Vinyl Resins

UCAR® 

Solution 

Vinyl Resins 

for Coatings 

U

IMPORTANT: 

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contained herein from what it believes are authoritative 

sources and believes that it is accurate and factual as of 

the date printed. It is offered solely as a convenience to 

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products mentioned. Since the user’s product formulation, 

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or representation regarding the results that may be 

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for the user’s specific application. This information is not 

to be taken as a warranty or representation for which 

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to practice any patented invention without a license. 

FOOD, DRUG, OR COSMETIC 

No chemical should be used as or in a food, drug, or 

cosmetic, or in a product or process in which it may contact 

a food, drug, or cosmetic, until the user has determined the 

safety and legality of the use. Since government regulations 

and use conditions are subject to change, it is the user’s 

responsibility to determine that the information contained 

herein is appropriate and suitable under the current, 

applicable laws and regulations. 

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UNION CARBIDE are registered trademarks of Union Carbide. 

Copyright © 1980, 1983, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1998 

Union Carbide. 

Contents 

UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins for Coatings|1 

Typical Properties Table|2 

Applications Table|4 

General Characteristics Table|4 

FDA Status|5 

Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers|6 

Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/ 

Vinyl Acetate Copolymers|7 

Epoxy-Modified Vinyl Chloride/ 


Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/ 


Hydrolyzed Resins|8 

Directly-Polymerized Resins|8 

UCARMAG® 527 and 569 Resins|9 

Solution Vinyl Resins for 

VOC-Compliant Coatings|9 

Solutions|9 

Viscosity Behavior|19 

Application Methods|20 

Solution Preparation|20 

Formulation of Clear Coatings|22 

Plasticizers|22 

Heat Stabilizers|22 

Light Stabilizers|23 

Formulation of Pigmented Coatings|24 

Modification with Other Polymers|27 

Compatibility|27 

Reactive (Crosslinking) Systems|27 

Adhesion|29 

Where Not to Use Vinyl Coatings|29 

Product Safety|31 

Further Information|31 

Emergency Service|32

UCAR ® Solution Vinyl Resins for Coatings 

Through advanced solution vinyl resin 

technology, Union Carbide has successfully 

extended the 50 years of proven performance 

of the vinyl chloride backbone. 

UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins are available in four general 

copolymer types: 

■ Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate 

■ Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate 

■ Epoxy-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate 

■ Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate 

These copolymers are available as powders and solutions 

in a range of molecular weights and compositions. 

Coatings based on these resins are non-oxidizing and 

permanently flexible, and are characterized by the 

absence of color, odor, and taste. They are not attacked 

at normal temperatures by dilute alkalies or mineral 

acids, alcohols, greases, oils, or aliphatic hydrocarbons. 

They have a low moisture-vapor transmission rate, low 

order of water absorption, and are tough and durable. 

The molecular weight and the ratio of vinyl chloride 

to vinyl acetate affect the solubility and other physical 

properties of the resin. As the molecular weight (degree 

of polymerization) is increased, the solution viscosity 

increases and the strength of the film increases. Vinyl 

chloride contributes film strength and toughness, as well 

as water and chemical resistance. Vinyl acetate improves 

solubility and film flexibility. 

When properly pigmented, coatings based on vinyl 

chloride/acetate copolymers have excellent outdoor 

durability. Hydroxyl-modification improves compatibility 

and adhesion, and provides a site for crosslinking. 

Carboxyl modification permits formulation of coatings 

that will adhere to clean metal surfaces on air-dry. 

Epoxy modification provides the ability to crosslink with 

carboxyl-modified vinyl resins to give an all-vinyl reactive 

system that yields thermoset-like characteristics, most 

notably improved toughness, enhanced physical 

properties, and superior chemical resistance. 

UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins, produced by a proprietary 

solution polymerization process, offer several advantages: 

High Purity 

No water-soluble suspending agents or surfactants are 

used in the manufacture; therefore, water resistance is 

outstanding. Additionally, the as-received vinyl chloride 

monomer (VCM) content of dry vinyl powders is

2 

Typical Properties of UCAR ® Solution Vinyl Resins 

table 1 

UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins 

Polymer Composition % by Wt 

VCl 90 86 86 86 83 81 

VAc 10 14 14 13 16 17 

Other — — — 1a 1a 2a VYNS-3 VYHH VYHD VMCH VMCC VMCA 

Reactive Functionality 

Type — — — carboxyl carboxyl carboxyl 

% by Wt — — — 1.0 1.0 2.0 

Acid No. — — — 10 10 19 

Hydroxyl Value — — — — — — 

Epoxy Equivalent Wt — — — — — — 

Inherent Viscosity ASTM-D1243 0.74 0.50 0.40 0.50 0.38 0.32 

Specific Gravity ASTM-D792 1.36 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.34 1.34 

Glass Transition Temp. (Tg), ºC 79 72 72 74 72 70 

Average Molecular Wt, Mn* 44,000 27,000 22,000 27,000 19,000 15,000 

Solution Viscosity h at 25ºC, cP 1300 j 600 200 650 100 55 

Typical Solution Properties 

Solids, % by Wt 15 20 25 20 25 30 

MEK/Toluene 67/33 50/50 33/67 50/50 25/75 25/75 

Viscosity at 25ºC, cP 250 200 175 150 250 370 

(a) Maleic acid 

(b) Epoxy-containing monomer 

(c) Solution — 40% resin in MEK/toluene, 3/2 by wt 

(d) Vinyl alcohol 

(e) Hydroxyalkyl acrylate 

* Referenced to polystyrene standard. 

(f) Oxirane oxygen 

(g) On solids 

(h) 30% resin in MEK 

(j) 20% resin in MEK 

(k) Sulfonate-containing monomer

UCARMAG® Binder 

VERR-40 VAGH VAGD VAGF VAGC VROH 527 569 

82 90 90 81 81 81 82 85 

9 4 4 4 4 4 4 13 

9 b,c 6 d 6 d 15 e 15 e 15 e 14 a,e 2 k 

epoxy hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl hydroxyl/ sulfonate 

carboxyl 

1.8 f,g 2.3 2.3 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.0 

— — — — — — — — 

— 76 76 59 63 66 59 — 

1600 g — — — — — — 

— 0.53 0.44 0.56 0.44 0.30 0.56 0.40 

— 1.39 1.39 1.37 1.36 1.37 1.37 1.35 

67 79 77 70 65 65 72 72 

15,000 27,000 22,000 33,000 24,000 15,000 35,000 22,000 

— 1000 400 930 275 70 720 1050 

40 c 20 25 20 30 30 20 20 

— 50/50 50/50 50/50 50/50 25/75 50/50 50/50 

1000 350 400 171 184 340 170 500 

3

table 2 

4 

Applications & Characteristics 

Applications 

Packaging General Marine & Magnetic Strippable Wood 

Food Non-Food Metals Maintenance Media Inks Adhesives Coatings Finishes 

VYNS-3 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 

VYHH ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 

VYHD ■ ■ ■ ■ 

VMCH ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 

VMCC ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 

VMCA ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 

VERR-40 ■ 

VAGH ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 

VAGD ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 

VAGF ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 

VAGC ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ 

VROH ■ ■ ■ ■ 

UCARMAG® 

Binder 

527 ■ 

569 ■ 

table 3 

General Characteristics of UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins 

