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rnYitJn COVER 

hi deity image of the B dhi attva A alokit ara, 

who i known to th hin by th n me Kuan-yin (K annon, 

Kuan-im, etc. ,) and to the Japane e a Kannon 

Bu at u, i a culptural work of art from th ui Dyna ty 

(A.D. 5 9-61 ) of northern hina. The image i now in 

a hrin at Muang Boran ( h An ient ity), Bang Pu, 

not far from Bangkok. lt i th belief of the hine e and 

ther Buddhi t people that thi deity i the embodiment 

of mer y and a refuge for tho in adver ity or di tr 

Th B hi attva i depi ted in thi image a kind, gentl 

who i tanding with h r right hand rai d high. 

hine tea hing i that image are n t to b wor hipp d 

ido latrou ly, but a ymbol that ha e been made o the 

g d nd the beautiful, o the wor hip of thi imag i 

actuall th a ffirma tion f a ymb I for th qualit o f 

human kindne .

Ylu~uthJ~~Vt1 VltJ~ 

Chinese and the Thai Life Style 

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u u ' 

9

Chinese 

and the 

Thai 

Life Style 

I. 

n hould r-p le . 

long- leeved hirt 

hin e tr u er 

of onlooker . orne men t the ba k of th crowd are tanding but m t f th 

to enjoy the hov . Hove er there i one p r on v ho i not enj ying him elf. Be u e he i v e ring a 

he ha not joined the r v d but h retired und r a tre and i feeling ery orry r him elf. h re he it in deep 

de pair with hi back t the rov d and the fe ti itie . Ha h u d up all hi v rking apit I? Ha hi m II time 

bu ine partner run o f with the money? r ha he play d the I ttery right down to hi Ia t 

but he certainly eem to be at hi. v it end. 

The Twelve Month (c cle) of Royal ( tate) eremonie (Thai: Phra Ratchaphithi ip ong Duan). A e tion 

of one of the mural panel in the ordination hall of Wat Ratchapradit athitmaha imararn, Bangkok. our/~ Reign. 

Mid 19th century. 

2. o the Rear o the alace. hi hine c man wearing Iipper and ilk tr u er but with n hirt on hi 

back i taking a child for a walk around the back of th p lace. H v e m fr m hi gener I app aran t be 

wealthy enough. hat he goe around half-naked an b taken a a ign that h ha b en in 

tho c day hai people v ould g' ab ut the pia e v ith ut th ring t 

the habit of tho e round him. llov ing f r certain libenie tak 

are walking down a ri er road r they v ould not b trolling 

landing n ating on a bamboo raft. B hind it tv o young girl a.r 

dugout can e in the water where the hildren are pia ing. v o ld r w men 

rude plea ntri with the pia e full intere t indeed! nd it ju. t one 

pa t th ba k gate of the p Ia e wh re n might ee me f th young pal ladie ming and g ing. hi i a 

place where anyone v ould v i h to g trolling, be he hai r hine e. 

Life of th Buddha. mural ene from the ordination hall of Wat Wang, Larn Pam Muang di trict, 

Phatthalung provin e. The e ond half of the 19th centur . 

3. an annual fair v here nd 

tand 

ong Phanuat Pavilion at Wat B nchamabophit 

rm n and th reby 

naked hild wh v ear a 

wo of the hildren, ne t 

tep of the two p ilion . 

10 

m II t

A hin e petty merchant with hi queue tucked under his hat and hi merchandi e hanging from hi houlderpole 

tumble in the du t kicked up by a nock of goat under an attack by the dog of the neighbourho d that are 

tearing at hi ware with bar d teeth. And there i another dog out of vi w behind him readying for an a ault on hi 

rear. Thi hinaman mu t b in a pretty funk. Perhap he i a new arrival to Thailand hoping to et up a hop om where 

and qui kly b orne a capitali t. H i probably till ignorant not only of the number of dog that ro m the tree but 

of the ra al that do more than ju t tea e. There are people who will tug hard on a man' pigtail or in a mor eriou 

mood pilfer hi tock in trade and brazenly eat what they have tolen before hi face without any di play of f eling. 

It i thi kind of p r n, not the pariah-do , which i the real ob ta le to the realization of hi dream of the good life. 

A mural cene in the ordination hall of Wat Wang, Phallhalung. Nineteenth century. 

5. ife within the Pala e Wall . Here i an intimate view of a northern Thai palac who e inhabitant , although 

northern hai in dre and in manner, on ciou ly imitate iame e o iety amid central Thai ar hitectural tyle , or 

at lea t the two north rn Thai murali t who did the e mural would have u believe thi wa o. In fact the painter 

were children of their environment and the life of the painting i northern. The palac ladie wear the ankle-length 

northern heath kirt with a a h over the houlder . 

t thi tage f the jataka narrative a prince ha died and the h ro, hanthakhat ( andagadha), ha 

brought a magical herbal potion to return her to the living. ven though the a tion take pia e in id th pala e, one 

ee a ' black heep", namely th pigtail d hinaman in courtyard waving at u from b hind the wall. He might be a 

wealthy merchant who ha acce to the palace, or more likely a hine e herbal doctor with medi ine from hina. 

If o he ha pre ented him elf a a mean to re toring the prince who, he might hope, would be given to him in 

marriage ut of gratitude if he uc e ded. he would be a proud adjunct to hi family line. 

Jataka Tale . A mural cene in the wihan hall of Wat Nong Bua, Na Noi di tricl, Nan provin e. Mid 19th 

century. 

6. hine e kinnara and hild. hi i a murali t e erci e in fanta y. Thai rna ter painter would be orne tired of 

repeating the me detail ' over and over again and would invent amu ing or non en ical variation on well-worn 

theme . Here the mural painter ha taken the kinnara, a mythical compo ite creature beli ved to be half-man and 

half-bird, and made the human half a hine e. Th adult kinnara therefore wear a fine queue and th hild kinnara 

ha a hine e boy' partly haven kull. imilar humorou e periment were made in later r ign . hine e kinnaraand 

garuda- can b found !H Wat Arun Ratchawararam, though in the e the humour wa mo t likely unintentional. 

The Trai Phum (Tribhumi). A mural detail from the ho trai library repo itory at Wat Rakha~g Kho ilaram, 

Bangkok. Fir. I Reign. Attributed to A chan Nak of Wat uwannaram. Late 18th century. 

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1. L~~'U w\4fl 1 ~~ - lilfm

The Influence 

of Chinese Decorative Art 

on Thai Art 

Thira Khamlucha 

outhea t A ia, and in particular Indo- hina. ha 

been a melting pot of ci ilization . The art and cultur 

of India and hina have been coming together here in e 

ancient time i.e. in the Indian mara ati and th 

hine e T'ang period , th ugh' it wa the hine e who 

kept the detail d chronological r rd and de cription 

of the e countrie . 

he Indian brought, with their trade, religion 

which pread throughout the region a well a the art and 

cu tom with which the religion were clo ely a iated. 

ontrary, had little religiou or cultural 

influen e in the region. oremo t they ere trader , and 

they brought with them all kind of good , and with 

the e prized item of trade, their art . Hence hine art 

h e ert d a I ting innu nee on Thai fin a throughout 

the hi torical era. 

hin e influence i cleare t n in eryday thing 

The lion' claw or paw tab! -leg m tif ( hai: I i khaeng 

ing, lit. the lion' hin), the d or and indov of dom - 

ti architecture (and in particular the window ill ), and 

even the "Thai tyle" oblong panelled curtain wall that 

are mmonly thought f a being hara teri tic , if 

not unique to, hai h me ; 11 the e are d i ed for th 

mo t part from the hine e arti ti tradition. 

It can be demon trated that hine art ha influenced 

the region a Indian art ' ha and e idence of thi 

can be een in certain pee f th art tyl f th different 

Thai art peri d to thi day, a the llO\ ing e amp! 

from each of the fi e hi torical art p riod of central 

hailand will hov . 

I. There i an ancient tone carving in the Wang 

han Ka em National Mu eum, yutthaya, whi h carrie 

a hine e fret ornament. 

aravati bronz Buddha image oft n have the 

lion paw or leg in relief a pede tal motif whi h uppo 

the artificial I tu eat. 

2. he tucco relief ornament rom the Ayodhya 

(01" h ng i.e. pr ~Ayudhya) peri of central Thailand 

on the old wihan hall at Wat Lai, ha Wung di tri t, 

op Buri provin (figs. , 12 and 14), well the tu o 

relief ornament on th wihan of Wat Nang Phaya, 

atchanalai di tri t, ukhothai province (fig. ), are 

early hai e ample . 

h very nearly pur hine m tif on orne of 

the angkhalok cerami and orne other ukhothai art 

obj t ( ig.4). 

4. yudhya peri d mural p inting often in lude 

pi ture of hine r f tyle, permanent material 

building , pa ilion Andre t h u ( hai: keng hin . 

