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Ovarian Cancer
Over view
The female reproductive system consists of two ovaries, one on each
side of the uterus. The ovaries, about the size of each almond, produce
eggs (ovules), as well as the hormones estrogen and progesterone.
Ovarian cancer is often not found until it has spread to the inside of the
pelvis and abdomen. In this last stage, ovarian cancer is very difficult to
treat. Early-stage ovarian cancer, in which the disease is confined to the
ovaries, is more likely to be successfully treated.
Ovarian cancer is an abnormal cell in the ovary that multiplies under
control and forms a tumor. If left untreated, the tumor can spread to
other parts of the body. This is called metastatic ovarian cancer.
Ovarian cancer often has warning signs, but the initial symptoms are
vague and easy to eliminate. Twenty percent of ovarian cancers are
found at an early stage.
The ovaries are small, with almond-shaped organs on either side of the
uterus. The eggs are produced in the ovaries. Ovarian cancer occurs in
different parts of the ovary.
Ovarian cancer begins in the germ, stromal, or epithelial cells of the
ovary. Microbial cells are cells that develop into eggs. Stromal cells make
up the material of the ovary. Epithelial cells are the outer layer of the
ovary.
The American Cancer Society estimates that in 2018 there will be 22,240
women diagnosed with ovarian cancer in the United States, and in 2018
there will be 14,070 deaths from this type of cancer. Half of all cases
occur in women over the age of 63.
Types

This type often has no symptoms in the early stages. Most people are
not diagnosed until they are in the advanced stages of the disease.
Genetic factors
This type of ovarian cancer is hereditary and is more common in women
with a family history of:
Ovarian cancer and breast cancer
Ovarian cancer without breast cancer
Ovarian cancer and colon cancer
Women with two or more first-degree relatives, such as parents, siblings,
or children, have the highest risk of developing ovarian cancer. However,
having a first-degree relative with ovarian cancer also increases your risk.
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Factors associated with longer survival
There are several factors associated with longer survival in women with
epithelial ovarian carcinoma:
Adopting the diagnosis in the previous step
Early age
Highly differentiated tumor or cancer cells are similar to healthy cells
Contains a small tumor at the time of removal
Cancer caused by the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes
Germ cell ovarian cancer
"Germ cell ovarian cancer" is the name given to a wide variety of
cancers. These cancers develop from the cells that make up eggs. These
usually occur in young women and adolescents and are more common in
women in their 20s.
These cancers are large and grow rapidly. Sometimes tumors produce
human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).
Germ cell cancers can be treated very often. Surgery is the first line of
treatment. Chemotherapy is highly recommended after surgery.
Stromal cell cancer of the ovary
Stromal cell cancers develop from ovarian cells. Some of these cells also
produce ovarian hormones, such as estrogen, progesterone, and
testosterone.

Stromal cell cancer of the ovaries is very rare and grows slowly. They
secrete estrogen and testosterone. Estrogen mainly causes cervical
bleeding. These characteristics are very remarkable.
Stromal cell cancer can be diagnosed at an early stage. People with
stromal cell cancer tend to have a better prognosis.
Cause
We still don't know what causes most ovarian cancers. As discussed in
Ovarian Cancer Risk Factors, we know some of the factors that make a
woman more prone to having epithelial ovarian cancer. Very little is
known about the risk factors for ovarian stromal and germ cell tumors.
The most recent and important finding about the cause of ovarian cancer
is that it begins in the cells at the end of the fallopian tubes and not in
the ovary itself. This new information could open up more research
studies for the prevention and testing of this type of cancer.
Some of them come from looking at things that change your risk for
ovarian cancer. For example, taking birth control and pregnancy pills can
lower the risk of ovarian cancer. These two factors determine how often
the ovary releases an egg (ovulation), and some researchers believe
there may be some link between ovulation and the risk of ovarian
cancer.
Additionally, we know that tubal ligation and hysterectomy reduce the
risk of ovarian cancer. One theory to explain this is that some
carcinogens enter the body through the vagina and reach the ovaries
through the uterus and fallopian tubes. This explains how removal of the
uterus or blockage of the fallopian tubes affects the risk of ovarian
cancer.
Another theory is that male hormones (androgens) cause ovarian cancer.
Symptoms & Signs

The cancerous ovary in the study early symptoms rarely cause. In the
case of an oasis or an outpost, you can search for the 'few' inospecific
with a menu that connects to the common 'benign'.
Cancer signs and symptoms can be found in:
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Bloating or distant abdominal
You mean, like, crackers and the like, huh?
Weight loss
Discomfort in the pelvic area.
Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation.
A frequent urge to urinate
Risk factors
Any risk factor that increases the chance of getting a disease such as
cancer. Different types of cancer have different risk factors. Some risk
factors, like smoking, can change. Others cannot change a person's age
or family history.
But being a risk factor or being too high doesn't mean you get the
disease. And some people with the disease may not have any risk
factors. Researchers have discovered that there are several risk factors
for a woman's increased risk of developing epithelial ovarian cancer.
These risk factors do not apply to other less common ovarian cancers,
such as germ cell tumors and stromal tumors.
Preventive measure
most women have more than one risk factor .But the most common
factors increase your risk somewhat, so they only partially explain the
frequency of the disease. So far, what is known about risk factors for
preventing most cases of ovarian cancer has not been translated into
practical ways.
There are many ways to develop the most common type of ovarian
cancer, epithelial ovarian cancer. Very little is known about the germ cells
of the ovaries and the ways in which stromal tumors develop, so this
information does not apply to that type. It is important to realize that
some of these strategies will reduce your risk only a little, while others

will reduce it very little. Some strategies are easy to follow, while others
require surgery. If you are concerned about your risk for ovarian cancer,
speak with your healthcare professional. They can help you consider
these ideas when applying them to your own situation.
Diagnosis
Tests and procedures used to diagnose ovarian cancer:
Pelvic exam. During a pelvic exam, your Radiation Oncologists inserts a
gloved finger into your vagina and immediately presses her hand on your
abdomen to feel your pelvic organs (palpate). The doctor will also
visually examine your external genitalia, vagina, and uterus.
Imaging tests. Tests such as ultrasound or CT scan of your abdomen and
pelvis can help determine the size, shape, and structure of your ovaries.
Blood test. Blood tests may include organ function tests that help
determine your overall health.
Your doctor can also test your blood for signs of a tumor that indicates
ovarian cancer. For example, a cancer antigen (CA) 125 test can detect a
protein that is frequently found on the surface of ovarian cancer cells.
These tests may not tell your doctor if you have cancer, but they can
provide evidence about your diagnosis and prognosis.
Surgery. Sometimes your doctor may not be sure of your diagnosis until
you have surgery to remove your ovaries and have a test for signs of
cancer.
Once you are diagnosed with ovarian cancer, your doctor will use the
information from your tests and procedures to stage the cancer. The
stages of ovarian cancer are indicated by the Roman numerals I through
IV, which indicates that the lowest stage of cancer is confined to the
ovaries.
Treatment
Treatment of ovarian cancer generally involves a combination of surgery
and chemotherapy.
Surgery: In surgery, doctors remove cancerous tissue.

Chemotherapy: the use of special drugs to shrink or kill cancer.
Medications can be pills you take or medications that are given into your
veins, or sometimes both.
Different doctors on your medical team may offer different treatments.
Gynecologic oncologists are physicians trained to treat cancers of the
female reproductive system. They perform surgery and give
chemotherapy.
Surgeons are doctors who perform operations.
Medical oncologists are doctors who treat cancer with drugs
(chemotherapy).
Visit the National Cancer Institute to learn more about ovarian cancer
treatment. External icon