Appearance* White powder 

Particle Size 

% by wt, min, through 20 mesh 98 

Bulk Density, lb/ft 3 24 to 34 

Heat Loss, % by wt, max 3.0 

Water Content, % by wt, max 0.5 

Melting Point, ºC 93 to 135 

*VERR-40 is a solution

FDA Status 

The UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins listed below are cited in the 

following regulations 1 of the United States Food and Drug 

Administration (FDA) for use in food-contact applications, such 

as can, paper, film, and foil coatings, and coatings for closures. 

FDA Regulation Use UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resin 

21CFR 175.105 Components of adhesives used in articles intended VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3, 

for packaging, transporting or holding food. VMCA, VMCC, VMCH, 

VAGD, VAGH, VERR-40 

21CFR 175.300 Components of resinous and polymeric coatings VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3, 

to be applied as continuous films to food-contact VMCA, VMCC, VMCH, 

surfaces of articles intended for use in processing, VAGD, VAGH, VERR-40 

manufacturing, packing, producing, heating, 

packaging, holding, or transporting food. 

21CFR 175.320 Components of a coating that is applied as a VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3, 

continuous film over one or both sides of a base VMCA, VMCC, VMCH, 

film produced from one or more of the basic olefin VAGD, VAGH 

polymers complying with 177.1520. 

21CFR 176.170 Components of the food-contact surface of paper VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3, 

and paperboard used to package aqueous and VMCA, VMCC, VMCH, 

fatty foods. VAGD, VAGH 

21CFR 176.180 Components of paper and paperboard in contact VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3, 

with dry food. VMCA, VMCC, VMCH, 


21CFR 177.1210 Components of closures with sealing gaskets VYHD, VYHH, VYNS-3, 

for food containers. VMCA, VMCC, VMCH, 


(1) Since government regulations are subject to revision, it is the user’s responsibility to refer to the Code of Federal Regulations 

or the Federal Register to determine current regulatory status. 

5

6 

Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers 

VYNS-3 

The highest molecular weight solution vinyl resin, having 

a composition of approximately 90 percent vinyl chloride 

and 10 percent vinyl acetate. UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resin 

VYNS-3 is usually dissolved in relatively strong ketone 

systems to provide resin solutions of 13 to 17 percent 

solids. VYNS-3 is used where the ultimate toughness, 

durability, and chemical resistance are required. Because 

of its excellent tensile tear properties, VYNS-3 is ideally 

suited for strippable coatings applications. VYHH is often 

blended with VYNS-3 to increase sprayable solids. 

VYHH 

A high molecular weight resin having a composition of 

approximately 86 percent vinyl chloride and 14 percent 

vinyl acetate. VYHH offers a desirable balance of chemical 

resistance, solubility, film strength, and thermoplasticity. 

VYHH is usually dissolved in a relatively strong 

solvent/diluent combination, such as ketone solvent/ 

aromatic diluent (50/50 percent by weight). With this 

system, a solids content of 20 to 22 percent can be 

achieved. Marine and maintenance coatings, ink and 

overlacquers for vinyl substrates, strippable coatings, 

and masonry and metal coatings are among the principal 

applications for UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin VYHH. 

VYHD 

A medium molecular weight resin having a composition 

of approximately 86 percent vinyl chloride and 14 percent 

vinyl acetate. UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin VYHD is more 

soluble in ketones and other solvents than VYHH and, 

therefore, has a greater tolerance for aromatic hydrocarbon 

diluents. Resin solutions of 25 percent solids can be 

achieved by dissolving VYHD in a system consisting 

of ketone solvent/aromatic diluent (35/65 percent by 

weight). VYHD can be substituted for VYHH in most 

applications where higher solids are needed.

Carboxyl-Modified 


The carboxyl-modified vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate 

copolymers are made specifically for the formulation of 

coatings having excellent adhesion to various substrates, 

especially metals, cellulosics, and certain plastics. 

VMCH 

A high molecular weight resin containing approximately 

86 percent vinyl chloride, 13 percent vinyl acetate, and 

1 percent maleic acid. UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resin VMCH 

is usually dissolved in relatively strong solvent/diluent 

combinations, such as 50 percent ketone/50 percent 

aromatic hydrocarbon, to produce solutions of 20 to 22 

percent solids. UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin VMCH is used 

primarily for air-dry finishes, such as maintenance, 

marine, and metal coatings. VMCH is often used to 

make heat-sealable packaging coatings. 

VMCC 

A medium molecular weight resin containing approximately 

83 percent vinyl chloride, 16 percent vinyl acetate, 

and 1 percent maleic acid. UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin 

VMCC is more soluble than VMCH in ketones, esters, and 

other solvents used to dissolve vinyl resins. VMCC also has 

a higher tolerance for aromatic hydrocarbon diluents. 

VERR-40 

A low molecular weight epoxy-modified copolymer 

available only as a solution at 40 percent solids in 

MEK/toluene (3/2 by weight). VERR-40 can be blended 

with carboxyl-modified vinyls (VMCH, VMCC, and VMCA) 

to provide an all-vinyl reactive coating system that, 

when cured by baking, yields coatings with enhanced 

toughness, flexibility, and solvent resistance. 

When dissolved in a suitable solvent system, such as a 

50 percent ketone/50 percent aromatic hydrocarbon, 

resin solutions of 23 to 25 percent solids can be achieved. 

VMCC is often used in the same applications as VMCH. 

However, because of its better solubility, it also finds 

use as an adhesion promoter for vinyl organosols in 

can coatings. 

VMCA 

A low molecular weight resin containing approximately 

81 percent vinyl chloride, 17 percent vinyl acetate, and 

2 percent maleic acid. UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin VMCA 

is characterized by a high degree of solubility in solvent 

systems having a high aromatic hydrocarbon content. 

When dissolved in a suitable solvent/diluent combination, 

such as 25 percent ketone/75 percent aromatic hydrocarbon, 

resin solutions of 30 percent solids can be 

achieved. VMCA yields the good balance of solubility 

and viscosity properties needed for high-build, air-dry 

maintenance finishes. VMCA can also be used in coatings 

and adhesives applications where higher solids are 

desirable. 