5. orne of th Thai Buddhi t wat- of the middle 

hine e tyl d. Wat 

me 

bel 

et up in th wat 

t le 

it tent 

ompare 

14

1. 1uw'llitt~~mmntrh 1m mm ihtl'1-4fi'I.4LLU'I..J'lJD-' 1m mtn'llD-'L'YlU'I!Ut~~~" "'-'Lnflt~~1-""nYiu'" LU'"~'"L 1'1ltl-' 1u~1-'~",; 

~ 

'llt~ -'L'Ylu't'" ,jut~u1iu1U[J)J'tin'")J1n 

' 

I. hine tendril rn ment 

the arti fi::ial tail "f ath r " 

whi h wa p pular in the 

rnam nt. ti e 

t it" ( h i: lai h ng hong) 

rnufi ,rll ttl~ 1 

hme e art fig. I 

2. tnULLUUt~ClnL,j''lltl-';'1'1-41t~m\l.Yn::p.J~ 2 L1H::L~'\.4tltlflt'l1U'I!Utld)J1flL'\.4~ tla,l'IJ~[J L'l!'\.4 1Uatrn~'\.4U'\.4~.nt'-'L'1.4)Jt\4

mut1 nu~ll 'ttl~ 5 

l11ne e art ag: S 

cnuft tl1llU 'ttlYl 6 

That art fig. 6 

3. 1tJU1LLUm'" n ULU'"~D"n1 "L~ '"t!Yili Yi t'lL~LLrl .. tl 

"Ln91L U1 [J\JL YltJUnU 

1utl'" '".. tl ~Uti lu 1ru1~1miY1t1"~Ltl'"n1:: t"fltiLRtl 

" " 

~L 1~t1.,~1'"L'"'llt1"1~111i1L 6 t"~1'il Yim 

' 

v m ard re ting hine e arti i ial I tu b rd r 

m d up fa equ n e f r pe ted f il d peta l I menl 

rnam nta l 

f 

ld 

1 6

i11Utl U ..\l 1tl~ 7 

hine e orr 1 • 7 

lUtli'IU,rtU 1t1 8 

Thai orr fig. 

4. 1tl~tlnL~'I.Itl·HI'\.4tln1llU1~,!" ..;L11;J:: 'W \JL~'\.42J1n~R~f11~ f!!~~: 

' 

~~flH 1 'l.ltl""' Utl1tJ1ftl1LL ::fifltJ ,1'1l~tl 

4. the 

L7

10,; "tt\1 1,t1~ 9 

htne art fig. 9 

5. ff..lLfifl 1tl ~fiL11'1.1tl..lLL~..l'1.11..11!"1H.I1 

L~i'UD't'l ~ fl~1n .. th~ 

5. he v r hipping demi-fi gur in the entre f n en I 

Wat ala Pun, utth a an be cen nanked neither ide b 

obi ng nd tv he tv hal e of the pan I ntain 

udh a p ri d pulpit at 

ed p ne! made fr m n

l'I1Ufl i'll.tll ttl~ 11 

hme e art rig. I I 

i'11U - mJ1l1U ttl~ 12 

That urt rig. 12 

6. 1tJ\!'I-4tl'l.4utu.nl'\lli'1'1.4~ \11~w~·i1L u ~"~~il v-n.p n1:tm:: 

'IJD\1 1tJ~m.UJ~ , DilR ~Uii'\.4 ~ \IL11L'ltJn·h 1tJth::LL;);)'\.4 

tu 

n th 

antr

cnutl cntll 1,\.J~ 13 

hine e art rig. I 

1t.ltll U,Y1U 1,\.J~ 14 

Thai art rig. 14 

1. fl1!l\Jt4U\4~~u .:nYI11_,-il, ii Yi '41 li'1\4YI~~ 

R'~Lnflt'l1!lfl'H~2JLYI 'u2J ~~L71L1!lnll\491ilthn11 1!l 1~fl11 

~ nL U\4il mL UUYI~~~L 11iu;n n ;}\42J1 

7. he tu 

II o f the old 

panel. p ndrel are kn n in 

( hai : lai khang kha ) . 

from 

hina. 

bat motif'' 

ing- 

20

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... UDl:JliVI'IJtl~~ii~'Ylh , , 111V ~~~~iiDVliVI , 

h link nd r ting artifi ial I tu bord r en in the · exampl of hine 

in thee luti n of h ide rati e art th t c n b e n in th link-b rd r I tu 

uch a utth a . 

art rnam nt in pir d 

nri hm nt f tu in 

1nufi"tl .. \l ltl~ 15 

lune e art fig. IS 

further tep 

yudhya rt 

111ufi nJ1nu 1,t1Yi 16 

Tha1 urt llg. 16 

21

IHtJfli'IU~\l ttl• 17 

hme art 11 • 17 

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• 

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9. ther kind rd r ~. th r pea t d b rd r element. 

bel nging t hin . innucn ed th f 

repeated element 

in the utth a. 

e ampl . th t 

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22

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The Thai Experience 

of Contact with 

the Art of China 

No Na Pak Nam 

here i perhap no nation on 

earth that an cl im to ha e an art 

of it own that when on e inv Ligated 

it origin would not pro to have 

on e bel nged to an ther, earlier, 

people . he Thai pe pie had ettled 

in the Mae Nam ha Phraya ba in 

long bef re the e tabli hment of an 

independant ukhothai 

, 

Kingdom 

and the influen e of the Indian and 

hine e mer antile conta t were felt 

entury up n century in the area for 

more than two millennium . 

he Ide t art in hailand 

come from the Bronze Age. An ient 

br nze artif t and 'rain" drum 

how eviden of early hine in- 

the fret and oth r rnamental m tif 

belong to the former, a do th 

American Indian and Azte ornam n 

tal repertoire. o th pottery ornament 

of Ban hiang i not hine e. 

The upta art of India n uri h 

ed. in entral Thailand during 0 araati 

time and v ith Indian Buddhi m 

arne an art that wa already fully 

de eloped a v ell a an ar hite tural 

tradition hich d minat d nati e 

hool and tifled lo al initiati e. 

By the end t>f th fir t mill n- 

nium . ., when Indian conta t 

brought the Pala art f northea tern 

on entrat all the p er and many 

lo al centre of art n uri h d: at 

Ay dhya ( utthaya), 

pp arn 

e in thi untry during iam' 

he lr ge paint d p tt ry Thailand and when new f U Th ng p ri d. t ne Buddha 

the m th n wing 

line and piral in fine detail that i 

thought f a b ing hara teri tic of 

Thai art. It wa n t h wever the 

regional art f 

hiang' w a 

primativc art deri ed from the e - 

peri n e of natural ph nomena -- the 

wh rl of a h II and I ng hair pinned 

up both ugge t u h de ign . 

Arti tic tradition of ornament 

can be broadly divided into tho e 

ba ed on th traight line nd the 

quare, and th on the ir le and 

the piral. hine e ornament uch a 

In India, while wa 

be oming a for to be r kon d with 

Buddhi m de lin d al ng ith the 

weakening of Iong-e tabli h d ontact 

b tw en India and uthea t 

ia and e en 

later t n uri h in 

p int wh re it ould r e a re erv 

ir of true religion for the newly 

emerging nati e kingd m in Burma 

and iam. But before thi happ ned 

no one town in entral hailand uld mic ware 

f und at Wat 

hun Muang 

ld it m 

uth rn 

that 

ean 

5

hite Lure. 

thi. p n I 

. t f the figur 

intim 

of 

36

hom Thong) In it e entiat it wa 

built like Thai architectur el ewhere, 

but it lack d the kind of ro f and 

pillar orn ment alm t in ariably 

found n th hai m na tery buildings 

hine e 

archite tural ornament v a applied. 

Thu the hall had hin ro f pedidoor 

if it 

v at and de ri 

mo t be uti ful. 

up n the p pular 

uc e 

numb in - hai mona - 

teri . l n the e the tv o ornam ntal 

. tyl were m re effe ti ely blend d . 

d zen or u h m n teri 

v ere built in Bangkok during the 

hird Reign. m f th mo t n table 

are 

parallel ai le with a na e running 

th full length of the hall and four 

lin c I nnad 

f th building t make a 

h bri k pillar making up 

colonnade. v er qu r nd quite 

. ub. tantial. 

hi v a not r~ally a nev idea 

for Thailand. h am principle 

had b n in u e during hong and 

early yudhya time -- ample an 

be een in Ayutthaya at Wat a 

Phra Men, Wat i anph t and Wat 

Thammikkarat. N r did any of the 

ino- hai mona terie ha e hall o 

large. lnd d to build large hall the 

architect ere forced to re ert to 

the traditional hai r of with it 

multiple de ending l pe . Where 

the hine e innuence remain d wa 

in lhe ymmetrical p rti o front 

and back and th lean, un rnamented 

quare pillared peri tyle , all of whi h 

a_dded con iderably to th hall 

tature. I o, hine e tone tatuary 

ntinued to be import d from hina 

and wa add d to th round of 

angkok' major v at- throughout 

th Third Reign. 

Many f th b tter mural of 

the Third Reign hov a minimum of 

ob iou ly hine e innu n . It w 

during thi r ign that hai mural art 

rea h d i 

a Wat 

en at a ino- hai 

ang N ng ne find 

be t of hai painting till b ing don 

in the yudhya tradition. 

had been in onta t 

v ith hine rt for many centurie 

and the innu of hine art in th 

arty Bangkok p riod wa n with 

v hich hai art ould ea ily ope and 

indeed from hi h it profited. The 

innuen e of hine art wa ther or 

along e tabli hed pattern and vithin 

fi ed b und . The arne cann t be 

urop an and Ameri an) art in the 

ne t r ign, th urth . uring King 

Mongkut' reign traditi nat h i rt 

wa tined. atronage cea ed and 

th tradition, cut off from th fount, 

de lined, gi ing up it place to the 

growth of m dernizati n. ino- hai 

art uffered th am fate. 

