LIBRO DE ABSTRACTS CITE

ABSTRACT

VIII Internaonal Conference on Technological Innovaon in Building

Libro de abstracts

Abstract book

1

ABSTRACT


VIII Congreso Internacional de Innovación

Tecnológica en Edificación.

VIII International conference on Technological

Innovation in Building

ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE EDIFICACIÓN

Avenida Juan de Herrera, 6. 28040 – Madrid Tel. 913367595 Fax: 91 336 76 44

Organizador: Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Patrocinador:

URSA Ibérica Aislantes

Depósito Legal: M-6332-2023

2

ABSTRACT


COMITÉ DE HONOR / HONOUR COMMITTEE

D. Carlos Morón Fernández

Director del Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación de la Universidad Politécnica de

Madrid

D. Paulo Fernando Antunes dos Santos

Institute for Sustainability and Innovation in Stuctural Engineering (ISISE) University of Coimbra,

PortugaL

COMITÉ ORGANIZADOR / ORGANIZING COMMITTEE

Álvarez Dorado, Manuel

Ferrández Vega, Daniel

Merino Fernández, José Luis

Verdú Vázquez, Amparo

Vidales Barriguete, Alejandra

Zaragoza Benzal, Alicia

COMITÉ CIENTÍFICO / SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE


Amorim Varum, Humberto Salazar

Antunes dos Santos, Paulo Fernando

Cobo Escamilla, Alfons


Díaz Velilla, Jorge Pablo

Gómez Lugo, Edmundo

Grygo, Robert

Kalinowska-Wichrowska, Katarzyna

León Cascante, Íñigo

Martín Garín, Alexander

Morón Fernández, Carlos

Ríos Aguilar, Sergio José

Vega Guiracocha, Gabriela

Verdú Vázquez, Amparo



Zúñiga Vicente, José Ángel

SECRETARÍA TÉCNICA / TECHNICAL SECRETARY




MAQUETACIÓN Y DISEÑO



III

ABSTRACT


PRESENTACIÓN

VIII CONGRESO INTERNACIONAL DE INNOVACIÓN TECNOLÓGICA EN

EDIFICACIÓN (CITE 2023)

22-24 de marzo de 2023

CITE nació en 2016 con el objetivo de favorecer la transferencia de

conocimiento sobre aprendizaje, innovación y competitividad entre

ámbitos productivos y formativos, así como dar a conocer mejores

prácticas sobre innovación en formación y aprendizaje en el sector de la

edificación. Así mismo, el congreso ha actuado como punto de

encuentro entre distintos agentes sociales relacionados con la

formación, a fin de fomentar la cooperación entre sus participantes y

extenderla a otros ámbitos relacionados con el aprendizaje, la

innovación y la competitividad en dicho sector.

Esta nueva edición del CITE, la séptima, vuelve a ser presencial

después de dos años de carácter virtual. Como sabéis, todos nuestros

planes, rutinas, eventos, han cambiado radicalmente a causa de la

pandemia COVID-19, y no nos ha quedado más remedio que

reinventarnos. Por tanto, esta nueva edición nos vuelve a ofrecer la

posibilidad de vernos en persona y mantener ponencias virtuales. El

destino nos ha brindado este reto que hace que sigamos aprendiendo,

superándonos, innovando y avanzando juntos. Muchas gracias a todos

los ponentes que han sabido adaptarse a los repentinos cambios y están

respondiendo muy satisfactoriamente a los nuevos formatos.

Pretendemos que esta nueva versión del Congreso Internacional de

Innovación Tecnológica en Edificación, CITE23, sea un éxito de

comunicaciones y del que podamos obtener resultados enriquecedores

en el campo de las innovaciones tecnológicas, que nos ayuden a

mejorar futuras ediciones.

La organización del programa CITE 2023 contiene nuevamente este año

todas sus actividades (comunicaciones orales y posters) en formato

virtual y disponibles a través de la página web. Las diferentes áreas

temáticas son building environment, building technology, domotic and

smart cities, innovation in building and civil works, materials and

construction systems, rehabilitation pathology and building

maintenance, installations, general issues y gender perspective in

construction.