Epoxy-Modified 


7

8 

Hydroxyl-Modified 


UCAR® Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate 

Copolymers are manufactured using two different processes. 

VAGH and VAGD are polymers made in a two-step process 

that yields vinyl alcohol in the backbone. The other 

hydroxyl-modified resins are produced by a one-step 

polymerization process similar to that used to make the 

copolymer and carboxy-functional solution polymerized 

resins described above. 

Hydroxyl-modified vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers 

are noted particularly for compatibility with other filmforming 

resins, such as alkyds, urethane elastomers, 

isocyanate resins, epoxy polymers, and urea and melamine 

resins. Hydroxyl-modified vinyls are, therefore, often 

formulated with these and other film-forming materials 

to improve coating properties, such as adhesion, flexibility, 

toughness, hardness, and chemical resistance. Hydroxylmodified 

resins are often used to impart snap-dry properties 

to a coating. The hydroxyl functionality permits crosslinking 

reactions for thermoset coating systems that exhibit 

outstanding chemical and water resistance. Coatings based 

on these resins also have good adhesion to wash primers, 

metals, wood, and many plastic substrates. 

■ HYDROLYZED RESINS 

VAGH 

A high molecular weight, partially-hydrolyzed vinyl chloride/vinyl 

acetate resin having a composition of approximately 


with a hydroxyl content of approximately 2.3 percent. UCAR 

Solution Vinyl Resin VAGH can be dissolved in relatively 

strong solvent/diluent combinations, such as 50 percent 

ketone/50 percent aromatic hydrocarbon, to produce resin 

solutions of 20 percent solids. VAGH can be used for a 

wide range of coatings applications, including industrial 

maintenance and marine finishes, wood finishes, paper 

coatings, metal decorative and container coatings, and 

as a binder in magnetic tape. 

VAGD 

A medium molecular weight, partially-hydrolyzed vinyl 

chloride/vinyl acetate resin having a composition of approximately 


with a hydroxyl content of approximately 2.3 percent. 

The lower molecular weight provides improved solubility 

and permits the formulation of solutions containing 

higher solids. 

■ DIRECTLY-POLYMERIZED RESINS 

VAGF 

A high molecular weight copolymer comprised of vinyl 

chloride, vinyl acetate, and a hydroxyalkyl acrylate. The vinyl 

chloride portion is about 81 percent with the hydroxyl content 

at 1.8 percent. The solution viscosity and other properties of 

VAGF strongly resemble those of VAGH. VAGF can be used for 

a wide range of coatings applications, including industrial 

maintenance and marine finishes, paper coatings, general 

metal finishes, and as a binder in magnetic tape. 

VAGC 

A medium molecular weight copolymer comprised of vinyl 

chloride, vinyl acetate, and a hydroxyalkyl acrylate. The 

vinyl chloride portion is about 81 percent with the hydroxyl 

content at 1.9 percent. The solution viscosity and other 

properties of VAGC are very similar to those of VAGD. 

VAGC finds commercial application in clear and pigmented 

coatings for metal, wood, paper, concrete, masonry, films, 

foils, fabrics, and leather. 

VROH 

A low molecular weight terpolymer comprised of vinyl 

chloride, vinyl acetate, and a hydroxyalkyl acrylate. The 

vinyl chloride portion is approximately 81 percent, and the 

hydroxyl content is approximately 2 percent. High tolerance 

for alcohols and aliphatic diluents broadens the usefulness 

of VROH. UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin VROH can be dissolved 

in solvent/diluent combinations, such as 25 percent 

ketone/75 percent aromatic hydrocarbon, to produce resin 

solutions of 30 percent solids. Also, 35 percent resin solutions 

can be prepared with VROH using Rule 66-type exempt 

solvent systems (for the wood coatings industry) containing 

as much as 30 percent by volume butanol. UCAR Solution 

Vinyl Resin VROH can be used in a wide variety of clear 

and pigmented coatings for metal, wood, paper, film, foil, 

and fabric.

UCARMAG® Binder 527 

A high molecular weight copolymer comprised of vinyl 

chloride, vinyl acetate, a hydroxy-alkyl acrylate and a 

carboxylated monomer. The vinyl chloride content is 

about 80 percent by weight and the hydroxyl content is 

about 1.8 percent. The molecular weight and physical 

properties of UCARMAG Binder 527 are similar to those 

of VAGF. A carboxyl monomer in the UCARMAG Binder 527 

gives the terpolymer excellent wetting and pigment 

dispersion properties and has made the resin especially 

useful in magnetic tape coatings containing neutral 

or basic pigments. Because of its unique functionality, 

UCARMAG 527 might also be considered as a binder for 

printing inks, paper coatings and general metal finishes. 

UCARMAG® Binder 569 

A medium molecular weight terpolymer containing 

vinyl chloride, vinyl acetate and a monomer with metal 

sulfonate functionality. The vinyl chloride of the terpolymer 

is about 85 percent by weight. The sulfonate functional 

monomer provides the terpolymer with exceptional wetting 

characteristics which make it an excellent dispersing 

medium for high surface area pigments used in magnetic 

media applications. Since the terpolymer has excellent 

Solutions 

Several criteria must be weighed in choosing solvents 

and diluents for UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins: 

■ Solvent Strength 

■ Volatility 

■ Toxicity 

■ Odor 

■ Cost 

■ Flammability 

■ Type of Application 

UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins are readily dissolved 

into clear solutions at room temperature by ketones, 

nitroparaffins, esters, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. 

heat stability, it can be used in applications requiring 

high shear milling operations to disperse high surface 

area or highly porous pigments. UCARMAG Binder 569, 

because of its sulfonate functionality, may also be useful 

in other non-magnetic media applications where good 

dispersing capabilities are needed. 

Solution Vinyl Resins for 

VOC-Compliant Coatings 

Since their commercialization about 50 years ago, 

UCAR® Solution-Polymerized Vinyl Resins have become 

the standards for a wide range of coatings applications. 

UCAR Waterborne Vinyl Resin Dispersions have been 

developed for compliant waterborne coatings, adhesives, 

and inks. These waterborne resin dispersions utilize a 

solution-polymerized vinyl resin backbone that has been 

chemically modified to allow dispersion in water. 

In general, ketones are the most suitable solvents 

for vinyl resins. Compared to other solvents, ketones 

yield higher resin concentrations without gelling and 

lower solution viscosities at equivalent solids content. 

Because of their solvency, they tolerate greater dilution 

with economical hydrocarbon diluents and exhibit 

better storage stability. Figure 1 compares the solvent 

strength of different ketones for VYHD. 

Esters are useful in applications where minimal 

attack on the substrate is desirable (as with coatings on 

plastics). Because of their low solvency for vinyls, they 

should be used in combination with other active solvents. 

