New Era

new

era

FIRST EDITION― JANUARY 2023

A NEW LOOK TO NEW MEDIA

P A G E 1 | N E W E R A


H E L L O D E A R

R E A D E R

Welcome to the New Era Magazine!

We are excited to bring you a collection of thoughtprovoking

articles on a range of topics related to new media.

In this issue, you will find articles on the new age movement,

internet culture, the impact of new media on children, the

problem of body shaming, the importance of fact-checking in

the digital age, and the issue of censorship in the digital age.

We believe that it is more important than ever to critically

examine the role of new media in our society, and we hope

that our articles will inspire you to do just that. We encourage

you to engage with the ideas presented in these articles and

to share your own thoughts and perspectives with us.

Thank you for choosing to read New Era Magazine. We hope

that you enjoy this issue and that you will join us for future

issues as we continue to explore the many faces of new

media.

B U R C U K I C I K 1 8 1 1 0 0 8 0 3 1

M U H A M M E T C A N O T S A Y 2 0 1 1 0 0 8 0 7 7

Y A R E N A L T U N K I R A N 1 8 1 1 0 0 8 0 1 8



C O N T E N T S

0 3 . S P I R I T U A L B U T N O T

R E L I G I O U S

The article in which the reflections of the new

age are discussed in the new media.

0 8 . A B R I E F O V E R V I E W O F

I N T E R N E T C U L T U R E

An article discussing what internet culture is and

the forms that it was appeared.

1 8 . N E W M E D I A A N D C H I L D R E N

The article about the children and digital

age.

2 1 . F R O M B A R B I E T O B O D Y

S H A M I N G : T H E D A R K S I D E O F

S O C I A L M E D İ A A N D B E A U T Y

An article on the perception of beauty that the

media imposes on people.

2 6 . T H E A R T O F F A C T - C H E C K I N G :

S E P A R A T I N G T R U T H F R O M F I C T I O N

I N T H E D I G I T A L A G E

A piece on what fact-checking is, why and how

should do more about it.

3 0 . D I G I T A L A G E : D I G I T I Z A T I O N

A N D C E N S O R S H I P

An article about information acquisition and

censorship in the digital age.


B U R C U K I C I K

S P I R I T U A L B U T N O T R E L I G I O U S

How you treats this video is how life treats you!’

(“Tiktok1”) While the youth is scrolling the videos on

TikTok,a video comes across and reads the text

'don't scroll, don't take the bad energy' (“Tiktok2”)

or some tarot readers tweeting that ‘Gemini will

break up with their lover this week, justice bells

will ring!’ I have shared with you a few tactics

above, beyond the real existence story of the

New Age, to attract people to this side without

realizing it, or to achieve the exploitation of

emotions from a real point of view. Some

of the content that people come

across in most of the social media

platforms they enter to spend their

time, depending on the algorithm, is

now only about tarot readings,

horoscope reviews, energy clearing,

crystals, law of attraction and frequencies.

There are content on social media, especially on TikTok, that say it will

change something for you. All of this basically depends on religion and

New Age because it's essentially a new religion in the New Age.

So what is this New Age?

The New Age is basically a belief, a way of life, spread by groups who

are passionate about occultism and metaphysics, and who think that

they are workers of love and light, especially in the 1970s and 80s.

(Melton, Gordon) It has no absolute rules or scriptures, but is also free

from clergy, religious hierarchies and religious institutions. They have

also been influenced by other major religions and philosophical

approaches around the world; Buddhism, Hinduism, Christianity, Islam,

Taoism, Esotericism, Hermeticism, Idealism, Neopaganism and

Spiritualism. (“New Age” Vikipedi) These are the ones we are familiar

with, and many sources and religions that have not yet found their

place among the people have been used.

They have many contents that they use in themselves -not worship- and

which they call ritual. In fact, the situation became such that they

began to share their rituals and works on social media. One of the

biggest reasons why this 'teachings' is spread and followed is that the

situation is now commercialized.


B U R C U K I C I K

Now, they gain both followers and views with titles such as 'I did this

ritual, what I wanted came true immediately, the ritual performed in 5

days', which we see a lot on social media, especially on TikTok, and

they often want to keep followers with sentences like I will share it

tomorrow. Of course, all of these watching gives them a certain

benefit, so this situation has started to exploit people spiritually. We

come across similar content on Twitter, but because there is no

earning situation, it is either rarer or people who read tarot write to

get followers and 'paid tarot readings'. We also see these tarot

readings a lot on TikTok and Youtube(“An URGENT Message from Your

Guardian Angels Pick a Card *Timeless* Tarot Reading”). On the other

side of these, there are also accounts that make meditation happen

and say that they do aura cleansing (“Aura cleanse”). These contents

often make people participate as soon as they see the video or create

incentives for later. They communicate directly with the audience, and

those who have experienced say they provide a 'spiritual awakening'.

Especially when TikTok users swipe,

they either swipe to distract

themselves or have fun. When it

comes to distraction, most of the

time, when they feel helpless, they

come across videos titled 'if this

video came up, there is a reason'.

At that moment, they think they are

reflecting themselves. In addition,

the interactive nature of the

videosencourages comments such

as 'I did it, I feel very good' and 'claim' in the comments.

The proliferation of these videos on TikTok has caused the application

to create a prayer, meditation and rest area called 'TikTok rest areas'

within the application itself but of course, these are not the reason

why Twitter, TikTok or Youtube are generally known, all three

applications have completely different content within themselves. No

other social media platform has 'spiritual flows' so popular; The

possibility of falling into the flow, traceability and interaction make

TikTok different from the others. The epidemic period closures further

affected the use of social media, and we can say that Tiktok became

completely popular in these closures. However, a different dimension

of the event is due to manipulation sentences on the videos or in the

description section such as 'if you see this, don't pass by, life treats

you the way you treat the video', and this affects the algorithm by

completely changing the stream of views. Since the videos are not

passed -due to psychological situation or curiosity- similar content

starts to rotate in the stream.


