generator (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
Q h,in<br />
is <strong>the</strong> ambient heat (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
103
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
The fractions <strong>of</strong> recovered energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> auxiliary system are not taken into account, hence k rd,g = 0.<br />
The energy for operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump Q h,f shall be taken from <strong>the</strong> test rig measurements according to<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> EN 14511 (all parts). Taken into account are <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy for source and sink pumps (primary and<br />
secondary sides), to compensate for <strong>the</strong> internal pressure drop in <strong>the</strong> heat pump evaporator (heat source) and<br />
condenser (heating) as well as <strong>the</strong> auxiliary energy for control, for defrosting, and any back-up heating<br />
equipment that may be installed (e.g. oil sump heating).<br />
A.2 Heat pumps with combustion drive<br />
104<br />
Figure A.2 <strong>—</strong> <strong>Energy</strong> balance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generator subsystem (heat pump with combustion drive)<br />
For heat pumps with combustion drive, <strong>the</strong> energy balance for <strong>the</strong> generator subsystem in respect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmal<br />
losses is as follows:<br />
Q<br />
where<br />
h, f<br />
Q h,f<br />
Qh,<br />
out, g + Qh,<br />
g − krd,<br />
g ⋅ Qh,<br />
g, aux − Qh,<br />
in<br />
= (A.2)<br />
1+ p<br />
rd, mot<br />
is <strong>the</strong> delivered energy for <strong>the</strong> heat generator (heat pump) (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
Q h,outg is <strong>the</strong> generator heat output to <strong>the</strong> heat distribution system (in <strong>the</strong> respective month) (see 6.4), in<br />
kWh;<br />
Q h,g<br />
k rd,g<br />
are <strong>the</strong> losses <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generator subsystem (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> fraction <strong>of</strong> recovered heating energy <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> auxiliary systems;
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Q h,g,aux is <strong>the</strong> auxiliary input energy for operation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> generator (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
Q h,in<br />
p rd,mot<br />
is <strong>the</strong> ambient heat (in <strong>the</strong> respective month), in kWh;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> recovered input fuel supplied to <strong>the</strong> generator.<br />
Auxiliary energy recovered as <strong>the</strong>rmal energy is not taken into account (k rd,g = 0).<br />
A.3 Default values for heat pump calculations<br />
A.3.1 Default power values and coefficients <strong>of</strong> performance for electrically driven heat<br />
pumps<br />
Table A.1 <strong>—</strong> Air-to-water heat pumps with a supply temperature <strong>of</strong> 35 °C<br />
Supply temperature 35 °C<br />
Outdoor temperature –7 °C 2 °C 7 °C 15 °C 20 °C<br />
Relative heat output 0,72 0,88 1,04 1,25 1,36<br />
Coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance (COP) today 2,7 3,1 3,7 4,3 4,9<br />
Coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance (COP) from 1979 2,4 2,8 3,3 3,6 4,4<br />
to 1994<br />
Coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance (COP) before<br />
1979<br />
2,2 2,5 3,0 3,2 4,0<br />
Table A.2 <strong>—</strong> Air-to-water heat pumps with a supply temperature <strong>of</strong> 50 °C<br />
Supply temperature 50 °C<br />
Outdoor temperature –7 °C 2 °C 7 °C 15 °C 20 °C<br />
Relative heat output 0,68 0,84 1,00 1,24 1,29<br />
Coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance (COP) today 2,0 2,3 2,8 3,3 3,5<br />
Coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance (COP) from 1979 1,8 2,1 2,5 3,0 3,2<br />
to 1994<br />
Coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance (COP) before<br />
1979<br />
1,6 1,9 2,3 2,7 2,8<br />
Table A.3 <strong>—</strong> Brine-to-water heat pumps with supply temperatures <strong>of</strong> 35 °C and 50 °C<br />
Supply temperature 35 °C 50 °C<br />
Primary temperature –5 °C 0 °C 5 °C –5 °C 0 °C 5 °C<br />
Relative heat output 0,88 1,00 1,12 0,85 0,98 1,09<br />
Coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance (COP) today 3,7 4,3 4,9 2,6 3,0 3,4<br />
Coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance (COP) from 1979 to<br />
1994<br />
3,0 3,5 4,0 2,1 2,4 2,8<br />
Coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance (COP) before 1979 2,7 3,1 3,5 1,9 2,2 2,5<br />
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<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
106<br />
Table A.4 <strong>—</strong> Water-to-water heat pumps with supply temperatures <strong>of</strong> 35°C and 50 °C<br />
Supply temperature 35 °C 50 °C<br />
Primary temperature 10 °C 15 °C 10 °C 15 °C<br />
Relative heat output 1,07 1,20 1,00 1,13<br />
Coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance (COP) today 5,5 6,0 3,8 4,1<br />
Coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance (COP) from 1979 to<br />
1994<br />
4,6 5,0 3,2 3,4<br />
Coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance (COP) before 1979 3,9 4,3 2,7 2,9<br />
A.4 Default power values and coefficients <strong>of</strong> performance for combustion enginedriven<br />
heat pumps<br />
A.4.1 Air-to-water heat pumps<br />
Combustion engine-driven air-to-water heat pumps<br />
Figure A.3 <strong>—</strong> Heat output <strong>of</strong> combustion engine-driven air-to-water heat pumps at various source and<br />
sink temperatures
A.4.2 Combustion engine-driven air-to-water heat pumps<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Figure A.4 <strong>—</strong> Standard coefficients <strong>of</strong> performance for combustion engine-driven air-to-water heat<br />
pumps at various source and sink temperatures<br />
A.4.3 Air-to-air heat pumps<br />
Combustion engine-driven air-gas heat pumps<br />
Figure A.5 <strong>—</strong> Heat output <strong>of</strong> combustion engine-driven air-to-air heat pumps<br />
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<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Combustion engine-driven air-to-air heat pumps<br />
Figure A.6 <strong>—</strong> Standard coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> combustion engine-driven air-to-air heat pumps<br />
A.4.4 Absorption heat pumps<br />
A.4.4.1 Heat output<br />
Default power values and coefficients <strong>of</strong> performance for NH 3 /H 2 O heat pumps<br />
Water-to-water direct-fired NH 3 /H 2 O absorption heat pumps<br />
108<br />
Figure A.7 <strong>—</strong> Heat output <strong>of</strong> water-to-water NH 3 /H 2 O absorption heat pumps at various source and<br />
sink temperatures
A.4.4.2 Default power values and coefficients <strong>of</strong> performance for H 2 O/LiBr heat pumps<br />
Water-to-water direct-fired H 2 O/LiBr absorption heat pumps<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Figure A.8 <strong>—</strong> Heat output <strong>of</strong> water-to-water H 2 O/LiBr absorption heat pumps at various source and<br />
sink temperatures<br />
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<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
A.5 Correction factor for part load operation<br />
A.5.1 Electrically driven heat pumps<br />
Performance factors <strong>of</strong> electrically driven heat pumps are greatly dependent on <strong>the</strong> part load behaviour. The<br />
part load behaviour is affected by <strong>the</strong> equivalent performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat distribution system and <strong>the</strong> volume<br />
<strong>of</strong> hot water per kW heat output. Buffer storage tanks are counted as part <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> volume <strong>of</strong> hot water <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
heat distribution system.<br />
The load factor is determined according to equation (81).<br />
Table A.5 <strong>—</strong> Correction factor for part load operation <strong>of</strong> electrically driven heat pumps with radiators<br />
Type <strong>of</strong> heat<br />
distribution<br />
system<br />
Convectors/<br />
radiators<br />
110<br />
Equivalent<br />
water<br />
content<br />
Load factor<br />
%<br />
l/kW 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 99<br />
5 58,8 58,8 58,8 58,8 58,8 71,4 80,0 85,7 92,3 99,5<br />
10 80,1 80,1 80,1 80,1 80,1 84,8 89,1 92,2 95,5 99,6<br />
15 85,9 85,9 85,9 85,9 85,9 91,7 94,4 96,0 97,5 99,7<br />
20 89,1 89,1 89,1 89,1 89,1 93,8 95,8 97,1 98,3 99,8<br />
Table A.6 <strong>—</strong> Correction factor for part load operation <strong>of</strong> electrically driven heat pumps with surface<br />
heating systems<br />
Type <strong>of</strong> heat<br />
distribution<br />
system<br />
Surface<br />
heating<br />
Property<br />
light<br />
heavy<br />
Spacing<br />
<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
pipes<br />
Intermediate values are to be interpolated.<br />
Load factor<br />
%<br />
cm 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 99<br />
30 95,3 95,4 95,5 95,7 95,9 96,1 96,2 96,9 98,1 99,9<br />
20 97,1 97,2 97,2 97,3 97,4 97,4 97,6 97,9 98,4 99,9<br />
10 98,6 98,6 98,6 98,6 98,6 96,6 98,7 98,9 99,1 99,9<br />
30 96,1 96,1 96,1 96,3 96,4 96,5 96,8 97,3 98,2 99,9<br />
20 97,8 97,8 97,9 98,0 98,1 98,1 98,2 98,4 98,8 99,9<br />
10 99,1 99,1 99,1 99,1 99,1 99,1 99,2 99,2 99,4 99,9
A.5.2 Absorption heat pumps with modulation burner<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Table A.7 <strong>—</strong> Correction factor for part load operation <strong>of</strong> absorption heat pumps<br />
Load factor<br />
%<br />
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100<br />
C dt 71,5 81,4 88,3 93,3 96,8 99,2 99,9 99,9 99,9 99,9<br />
A.6 <strong>Calculation</strong> procedure for source and sink temperature corrections with a set<br />
exergetic <strong>efficiency</strong><br />
This procedure is based on <strong>the</strong> principle that <strong>the</strong> <strong>the</strong>rmodynamic quality <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> process remains constant over<br />
<strong>the</strong> whole <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> operating range. The <strong>the</strong>rmodynamic quality <strong>of</strong> a process can be expressed in terms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
exergetic or Carnot <strong>efficiency</strong> as <strong>the</strong> ratio between <strong>the</strong> real coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> process and <strong>the</strong><br />