Urethane-grade esters are preferred for minimum 

viscosity and optimum viscosity stability. Figure 2 compares 

the solvent strength of different esters for VYHD. 

9

figure 1 

10 

Viscosity vs. Concentration of VYHD in Ketones 

Viscosity at 25ºC, cP 

10,000 

8,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

1,000 

800 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

80 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

Isophorone 

Cyclohexanone 

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 

Methyl Ethyl Ketone 

Acetone 

0 10 20 30 40 

50 

Solids, percentage by weight 

NOTE: Viscosity was determined using a Brookfield viscometer model RVT, running at 50 or 100 rpm with spindles 

#2 through #5, selected as appropriate for the solution being tested.

Viscosity vs. Concentration of VYHD in Esters 


10,000 

8,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

1,000 

800 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

80 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

Methyl PROPASOL® Acetate 

Isopropyl Acetate 

Butyl Acetate 

Ethyl Acetate 

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 



#2 through #5, selected as appropriate for the solution being tested. 

figure 2 

11

12 

Solution Viscosity of VYHH in Ketones and Ketone/Aromatic Blends 

table 4 

Solution Viscosity at 25ºC, cP 

Ketone Solvent Formula A Formula B 

Acetone 84 88 

Methyl Ethyl Ketone 86 130 

Methyl Propyl Ketone 124 212 

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 230 360 

Methyl Isoamyl Ketone 304 504 

Methyl n-Amyl Ketone 316 684 

Cyclohexanone 672 360 

Isophorone 930 484 

Formulation Formula A Formula B 

UCAR® Solution Vinyl VYHH 20 20 

Ketone Solvent 80 40 

Xylene — 20 

Toluene — 20 

Diluents lower coating costs, alter the evaporation rates, 

and provide other important coating characteristics. 

Typical diluents for use with UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins 

include aromatic hydrocarbons, such as toluene and 

xylene. Aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as mineral spirits, 

VM&P naphtha, and heptane, can also be used. These 

aliphatic hydrocarbons are less effective than aromatic 

hydrocarbons and should be used at levels not 

exceeding 10 percent of the solvent blend. 

Ketones tolerate greater amounts of aromatic 

diluents than do the ester solvents. Table 4 compares 

the viscosity of VYHH in ketones with the viscosity in 

ketone/diluent mixtures. 

Parts by Weight 100 100 



Optimum formulation stability and the lowest 

solution viscosities are obtained when the solvent system 

contains only active solvents. As the proportion of diluent 

increases, the stability declines. Figures 3 to 5 compare 

the solution viscosity of UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins 

versus solids content in methyl ethyl ketone and in 

a methyl isobutyl ketone/toluene (50/50) blend. 

Formulating at excessively high solids or with weak 

solvent mixtures can result in solutions having unstable 

viscosities and can even lead to the formation of gel 

structures. As the molecular weight of the vinyl resin 

decreases, however, the diluent level can be increased 

while maintaining the same level of viscosity.

Viscosity vs. Concentration of Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers 

in Methyl Ethyl Ketone 


10,000 

8,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

1,000 

800 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

80 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

VYNS-3 

VYHH 

VYHD 

0 10 20 30 40 

50 




figure 3 

13

figure 3a 

14 

Viscosity vs. Concentration of Vinyl Chloride/Vinyl Acetate Copolymers 

in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone/Toluene (50/50) 


10,000 

8,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

1,000 

800 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

80 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

VYNS-3 

VYHH 

VYHD 

0 10 20 30 40 

50 




Viscosity vs. Concentration of Hydroxyl-Modified Copolymers 



10,000 

8,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

1,000 

800 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

80 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

VAGH 

VAGF 

VAGD 

VAGC 

VROH 

10 20 30 40 

50 




figure 4 

15

figure 4a 

16 

Viscosity vs. Concentration of Hydroxyl-Modified Copolymers 



10,000 

8,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

1,000 

800 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

80 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

0 

VAGH 

VAGF 

VAGD 

VAGC 

VROH 

10 20 30 40 

50 




Viscosity vs. Concentration of Carboxyl-Modified Copolymers 



10,000 

8,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

1,000 

800 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

80 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

VMCH 

VMCC 

VMCA 

0 10 20 30 40 

50 




figure 5 

17

figure 5a 

18 

Viscosity vs. Concentration of Carboxyl-Modified Copolymers 



10,000 

8,000 

6,000 

5,000 

4,000 

3,000 

2,000 

1,000 

800 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

80 

60 

50 

40 

30 

20 

10 

VMCH 

VMCC 

VMCA 

0 10 20 30 40 

50 




Memory Effect of Vinyl Resin Solutions 

Viscosity 

0 

Cooled 

Room Temperature 

Heated 

■ VISCOSITY BEHAVIOR 

1 2 3 4 

5 

Time (weeks) 

Viscosity behavior of vinyl solutions is influenced by resin 

concentration, active solvent used, ratio of solvent to 

diluent, and solution temperature. 

Viscosity changes in vinyl solutions are the result 

of different equilibrium effects that occur during the 

preparation and storage of resin solutions. The formation 

of a slight degree of micro-crystallinity among adjacent 

polymer molecules in solution is responsible for the 

observed viscosity increase. 

The time required to reach equilibrium viscosity 

for vinyl resin solutions is influenced by resin molecular 

weight, solids content, solvent strength, processing time, 

and temperature. Vinyl resin solutions usually increase 

in viscosity with time. The extent of the total increase can 

range from a minor viscosity drift to a major change, such 

as gelation. Vinyl solutions that have gelled because of 

excessive solids content or a solvent mix that is too weak 

can be restored to fluidity by proper thinning and mixing. 

Another equilibrium condition that affects solution 

viscosity is the memory effect. It is noted in vinyl solutions 

that have been subjected to increases or decreases in 

temperature and is characterized by a significant lag in 

the rate at which a vinyl solution returns to equilibrium 

viscosity after a temperature change. For example, a vinyl 

solution that has been heated will maintain an abnormally 

low viscosity for extended periods after it has returned to 

its initial temperature. This viscosity change is caused by 

differences in the degree of microcrystallinity of the solution 

at various temperatures. As the temperature increases, the 

degree of microcrystalline regions that exist in the solution 

decreases and the viscosity decreases. The memory effect 

is illustrated in Figure 6. 

Formulators must be aware of both these effects and 

the time required to reach equilibrium conditions, so that 

viscosity stability problems, resulting from the preparation 

of solutions at incorrect solids levels or solvent blends, 

are avoided. 

figure 6 

19

20 

■ APPLICATION METHODS 

Coatings based on UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins may be 

readily applied by commonly used application methods, 

such as brushing, spraying, dipping, and roller coating. 