B U R C U K I C I K

People feel in the mystical environment with things like slow motions,

captivating sounds and narrative emphasis used in the videos, or, as a

specific example, they added what they experienced in Tarkovsky and

Terrence's films to the comments, The people who made this comment

also added that they watched the movies of these people with the aim

of escaping from the world. Some of the carefully chosen words are:

nature, eternity, mindfulness and no-mind.

While we come across these contents so often in Tiktok, we see the

similar algorithm on Youtube, but the consumption frequency is less

and it is a place that should be searched especially, and it is a circle

that you may never reach unless you search for Twitter. Youtube has

more frequencies, chakra meditations, sometimes self-help, astrology

and tarot reading, And as I said, consumption is low. On Twitter, we

often come across weekly tarot readings (“Weekly Tarot Reading”),

horoscope comments and astrological information.

If we talk about the New Age content we see on these four social

media platforms in three articles.

Firstly; tutorial, maybe even developer

Some content tells people how to breathe, what to pay attention to

while meditating, and the essence of being a good person. From this

point of view, they say that positive thinking, helping people and

animals, and sharing behaviors raise the frequency. If our frequency is

rising in this way, it may be a useful area for society at some point.

Because in order to have rituals, one must pay attention to one's own

self. Here they summarize the situation like this, 'you get what you give'

to the universe.

Secondly; therapy for people

unconsciously

As I mentioned in the first part,

after being a good person, they

start striving for a happy life

consciously or unconsciously.

People who change their eating

habits, change their perspective,

think that they are a better version

of themselves when they clean their

aura or listen to certain

frequencies. At some point, this

carries the person to a more

positive perspective, unlike anxiety.


B U R C U K I C I K

Especially when you come across a meditation video on

Tiktok (“Frequencies on Tiktok”), there are warnings in the

description that 'it's normal to cry, you can get emotional,

your suppressed feelings come out'. People write in the

comments that they cried and felt better after the

meditation. Mostly they have content such as how you would

behave if you were in your childhood, how to talk with your

little self (“This is something i have been using recently and

it’s helped me heal. So i hope it can help you too”). but the

success of this healing process can make the person addicted to such

content and he thinks that it would be better if he/she constantly relived

that moment and did the same meditation again. On Tiktok, they usually

share this on #witchtok hashtag and it has a lot of interaction as it invites

the viewer directly to the ritual or meditation (“Money Ritual”). After the

interaction in these meditations, people felt that they were not alone.

Thirdly; magic under the name of ritual

Most of the time it appears in the stream; People burning

sage carry the smoke around the house (“Happy

Cleansing”) or write on papers about getting someone to

do something with their name, sometimes they organize

their ritual areas, and clean their natural stones with

incense. I often come across these videos while scrolling,

and there is definitely a comment 'don't do this magic, karma affects

you' in the comments. Most teen girls -depending on their faith- want to

do this so that their boyfriend will return (“Ex-Boyfriend spell”). I don't

know if it's karma or sin, but I'm sure it's definitely harmful to mental

health!

Fourth and final; tarot readings, pendulum and yes no

questions

These are also a few of the videos titled ‘do not pass’

before, but the problem is that; The topics are generally

content prepared with questions such as 'does he still love

me, will he come back to me, how is he now' (“How he feels

about you”). Considering the algorithm, these videos are not

a coincidence, as they contain specific topics and are

considered 'livable'. If you watch the tarot reading, of

course, another reading will be in the stream. With another example,

when you ask a yes or no question (“Ask your question... YES or NO”) and

watch that video, of course, you will see the same again and you will ask

it again. In fact, as I mentioned in the third part, when you see questions

and tarot readings, you either think negatively or give yourself hope in

vain. Again, this is not a very logical situation for your mental health, so

never mind that your boyfriend doesn't come back.


B U R C U K I C I K

The basis of the madness spread under the name of New Age spread all

over social media, the 'belief' of the human instinct to believe, the

spirituality offered by the videos is not considered much different from

religions in the past. Whether the religious ritual is praying in the mosque

or studying at the temple, it may be based on someone's desire to

synchronize the community. Do we call it someone's game, is it an

attempt to put it to sleep, or is it a new colonial tool that capitalism

found in the 21st century? However, when we look at the power of New

Media, it brings together people who have never seen each other,

regardless of rich or poor, under certain feelings, and people who have

experienced the same things reach and support each other, the fact that

a content gets more interaction continues to increase that content and

it seems like it will. People strangely think that they switch to the same

frequency in the comments. If I have to give a funny but strange example

to this, one week after the earthquake exercise in Turkey, an earthquake

was felt in Istanbul with the Düzce earthquake. Several groups claimed

that the drill was a huge manifesto and that we were running the law of

attraction.

It is also possible to say that most of these content produced from a

different perspective actually want to revive Eastern religions with New

Media.


M U H A M M E T C A N O T S A Y

A B R I E F O V E R V I E W O F I N T E R N E T

C U L T U R E

The invention of the Internet was a major turning point in the culture that

emerged from the interaction of people with the media. This culture,

which we call internet culture or cyberculture, has matured with

technological developments and has existed in every area where

people interact with the internet. Online communities, social media,

games and memes are some of them. The developing and changing

internet culture has managed to change the behavior of the global

society by experiencing breakdowns such as the launch of smartphones.

In this article, we will start understanding the internet culture from how

we define it, discuss what qualities it should have and what kind of

impact did its manifestations leave.

What is internet culture?

Let's start by taking a look at the definitions in dictionaries to

understand what internet culture is.