Under ing M ngkut hai art 

an e otic iew f w tern culture. 

Rath r than follow n from d lopm 

nt in th early Rattanako in 

p riod, m del " re ort from the 

Ayudhya p ri d for b th religiou 

and building and tupa 

v a 

wa in charg 

t th 

the 

eith 

immigrant 

ofth 

f great alu em rged 

and hai art 

had 

on, 

built in 

37

hou e at Ratchawong, tran .) i a 

fine e ample from the ir t Reign. It 

i a two- torey hou e laid out in a U 

with a large ourt betWeen the two 

arm . The roof and partition wall 

are all beautifully e ecuted in lo~in g 

detail. The gatehou e in the front 

wall that clo off the courtyard i 

a lo al landmark in which the neighbourho 

d take pride. 

ld hine e home are al o 

found in the province . At Bang 

Kracha, Muang di trict, hanthaburi 

there i a terrace rQw of hop-hou e 

lining the river road. Mo t are ingle 

tor y, but orne are double. The 

roof are tiled with terracotta tile 

hap d like halved cylinder , hine e 

tyle, and the treet front include 

beautiful old carved wood ornament. 

he court i at the back of the hou e 

and ha been turned into a lu uriant 

tropi al arb ur in many of the hom . 

hinc e town hou e like tho 

at hanthaburi can al o be found in 

the older e tion of ongkhla and 

Pattani on the e t co t of th peninular 

and at Phuket, akua Pa and 

Ranong on th we t coa t. The we t 

coa t hine e town hou e i quite 

ub tantial . t Takua Pa many 

have two t rey with thick, unfired 

clay-brick wall . he front i for the 

mo t part v ailed a well, lea ing a 

door opening in the centre and two 

mall quare opening on each ide 

for window . he effect i a trange 

one of an enormou face. hi i 

almo t certainly deliberate for the 

hine e feel more comfortable with 

omething to care av are gho t . 

ld upcountr hine e market 

hou e can b ound caner d throughout 

the northea t horat 

Maha arakham R i 

bon Ratchathani and 

Kantharalak i trict) pro ince . he 

mo t intere ting of the e i the clay 

hou e. It i a ingle torey hop-hou e 

made entire! of attle and daub. 

They often ha e 

amount of torage pace in id . in e 

any wood u ed in the on truction i 

co ered with lay they are aid t be 

irtually fireproo , a on iderable 

advantage in a mall market town. 

The e up ountry h u e are u uall 

quite crud ly built and c ·nn t e 

compared ith the pro perou to n 

hou e at ongkhla and attani 

which are izeable international p rt . 

The hine. e t mpl and jo - 

hou e of Bangk k hcl e furni hing 

a Ia i h a any ealthy home. Tv o 

of th large t 

e tabli hment. are the hine. 

dhi t hurch' Wat Mangkon 

at (Wat eng ei Yi, 

yi) on ew R ad ( han n n 

rung) and the Pao-te hang-t'ang 

(Poh Tek) 

ai Hong 

hla hai 

hine e dome tic furniture ha 

been important to hailand throughout 

the Rattan ko in peri d. hi 

trade included reen , bed , tabl , 

tabl ware, 

and th 

lik . It wa 

th l 

in th 

ing. hai and hine e 

alike, li ed a h me li e that a. m re 

hine e than it wa rural Thai, uch 

v a , and i. , the familiarity ith hi h 

the art of hina ha b en r ei ed 

in Thailand' town and city centre . 

38

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51

The Chin.ese of Thailand 

Srisakara Vallibhotama 

Thai- hine e relation are a 

old a tho e with India. The rea on 

why few writer have made thi tat~ 

ment i that mo t people are more 

intere ted in the culture that came 

from India -- the religion , the writing 

y tern , literature, language and the 

art . Thai- hine e relati n however 

travelled along ocial and e anomie 

path . The hine e have traded in 

Indo- hina ince the beginning of the 

hri tian ra. Written record kept 

by the hine e ince th T'ang Dyn - 

ty are the be t ~ idence we have concerning 

the life of the people in thi 

region. 

Thu we learn from hine e 

writing that the port town and petty 

tate in thi region participated in a 

two-way trade with hina whereby 

good could be e changed. The 

hine e traded atin, length of ilk, 

and de orative article with the nati 

for fore t good uch a cented 

wood , bee ' wax, animal kin and 

horn etc. wl'iich were taken back to 

hina. 

There were al o formal diplomatic 

relation with hina. With a 

change of king a diplomatic mi ion 

would be ent, bearing gift , to the 

mperor of hina who would have 

the fact recorded and in turn would 

end pre ent to the new kina. We 

can ee from thi that hina gave 

recognition to the institution of kinghip 

in the principalitie and mall 

tate that were Thailand in tho e 

52 

time . 

Thai- hine e o ial and e o 

nomi relation become apparent 

toward the end of the ung Dyn ty, 

i.e. in the 13th century. Thi wa a 

time when hina a e panding it 

trade with foreign countrie and 

hine e trading junk ailed fr ely 

throughout outhea t A ia. Thi 

mo ement in ol ed the ettlement of 

port towns and trading centr by the 

hine e commercial group and led 

to intermarriage with the local population 

. In lndone ia thi commercial 

e pan ion met ith pme oppo ition 

from the ruling cia . hou Ta-kuan 

reported that Angkor traded ith 

hina and a a re ult that hine e 

had et up a market centre and were 

intermarrying with the citizen of the 

capital. ignificantly he pointed out 

that the ruling Khmer familie remained 

aloof and refu ed marriage 

with the foreign commercial cia . 

Thai ociety differed con iderably 

from old Khmer. Thai legend , 

chronicle and hi torie mention 

hine e immigration prior to the 

founding of Ayutthaya (Ayudhya) 

in the mid 14th centur . Phra hao 

ai am Phung, a pre-Ayudhya king, 

aid to ha e married a hine e 

prince who ha come do n in 

hi tory a Phra ang oi Dok Mak. 

Her hrine i in front of the boatlanding 

at Wat Phanan hoeng, 

Ayutthaya. It i a hine e hrine but 

Thai and Chine e alike wor hip at it. 

A I al I g nd o f n rth entral 

Thailand told rom hai t up to 

amphaeng Ph t tell of two prin ely 

uitor for the hand of a reigning 

daught r. v a a I a l 

who brought 

junk full of 

a nd 

han) 

tell of imilar in id nt . 

he b t do umentary e id n e 

of trong tie b tw en the Thai and 

the hine e concern Phra hao U 

Thong, a related in th 

publi h d ' he an li t 

of Ayudhya" (I ). Thi 

tell of an e iled hine 

came to Thailand by junk and 

here. He i credited in thi hi tory 

ither with th founding or th renewal 

of Pattani, Langka uka, 

Nakhon i Thammarat and Kui Buri 

(the latt r no a di trict in ra huap 

t thi 

hi 

bu ine inter 

ith 

hina and a a re ult 

r - 

conciled with the 

ho giv 

riage. 

prin 

(i.e. 

where he be am a 

and then ang K 

finally, ab initio,

naphum nd 

and y dh ). 

th 

trader. and I 

le I f th 

g 

111 

r 

i1ed ruler 

and in the pr 

a~ The 

di . tin t fr 

m- 

munitic., it " a fr m centr I g ernm 

nt. 

-Th i p pulati n \a. 

n urb n 

in th 

th t \ ere . pringing up at r 

t d ith r by 

en dent 

Ia 

in 

f fre r, m re 

thr ugh ut 

tudy 

internd 

the 

up. h 

hen 

c. jle h re. 

I b li e th t b the middle 

the I th centur man 

alread

north ntral hailand and at an 

ampha ng, Wang ua, Muang Phan buri and th 

and Wiang a ong in provin e in 

northern hail nd. he arly 15th 

century 

thaya h 

yute 

in th 

a r yal oundathe 

hai court and 

rd 

ruling 

art and ulture. rti I 

d from hina were highly 

lidd d clad n bowl 

keeping th cremated 

remain. f ne' parent and hina- 

e eral n w 

\ are v interred in uddhi t reli 

Phallhalung 

monument . 

id n of 

di tri t in 

h ng, n v a 

pro in e, 

. clll m nL pattern 

tran .) like n hammarat 

al o in the middle f the p nin ul r 

to adapt, w r 

aband ned. Many new t wn 

e ta li hed t take d anlage f 

gr ' th in lume of trad and more 

fr quem pp rtunitie to tra e\. h mi ion t 

were built n maj r inland reque ting 

a t I harand 

lat aft rnoon farm r and petty 

trader w uld h ld a qui k market, 

prin ipally in I al g table nd 

fi h. 

With the 17th entury and th 

pening up f 

fr m th we t 

and Japan th 

ntrca 

ernmcnt 

lt ha 

full 

n f 

to th ir n 

in hail 

'" '~ II a\ '"ith ccntr I 1 hailand and 

th.: 1till r> m. "hine. trad r cui d ct . ide v h re in the earl m rning 

54

mul\4Yi 1::~~ , .,t~qj .,-fl Lfi~ Ltivii Yi1:: th:: 1 \4£1~ mn~ £J Yi1 ::£J ilfl 1 1l :: YfYltrL~, 

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The main hrine area in ide at eng ei Vi ( eng ei i), hinatown, Bangkok. 