Of major consideration for all applications is the correct 

consistency of the coating and proper evaporation rate 

of the solvent used in a particular application method. 

Table 5 shows the properties of solvents useful with 

UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins. 

Paper and cloth coatings may be formulated with 

highly volatile solvents, such as acetone and methyl 

ethyl ketone. Application by roller coaters requires 

solvents and diluents with a slow evaporation rate. 

Isophorone is used for roller coating because it is an 

excellent solvent for vinyls and has a slow evaporation 

rate. Methyl PROPASOL® Acetate and cyclohexanone 

are used for brush applications because they are slowevaporating 

solvents that promote ease of application 

and good flow-out. 

■ SOLUTION PREPARATION 

Use a high-shear mixer to prepare solutions of UCAR 

Solution Vinyl Resins. Slow-speed, paddle-type agitators 

are not as effective as high-shear mixers. Equip the 

mixers with tight-fitting covers. 

Add the solvent/diluent mixtures to the high-shear 

mixer. As the solvent mixture is agitated, add the resin 

slowly. The resin must be added slowly or lumping may 

occur. 

As an alternate procedure, slurry the vinyl resin 

in a solvent/diluent blend containing about 20 percent 

of active solvent. Add the resin slowly. When all the resin 

is thoroughly wetted, vigorously agitate the slurry and 

slowly add the remaining portion of the active solvent. 

Do not slurry the vinyl resin in the diluent alone; 

slurrying with diluents may produce a static electrical 

discharge and cause a flash fire. 

Follow all precautions for the safe handling of 

organic solvents and diluents. 

High-shear mixing will heat solutions, especially 

viscous solutions. Maintain the solution temperature 

as low as possible. If solutions are held at elevated 

temperatures for long periods of time, discoloration 

may result. 

The addition of about 1.0 to 2.0 percent UNION 

CARBIDE Cycloaliphatic Epoxide ERL-4221* on resin will 

help control discoloration without affecting coating 

performance. For maximum stability, vinyl resin solutions 

should be stored in baked phenolic-lined containers. 

*Note: Union Carbide’s Cycloaliphatic Epoxide ERL-4221 has no 

United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearances for 

use in food-contact applications.

Solvents for UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins 

. Relative 

Evaporation Weight Flash Point, 

Rate Solubility per gallon Distillation Closed 

Solvents (BuAc=100) with VYHH a,b at 20ºC, lb Range, ºC Cup, ºF 

Fast Evaporating 

Acetone 1160 S 6.59 56-57 0 

Ethyl Acetate, 99% 615 S 7.51 76-78 30 

Methyl Ethyl Ketone 570 S 6.71 78-81 24 

Isopropyl Acetate, 99% 500 S-G 7.26 86-90 42 

Propyl Acetate 275 S 7.39 99-103 58 

Medium Evaporating 

Methyl Isobutyl Ketone 165 S 6.67 114-117 61 

Isobutyl Acetate, Urethane Grade 145 S 7.25 112-117 62 

Butyl Acetate, Urethane Grade 100 S 7.34 124-129 84 

Slow Evaporating 

Amyl Acetate, Primary 42 S 7.29 140-150 101 

Cyclohexanone 23 S 7.89 156 111 

Methyl PROPASOL® Acetate 34 S 8.09 146 114 

Diisobutyl Ketone 18 S-G 6.72 163-173 120 

Diacetone Alcohol 14 S 7.82 145-172 133 

Isophorone 3 S 7.67 210-218 179 

(a) 0.5g VYHH to 4.5ml solvent 

(b) S=Soluble 

S-G= Soluble, tendency to gel 

table 5 

21

22 

Formulation of Clear Coatings 

Clear vinyl coatings can be modified with plasticizers, 

heat and light stabilizers, and other materials for specific 

performance properties. Before incorporating any modifier 

in the formulation, understand clearly how the modifier 

meets the demands of the application. Do not use clear 

vinyl coatings for applications that involve long-term 

exposure to ultraviolet light. 

Plasticizers 

The addition of a plasticizer in the coating formulation 

will enhance flexibility and help to minimize solvent 

retention in the film. The typical phthalate, adipate, 

citrate, epoxy, and phosphate plasticizers are compatible 

with UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins. In general, compatibility 

decreases as the hydrocarbon nature of the plasticizer 

increases. Polymeric plasticizers are less efficient than 

monomeric plasticizers. 

Other factors to consider in selecting plasticizers 

include solubility, volatility, the effect on outdoor durability, 

the need for low-temperature flexibility, and suitability 

for contact with food. Certain citrates, epoxies, and 

phthalates are permitted under FDA regulations. 

Monomeric plasticizers are most commonly used, 

although the polymeric plasticizers are used to provide 

special film characteristics, such as low extractability 

or migration. Phosphate plasticizers are generally not 

recommended for outdoor exposure because of poor 

light stability. 

When a bake cycle is required, the volatility of the 

plasticizer is particularly important. The plasticizer may 

volatilize sufficiently to lower the concentration below 

what was originally intended for the dried or cured 

formulation. 

The optimum level of plasticizer for a formulation 

will depend upon the specific resin used and the performance 

property required by the application. To obtain 

equivalent degrees of flexibility, higher molecular weight 

resins require more plasticizer than lower molecular 

weight resins. Proportions of 10 to 25 parts plasticizer 

per 100 parts of resin are typically used. 

Table 6 provides a list of plasticizers having good 

compatibility with UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins. 

Heat Stabilizers 

As with all vinyl resins, UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins 

are degraded upon prolonged exposure to heat. The 

degradation products include hydrogen chloride, which 

accelerates further resin degradation and leads to the 

development of unsaturated polymer structures that can 

be easily oxidized. The result is embrittlement, loss of 

flexibility, and discoloration of the vinyl film. To minimize 

the degradation of vinyl films, add suitable heat stabilizers. 

Baking at temperatures above 248ºF (120ºC) for more 

than five minutes will usually require a thermal 

stabilizer to avoid degradation of the film. The use of 

a tin mercaptide stabilizer (1 percent*) in combination 

with a liquid epoxy resin, such as ERL-4221, or diglycidyl 

ether of bisphenol A resin (3 to 5 percent*) gives the 

best results. 

Do not use barium, cadmium, or zinc stabilizers with 

the carboxyl-modified vinyl resins; they tend to react with 

the carboxyl groups. Zinc stabilizers also tend to develop 

color quickly, especially in low plasticizer systems. Iron 

and zinc surfaces can accelerate decomposition and 

discoloration. 

*on weight of vinyl resin

Light Stabilizers 

An adequate quantity of a hiding pigment will screen out 

incident radiation and prove the best light stabilizer for 

pigmented vinyl coatings. Do not use unpigmented vinyl 

coatings outdoors. Where only limited ultraviolet light 

exposure will be encountered, clear films should be formulated 

with a light stabilizer system to prevent discoloration. 