In dictionaries Internet culture appears as cyberculture, which is a more

suitable form for conceptualization.

Dictionary.com online dictionary defines cyberculture as “a unique set of

habits, values, and other elements of culture that have evolved from the

use of computers and the internet.”. (Dictionary.com, n.d.)

Merriam-Webster, another reliable online dictionary, defines this word

as “a set of shared attitudes, practices, and goals associated with the

world of computers and the Internet”. (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)

The American Heritage Dictionary defines cyberculture as “the culture

originating from the use of computer networks, as for communication,

entertainment, work, and business.”. (American Heritage Dictionary, n.d.)

Taking inspiration from these definitions, I define internet culture as “a

set of common behaviors, practices, and activities that emerge from the

world of people who use the Internet for communication, entertainment,

and work.”.

It would be useful to know the development of internet culture and the

reasons for its development.



What enables the development of internet culture is actually

developments in ICTs (Information and Communications Technologies)

and smartphones. As access to technology (especially the internet

penetration) has increased, the production, interaction, and distribution

of knowledge has increased dramatically. In other words, we can say

that the speed of development of technological infrastructures is

related to the growth and deepening speed of internet culture.

Launched by Steve Jobs on June 29, 2007, the iPhone had an effect like

a steam engine that ignited the industrial revolution.

Since all these technological developments took place in the Englishspeaking

western world, English has also become a dominant element of

internet culture.

Qualities of internet culture

It will be useful to know the qualities that

make internet culture internet culture. We

can list some attributes as follows:

Is culture "mediated by computer

screens". (Rheingold, 1994, 63)

Relies heavily on the notion of

information and knowledge exchange.

Is a "cognitive and social culture, not a geographic one".

(Rheingold, 1994, 61)

Is "the product of like-minded people finding a common 'place' to

interact.". (Kitchin, 1998, 58)

Is inherently more "fragile" than traditional forms of community and

culture (John C. Dvorak). (Wikipedia, n.d.)

Just as the dictionaries mentioned in this article differ in their

definitions, the manifestations of internet culture (the action or fact of

showing an abstract idea) are also quite diverse. Internet culture

manifestations, which emerged with the use of computer technologies

for various purposes, are the only way that allows us to examine internet

culture.

P A G E 1 0 | N E W E R A


Manifestations

These manifestations may be online communities, gaming, social media,

online videos, or there may be some manifestations that attract

relatively few people and are pushed deeper into the internet layer. For

example Wikis, online chat and peer-to-peer file sharing. The nonmonolithic

internet culture shows different purposes, people and

behaviors in its different manifestations.

Some, but not all, Internet manifestos include: Blog, Bulletin Board

Systems, Chat, Cybersex, E-Commerce, Games, Internet forums, Internet

memes, Microblogs, Online videos, Peer-to-peer file sharing, Social

networks, Usenet, Virtual worlds, and Wikis.

In this article, I will introduce the Internet manifestations that interest me

and explain their origins and reasons for their emergence.

Manifestations and the concepts I mentioned will shed light on

understanding internet culture. First, I will talk about peer-to-peer file

sharing.

Peer-to-peer file sharing

Peer-to-peer file sharing is a file sharing

practice and method. It is a part of internet

culture and even an important pillar of its

philosophy.

First of all, we should start by answering the

question of what is peer-to-peer and how it

works.

Peer-to-peer is a decentralized network architecture in which the

workload is shared among the members of the network, namely its

nodes. Members of P2P networks are equal. Members of the network

share some of their resources with other members of the network, thus

eliminating the need for a center.

Internet content that we commonly use uses a system opposite to this

system. There is a center (host) and that center delivers the content,

publishes it. Those who consume the content make a request to that

server and only the two devices are connected. Thus, the content is

transferred from the center (host or server) to the user (client).



A quick synopsis of Blockchain Technology - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from:

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Client-server-and-P2P-network-models_fig2_333160118

[accessed 26 Nov, 2022]

P2P networks, on the other hand, are decentralized, not centralized.

Shared files are transferred between each other by members of the

network. During this transfer, resources of members of the network are

used (such as disks of users' computers, internet connections).

In other words, peer-to-peer file sharing is the distribution and sharing

of digital media items using P2P network technology. For example, let's

imagine YouTube's first video, "Me at the zoo," is being distributed on a

P2P network. Instead of accessing youtube.com's servers to access,

download or play the video on our computer, let's say, for example, that

the file me_at_the_zoo.mp4 is transferred between John and Hannah,

who are members of a P2P network. John, who uploads from the US state

of Virginia, constantly uploads that video to the internet by using his

computer's resources such as disk and internet. Matching with John on

the network, Hannah downloads from California, again using her own

computer's resources. In this case, there is no need for youtube.com or

any center, authority or institution. Members of the network share the

entire workload among themselves.

Technically, this file-sharing system made possible the illegal sharing of

licensed content, as shared files had no legitimate ownership. In

particular, illegal sharing of content such as books, games, movies and

music has become easier and widespread because of these systems.



The LimeWire application, released in 2000, used the peer-to-peer file

sharing system to download files, especially music (free and illegal). It

also gained popularity in Turkey.

— Navy Blue formerly iDosh, en:User:SanchmarcNavy Blue at en.wikipedia, GPL, via

Wikimedia Commons

Then the BitTorrent P2P sharing protocol was published and the concept

of "torrent", which has become very common in Turkey, entered our lives.

An application with the same name, BitTorrent, which enables file

sharing using this communication protocol, was also published, and

μTorrent, which uses the BitTorrent protocol, was also widely used in the

same period.

In these applications, mostly games and movies were shared.