The centre image of the three pre iding image 

mitabha Buddha, de cribed in a h y na cripture, 

the Prajnaparamita utra, a re iding in the e t where he reign o er ukha ati, m rvellou heavenly p radi e.

'1!111\4~~ilt:nilY~'ll1U'll£l~l~tnrlu~ m111th~ 1 ~'I-\U1~fll ·~1\iuD trt41U\4 .t4Vnt'l1~£l~ · ,~~mh 

n hinese man before a shop stall \elling ritual accoutrement in front or at Leng oci i, 

one or the old centres or interest in early am Phcng. 

i'1t4'!l1'll1UL i£l~n\4fltrih14i1JII 

!:: £l1'1-\111il 111UL\4fl1£lnfl 1f1Lri1Yitl\4\4Lil;tym,~ 

I n\ide a ' hine\e grocer . Pre-cooked \ide di'>he'>, 

for eating with boiled ri ce in its liquid, and 'ari U'> egctarian f d-\tuff\ are old here. 

n rok a l I Kao (" ld Market Lane") off C\\ Road, am Pheng, B ngkok.

1,tl~ 11\'i~,"'~nt,jl!~ll,~~il~ ' ~~lill~m ~~"',.,tl,nm.wlh~"',.,.tfu \u 

!:lnQ 4 1,tlli11Jtlu ~nt:t m::f1t1uli1n ~1 n~ll"'\t~?mtl11tnn n~~~"'~~t\nYl cu. 

p ir of very large carved wooden gu rdian image in the entr nee hall of a eng oci i ( at Leng ei i), Bangkok. 

ne of the guardians holsis a pagod , the other a vina type of tringcd i trument. 

!together th rc arc four of th~ fierce, awe-inspiring temple guardian .

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The front pediment of the phra ubo o t 

ordinatio n ha ll of Wa t Ratcha-orot 

(Wat hom Thong). Bang hun Thian, 

in what wa . formerly Thonburi. 

Thi pediment i in an o ld Dutch tyle u ed 

in hailand that ha been adapted to carry 

hine e architectur I ornament. Thi triking 

decoration i made o f hine e glazed cera mic. 

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The hine e- tyle n nking wihan hall outh 

a nd to the ea t of the ordination ha ll 

a t at Ra tcha-orot, Bangkok . 

The roof i hine e. he pediment i low 

nd compa ratively wide while the ridge i rai ed 

a bove the roof lopes. hine e fret ha been 

used to tru ture the pediment rna mentation. 

h lower ro f I pe and the building beneath 

a re hai in style a far a rchitectural form .

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arved, p inted and gilded double cornice board under the roof of the hrine at the Pao-te 

hang-t'ang benevolent ociation' office at Phlap Phla hai. Bangkok. 

Thi i very fine hine e ornamental art; work un urpa ed by any el ewhere in Bangkok.

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he ance tral hrinc chamber in the grand man ion of the Trakun Posayachinda family at Ratchawong, Bangkok. 

he chamber is the centre room of the house. There are both old traditional hinc e hrine furnishing from the early founding family 

and to one side newer Thai nesting altar tables for Buddha images. The ance tor ' memorial tablet arc kept in ide the hrine cabinet.

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u l'o\W fl~ trl\!1

n old hme e forge t alat 01, 

lower am Pheng. or forging iron. 

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n ld hine e hop front in am Pheng, Bangkok. 

\! ith 11 ongin I ignb 

d vi e cont ining the eight tri r m urrounding monad. 

It i there to ward off illlu 1.. . 

66

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68

hine e no die vendor fan\ 

ht . port ble char oal tove to cook the food 

he 1. re dymg for ale I ter 10 the m rning. 

qucr 

B autifully p tnted in a purely 

by m Pheng r . ident . 

tyle

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and o n, nd n. he e v ere 

all beautiful tin , painted and glaz d 

m del. th t h d been imp ned r m 

hina. I nn l rememb r mu h r m 

the. e trip. my early childh d but 

the tre t v ere almo t 

t Plum 

wa there to , alled in hai th 

rom ha ha, o I upp e th t 

e plain. v h there er me hai 

pe pie ab ut. 

I wa dre inf rmally in 

bagg pyjama trou er 

plain col ured 

and 

. h rt 

hin 

fr nt 

at th 

from 

I th 

Ban M 

name 

v a ai v a. three 

t rey building in whi h v e all li ed. 

h re wer three ther I v er in the 

firm, all middl - ged men, and me, 

mere hild, but 1 n had married 

my i ter. hen I marri d girl who 

li d in am Ph ng and went to li e 

i it 

r "take a trip" t , but I had alre dy 

c. pi red mo. t f th•; ther pan of 

Bangk k fairly v ell 

alk am Pheng t 

R d run. the full 

hinc. e qu ncr. I 

Han ("the urnbridg ') 

ev 

pa t the bridg to 

v ith tv o il er ti al 

a 

t 

h n I v a 

Pheng R d I 

n th 

Phraya Ri er v here the road 

to n end. I remember 

t 

r ad, 

urnbridge and Ratth 

re v a. an th r, 

t landing; but 

ut 

n - ne did anything. 

right 

at the end 

d, around Wat 

Kalawa, the 

v ere ome 

remember there v a . a big hine e 

tore whi h wa all d, if I rem mber 

rightly, the H ng hiam Hua H ng 

tore and the Harb ur partment 

li ing in a lav yer' 

ear ne r th ld 

landing ( ha Rong 

in parti 

gul rly 

n innum rable 

79

ne w a ali cholar and very wellread. 

He had a whole library of b ok 

and wa a good c nver ationali t. We 

often talk d ab ut language -- m inly 

Pali and ngli h. He h d 

ha 

ri en a good many gr de in e then. 

He i now the Abbot of Wat hakkrawat 

Rachawat Wat am Plum). 

he other monk w an ld man 

who had been in the mona tery for 

many year . ln hi youth he had been 

a motor mechanic of wide e perience 

having worked in rice and av mill 

and on b ard teamb at a an engineer. 

When he retired he entered the 

man tery and pent a I t of hi tim 

making mini ture orking model of 

engin of whi h he k pt a fine c ll - 

tion in hi m. He wa a g d 

talk r. Hi 

n top of the 

Buddha' 

many i itor . 

I upp e l have been he ring 

people talk about am heng all my 

life. A child ai Mi the lawyer 

would often vi it ather at ur h u e 

n Khlong Bang uang and talk o er 

nack and fo d. H would c m 

back again and again to Wat am 

Plum, the am Pheng fire and the 

publi and private li e of leading 

hine e bu ine 

living in Nai 

north of am 

client 

had t 

di pute over land and 

inheritan e, and in ariably large u 

of money were in I ed. om f the 

a e were fought o bitterly that 

people would be murdered. II the e 

matter , and many ther w re 

poken about at the table one party 

alway ready to lander the ab ent 

opp ttton. here wa f ur e a 

lawyer' office in th building v here 

legal advice a gi en but talk wa 

v ry free itting around the tab! in 

th evening. h eli n w r in ariably 

ery rich and claiming to be loyal 

lien of thi r that memb r of hai 

nobility were thought to be v ry innuential. 

In their n er tion however, 

they ne er trayed f r from life 

a it wa lived in am heng. 

My friend all thought m very 

lucky to marr a daughter of am 

Pheng" for it v a v idely thought 

h would f certain be very rich. It 

wa e c pti nal too for a hai to 

m e into am Pheng and fri nd 

would tell me I v a ery cle er. he 

enior member of her family and 

me of their neighb ur would often 

g t together at the h u e and talk 

ab ut p r onalitie . 

menti ned. 

n er ation v er not ea y t 

b au e important tttzen 

v uld be all d eith r b th ir vulgar 

name r by h rtened title and it 

v a diffi ult t mat h them and their 

t rie ~ ith what wa b ing written 

at th tim about them where they 

w uld be referr d t by the I k- like 

nam that v ent with v hate er dignity 

p t they happen d to b 

famou citizen qually puzzling 

for the very am r ons. ne rarely 

id ntifi the man behind the p t and 

it i not e en e y to follow a man 

through hi car er when ea h promotion 

i accompani d by a change 

of name. 

ater on in my lif I b came 

am Ph ng one more 

one 

I learnt 

peopl 

firm four r t e 

the amity and 

three m t 

of 

antra t 

80 

title . 

Again and again I w urpri ed 

to di o er that uch-an- uch wa 

a tually the u h- . nd- uch ab ut 

whom I h d h ard o mu h p ken. 

ften I wa bafned by th 

name u e. rying to trace th 

hi tory o arl Bangkok through it 

heatre on rok 

ua Niam r k I aranuphap) 

off Yaowarat Road. o do m work 

properly I had to vi it the theatre 

owner at hi h u e n hlap Phla 

hai Ro d aim t daily. h hou 

and the theatr were eparated by an 

ea y walk. t the hou e there would 

b drink and na k and we would 

all it ar und and chat. 

u ually thr 

manager. B th w r hin e of cour . 

h theatre owner, Phra nuwat 

Rat haniyom o Hong), form rly 

I ttery farm r f bu inc , 

but now with hi gambling den onname. 

he nam m heng may 

originally have b en applied to the

ld hin e eulement at Tha ian, 

the landing behind Wat hra hetluph 

n (Wat Pho), but after the founding 

f Bangkok a the n w apital 

when the ettlemcnt had b en moved 

down tream, it applied to th area 

around Wat hakkrawat (Wat am 

Plum). Wat am Pheng, the ne t 

hai Buddhi t mona tery down the 

road had it name changed to Wat 

Pathum Khongkha during the ifth 

Reign re toration. (Wat am hin, 

the mon tery o the" hree hin " 

near the Bangkok Railway tation i 

now ailed Wat rai Mit, the " hree 

riend " in Indo-Thai tran .) 