The best light stabilizer system includes an ultraviolet light 

absorber (substituted benzophenones), a hindered amine 

light stabilizer (HALS), and UNION CARBIDE ERL-4221, 

a cycloaliphatic epoxy resin. 

A typical system would be comprised of the following: 

Ingredients %* 

UV Absorber 1 1 

HALS 2 2 

ERL-4221 3 3 

* on weight of vinyl resin 

(1) UV Absorber - “Uvinul” D-5O (BASF), “Tinuvin” 327 

or 328 (Ciba Geigy) or equivalent. 

(2) HALS - “Tinuvin” 292 (Ciba Geigy) or equivalent. 

(3) Cycloaliphatic Epoxide (Union Carbide). 

In all cases, choose stabilizers carefully and test them 

under actual use conditions. Consult suppliers of stabilizers 

for specific recommendations. 

Typical Plasticizers for 

UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins 

Type Product 

Phthalate Diisooctyl Phthalate 

Diisodecyl Phthalate 

Butyl Benzyl Phthalate 

Butyl 2-Ethylhexyl Phthalate 

2-Ethylhexyl Isodecyl Phthalate 

Citrate Acetyl Tributyl Citrate 

Acetyl Triethyl Citrate 

Tributyl Citrate 

Phosphate Tri(2-ethylhexyl) Phosphate 

Triphenyl Phosphate 

Tributyl Phosphate 

Epoxy FLEXOL® Plasticizer EPO 

(Epoxidized soybean oil) 

FLEXOL® Plasticizer EP-8 

(2-Ethylhexyl epoxy tallate) 

FLEXOL® Plasticizer LOE 

(Epoxidized linseed oil) 

Polymeric Adipic Acid Polyester 

Azelaic Acid Polyester 

Sebacic Acid Polyester 

Blown Castor Oil 

Blown Soybean Oil 

Blown Linseed Oil 

Miscellaneous Dibutyl Sebacate 

Di(2-ethylhexyl) Sebacate 

Di(2-ethylhexyl) Azelate 

table 6 

23

24 

Formulation of Pigmented Coatings 

Pigments are selected for hiding power, ultraviolet 

protection, purity, and ease of wetting. Although most 

commercially-available pigments are suitable for use 

with UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins, there are some general 

constraints. Additionally, there are specific constraints that 

apply to UCAR Carboxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins. 

Do not use natural iron oxide pigments with any 

UCAR Solution Vinyl Resin. These pigments contain trace 

impurities that can gel the coating or cause discoloration 

or excessive chalking of the film. Do not use ironcontaining 

pigments, such as Prussian blue or the socalled 

“chrome greens” (blends of Prussian blue and lead 

chromate). Chromium oxide green, however, performs 

well with UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins. 

When an iron oxide pigment is desired, use synthetic 

iron oxides; they perform well with UCAR Solution Vinyl 

Resins. With coatings containing synthetic iron oxides, 

use a heat stabilizer, particularly when bake temperatures 

may reach 248ºF (120ºC). 

Gold bronze metallic pigments are powdered alloys 

of copper and zinc. They tend to react with vinyl, causing 

color development and gellation. When used to make 

gold inks, the powder is stirred into the ink vehicle shortly 

before use, and quantities sufficient for the job at hand 

are prepared. 

There is a minimum amount of pigment that must 

be used to impart opacity to ultraviolet light. For example, 

about 65 parts of titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) per 100 parts of 

vinyl resin is the minimum amount that should be used. 

To obtain maximum hiding power in thin films, about 

125 parts TiO 2 per 100 parts of vinyl resin is a practical 

maximum concentration. Exceeding this level can cause 

excessive chalking. If color pigments are desired, they 

can generally be substituted for TiO 2 at an equal volume 

replacement. There are exceptions; ultra-fine particle 

size pigments, for example, are used at much lower 

concentrations. 

The use of extender pigments or fillers will help 

improve the economics of the formulation. They will 

also help prevent sagging of thick wet films on vertical 

surfaces, will help control gloss (flatting) at low levels, 

and will permit greater film thickness per coat. Talcs, 

clays, barytes, and silicas may be used as extender 

pigments. If they are used, they will contribute little to 

ultraviolet absorption. A sufficient quantity of ultravioletlight-absorbing 

prime pigment must be included in 

the formulation. 

Table 7 provides a listing of pigment types and 

loadings typically recommended for UCAR Vinyl 

Copolymer and Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins. 

Formulation with UCAR Carboxyl-Modified 

Vinyl Resins VMCH, VMCC, and VMCA involves special 

considerations. The carboxyl groups of these products are 

randomly spaced along the polymer chain and will react 

with basic materials to form irreversible gels or increased 

consistency of pigment-vinyl combinations. Do not use 

basic pigments, extenders, or fillers with UCAR Carboxyl- 

Modified Vinyl Resins. Particularly, avoid lead-containing 

pigments (red lead, chrome yellow, chrome orange), zinc 

dust or zinc oxide, strontium-containing pigments, and 

calcium carbonate. Do not even use small amounts of 

these basic materials in pigment blends. With minor 

proportions of basic pigments, viscosity aberrations may 

not be predictable; some batches may have a normal 

viscosity and others will gel. Table 8 lists pigments typically 

used with UCAR Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins.

Typical Pigments for UCAR® Vinyl Copolymer 

and Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins 

Parts per 

Pigment 100 Parts Resin 

RED 

Pigment Scarlet —* 

Permanent Red 2B 

(Non-Resinated Calcium, Barium 

or Strontium Lakes of 2-B Acid — 

BON Reds — 

Pyrazolone Reds — 

Indanthrene Reds — 

Quinacridone Reds — 

Perylene Scarlet — 

Pyranthrone Scarlet — 

Perylene Vermillion — 

Iron Oxide, Synthetic Types 55 to 100 

YELLOW 

Nickel-Titanium Yellow — 

Indanthrene Types — 

Benzidines — 

Nickel Azo Types — 

Flavanthrone — 

Anthrapyrimidine — 

Pyratex Yellows — 


ORANGE 

Vat Orange — 

Dianisidine Orange — 

Benzidine Orange — 

Anthanthrone — 

GREEN 

Phthalocyanine Green 15 to 25 

* — indicates that the minimum level of pigment to prevent ultraviolet 

light degradation has not been established. 