Another important part of this ecosystem were “torrent sites”. The

above-mentioned me_at_the_zoo.mp4 file must be discovered before

it can be downloaded and uploaded by users. Torrent sites were index

sites that functioned to categorize all kinds of files and make them

searchable online. The Pirate Bay was one of the most famous of these

torrent sites.

Since platforms such as Spotify, Apple Music, YouTube, Netflix are very

convenient and security concerns that occur using illegal methods, I

think that the need for P2P services has declined. But of course, we must

also take into account the existence of websites that do not use P2P

technology, but that broadcast illegally.



Technological decentralization

The lack of need for a center, namely decentralization, is an important

part of this whole story. While taking a brief look at this story, we should

mention the pioneers of the internet world. In addition to being internet

pioneers, these people are internet nerds, internet evangelists, most

likely programmers and maybe hacktivists.

A considerable number of these people founded

companies that develop the most advanced

technologies in the world today. The birthplace of

companies such as Google, Facebook, Apple,

Silicon Valley, the mecca of the world of technology

entrepreneurship , and the series of events

that unfolded on the entire internet determined

the way of thinking of these technology leaders.

When thinking of technology pioneers, people like

Elon Musk and Jack Dorsey should come to mind.

To understand how outlier some of them are, let's take a look at this

excerpt from Peter Thiel's book Zero to One.

Four out of six people who founded PayPal (one of the world's largest

fintech companies, of which Elon Musk co-founded) made a bomb in

high school. Five were only 23 years old or younger. Four of them were

born outside the United States. Three of them had fled to

the US from communist countries: Yu Pan from China, Luke

Nosek from Poland, and Max Levchin from Soviet Ukraine.

At that time, making bombs in those countries was not a

normal thing for children to do. (Thiel & Masters, 2014)

I will briefly touch on the reasons why these extraordinary

people embrace the idea of decentralization.

First of all, we should point out that the internet itself

has a decentralized structure, it has no owner or center

(this issue is also open to debate).

The disadvantages and limitations brought about by the centrality of

internet technologies have pushed people towards decentralization.

One of these problems may be user data collected by internet

companies and privacy concerns.



Wikipedia has been described as decentralized, although technically

not exactly so. (Bruns, 2008, 80) On the other hand, Wikipedia cofounder

Larry Sanger argues that Wikipedia may not reflect the truth any

more. Larry Sanger, who is like one of the profiles I mentioned above,

suggests that as a solution to this problem, everyone who expresses an

opinion on the Internet should turn their home computers into servers

and publish their blogs on their own computers. Doing this is actually

simpler than it seems, Sanger says in an interview that with devices

called network attached storage (NAS), anyone can publish their own

blogs from their own computers at low costs. (UnHerd, 2021) In this case,

the freedom to publish your opinion is entirely in your hands.

At the same time, Redecentralize.org, founded by a group of volunteers,

is trying to decentralize the internet again. They are trying to spread

their ideas with their manifesto and decentralized alternative

applications they offer against centralized internet applications.

(Redecentralize.org, n.d.)

Another issue that has plagued Silicon Valley nerds has been fiat

currencies, which represent the fruits of their labor, and the national

central banks (perhaps even global) that manage them.

In 1971, the US Federal Reserve ended the practice of holding gold in

exchange for printed US dollars. With the end of this approach called

the gold standard, the Federal Reserve could now print as much money

as it wanted to control inflation and the value of money. An asset with

no limit is now managed (fiat money).

It was now only in the hands of a group of people to determine the

value of people's labor. In the 2007-2008 global financial crisis,

people's savings lost their value in a short time. After this incident,

internet nerds rebelliously came up with a solution. Bitcoin, a digital

currency running on blockchain infrastructure (decentralized). With 21

million in total, bitcoin is a currency that has a limit and is not managed

by a center, unlike fiat currencies. There is no need for a center like

banks to transfer this currency.

After the acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk, some Twitter users left

Twitter and started using Mastodon, which is allegedly decentralized.

Decentralized internet nerds still continue to shape the internet and

society. These days, new projects are entering our lives every day. Let's

see where the battle between centralized and decentralized will take

us.



Online chat

Another popular Internet culture manifestation at that time was online

chat. A journey from mIRC to Windows Live Messenger (MSN) to Discord.

What does chat mean? Chat means informal conversation. Online chat,

on the other hand, is communication where people send text and

images over the internet in real time. In this communication, the parties

are expected to respond quickly to the messages.

Although online chat systems were first created in the USA in 1973, its use

began to become widespread in the 1990s and has evolved and

continued to exist until today.

In the world of online chat, which has its own rules, the rules are called

chatiquette (chat etiquette). For example, one of these etiquette rules is

not to write messages using only capital letters.

JUST LIKE THIS. (っ◕‿◕)っ.

One of the important parts of this culture is the acronyms used while

messaging. There is even an online dictionary where you can learn those

acronyms and slang words of the internet world. It's called the Urban

Dictionary.

Some of these acronyms and slang words are;

AFAIK → As Far As I Know

AFK → Away From the Keyboard

BRB → Be Right Back

FYI → For Your Information

IMHO → In My Humble Opinion

IRL → In Real Life

JK → Just Kidding

LOL → Laughing Out Loud

OMG → Oh, My God



IRC

One of the most important online chat applications and protocols in the

history of the Internet is IRC (Internet Relay Chat).

Designed for group communication, IRC has channels, private messages

can be sent and files are shared. There are servers that host these

communities on the internet. People connect to IRC servers, start

communicating with people by joining channels they are interested in.

Little information is available about the participants, only nicknames

unless they themselves share more. However, age, sex and location are

information that have become a rule to share in these communities.

There’s even an acronym called ASL PLS or ASL PLZ which means Age,

Sex, Location, Please.

The most popular application using the IRC infrastructure was mIRC. It

has been downloaded over 42 million times on Download.com alone.