Mo t, but not all of th 

at the ha 

hiu ( o-chiu, Twechew, 

etc.) originally from watow and 

ha how in the Han River delta of 

northwe tern Kwangtung pr inc , 

on coa tal outhern hina. King ak 

in of Thon Buri (the ite f hi 

palace, directly opp ite thi ttlement 

n the other ide of the river) 

wa. him elf part ae hi~ and th 

Bangkok hine were (a a c n- 

equence?) called the King' hine 

( hai: hin luang). in e then, v ith 

th Bangkok 

Krung) in the interval between the 

Upper and ower Iron Bridg ( aphan 

Damrong athit and Phitthaya athien 

bridge ). At fir t there were no other 

ervicable road in the whole of the 

city, but the hin~ e ettlement grew 

naturally, n r hing only marginall 

on the wampy field ea t of capital. 

With the field at it ba k and the 

the ri er front. 

or government-impo ed wall or b undary 

line around Bangkok' hinatown. 

What emerged wa in general hap 

a long narrov rectangle curving to th 

outh at it lov e t, growing end. 

am Ph ng ha long been 

famou for it fire . Many of th 

new tree were ut or v idened following 

a big fir and nev buildin would 

pring up o n afterward bringing 

with them a nev pr p rity to th 

neighbourho d . M ny f the hou e 

had a hallow v ell r diminuti e 

cellar underneath the h u e. When 

there v a a fire all the aluabl in 

the hou e would b throv n into the 

hole and ealed er. 

ire in other part o th ity 

mn10n, but a Iilli 

t in them, they v ere 

to ee a v oman dre ed all in r d 

running on the ro f t p . A he 

jump d fr m one r f ridg to the 

ne t the fir w uld follov h r. I 

wond r what 

n there i 

b tw n thi t 

am Pheng 

aying. 

fa mou for 

it 

he 

crude, reed m t, a mall r tangular, 

hin e pillow and th I the he 

tand in but with n thing I e. ir t 

h d . manual lab ur t repay hi 

p 

t 

h 

h 

rom th n on of our e he 

ae 

ant ne e, 

llailam 

(Hainane e) in de ending order of 

'cia " . 

am h ng oad wa a long, 

traggling throughv ay beginning 

u id ne of the ity' gat ( ulgarly 

called the ' urnbridge 

auth r) traddling th moat and 

running down behind the ba k f the 

waterfr nt. ane and ide tre t 

bran hed off on both ide all the 

way d v n. ho e on the right I d 

d wn through re id ntial- mm rei 1 

neighbourh d to the v harf and 

b at landings where th junk tied up. 

ho e I ading off t the left were at 

fir t of le er importan e. hey probably 

went n further than the pre ent 

line of New oad hanon haroen 

hi tori cal re ord. 

Pheng v er 

hom were made f v ood and m ny 

had palm thatch roof . ne of th 

torie told by old re ident wa of a 

fire where people in the crov d that 

had gath red t watch the fir claimed 

drev

the plan for hanon ng Wat rok aeng, rok R ng Kh m, rok old, but I can't remember the rd r 

after n great fire. It run parall I Rong atha and rok four in whi h the m . I h 

to am Pheng R ad n the ri er id . 

r th re t, mo t of the new 

treet wer link b tween the lder 

one and were ther fore mu h horter 

and narrower. bme of them re often 

menti ned of th e tre are han n are 

Anuwong (b hind Wat am lum), Ma 

Thanon Phat ai (parallel to on 

tret h of a warat Road) and 

ong awat (near Wat o). 

neighb urh 

"road" or tre t were no I nger 

thought of a being p rt of 

heng (R ad). ( am 

pond to n 

admini tr tive unit. am Ph ng R ad 

ri er im gin 

today i two unconne ted "lane ", 

Wat, and t be in 

oi Wanit I and oi Wanit 2 " ith 

ev written 

the gap ar und Wat Pathum Kh ngkha 

my youth fi e r i 

i.e. Wat m heng. Tran Ialor) 

me o the I ne f am Pheng m et up " ith han n 

areal o well-known and it i in the e h i " here I u d t 

lan that m oi th navour of early traditional hai and 

am Pheng till linger on. Many rok It r nuphap 

them begin at· the ri er nd u~ up a 

m 

between tall builtling r ing main it i 

he kn " 

road at right angle and going n. Many o the tr t nam are heng o t day. 

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93

Feng-shui: 

Chines.e Geornancy 

Navarat Lekhakula 

Men of all •nation , it would 

eem ha e alv ay b lie ed that wl'len 

the b dy di th re r main orne 

kind f entient entity with uprahuman 

p wer that relea ed could 

affect th live of the living, whether 

beneficially or ad er ely. Man ha 

cer monie t app a e the e pirit . 

he hine e ci ilization i a 

very ancient ne, nd it particular 

belief nd tradition are firmly tabli 

h d among the hine e p pie . 

Ba ic to the traditional y tern i the 

view that a man' uc e or failure 

not o much due to hi native 

abilitie alone a to the combined 

effe t of the action of the pirit of 

both hi po (an e tor ) and th shen 

(holy pirit ) and in orne ca e the 

god a well. 

During the hou yna ty (I 122 - 

221 B ..) the hine e mperor gave 

offering to the uprem god , the 

provincial authoritie wor hipped the 

god of the mountain and river in 

their territory, while the common 

94 

p pi appea ed their own family 

an e tor . onfuciu K'ung u-t ze) 

taught that gratefulne to on ' 

paren for ho th y have helped one 

i in ufficient in e en.animal can 

feel gratitude and that th refore 

huma hould gi e the kind of re pe t 

of which they are apable, n mely 

a re pect that erge n wor hip. 

In time, th cu tom becam 

wid pread to make offering to one' 

decea d parent , grandparent and 

other lineal ance tor , but when ver 

thi w ccompani d by real gratitude 

toward tho e leading figure in ociety 

ho had contributed to the common 

good, h rmoniou ocial relatio and 

good go ernment could be e pected 

to pre ail. 

till, in later time th common 

p ople, in their attempt to put into 

practice the teaching of onfuciu 

and the other early philo opher , 

relied upon th practice of giving with 

reverence offering to the ance tor 

and on inculting in the ri ing generation 

the belief that it wa the prime 

duty of children and grandchildren 

to for th I - 

ite f r the 

it that would 

ati fa tion and contentment. 

grave 

for their ele ti n. y tern ha 

been made an integral pa rt of Ti-li 

( he aw of th arth) or Kan-yu, 

ften called hine e geomancy. In 

hine th ba i of geomancy, i.e. 

th power behind geoman y, i known 

by the two-chara ter word feng- hui, 

i .. feng (wind) and hui (water , 

which taken together refer to the 

innuence of the natural 

In hailand lingui tic 

change ha replaced th gen ral by 

the particular and feng- hui ( ina 

Thai: huang- ui) i taken to mean a 

grave or graveyard. 

Three hundred year before the 

ollap of the hou Dyna ty wa 

the golden age of hin e philo ophy, 

the time of the Hundred age . u-ma 

h'ien, an official hi torian at the

end of the e ond c ntury B. ., li ted 

in hi Shih-chi(Record of the( rand) 

Hi torian) among orne of the 

prin ipal philo ophical hool : the 

Yin and the Yang metaphy i ian , 

the 

the 

and the or 

''Leg being the m t wideeng- 

pread. 

hui wa trongly in flu need 

by the Yin and th Yang chool of 

thought for it taught the bipolarity 

of elementary power and the mutual 

action of the fundamental element . 