Parts per 


MAROON 

Thioindigo Types — 

Alizarine Types — 

BON Types — 

Perylene Maroon — 

BROWN 


BLACK 

Carbon Black 5 to 7 

Furnace Black 5 to 7 

Lampblack 5 to 7 


WHITE 

Antimony Oxide — 

Titanium Dioxide 75 to 125 

Zinc Oxide — 

VIOLET 

Carbazole — 

Carbozole Dioxane — 

METALLIC 

Aluminum Pastes (65%), 

Leafing or Non-Leafing 60 to 85 

BLUE 

Phthalocyanine Blue — 

table 7 25

table 8 

26 

Typical Pigments for UCAR® Carboxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins 

Parts per 


Aluminum Powder 35 to 50 

Titanium Dioxide 

Phthalocyanine Green 

75 to 125 

(Non-Resinated) 

Phthalocyanine Blue 

15 to 30 

(Non-Resinated) 15 to 30 

Carbon Black 7 

Iron Blue Chalks badly 

Iron Oxide Yellow, Synthetica 60 to 125 

Iron Oxide Red, Synthetica 60 to 125 

Iron Oxide Black, Synthetica 60 to 125 

Iron Oxide Brown, Synthetica 60 to 125 

Ultramarine Blue Chalks & fades 

Zinc Phosphate 75 

Talc Use as filler 

Clay or extender 

Barytes 

Silica 

pigments 

(a) Natural oxides are not satisfactory. Synthetic oxides are satisfactory 

in either air-dried or baked coatings. 

If water is present in a pigmented coating containing a 

carboxyl-modified vinyl, the water molecule may form 

a bridge between the polymer’s carboxyl group and the 

pigment surface. Silica and alumina hydrate are prone 

to bridging or hydrogen bonding. Since most chlorideprocess 

TiO 2 pigments have silica, zinc oxide, or alumina 

treatments, they can develop hydrogen bonding. 

Hydrogen bonding manifests itself as viscosity instability. 

The viscosity may increase slowly over a period of several 

months or it may increase rapidly in a few days or weeks. 

If the water content reaches two percent based on the 

weight of carboxyl-modified vinyl, the paint may even gel. 

Commercial-grade materials typically limit water 

content adequately and should introduce no serious 

viscosity instability. If water does contaminate the 

formulation, it may come from the solvents or be 

introduced through poor storage practices. 

Organic acids, mineral acids, and certain acid-esters 

will reverse bridging from excessive moisture. Organic 

acids (such as citric, maleic, or malonic) or mineral acids 

(such as phosphoric) are all effective at concentrations 

of one-fourth to one percent, based on the weight of 

the carboxyl-modified vinyl resin. 

To restore a gelled paint to fluidity, first prepare a 

solution of the acid or acid-ester in acetone or other 

compatible solvent. Then, slowly add the solution to the 

gelled paint with agitation. Acid treatment of the coating 

may, however, affect adhesion and reduce gloss. 

A small amount of acid or acid-ester can also prevent 

or minimize viscosity excursions during paint manufacture. 

As with the restoration of gelled paints, this treatment 

may also affect adhesion and reduce gloss. 

The best way to control viscosity aberrations from 

water content is to prevent water from entering the 

formulation.

Pigments can be easily dispersed into vinyl coatings 

with conventional equipment, such as a pebble mill, 

sand grinder, and high-speed stirrers. To prevent iron 

contamination, do not use steel ball mills for pigment 

dispersion. The most common technique is to dissolve 

the vinyl resin in the appropriate solvents. The vinyl 

solution is then blended with the plasticizers, stabilizers, 

grinding aid, and pigments. For higher gloss coatings, 

predisperse the pigment in plasticizer, thinner, and 

grinding aid before adding to the vinyl resin solution. 

Modification with Other Polymers 

Compatibility 

The vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymers are compatible 

with each other and with most acrylic resins. They 

have, however, a low order of compatibility with most 

other resin types. UCAR® Carboxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl 

Resins will improve the general adhesion characteristics 

of other UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins. They will also 

improve air-dry adhesion of many acrylic coatings. UCAR 

Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins (notably VAGF, 

VAGC, VAGH, VAGD) are compatible with a broad range 

of other film formers, such as alkyds, melamines, ureas, 

epoxies, and urethane prepolymers. Table 9 lists typical 

modifiers and shows their relative compatibility with 

UCAR Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins. 

Where maximum gloss is desired, add pigments in either 

vinyl pigment chip or vinyl pigment paste form. For faster 

dispersion, incorporate wetting agents in the formulation. 

Soya licithin or “Nuosperse” 657 (Creanova, Inc.) have 

been extensively tested and are effective wetting agents, 

when used in concentrations of one to five percent, 

based on pigment weight. Other suppliers such as Byk 

Chemie offer additives useful for pigment dispersion. 

Reactive (Crosslinking) Systems 

UCAR Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins can 

be cured with amino resins or isocyanate prepolymers 

to increase film hardness and resistance to solvents, 

chemicals, and moisture. Vinyl wood sealers cured with 

urea formaldehyde resins and acid catalysts cure rapidly 

at ambient temperature or short, low-temperature bake 

cycles. Vinyl coatings for metal containers cured with 

phenolic or melamine resins require higher bake 

temperatures, but the resulting coatings have excellent 

resistance to water immersion, pasteurization, and 

steam sterilization. Hydroxyl-modified resins cured with 

urethane prepolymers cure at ambient temperature 

or low bakes. Films can range from hard to elastomeric 

depending on the choice of urethane prepolymer. 

27

table 9 

28 

Compatibility a 

of UCAR® Hydroxyl-Modified Vinyl Resins with Other Resins 

Vinyl/Modifier Ratio b 

VAGH VAGD VROH 

Modifier Resin 4:1 1:4 4:1 1:4 4:1 1:4 

Alkyds (non-drying) c 

“Beckosol” 12-021, coconut, short oil, PA content - 47% C C C C C C 

Alkyds (drying) c 

“Beckosol” 11-035, soya, medium oil, PA content - 35% C I C I H I 

“Beckosol” 12-005, soya, short oil, PA content - 42% C C C C C C 

“Beckosol” 11-070, 

linseed/soya, medium oil, PA content - 31% C I C I H I 

“Beckosol” 12-054, 

tall oil fatty acids, short oil, PA content - 41% C C C C C C 

Urea-Formaldehyde Resins d 

“Beetle” 55 (methylated resin) I I I I I I 



“Beetle” 80 (butylated resin) C C C C C C 

Hexamethoxymethylmelamine d 

“Cymel” 303 C C C C C C 

Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins d 

“Cymel” 350 C C C C C C 

“Cymel” 370 (methylated resin) C C C C C C 

“Cymel” 225-10 (rapid-cure resin) H I H I H I 

Urethane Prepolymers e 

“Mondur” CB-60, aromatic polyisocyanate C C C C C C 

“Desmondur” N-75, aliphatic polyisocyanate C C C C C C 

“Mondur” HC, polyisocyanate copolymer C C C C C C 

Key: 

C = Compatible (a) 5-mil (125 microns) wet drawdowns on glass; coatings dried 20 min at 140°F (60ºC) prior to rating 

H = Haze in film, but coating uniform (b) Solids basis 

I = Incompatible (c) Reichhold 

PA = Phthalic Anhydride (d) Cytec Industries 

(e) Bayer

Adhesion 

For good adhesion, surfaces must be free of rust, grease, 

oil, dirt, and other contamination. Common techniques 

for cleaning surfaces include solvent wash, vapor 

degreasing, chemical treatment, and brush cleaning. 