Following the IRC technology, Windows Live Messenger (known as MSN)

became widely used.

Windows Live Messenger (MSN Messenger)

Developed by Microsoft, Windows Live Messenger reached 330 million

monthly users in June 2009.

Windows Live Messenger, which had a revolutionary effect at that time,

attracted great attention all over the world. One of the reasons for this

interest is that this application is a Microsoft application. At that time,

Microsoft's operating system, Windows, was used very dominantly.

Internet users have never experienced such a convenient and userfriendly

application as a communication application.

Some of these features were voice and video calls, sending images such

as emoji, vibration and animation, and being able to share your status.

Following the acquisition of Skype by Microsoft in May 2011, the

development of Windows Live Messenger was discontinued and was

completely discontinued in 2013. Microsoft encouraged its users to use

Skype.



Discord

One of the most popular instant messaging applications of recent years

is Discord. Designed for people to communicate by voice while playing

games, Discord is home to all kinds of communities these days. Discord,

which can also be accessed from mobile devices, has more than 350

million registered users and more than 150 million monthly active users

as of 2021.

Discord has some elements that are very similar to IRC systems in

operation.

Servers, which we also know from IRCs, are seen more as a community.

This community can be an institution/company, a hobby group, a study

group, or a student club.

There are channels inside the servers that we will remember from IRC,

you can think of them as specific chat rooms. There are also direct

messages, user profiles. In audio channels, users can turn on their web

cameras and share screens. They can even play games together.

Mostly used by young people, Discord has language learning, practice

communities, artificial intelligence art community and even role-playing

game communities.

Conclusion

The internet culture, which has a great impact on the lives of societies,

continues to live and change. This change, triggered by the needs of

internet users and technological developments, also changes society. All

the applications that are part of this culture, from torrent to MSN, show

people's practices rather than nostalgia. Other technologies developed

and used by people seem to continue to do so.


Y A R E N A L T U N K I R A N

N E W M E D I A A N D C H I L D R E N

The world is becoming digital in every aspect. It is observed that

technological developments have existed in almost every era of human

history, and these developments continue unabated. This virtual reality

immerses us in every aspect of our life. The new media, which is

developing with the Internet and developing technology, has started to

experience a social transformation and affects individuals of all ages and

all walks of life through this process.

New media can be defined as ”environments that direct existing

media in general to transform them interactively into digital data

and provide production, distribution and sharing through computers"

(Manovich, 2001). Radio, television, newspaper, etc. in addition to

mass media such as mass media, Internet technology and mobile

technologies, which enable the formation of the new media age,

have a very important position.

Nowadays, many of us now prefer our virtual space even in a public

area where we go out for coffee with our friends, and we have

become more likely to spend time with our phones than chatting.

Public spaces have now become a place where we enter our virtual

public space with the coffee we collect and buy for us. We are

there, but our mind is not there.



Nowadays, many of us now prefer our virtual space even in a public area

where we go out for coffee with our friends, and we have become more

likely to spend time with our phones than chatting. Public spaces have

now become a place where we enter our virtual public space with the

coffee we collect and buy for us. We are there, but our mind is not there.

This process has started to affect our lives in matters such as friendship,

family, romantic relationships. With our increasing communication skills in

the virtual environment, it also allows us to move our existing relationships

to that environment and make friends there, rather than negative

situations such as meeting people around us less, and making friends with

new people.

Especially to do something for them without much of a choice in middleaged

and elderly individuals are seen as an alternative occupation for

which the internet and social media environments, both of these

individuals socialization, both more fun and maybe a better quality play

important roles in daily life, while today's seniors complain the most about

one of the issues that children and young

people; children and young people's time

spent on internet and social networks.

So what does this mean for generation Z

in general and for children in the

younger age group in particular?

Is the perception of "the internet and

social media are bad" that we

constantly hear about with new media

technologiesand that we are now

advising our children is really a big

problem for new generations?



Today, generation Z, the first social generation to grow up with

access to the Internet and portable digital technology from an early

age, and the Alpha generation, the current generation that followed

it, are known as the internet generation, the google generation or the

‘.com’ generation in various sources. The biggest reasons why the

Alpha generation, which includes those born from 2013 to the current

year, is so important:

It covers especially younger age groups.

Being more careful than the Z generation.

Screen connection rates are higher.

For the alpha generation, the world has no physical boundaries

because technology is limitless.

For example, today children learn to

use technological tools before being

able to tie their shoes, or illiterate

children aged 3-6 can search for

cartoons they want to watch on

Youtube or Google search engine.

Children are able to grasp and copy

things related to technology very quickly.

The fact that they were born into technology

and have access to such unlimited resources makes them less likely

to think, expect excellent results with little effort, or become

unrestrained.

The main concern of families begins at this point, because this is an

uncontrollable infinite power, and this power is no longer a desire, but

a need, and children are most aware of this because they were born

into this world. There should be restrictions for these age groups who

have shortcomings such as decision-making and making their own

decisions, and therefore cannot make their choices correctly. As long as

there are no restrictions, unfortunately, it becomes really complicated

and difficult to protect our children from internet trolls, bullying,

obscene content in this age of developing and developing

technology.Therefore, the priority thing that every parent should do is to

give limited internet and technology use to their child. It is not possible

to prevent technological developments. Man is a being who develops,

renews and changes himself. The important thing is to handle these

innovations in the right way and try to make them better for ourselves

and for future generations after us.


B U R C U K I C I K

F R O M B A R B I E T O B O D Y S H A M I N G :

T H E D A R K S I D E O F S O C I A L M E D I A

A N D B E A U T Y

Social media has had a significant impact on the way we

perceive beauty. With the proliferation of platforms like

Instagram, Facebook, and TikTok, it has never been easier

for people to present a polished and perfected version of

themselves to the world. However, this constant exposure

to highly stylized and edited images of beauty can have

negative consequences, particularly for young people who

may be struggling with their own body image and

self-esteem (Tiggemann and Slater, 2014).