ideal Carnot coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance. The exergetic <strong>efficiency</strong> can thus be calculated by means <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />
following equation:<br />
where<br />
COP<br />
η =<br />
(A.3)<br />
ex<br />
COPc<br />
η ex<br />
is <strong>the</strong> exergetic or Carnot <strong>efficiency</strong>;<br />
COP is <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance;<br />
COP c<br />
is <strong>the</strong> Carnot coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance.<br />
The Carnot coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance (COP c ) is determined using equation (A.4).<br />
where<br />
T Θsi<br />
+ 273,<br />
15<br />
COP c =<br />
=<br />
(A.4)<br />
T<br />
Θ −Θ<br />
COP c<br />
T hot<br />
T cold<br />
Θ si<br />
Θ so<br />
hot<br />
hot − Tcold<br />
si<br />
is <strong>the</strong> Carnot coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance;<br />
so<br />
is <strong>the</strong> temperature on <strong>the</strong> hot side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> process, in K;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> temperature on <strong>the</strong> cold side <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> process, in K;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> sink temperature, in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> source temperature, in °C.<br />
Both <strong>the</strong> source and sink temperatures can be taken into account by this relationship.<br />
The effective coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance (COP eff ) at varying source temperatures is calculated using equation<br />
(A.5).<br />
111
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
where<br />
112<br />
COPc,<br />
eff<br />
COPeff = COPstandard<br />
⋅<br />
(A.5)<br />
COP<br />
COP eff<br />
COP standard<br />
COP c,eff<br />
COP c,standard<br />
c,<br />
standard<br />
is <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance at effective source temperatures;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance under standard conditions;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> Carnot coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance at effective source temperatures;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> Carnot coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance under standard conditions.<br />
A correction factor to account for <strong>the</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> temperature on <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance or <strong>the</strong><br />
auxiliary energy consumption to compensate for storage losses can be calculated as follows:<br />
where<br />
COPc,<br />
eff Tsi,<br />
out, eff ⋅ ( Θ si, out, standard − Θ so, in, standard )<br />
f T =<br />
=<br />
(A.6)<br />
COP<br />
T<br />
⋅ ( Θ − Θ )<br />
f T<br />
COP eff<br />
COP standard<br />
T si,out,eff<br />
T si,out,standard<br />
Θ so,in,eff<br />
Θ so,in,standard<br />
c,<br />
standard<br />
si, out, standard<br />
si, out, eff<br />
so, in, eff<br />
is <strong>the</strong> correction factor to account for <strong>the</strong> deviation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> temperature from <strong>the</strong> default<br />
value;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance at effective source temperatures;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance under standard conditions;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> effective outlet temperature on <strong>the</strong> sink side, in K;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> outlet temperature on <strong>the</strong> sink side under standard conditions, in K;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> effective outlet temperature on <strong>the</strong> source side, in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> inlet temperature on <strong>the</strong> source side under standard conditions, in °C.<br />
The coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance under <strong>the</strong> effective temperature conditions and <strong>the</strong> losses P es can be corrected<br />
by <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance under standard conditions COP w,t using <strong>the</strong> temperature correction factor f t .<br />
The sink temperature (and with it <strong>the</strong> coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance) varies during <strong>the</strong> operating period. The<br />
coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance is corrected according to equation (A.7).<br />
where<br />
Θhw<br />
Θ si + 273,<br />
15<br />
∫<br />
dΘ<br />
si<br />
( Θ si − Θ so )<br />
Θcw<br />
COP c =<br />
(A.7)<br />
( Θhw<br />
− Θcw<br />
)<br />
COP c<br />
Θ cw<br />
Θ hw<br />
Θ si<br />
Θ so<br />
is <strong>the</strong> Carnot coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> cold water inlet temperature, in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> domestic hot water temperature used, in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> sink temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump, in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> source temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump, in °C.