For maximum adhesion, use a phosphate treatment 

or a vinyl butyral wash primer before applying the vinyl 

coating. Where vinyl butyral primers are used, the next 

coat must be based predominantly on hydroxyl-modified 

resins (VAGF, VAGC, VAGH, or VAGD). 

Maximum adhesion of vinyl coatings is usually 

obtained at bake temperatures high enough to drive 

out traces of residual solvents. Over porous surfaces, such 

as concrete and cloth, mechanical adhesion should be 

sufficient for good performance; baking is not generally 

Where Not to Use Vinyl Coatings 

Vinyl coatings should not be used in applications where 

the continuous service temperature exceeds 140ºF (60ºC). 

No specific recommendations can be made for 

applications where the service temperature of the coating 

exceeds 140ºF (60ºC) intermittently or repeatedly. 

The recommendations for the use of heat stabilizers 

in UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins, given elsewhere in this 

booklet, are specific to a single-bake operation. The 

formulator is cautioned not to directly apply information 

about heat stabilizers to applications where service 

temperature exceeds 140ºF (60ºC) intermittently. Heat 

stabilizers that are effective at high bakes – in excess 

of 350ºF (176ºC) – may have an adverse effect on coating 

adhesion if used at lower service temperatures. 

needed. Baking finishes can be cured with heated air, 

infrared radiation, or by heating the metal surface on 

which the coating is applied. Control temperature carefully 

to avoid overbaking the coating. Maintain proper 

ventilation and uniform temperature distribution. 

UCAR® Hydroxyl-Modified Solution Vinyl Resins 

adhere well to many types of finishes and are quite 

useful in applications where coatings based on the 

unmodified vinyl resins will not adhere. UCAR Carboxyl- 

Modified Solution Vinyl Resins adhere to clean metal 

and to air-dry or baked topcoats or primers. Table 10 

compares the air-dry adhesion of coatings based on the 

three basic types of UCAR Solution Vinyl Resins. 

29

table 10 

30 

Air-Dry Adhesion of Coatings Based on UCAR® Solution Vinyl Resins 

Substrate VYHH VAGH VMCH 

Acrylic and Methacrylic Ester Resins Excellent Excellent Excellent 

Alkyd Resin Poor Excellent Fair 

Cloth Poor Good Fair to Excellent 

Concrete (somewhat dependent on type) Good Good Excellent 

Glass Poor Fair Fair 

Metal (clean and smooth) Poor Poor Excellent 

Metal, Phosphatized Poor Fair Excellent 

Nitrocellulose Poor Poor Fair 

Oleoresinous (varies widely) Poor Fair to Excellent Poor 

Paper Poor Good Good 

Phenolic Resins Poor Good Fair 

Plaster (somewhat dependent on type) Good Good Excellent 

Rubber, Chlorinated Fair Fair Fair 

Shellac Poor Good Poor 

Urea Resins Poor Good Fair 

Vinyl Butyral Resin Poor Excellent Fair 

Vinyl Chloride Resins Excellent Excellent Excellent 

Wood Poor Fair Fair

Product Safety 

When considering the use of any Union Carbide products 

in a particular application, you should review our latest 

Material Safety Data Sheets and ensure that the use you 

intend can be accomplished safely. For Material Safety 

Data Sheets and other product safety information, 

contact the Union Carbide sales office nearest you. Before 

handling any other products mentioned in the text, you 

should obtain available product safety information and 

take necessary steps to ensure safety of use. 

No chemical should be used as or in a food, drug, 

medical device, or cosmetic, or in a product or process 

in which it may contact a food, drug, medical device, or 

cosmetic, until the user has determined the suitability 

and legality of the use. Since government regulations 

and use conditions are subject to change, it is the user’s 

responsibility to determine that this information is 

appropriate and suitable under current, applicable 

laws and regulations. 

Further Information 

For information on prices, delivery, and technical service, 

phone 1-800-568-4000. For product information on safe 

handling, ask for the latest Material Safety Data Sheet 

(MSDS). 

Union Carbide requests that the customer read, 

understand, and comply with the information contained 

in this publication and the current Material Safety Data 

Sheet(s). The customer should furnish the information 

in this publication to its employees, contractors, and 

customers, or any other users of the product(s), and 

request that they do the same. 

31

32 

Emergency Service 

Union Carbide maintains a 24-hour emergency service 

for its products. The Chemical Manufacturers Association 

(CHEMTREC), Transport Canada (CANUTEC), and the 

National Chemical Emergency Center also maintain 

24-hour emergency service: 

Location Union Carbide Products All Chemical Products 

Mainland United States Phone Union Carbide Phone CHEMTREC 

and Puerto Rico HELP: (800) UCC-HELP (800) 424-9300 (toll-free) 

(toll-free), which numerically 

is (800) 822-4357 

Alaska and Hawaii Phone Mainland United States: Phone CHEMTREC: 

(304) 744-3487 (collect) (800) 424-9300 (toll-free) 

Canada Phone Union Carbide: Phone CANUTEC: 

(514) 640-6400 (collect) (613) 996-6666 (collect) 

Continental Europe, Ireland, Phone BIG (Geel-Belgium) Phone CHEMTREC (United States): 

Middle East, North and Central Africa (32)(0) 14 58-45-45 (703) 527-3887 (collect) 

United Kingdom Phone National Chemical Phone CHEMTREC (Unites States): 

Emergency Center (Culham-UK) (703) 527-3887 (collect) 

(44)(0) 1865-407-333 

Latin America, Asia/Pacific, South Africa Phone United States: Phone CHEMTREC (Unites States): 

and any other location worldwide (304) 744-3487 (collect) (703) 527-3887 (collect) 

At sea, radio U.S. Coast Guard, who can directly contact Union Carbide HELP… 

(800) 822-4357 (toll-free) or CHEMTREC… (800) 424-9300 (toll-free). 

DO NOT WAIT! Phone if in doubt! You will be referred to a specialist for advice.

U 

Union Carbide Corporation 

39 Old Ridgebury Road 

Danbury, CT 06817-0001 

UC-669B 

P8-8429 

10/98 –3M 

Printed in U.S.A.

Vinyl Resins

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