One of the most significant ways in which social media has

impacted the perception of beauty is through the promotion

of the "Barbie" beauty ideal (Tiggemann and Slater, 2014).

This ideal, which emphasizes thinness, a lack of body hair,

and large breasts and buttocks, is often perpetuated

and large breasts and buttocks, is often perpetuated

by influencers on social media platforms who use Photoshop and other

editing tools to present an idealized version of themselves to their

followers. This constant exposure to the "perfect" body can lead to

anxiety and feelings of inadequacy among those who do not fit the ideal.

It can also contribute to the objectification and sexualization of women,

as the emphasis is often on their appearance rather than their

intelligence or personality (Kuyper et al., 2017).

The Victoria's Secret fashion show, which has been

airing annually since 1995, has had a significant

impact on the perception of beauty around the world.

The show, which features lingerie models known as

"Angels," has become known for its highly stylized and

sexualized depiction of women's bodies. The Angels,

who are typically tall and thin with large breasts and

buttocks, are seen as the epitome of beauty and

femininity.


B U R C U K I C I K

The constant exposure to these highly sexualized and idealized images

of beauty can have negative consequences, particularly for young

people who may be struggling with their own body image and selfesteem

(Kurland, 2017). The emphasis on thinness and traditionally

attractive features can contribute to the promotion of a narrow beauty

ideal, leading to feelings of inadequacy and anxiety among those who

do not fit the ideal (Tiggemann and Slater, 2014).

In addition, the objectification and sexualization of the Victoria's

Secret models can contribute to the objectification and sexualization

of women more generally (Kurland, 2017). The focus on the models'

appearance, rather than their intelligence or personality, can reinforce

harmful gender stereotypes and contribute to the objectification of

women's bodies (Kuyper et al., 2017).

Overall, the Victoria's Secret fashion show has had a significant impact

on the perception of beauty around the world. Its promotion of a

narrow and sexualized ideal has contributed to the objectification and

sexualization of women and has had negative consequences for body

image and self-esteem, particularly for young people.

In addition to the promotion of a narrow

beauty ideal, social media also enables a

"lynch culture" in which people feel entitled to

comment on and criticize the appearance of

others (Tiggemann and Slater, 2016).

This can lead to bullying and body shaming,

particularly for those who do not conform to

the beauty standards promoted on these platforms.

The interactivity of social media means that anyone

can comment on someone else's appearance, and

this can lead to a lot of criticism and discrimination

between the beautiful and the ugly (Tiggemann and

Slater, 2016). This can be especially harmful for young

people, who may be struggling with their own body

image and self-esteem (Kuyper et al., 2017).


B U R C U K I C I K

One high-profile example of the harmful effects of

the "lynch culture" on social media is the case of

the Gucci model who was subjected to online

harassment and bullying for not fitting traditional

beauty standards. In 2018, model Arvida Byström

was featured in a Gucci campaign, but rather than

being celebrated for her unique appearance, she

was ruthlessly criticized and bullied online for

being "ugly" (Zwecker, 2018). Byström, who has a

shaved head and tattoos, was subjected to a

barrage of hateful comments and threats, and the

incident serves as a sobering reminder of the toxic

culture of body shaming that exists on social media

(Zwecker, 2018).

This case highlights the harmful

consequences of the constant

comparison and criticism that takes

place on social media, particularly

for those who do not conform to

traditional beauty standards. The

idea that there is a single "ideal"

form of beauty is not only harmful,

but it is also unrealistic and unrealistic. Everyone has the right to their

own unique appearance, and it is important to promote body positivity

and self-acceptance rather than engaging in the toxic behavior of

discriminating between the beautiful and the ugly (Mills and Mills, 2017).

In recent years, plastic surgery has become increasingly

normalized in society, and this trend is often perpetuated by

the media. One high-profile example of this trend is the case

of Şevval Şahin, Miss Turkey 2018, who won the pageant despite

having undergone multiple plastic surgery procedures. The fact

that Şahin was able to win the pageant despite having

undergone surgery sparked a heated debate about the role of

plastic surgery in the beauty industry. This incident highlights

the way in which the media and society have come to view

plastic surgery as a normal and acceptable way to achieve the

"perfect" body. While some may argue that Şahin's plastic

surgery was a personal choice and that she should be free to

do as she pleases with her own body, others have argued that

the normalization of plastic surgery sets a harmful precedent,

particularly for young people who may feel pressure to conform to

certain beauty standards (Yılmaz, 2018).


B U R C U K I C I K

In a beauty pageant, which is supposed to celebrate natural beauty,

the fact that a contestant who has undergone plastic surgery was able

to win the competition raises questions about the societal standards of

beauty. It highlights the way in which these standards have become

increasingly focused on the appearance of the body rather than on

inner beauty or intelligence.

Overall, the normalization of plastic surgery in society, as reflected in

events like the Miss Turkey pageant, has contributed to the pressure to

conform to certain beauty standards and has had negative

consequences for body image and self-esteem, particularly for young

people.

One of the ways in which people

may try to conform to the beauty

standards promoted on social

media is through plastic surgery

(Mills and Mills, 2017). Aesthetic

operations are more affordable

and widely available than ever

before, leading some to turn to

surgical procedures in an attempt

to achieve the "perfect" body.

However, the risks associated with these procedures should not be

underestimated, as there have been numerous instances of people

being injured or disfigured by fake or unqualified doctors (Smith and

Lefkowitz, 2016). In particular, young girls may be at risk of getting

procedures done by fake doctors, which can have serious and

potentially life-threatening consequences (Tiggemann and Slater,

2016).