The Yin-Yang philo ophy ol ed 

further in Han time (206 B. . - 220 

A.D.) into a y tern of metaphy i 

in which the formal pairing of qualitie 

b arne firmly e tabli h d in hine e 

pe ulative thought. Yang now pe i 

fically in luded: man, the un, fire, 

heat, heaven, powerfulne , umme-r, 

and o on while Yin referred to either 

their complement or their oppo ite , 

viz. woman, the Moon, v a tel, cold, 

arth, depend nt and winter, re - 

p Lively. he balanc of the e two 

for w 

I 

belie ed to b in an eternal 

flu , ometim favouring one, ornetime 

the other, and on o a ion 

u taining an quality b tween the 

two. 

he hine e ha e traditionally 

regarded the fundamental element 

a being fi efold in nature: earth, 

water, fire, metal and wood. he e 

al o were thought of a force or 

met phy i al entitie in the trict 

en e, with ontrol and regulation a 

their primary un tion. he progre 

of the ea on for ample, while 

o illating tween the Yang of umm r 

and th Yin of winter, wa beli ed 

to be th rc ult of ycli al erie of 

.interaction between the different 

element in a fi d order. he reati n 

erie. , one of primary mutual produ - 

ti n, went thu. : w d begat fire, fire 

begat e rth, arth beg t metal, m tal 

begat water nd v ater b gat wo d. 

he mutual de tru tive erie t k 

the element in di erent order: 

wo d de troy

ear for tability and e urity. he 

hill line h uld be undulating to onentrate, 

like. a dragon, the natur I 

force . he urrounding -- the hill , 

the large tre , the lie of the land -- 

h uld be f a hara ter that imaginatively 

re all a dragon, a tig r, a 

ph eni or me ther legend ry 

animal, or remind n of a bell, a 

t ble, hair, tc. he re ult will 

of cour b different. In front hould 

be an open vi w or a wide clearing 

• with nothing to interrupt th eye 

e ept perhap ome tree 

bu he which could in om 

a rede ming fa t r th t 

certain bigger faul in the ite. 

hould b wat r in front -- the ea, a 

river or a tream -- but where it begi 

and where it end hould be out of 

ight. 

he a tual p ition of th grave 

i at o important. It hould be among 

tree or lu h, gra , but not ubject 

to flooding if we lth i d ired by th 

de cendant . I it i flanked by high 

ground, ith

on who are unwilling to wait for 

their time to orne and take any 

number of tep to alt r the ituation 

from bribing the geomancer to legal 

action in the ivil ourt . Howe er 

there are tep that can be taken to 

minimize ibling rivalry or e en to 

avoid it altogether. 

oday a pe ulator can locate 

a go d ite and di id it into ube 

tion which he ell to inter ted 

partie wh ar thu relieved of their 

re pon ibility or making the ele l 

ion them elve . r an elderly parent 

may prepare a ite and build up a 

ca h fund before he die with clear 

in tru tion a to how he want to be 

buried and the money i to b u ed. 

He may even have hi grave mound 

built and the grave tone et up in 

readine for hi d ath. uch a man 

might ea e the burden on hi de ceodent 

even mor by purcha ing adjoining 

land for their future u e, but 

ca e have been heard in Thai court 

where men had old land et a ide by 

their an e tor for the family' gra 

ite to out id r for a qui k profit. 

uch i the comple ity of fa tor 

involved that one mu t not make th 

mi take of thinking that a ite whi h 

i inappropriate a a ite at one tim 

will alway remain o. Nor an one 

undere timate, it i id, th effe t 

of virtue and g d int ntion . h re 

i a tory that i told about a p or 

family livin8 in a hut at th f t of 

orne hill . Wh n the father died he 

wa urvived by hi widow and three 

on . Th funeral er i e wa held 

r to aff rd 

a burial right away, they kept the 

corp e in readine . n umm r' 

day they were i ited by two tra eller ; 

one wa w li-to-do, the other ould 

be e n to b a geoman r f r he w 

carrying hi compa omputer. hey 

a ked the lady for orne water to 

drink. he br ught th m ea h a dipper 

of water int which he had e' retly 

prinkled om ch pp d-up pie e of 

traw. The well-to-do man re train d 

him elf and ipped at the water but 

the geoman r wa angered by a gift 

of "dirty" water when he wa o 

thir ty from walking. till, he aid 

nothing and managed to drink the 

water without wallowing any traw. 

When the tra eller were refre 

h d the widow a ked the geomancer 

if he would choo e a ite for 

her late hu band' gra e that would 

prove of benefit to her hildren. Now 

in e the geoman er wa angry h 

pointed out a ite in the hill from 

where he at, aid it would bring 

pro perity, and left quickly. n the 

road again the ri h man a ked hi 

friend why he had ch en a it "wher 

dog fight o er bone " which would 

led to fighting among t the hildren. 

The geomancer aid that that wa 

e actly what he wanted to happ n. 

wenty year later all three of 

the widow' on held high office in 

the overnment ervi e and the 

family had moved to the city. One 

day the idow aw the geoman er in 

the treet and invited him ba k to th 

hou wher he thanked him for hi 

ele tion of a grave it whi h had 

produ ed uch e cellent re ult . Th 

geoman er was tounded at thi turn 

of event and a ked to b taken to 

the hu band' grave. When they 

arrived at the ite he aw that the area 

had hanged and wa now "two 

dragon playing with a cry tal ball". 

The gra e wa wher the cry tal ball 

wa ith the dragon on either ide. 

At thi p int the geoman er a ked 

th widov why h had put trav in 

hi drinking water. he repli d that 

that wa o he would i'p the " ater 

ooling him el and not gulp it do n 

making him i k. h geoman er then 

realized that it wa th po r of th 

old lady' kind 

had re er ed the 

th 

th 

gnition. 

In modern time the o er e . 

hine e ha e been forced by a multitude 

o ir um tan e to alter and 

adapt their burial pr ti e in arying 

degree . hu in Hong Kong and th 

New erritori a well in Thailand 

cemeteri ha e not b en allowed to 

e pand indefinitely and vacant hillide 

ite near urban area are in r 

ingly diffi ult to find . he dead are 

therefore gi en temporary burial in 

le than highly de irabl ite . fter 

a num er of year , i in Hong Kong, 

the burial i humed and th bon 

reverently lean d and pia ed in a 

chin t'a ("gold n pag da" , i.e. an 

urn). h grave i then fr to be u ed 

again. he urn with it bon 

placed in a 

the d ir d 

nuen e , where be au 

ne t to no room at all, it an b left. 

On h'in-ming, roughly ui alent 

to All oul' Day, the family go to 

the urn ite and wor hip th an e tor 

there. 

hi writer ha b n told of 

furth r ob er ance . ne d not 

bargain with a geomanc r (or a offin 

dealer). After feng- hui burial th re 

can b no ub e uent remo al of th 

r main for reburial el wher under 

any ir um tan h gra e tone 

and th burial m und mu t neither 

be repaired n r r no at d , nor delib 

rately alter d in any other ay. If 

let whi hi 

Man 

ha e in a 

pli ated, and 

pr ti e 

to a rue from them. 

eem d that "th dead 

t do i to di riminat b t 

g d and that whi h 1 

pr du ti e, be it n w r old . 

eryunt 

r- 

97

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the 

The Chinese and 

Foun4ing of Bangkok 

s. Pl ai Noi 

Prior to th all of rung 

yutth ya ( udhya) to the Burm 

in 1767 many hine h d b en ' li ing 

nd r und the f rm r 

h d 

the 

that 

ten 

mp 

n the ri er appr a h, where one 

tand m de, al ne h d 6, 

e fe ti el ny warri r hero in the 

hin e Ia i th Roman e of the 

hree Kingdom ( n-kuo yen-i). 

When hraya K mphaeng Phet 

b arne mdet hao ak 

the ing of 

bank of the 

and ontinued t 

hai in ub qut!"nt ampaign . While 

the m jority of the hine familie 

ettled on th I ft bank oppo ite 

her the r nd P Ia 

till Phraya Phiphit, was given order 

to pro eed to defend Nakhon a an 

again t rebel for that were laying 

w te to the country ide fanh r north. 

n thi expedition he took ith him 

3,000 of hi ethnic hine army to 

rry out the ta k. Mo t likely thi 

wa the arne man a a earlier 

known a Luang Phiphit, on o the 

band of warrior with halb rd ho 

h d e ured the ea t oa t. II 

pc tive ethni 

When 

Phuttha Yot a 

a ended the 

the 

mark t-gardenhine 

n arer to th h n Buri Pal e whi h 

buiJt at th m uth of thi 

In 1775, Phraya h etthi 

(Raja re hthi(n)), v ho h d a quired 

thi titl after omm nding a n al 

for e in th mb dian war whil 

land wa e propri ted y th 

o a to to re-e tabli h the p 

the oppo ite bank where a n 

uld b founded. But the 

103

community had fir t to b di pia ed. 

The hine e were rei ted downri er 

on the arne bank around a big bend 

in the river, to the trip of bank 

between a khl ng ju t outh f Wat 

hakkawat (Wat am Plum) nd a 

econd khl ng ju t north f Wat 

h ngkha Wat m Pheng). 

a ted 

hine e ettlement to be a 

little further away from the hon Buri 

Pala e, it wa now above it and ne t 

to the new nc. he nnamite community 

a t be f und at " hat i nov 

ailed Ban M n Phahurat R ad and 

pigtail o a to become m re of a 

hai whi h h did. He later b arne 

fir t, Phraya h duk Rat ha etthi 

the " o ern r ' o the ~e e 

mmunity and it e onomi a u Ill , 

and then a tcrv ard 

nu hit, an e en higher p t. 

" ere probabl about ten di erent 

Phraya h duk Rat ha etthi- rn th 

Rauanak in p ri d before thi p t 

b li hed . he po t entailed 

r ee y tern, tr n . . ) In the hird 

h duk Rat ha etthi 

hich e ca ated a new khl ng I e 

at hand in h n Bu ri : fr m Wat 

Pak m t ng 

from there to Wat 

(and 

at the time, Wat hip W ri Wihan 

( ino- hai: Wat K m u) " hich 

i now a hine e Buddhi t temple, e 

makhom (Wat 

h ince been 

mo ed rom it original I ation 

behind Wang Burapha Phirom to 

owarat Road and r main nnamite. 

either f the e two nn mite 

at- n r the nnamite ettlement 

ccupied the prim land by the river 

which wa eing ettl d by the 

re-I ated, 

in 

ertainly had. 

h 

ering 

i u metal buried 

in the ground and in tailed in the 

m nument . 

Whate er be the truth (it ha 

hai in the ab 

the 

Bangk k 

p ri d . 