También agradecer la inestimable colaboración de la empresa Ursa

Ibérica Aislantes y la editorial MDPI por la esponsorización del presente

congreso.

El Comité organizador

IV


ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 1

CITE 2023


PROGRAMA PÓSTERES

REHABILITATION IN THE ENERGY FIELD IN SPAIN AND ITALY: THE COMPARISON

021

Patricia Aguilera Benito; Maria Rosaria Alessio; Annalaura Citroz; Elisa Palocci; Alice Scafuri; Giacomo Viccione;

032 ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL BEHAVIOR IN CULTURAL HERITAGE BUILDINGS. CASE STUDY OF THE

HOSPITAL REAL OF GRANADA

Mª Paz Sáez-Pérez;

033 VIRTUAL REALITY IN BUILDING, A NEW WAY TO GET IN BUILDING PROCESSES.

Manuel Álvarez Dorado; Mercedes Valiente Lopez; Carolina Piña Ramírez; Alicia Zaragoza Benzal; Alejandra

Vidales Barriguete; Tomás Lopez Gil; Pedro Palmero Cabezas; Patricia Aguilera Benito

035 COMPARISON BETWEEN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ISO 9001 STANDARD IN SPANISH CONSTRUCTION

COMPANIES AND CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES FROM OTHER COUNTRIES

Itzel Durán Bedolla; Claudia Sofía González Alvear; Ana Francisca Jijón Ricaurte;

036 IMPACTO DE LA IMPLANTACIÓN DE LEAN CONSTRUCTION EN DIFERENTES PAÍSES.

Itzel Durán Bedolla; Ana Francisca Jijón Ricaurte; Claudia Sofía González Alvear;

056 EVALUATING RICE HUSK ASH AS A SUPPLEMENT FOR CEMENT IN MIXTURES WITH RECYCLED

COARSE AGGREGATES

María Rodríguez; Jeniffer Pérez; Nelson Galvis;

063 EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANT EXTRACTS TO PREVENT CHLORIDE-INDUCED CORROSION IN

REINFORCED CONCRETE.

Jennifer Pérez Ferrer; María Fernanda Rodríguez Robalino; Kevin Rene Chillan Simbaña;

064 EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE RELIABILITY OF CORROSION RESULTS OF REINFORCEMENT

OBTAINED IN THE LABORATORY

Marta María Sierra Llamas; María Isabel Prieto Barrio;

067 EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF PACKAGING WASTE, WITH CIRCULAR ECONOMY CRITERIA, IN

CONSTRUCTION WORKS IN THE COMMUNITY OF MADRID

Armando Plaza Rodrigo; Manuel Ramos Arias; Mercedes Del Río Merino;

068 COLLABORATIVE WORK AND THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE IN SPANISH CONSTRUCTION

COMPANIES. CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES 360.

Leyre Montero Pulido; Sandra García Bueno; Mercedes Del Río Merino;

069 REINFORCEMENT OF RUBBER MORTARS WITH STEEL FIBERS FROM END-OF-LIFE TIRES

Nicoletta Napolitano; Paola.Villoria; Mercedes Del Río Merino;

073 VIABILIDAD PARA LOS NUEVOS RETOS DEL MERCADO INMOBILIARIO ESPAÑOL PARA ADULTOS.

Marta García Sanz;

080 CONFLICT MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE IN CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES.

Nazaret Morera De La Torre; Miriam Zamora Calleja; Cristina Calderón Gallo; Mercedes Del Río Merino.;

090 NATURAL AND SYTHETIC FIBRE REINFORCEMENT OF GYPSUM PLASTERS: PHYSICAL AND

MECHANICAL ANALYSIS

Manuel Alejandro Pedreño Rojas; María Jesús Morales Conde; María Isabel Romero Gómez; Marco Antonio

Sánchez Burgos;

092 EVALUATION OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CORRUGATED STEEL BARS BASED ON ITS

EFFECTIVE CORROSION LENGTH

Rocío García Valbuena; María Isabel Prieto Barrio; Alfonso Cobo Escamilla

101 ACTIVE STRATEGIES IN THE TREATMENT OF AIR QUALITY IN RESIDENCES FOR THE ELDERLY.

Carlos Martinez; Alfonso Aguilar; Mercedes Del Río Merino;