The pressure to conform to this narrow beauty ideal can be particularly

intense for young people, who may feel a sense of obligation to be

well-groomed and made up at all times in order to present a

"perfect" image on social media (Smith and Lefkowitz, 2016). The

multimedia nature of these platforms, which allow for the sharing of

photos and videos, means that people are constantly bombarded

with images of the "perfect" body and face.

This can lead to a feeling of inadequacy and a desire to

conform to these beauty standards, even if it means resorting

to unhealthy or risky behaviors (Mills and Mills, 2017).


B U R C U K I C I K

It is important to recognize that everyone has the right to their own

unique appearance and that there is no one "ideal" form of beauty. It

is crucial to promote body positivity and self-acceptance, rather than

engaging in the toxic behavior of discriminating between the beautiful

and the ugly. This is especially important for young people, who are

particularly vulnerable to the messages about beauty promoted on

social media (Kuyper et al., 2017).

In conclusion, social media has had a significant impact on our

perception of beauty. The promotion of a narrow ideal, the enabling

of a lynch culture, and the accessibility of plastic surgery have all

contributed to the pressure to conform to a certain standard of

beauty. It is crucial to promote self-acceptance and

body positivity, rather than engaging in harmful

behavior that can have negative consequences

for both individuals and society as a whole.



T H E A R T O F F A C T - C H E C K I N G :

S E P A R A T I N G T R U T H F R O M F I C T I O N I N

T H E D I G I T A L A G E

In the post-truth era, we live in days where the truth is no longer real.

Despite this, we must pursue the truth in order to have more democratic

societies, a fairer order and learn the facts. Fact-checking guides us on

this journey. In this article, we will try to understand what fact-checking

is, its effects and how it is done.

What is fact-checking?

Fact-checking is the process of verifying a truth-based information

within the correct content integrity and context.

Fact-checking is the practice of verifying whether an information is

correct after or before it is published.

For example, If I write in one of my articles “Beykent University was

established in 1998.”. I will be giving false information. The person doing

the fact-checking on my article should double-check this date. The

person who double-checked learns that Beykent University was

established in 1997 and reports this situation to the author of the article.

The author corrects the date by taking the necessary actions.

This process can be done in-house or outsourced as a service.

Now let's talk about a simple distinction. Fact means indisputable

knowledge. For example, when water boils at 100 degrees Celsius at

sea level. Truth means putting the facts together by giving it a context.

People doing fact-checking need to both verify the facts and provide

the truth by presenting them from a proper perspective.



Importance of fact-checking

As we know, democracy is not a concept like black and white, zero and

one. When we talk about democracy, we think more of a scale. We can

also see from the Democracy Index reports, how democratic or not the

countries are. (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2020) One of the things that

has a great impact on democratic processes is the public's

access to the information. Independent and accurate

media outlets contribute to democracy. People's access to

accurate information about politicians can

affect who they vote for in elections.

For example, according to a study conducted

in 2019, presenting the lies (claims) that

politicians tell coupled with their fact-checked

versions in a summary has a greater effect on

decreasing support for that politician than

presenting the same cases one by one. (A. et

al., 2019) In other words, fact-checking

publications can have an effect on the

increase or decrease in people's support for

politicians. While these are happening, how

the results and reports of fact-checking

processes are presented to the public may

also make a difference in terms of their

impact. While this is not always the case,

politicians who are confirmed to be lying are expected to lose votes

and supporters, as their reputation has a negative impact. For this

reason, fact-checking, especially in political areas, contributes greatly

to democracies.

Some fact-checking platforms

Fact-checking platforms have become increasingly popular in recent

years as a means to verify the accuracy of information found online.

These platforms aim to combat the spread of misinformation and fake

news by providing a space for experts to review and verify the veracity

of various claims. These organizations have established reputations for

their thorough and unbiased approach to fact-checking, and have

played a valuable role in helping to promote accuracy and transparency

in the media.



FactCheck.org

FactCheck.org is a non-profit organization founded in the United States

in December 2003. The purpose of this organization is to expose false

information. It became Facebook's fact-check partner in 2016 to detect

and verify fake news on social media.

PolitiFact

PolitiFact.com is another American non-profit organization. It was

established in August 2007. This website scores the accuracy of what

politicians and other important people say. The platform uses an

accuracy scoring metric called the Truth-O-Meter.

Full Fact

Full Fact is a London-based fact-checking agency. Founded in 2009,

Full Fact became Facebook's fact-checking partner in 2019.

Snopes

Snopes.com, formerly Urban Legends Reference Pages, is a factchecking

site. Founded in the USA in 1994, the company became

Facebook's fact-checking partner in 2019.

Teyit

Teyit.org, founded by Mehmet Atakan Foça in Turkey in 2016, is a factchecking

platform. Claiming to be a non-profit social enterprise,

Teyit.org publishes in Turkish, English and Azerbaijani.

Doğruluk Payı

Established in June 2014, Doğruluk Payı is a fact-checking platform

publishing in Turkey. The platform mainly does fact-checking on political

issues.

Fact-checking tips

Here are some tips on how to factcheck

information:

Check multiple sources: It is important to check multiple sources of

information to get a well-rounded understanding of the topic. Different

sources may present different perspectives or have different biases, so

looking at a variety of sources can help you get a more accurate picture

of what is going on.



Consider the source: The credibility of the source of the information is

important. Look for information from reputable sources such as

government agencies, well-respected news organizations, and

academic institutions. Be cautious of information from sources that have

a reputation for being biased or untrustworthy.

Look for evidence: When evaluating information, it is important to look

for evidence that supports the claims being made. Are the claims

supported by data or research? Are sources cited? Lack of evidence or

sources to back up claims should be a red flag.