In 

mmunit 

Rat ha etti. hi tate f air 

continued ell into the middle Rattanako 

in (B ngk k) peri d. 

aptain ) which were 

hine e p t . 

In the hird Reign ne hun 

hong Wari wa a ked t cut off hi 

apital at Bangkok " ere under the 

uper i i n f hin e " h h ld 

g 

mm n 

r. 

Int rm rri ge 

hi ne. familie. 

n. 

104

a ~ ., 

9ilu~uY1~~~~~~n 1 ~ 

The Chinese and the Founding of Bangkok 

fl WI 

"""" .... .. 

if7H1 71tJ::1'1JJfi 

if~ t.J§ nJ.JtliiJJ1if 

gate-hou e and it roof line. Belonging to an abandoned vegetarian retreat (Thai: r ng chc) 

in Tambon ha Than, Phan m arakham di\trict, "ha hoengo,ao province. 

lth ugh n t tri tly a temple, it gla7ed ceramic and \tucco rnament 

i of a kind that i u ually f und on a hineo,c joo,.,.hou.,e or temple.

llwH;\tJ~L-ln~ uJiln 1flvr:!iln1h~1~ 

\~1~1'Hri~'i~1'fl1J11\tL1f'l1~11 n~ ~L'Yl'r'l""l 

tr ~Lntd1nm;lv~ll1YlllL'IJ1 tim11i1 'Ylfl\t 

u 

n11 L ;\v~u tl Mtnn1,;i t.l11n!J t~m.,..L;\v~ L'YltJ 

tl~~~11 • fltl~~J~uii~:: timuJ fl 1\t~t.J::tl~ 

utiM.rl'mmh~Yil~n~~ v~rru~111J'IJ1~;i ,fl 

~ttl 

The Romance of the Three Kingdom ~ 

( an-kuo yen-i; anguoyanyi). mural \cene, 

hine e art. In the hine e pavilion at 

Wat Bowon iwet Wihan, Bangkok . 

The hinese treatment of rock\ and cliff. 

in this painting i\ quite different from that 

found in Thai painting generally. 

it i not really three dimen ional 

for the figure remain a con. tam \i7e, 

but the illu ion of depth and distant views 

i quite convin ing. 

ll1YILW~~1J\U·I\UI~11Lri~~ 

.,-fl1Jn\tL1f!1~n 

m, ~L'Yl'r'l""l 4~1~n~tl~n~~fl,.1JYI1::1~11Yl1::f'l1 .,, 

tr~tl~n~"'ltJ.,-fl L-tv~ 1flv1h~1~ LU~1tlft ~muJ 

l~ftUJftUJiln 

n army moving forward into battle. 

hine e mural painting. Detail. 

In the hine e pavilion ( hai: wihan keng Chin) 

at at B won iwet Wihan, 

Bang Lamphu, Bangkok. 

hine e workman hip. 

Thi pavilion i right ne t to the 

Phra Wihan t ada which i at the bad. of 

ene i 

an epi ode from the Romance of 

the Three ingdom ( an-kuo yen-i).

1l1YH;jiJ~U\J\l4~ 1f'IIJi!Jijtl,jl~h 

u~~tUhnnr\~1~ 1'f'IU11it11fl~~,., m, ~LYI'I'i"l 

L;itl•.utl~'!tl~llrwlll uffliti~Lit~~H1flll l'hi1L'\11LU~'!tlun:: 3 lf1 

t. \1 v " t, 

viti ull M . LU~~l~tr~uftf'l~tlijtl,f~L~~miinu~~~~~ . 

Hidden animal figure . Detail of hine e mural pamting 

in the hinese pavilion at at Bowon iwet ihan, Bangkok . 

Thi group of rock ha been painted 

to re emble a famil of heep: a ram, a ewe, and a lamb. 

not her e ample of cle er painting by a ma ter artist.

ll1Yil ;ivuu uulu th:: ~uuuu1u \.h:: '.] 