The integral can be solved analytically, hence equation (A.8):.<br />
where<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
( Θso<br />
+ 273,<br />
15)<br />
⎛Θ<br />
− ⎞<br />
= +<br />
⋅ ⎜ hw Θ so<br />
COP c 1<br />
ln<br />
⎟<br />
( − ⎜<br />
⎟<br />
(A.8)<br />
Θhw<br />
Θcw<br />
) ⎝ Θcw<br />
− Θ so ⎠<br />
COP c<br />
Θ cw<br />
Θ hw<br />
Θ si<br />
Θ so<br />
is <strong>the</strong> Carnot coefficient <strong>of</strong> performance;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> cold water inlet temperature, in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> domestic hot water temperature used, in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> sink temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump, in °C;<br />
is <strong>the</strong> source temperature <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> heat pump, in °C;<br />
A.7 VRF systems: relative heat output performance<br />
Table A.8 <strong>—</strong> Relative heat output performance<br />
Outdoor temperature °C –7 2 7 10<br />
COP a 2,79 3,09 3,65 3,85<br />
Relative heat output at<br />
Load ratio 100 % 0,81 0,96 1,00 1,00<br />
Load ratio 90 % 0,89 1,00 1,00 1,00<br />
Load ratio 80 % 0,97 1,00 1,00 1,00<br />
Load ratio less than 75 % 1,00 1,00 1,00 1,00<br />
a COP for a room temperature <strong>of</strong> 20 °C and load ratios between 10 % and 100 % (without defrosting).<br />
113
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
114<br />
Figure A.9 <strong>—</strong> VRF systems: COP heating for load ratios between 10 % and 100 %<br />
Figure A.10 <strong>—</strong> VRF systems: relative heat output performance
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
Figure A.11 <strong>—</strong> VRF systems: relative COP heating for load ratios between 10 % and 100 %<br />
115
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
B.1 General information<br />
116<br />
Annex B<br />
(informative)<br />
Dimensioning <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong><br />
The dimensioning <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> is described in terms <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> length, <strong>the</strong> width, and also <strong>the</strong> number and height <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>the</strong> storeys. Where <strong>buildings</strong> are not rectangular in shape, an arrangement <strong>of</strong> dimensioning parameters is<br />
shown here as an example.<br />
The individual dimensions summate to give <strong>the</strong> total building length L G and building width B G .<br />
∑<br />
LG = Li<br />
and<br />
i<br />
Figure B.1 shows four examples <strong>of</strong> building geometry.<br />
∑ Li<br />
Bi<br />
BG<br />
i<br />
LG<br />
⋅<br />
= (B.1)<br />
a) EXAMPLE 1<br />
Figure B.1 <strong>—</strong> Building geometry
) EXAMPLE 2<br />
c) EXAMPLE 3<br />
Figure B.1 (continued)<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
117
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
118<br />
Alternatively, mean values can be used, as in d):<br />
d) EXAMPLE 4<br />
Figure B.1 (concluded)<br />
B<br />
G<br />
=<br />
∑<br />
i<br />
i<br />
B<br />
i
Bibliography<br />
<strong>DIN</strong> V <strong>18599</strong>-5:2007-02<br />
[1] <strong>DIN</strong> 4753-4, Water heaters and water heating installations for drinking water and service water <strong>—</strong><br />
Part 4: Corrosion protection on <strong>the</strong> water side by means <strong>of</strong> hot-setting, duroplastic coating materials <strong>—</strong><br />
Requirements and testing<br />
[2] <strong>DIN</strong> EN 215, Thermostatic heat radiator valves <strong>—</strong> Requirements and test methods<br />
[3] <strong>DIN</strong> EN 832, Thermal performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> <strong>Calculation</strong> <strong>of</strong> energy use for heating - Residential<br />
<strong>buildings</strong><br />
[4] <strong>DIN</strong> EN 12831, Heating systems in <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> Method for calculation <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> design heat load<br />
[5] E <strong>DIN</strong> EN ISO 13789, Thermal performance <strong>of</strong> <strong>buildings</strong> <strong>—</strong> Transmission heat loss coefficient <strong>—</strong><br />
<strong>Calculation</strong> method<br />
[6] VDI 2067, Economic <strong>efficiency</strong> <strong>of</strong> building installations<br />
119