Check the date: Make sure the information you are considering is up to

date. If the information is outdated, it may no longer be accurate or

relevant.

Check for biases: All sources have some level of bias, so it is important to

consider the perspective from which the information is being presented.

Is the source presenting a fair and balanced view, or are they promoting

a particular agenda?

Take your time: Don't be in a rush to accept information as true. Take the

time to thoroughly evaluate the information and consider multiple

perspectives. It is important to be critical and ask questions rather than

blindly accepting what you read or hear.

Conclusion

In conclusion, fact-checking plays a vital role in promoting accuracy

and transparency in the media, and is essential for the functioning of

democratic societies. By verifying the veracity of claims and presenting

them in a proper context, fact-checking helps to combat the spread of

misinformation and fake news. Fact-checking platforms such as Snopes,

PolitiFact, and FactCheck.org, Teyit, Doğruluk Payı have established

reputations for their thorough and unbiased approach to fact-checking,

and have contributed significantly to the promotion of truth and

accuracy in the media. As the digital age continues to evolve, it is

crucial that we continue to support and rely on these important

resources to help us separate truth from fiction.



D I G I T A L A G E :

D I G I T A L I Z A T I O N A N D C E N S O R S H I P

Digitization is the process of converting information into a digital

(i.e. computer-readable) format. The result is the representation of

an object, image, sound, document, or signal (usually an analog

signal) obtained by generating a series of numbers that describe a

discrete set of points or samples.

The result is called digital representation or, more specifically, a

digital image, for the object, and digital form, for the signal.

This can involve creating digital copies of

physical objects or documents, automating

processes using computers or other digital

technologies, or developing new products

or services that are primarily delivered or

accessed through digital channels.

Digitalization can help organizations

become more efficient and effective by

streamlining operations, improving

communication and collaboration, and

providing new opportunities for

innovation. It can also have broader

societal impacts, such as increasing

access to education and information,

and supporting economic development.



With digitalization, censorship of information and

communications shared through the internet and other

digital platforms may become even more difficult.

This can be applied in different ways,

especially in countries, for various

reasons. For example, in some countries

censorship can be carried out for the

purpose of protecting public safety,

cultural values or other social goals.

However, censorship can also have

negative effects, such as restricting

access to information and violating

human rights. Therefore, it is important

to carefully approach the management

and supervision of censorship along

with digitalization.

Censorship laws also vary widely across countries and can be

influenced by a variety of factors, including cultural values, political

systems, and international agreements. In some cases, censorship is

explicitly written into the laws of a country, while in others it may be

implemented more informally through regulatory or enforcement

mechanisms.



Digital journalism, or the practice of producing and disseminating news

and information using digital platforms and technologies, has both

facilitated and complicated the issue of censorship. On one hand, the

use of digital platforms for news production and distribution

has made it easier for journalists to reach larger audiences

and bypass traditional gatekeepers, such as media

owners or government censors.

This has provided new opportunities for

journalists to report on sensitive or

controversial topics that might

otherwise be suppressed.

On the other hand,

digital platforms can

also be used to

censor or suppress

journalism, either by

governments or other

actors. This can

involve blocking

access to certain

websites or online

news sources,

manipulating

algorithms to bury or

remove certain

content, or using

social media to

spread misinformation or propaganda.

The use of digital technologies has also made it easier for governments

and other authorities to monitor and track journalists and their sources,

which can have a chilling effect on freedom of the press.

Overall, the relationship between digital journalism and censorship is

complex and can vary widely depending on the specific context and the

actors involved. It is important for journalists and media organizations to

be aware of the potential risks and challenges associated with digital

censorship and to work to protect freedom of the press and freedom of

expression.



In some cases, citizen

journalism can serve as

a means of

circumventing censorship

and bringing important

information to light that

might otherwise be

suppressed. However,

citizen journalism can

also be a target of

censorship, particularly if

it is perceived as a

threat to governments or

other powerful actors. This can involve blocking access to websites or social

media accounts, arresting or harassing individuals who produce or share citizen

journalism content, or spreading misinformation or propaganda to discredit citizen

journalism.

For example, measures or blocks such as the broadcasting ban and

slowing down the Internet speed that came after the explosion in Taksim in

recent days were met with reaction by the community on Twitter and other

social media platforms. People got to the information through people who

were close to the crime scene. In the face of these blocks and censors, we

can see that VPN (Virtual Private Network) usage has increased in people.

On November 13, the day of the Taksim bomb attack, VPN demand in Turkey

increased by 853 percent.

A VPN, or Virtual Private

Network, is a tool that allows you to

connect to the internet via a secure,

encrypted connection. This can be

useful in a number of situations,

including:

1. Protecting your online privacy and security: When you use a

VPN, your internet traffic is routed through a secure server,

making it difficult for anyone to monitor or intercept your

online activity.

2. Bypassing internet censorship: In some countries, the

government censors certain websites or types of content.

By using a VPN, you can access these websites as if you

were located in a different country where the censorship

does not apply.


3. Accessing content that is restricted to certain regions: Many websites and

online services are only available in certain countries. By using a VPN, you

can "trick" these websites into thinking you are located in a different region,

allowing you to access the content.

It's important to note that while a VPN can help you bypass internet

censorship and access restricted content, it is not a foolproof solution. Some

governments are able to block VPNs, and using a VPN may be illegal in some

countries. It's always a good idea to research the laws and regulations in

your country before using a VPN.

In general, if we look at it, the endless information environment that we can

access together with the digitizing world can sometimes be tried to be

blocked by states or individuals in positive or negative ways. The impact of

censorship on individuals and society is complex and multifaceted, and it is

important to carefully consider the potential consequences of censorship in

any context.



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