u~::~,X~vn::q 1uft Cl~fl11Mu1Cl {~fl1J1H1n) 1!\4\.f' 

~~~tluaimonu::h\.J1flvtliJa'lh~luun 1 

~u"m~iliv1n 

hine e nower arrangement . 

hine e painting. on the door leave 

and wall of the phra ubo ot ordination hall 

at Wat Phakhininat ( at Bang hak), 

in what wa formerly Thonburi. 

hine e workman hio. 

he painting in thi hall i pure traditional 

' hine e decorative art throughout, 

a rare achievement. 

ll1YiL lilvutlila'lh~lu 

w~,X~Yi1::q1ufttl ~flll ilu1t1(~fl1JH~1n) u~ 

u fl~a~m,~flLma~\!'1', 

iiflani~ ·u~tlu u ::1 1a~tf~um ~ 

~111\.J1::u~lu ~fli11tlu ~\.Jflnut\~~~fl~11J 

~uiia~ u Yi ~1ilv1 lu1ila ~u1 ~nan 

hine e ltar table . hine e mural panel 

in the phra ub ot hall of at Ph khinin t. 

he ing ceremoni I rrangement of ea onal 

offering including nower arr ngement 

and crazy table in a hine e fret tyle. 

fine e ample of non-figur tive hin e 

decorative art found nowhere el e in Bangkok.

';11 o n11'1!m'hu 7 il ~1 11n il'\.4 th:: 1llf'l1 

m1'" mtn1 tn 'l.lil~w uu';l';)U'\.4 

'' ' ' 

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u 

( u tral pitheine 

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(Pithe anthropine. ) ~~'l.lnL::~L~il~-;)10 

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td.Mu · ~L~1o1 itlqhtl LL - ,~il)J1~~ ~u 

1\.L 1ULL£l 1 n1LL :: 1tl ~ m'du4l1tJ ,fl ~,tJ 

~~)J1tl~ll~ UU';l~U\.1. ( 1 dern man r 

H m 

., picn) 

1'1.4uni11"W1o~mili1~ 

hw UU';l';l· 

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11l'1U'\.4 ~~1il1n1llDLHI~ 

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' 

Lm::'l!11 tl1::Lrtf'lil'l.41flihtdv ~~tfoti'" 

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I 

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il~~1~1u ~QLiiu'l.41o '1.4muo~~ ffo 

ff'I.41'1.4'1.4UJ'Iltl~W~UUO~~ ( eking Man) 

' 

~~rn::d1m~1~1m ~U10L~f!,tyLtl tY~LLtl 

frf~tHfl11)J1Mflf~~ 2 Lllm1uin::Ltl 

fiOiltl~1fi~1D t1n 1 1u 1flurt~111'1.4oil ~~ow 

\1 \1 

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11~ iln1::fiO 1~'\.4LfltJ1~~1U L)J1Lilil~ 

\1 

(Mauer) 1o Lllil~LtiLfi'\.4LlHo 

tl1::L 

Ltltl1W'\.4fl::~fl0 1'1.4m::LYif'IWfl1~~~ il 

'l.lil~ Brace LL :: m:: (1971) 'WUL ~ilO~ 

fi1U Lm4L tJ'\.4 ( nt ien) 1'1.4YI1ULLtl 101 

'W~L 

ilUYhtJ (Ternifine) m::m ~ UL1tJ 

ii11UYI (Rabat) tl1::LYif'lllil1il 1fl LL :: 

iiilil 11tJOil'l! ( ldu ai rge) 1o Lfltl~ 

y 

tiUU1L1m~'WU'W10ilil fl111 U cU'\.4 

L~tJ1nUtl1::LYI ';l'\.4!J~\4~ il~LLt\~ 1fltJ 

ang - chih 

hang (I 77) ~~L~~1~1 

J . 

~o~'\.4~L Uil~';l10n11~~w.~U1 011~~ ~11 )J 

flf~1~G)'tm~1~11 mi'!m::'lfl'l!\4~ ( 

Proletarian 

reat 

ultural Re olution) tr'\.4 

LU'\.4R1L ~"1~1 , Oll1tJ'\.4DOL1lm1uL~il~11 

~H, 'l.lil~U1::LYif'l';l'\.41'1.41::tJ::L1 1L~t:h,f'\.4 

~,f'"1'"~~-36m ·~o '11 ( )1e 

rchaeology 

of An ient 

hina) ~~L~LLRfl~ 

LL~ ·~fiH, 1\\tJ1::L!'f'I;J'\.4 (U~'\.4·~ 1) ~~ 

. .. ' 

• A ... I .. 

ow u~w.~'" ~11 ~~'" L n1~ ~iln~:: L tl'" 1m~ 

m::fi0~1tlL 

1il ~1Jil~'\.411)JYI~U ~ fi~YI'WU 

\1 

1~wil~ fl.tJ1'\.4)J (Yuan-mou) 'l.lil~)Jm

) 

'r-"' ch· .. 

.../. •\. 1 en-p~n 

"'· ....... 'v" -- • 

\ - _Ai ng-y~ • A 'o-tso 

Nt-ho-wan h-7 k' ' · / 

\ /l A /'C 9u- ou-t1en 

\ 

-· I , 

\ .,' ' _......, 

I , r- 

• r 

1 shih-yu ) 

-· \ ~ , Ku-chiao • 1 

\'"' ; s h . ( k ,/ ~ )( h \ h. ......... ,r- 

'·, ,~1 - tung - ou_., x C iao-c e!'lQ 1-yuan 

' • ' I 

• -< ~ H . t' . • 

1 ry1n- i 

\ .. \ Sja\a-osso-gol . r-- ~/ 

' Ch mg-yang e \ • ~ xTt 1 ~g-) •Hs1ao-nan-hai 

l ' •Yo an~h'o.& 

sun.. ( • • 

· r' J • 

'-' "'""': . '-' 

L'-·......., 

-~ h 

,..._ Ju1-ch en San-men-hsia , ..__ Ssu- un 

l .. .. S""- \• 

Jla n-t 1en,M \.. . i . . \..r,:) 

\. , ..-.. ~ Hs1~ a1 ( __....c;.=~ 

_,... ' 

-- ../ ...\.__,,L---.' ~~ '----"' \ 

\. , 

~-~ ·--~ 

Tzu -~ang 

Han-yuan • 

• 

'1 ..... x ung- ' . 

- . '· 

.' T a-y~ht. • 

Ch ang-yang .& • J 

r· , .... ~--- )o·p'inge"'( 

. J r-. , 

I ,._" ..._, '..(.- ' 

"· ' \ , 

,......,;"'-T: '-1 ( ~-- 

, '-').... ) tzu 1 , ( 

LJihl\i\ng ( • ._· .. Ch'1en- hs i/l . • \ ' 

........ • , ......-· _K ue1· yang\ ) 

V" :· • I I 

Yuan- ou I . /,h ) r-...A·") I 

A • ,... L 1 u-c i a n g r. l , ,_' \ 

\ 

. 

.J·-' • V\ . • )( \_. ..-· ' 

L~an ~---- / } Ma-pa 

Hs~u 

, 

0--~230•0-=~4~00._=6~00 KM 

\ 

e Upper Palaeol i tht c 

X M iddle Paloeol :th 1c 

A Lower Poloeolllh tc 

m p of hina hewing Low r Palaeoluh" lie\ I rom "hi.:h ci1h r art1lacl\ 

or h minid fo ~il have been rec vercd ( fr m I'\\ an -chih ' h n ). 

11 0

c I F" I 

c 

0 c 

2. U~U~UH''B!J ::3"U£l£lnL~!J.Jl~uq ~ 1Uofi..)'l)£l.J l.itJtYi :: 1fl~U 

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'IJ£l.JlJI.\l:IU1rJh.Jm1 « ~1Ut.h::L'Ylflt'Yla ( 1 m) .Jt\Jm.Jl~ 'lo\1£J~t\Jm.JL'Io\U£l fl.!l1U~ lu1.1cuon QUU1U (•) 

\l'uLtlu .uan 1.J~L'Io\1.11::lum1uYi1ttJ ~iiflfiH, (.,-tlu\J .Jt1n oviu Jr. 11 ..) 

m p of qu1hea, 1 ia during 1he Plei 1 en gla 1 11 n of ulh rn 

when 1he e re1re 1ed and I nd bridge emerg d ( d pled from H .L.M 1u Jr.). 

II i believed lh 1 lhe\e land bndg \ w re linlo. m 1he migr li n rou1e of H 

m \OUlhw rd movemem pa mg lhrough h II nd ( iam) 

and on 10 Java and a n nhw rd movem m be ond u nmou (•) m unnan. 

unnan i en1rally pi ed f r m1grauon in b 1h dire 11 n . 

111

1.1\\ VIJ1tU.J ( uan-mou) 

"er Palaeolithl 1.1 ~11.4\l) 

Yiuw v.~, 

uanmou-man Two inci r\. 

o"er Pal eohth1 . 1.7 milh n ear' S.P. 

___ ~_ _ 

__. ______ __.J '11.1J. 

na "b c 

____ _____.___.....J'n. 

IJ\\1;V\Jn~.J 

( h u K 'ou-uen) 

( o er Pal eoluhi - 300,000 th 

n. Yiuwv.~1~n 1.J 

"· Yiuw Yt~1~11J 

. .J. n111J '1 -J'ilil tl.J 

Pekmg-man from h ulo. 'outien. 

o-.er Palaeolithic. • ·e ar ~ B. P . 

. left upper medi I '" i or 

b. nght upper I ter I in 1 or 

c,d. I -.er econd molar 

___ ~_ _ 

c 

.Jd 

___._______J 'll.l.l. 

1.1\\ vn-31{1.4 - l~n (Ting-t 'un) ( iddle Palaeolithic) 

n. Yiuwv.~1~mn.J 

"· Yiuw Yt~1~11J 

. .J. n111J ·, .Jiiy( tl.J 

Tingt' un-man n inf, nt ' teeth . 1ddle P I e lit hi . 

a. left upper medJal '" 1 or 

b. left upper lateral in 1 r 

c.d. ri ht I er e nd molar 

IJ\\1;Vtltl1fl ( rd ) ( ppcr P I c lithic) 

Yiuw v.~1 1J 

I, rd Plateau . pper P lac hthn:. 

a 

________ ._ _ ___.J•n .. 

na c .Jd 

____ _____ .___~'n .. 

~u\J~ ,w 

n. Yiuwv.~1~n l.J 

"· YfUWYt~l~ 1J 

• .J. n111J ·, .Jiiy( n.J 

Modern hme e man 

a. right upper medi I in 1 or 

b. nght upper I ter I in i or - 

c,d . ri ht I wer e nd m I r 

omp ri on mong ncient hominid teeth found in different part nd th e ol them 

11 2 

nlarged be ond true ize .

vnn~~ ~l lfL fl~ tl \4!l1!l~L uu 1~uh1L uu 

3J"\,ULL ULli!l\4 LL ·1LU'-43J"\,utrn ~ ~ ci~ 

~:: 11' tll\41 n ,., f\ t~hh tJ u 3J\4 u Yl mi't" ii 1 

9lti\4W ( pper a e man) 'l.lti~~1Yl'l1n ,,, - 

LfiuutS~LtJ\41J11 U1,'1.1ti~'II1 , , 

1 ~1L~ tl~ 

, ~ 

J .i I a •• 

vnn~u~Lfl tl\4!11tle.J1\491\4LLil\4YlLU\41.h::LYlfT 

lYl!J ~1\4LL~fi3J3J 1!1 L'll1l\JtY~~ nLL~~~ 

~ 

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2. Brace ( t . ct all 71 tla off II man. Holt, Rineh rt and \! in t n In ., ew orlo.. 

3. hang, h. wang- chi h. I 2 ew eviden e on fo il man in hin . aen e 136 (no. S I ) 749 - 760 

4. hang, J...wan - hih. 1977 he rch eol gy of ncient hin . ale . Pre , 

5. c" 'r rio. Tame - · eb. 6, 11}7 Human teeth in hin dated 1.7 million year . 

6. IO•Ill\, Jr. II. . I 49 ower Pala olithi archaeol gy in uthern ia nd th ar-e t. tudi in Phy ical nthropology no. I. rly m n 

in the ar.ca\1 . Pub. by mer. . . Phy . nthrop. 

Evidence of Man's 

Being in Yunnan 

1.7 Million Years AgO 

Sood Sangvichien 

n e h ing in hang, I 77). 

ith th pala 

f 

th pe imen 

cu lture w re 

ered f r the tr. t time in rem t 

'> uthwc~tern 'hin , at uan-mou 

mile north fr ungming ( e 

l ap 1) . In 1976 "a. till the 

m '>I recent di c er f e rly man 

114 

h'eng-chih, u - h'in, cited), 

but at that time the . ite had till not 

ew hina 

gency in Jul , 

I 7 , report d that the r k tratum 

it ould 

a " radle f mankind" from v h re 

he pread n rthv rd int hina

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• Hu 'h'en - ch1h. 1:1 eol g1 a 101 a. 1 7 (I), 6 • 71 and u. u-chu nd h' 1 uo- ch'1n. ertebr ta I 1 u , Pekmg II (1973), 

66- 0. (I r m Kwan - h1h ' hang) 

113

and outhward to Ja a (Map 2). 

ollov ing a rep rt publi hed in 

ew Y rk 

mou are quite imilar to tho e of 

Peking-man. hey are howe er even 

m re primiti e, po e ing a they 

do me f th feature of the 

the lov r 

erie at 

lae lithic man at 

Yuan-m u ompri e two human 

teeth, a naked ch pp r t I, 

nd char o I, 

of fo ilized 

mammalian 

hor e, gaz lie, 

deer, wild pig, and 

he m dern 

canthr 

( ar.) m 

found in 

uan-m u formation ranged 

r m 1.5 to .I million year go 

depending on the tr ta. he te th 

had been und in the layer that v a 

dated 1.7 ±0.1 milli n year (th 

- ailed 

ite ha e 

hina. Bra e et al. 

an-t ien, h I way 

ungming nd P king a 

do 

i n man \!ere 

near Burma 

on could 

utv rd in 

u n-m u· 

the 

t the time f writing n 

il remain of Palae lithi man f 

any kind h 

f the 

hina: neither in India, 

hailand. Wh t e iden 

f H. 

ing on the 

r widely 

lower m lar wa 

avid on Bla k at the Medi al 

in P king f r in e tigati n 

ang i hien, I 77). ltimately a 

te hnique f r 

o 

early man by t 

ed fr m the e 

i n 

u n- 

nt 

engn i h hv a 

i, author). 

he birth-pi e" man in 

till pre. nt a pr blem. 

Ill 

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วารสารเมืองโบราณปีที่ 5 ฉบับที่ 6

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