102 COST, TIME AND QUALITY CONTROL FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING REFURBISHMENT.

Sergio David Alejo Buenabad; Yessica Montalvo Fernández; Rosa Mª. Agüera De La Calle; Patricia Aguilera

Benito; Carolina Piña Ramirez;

103 SIMULATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF A FLAT IN MADRID USING DESIGN BUILDER.

Sergio David Alejo Buenabad; Jennifer Pérez Ferrer; Carmen Matilde Viñas Arrebola ;

105 INVESTIGATING THE MECHANICAL AND THERMAL CHARACTER OF AUTOMOTIVE WASTE-BASED

GYPSUM

Anis Asadi Ardebili; Mariano González Cortina; Paola Villoria Sáez; Daniel Tassán Cruz; Evangelina Atánes

Sánchez;

106 GUIDE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE IN THE FIELD OF

ENERGY REHABILITATION OF HOUSING

Juan López-Asiain Martínez; Helena Granados Menéndez; Jose Fernández Castillo; Alejandro Payán De Tejada

Alonso;

107 TOWARD INVERSE MODELS TO BE USED AT SMART BUILDINGS CONTROL STRUCTURES:

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF A CASE STUDY IN SPAIN.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 2

CITE 2023


Beatriz Porcar; Silvia Soutullo; Emanuela Giancola; Juan Jesús Samaniego; Luis Ángel Bujedo; María José

Jiménez ;

109 ALLEVIATING ENERGY POVERTY IN SOUTHERN SPAIN THROUGH THE USE OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES

Alejandro Martinez Gordon; Mª Isabel Prieto Barrio;

110 EMPIRICAL MODELLING BASED ON INTEGRATED DYNAMIC ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR THERMAL

CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ENCLOSURE UNDER REAL USE CONDITIONS

María Gómez; María José Jiménez Taboada; Raquel Díaz; María Nuria Sánchez;

113 EVOLUTION OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT HISTORYC ANALYSIS

Rosa María Agüera De La Calle; Anniet Ferrer Díaz; Yessica Montalvo Fernández; Mónica Moreno Damián;

115 NEW PREFABRICATED FAÇADE MODULE FOR FAST CONSTRUCTION FOR SPECIAL EVENTS

Manuel Álvarez Dorado; Mariola López Carreras; Alicia Zaragoza Benzal; Daniel Ferrández Vega;

116 NEW PRECAST DESIGN FOR FALSE CEILING WITH HIGH THERMAL AND ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE

USING RECYCLED MATERIALS

Manuel Álvarez Dorado; Silvia López Luengo; Alicia Zaragoza Benzal; Daniel Ferrández Vega; ;

119 MITIGATING THERMAL BRIDGES IN CURRENT INFRASTRUCTURES WITH GYPSUM PLASTERBOARDS

INCORPORATING GRAPHENE NANOFIBERS

Alejandro Martínez Gordon; Manuel Álvarez Dorado;

124 ESTIMACIÓN SINTÉTICA DE COSTES DE CASAS MÍNIMAS POR METRO CUADRADO CONSTRUIDO :

APLICACIÓN PRACTICA DEL BANCO DE COSTES ECCUM.10 (2023)

Pedro Pina Ruiz; Tomas Gil Lopez;

133 BIM BASED METHODOLOGY FOR WOOD STRUCTURE.

Sergio David Alejo Buenabad; Edward Mauricio Melo Ospina; Nicolas Martínez; Veronica María Martínez; Maria

Alejandra Vidales Barriguete;

135 GAP IN CURRENT REGULATIONS APPLYING TO 3D-PRINTED IN CONCRETE

Alireza Amirfiroozkoohi; Mercedes Valiente Lopez; Tomas Gil Lopez;

136 SIMULATION A RESIDENTIAL HOUSE IN THE ECUADORIAN HIGHLAND BY DESIGN BUILDER

Mónica Moreno; Carmen Matilde Viñas Arrebola

138 LEARNING NEEDS AND SPATIAL FACTORS IN THE SECONDARY EDUCATION CLASSROOM

Sebastián Alcaraz García;

139 THE IMPACT OF AUTOMATIONS IN BIM

Diego Jesús Sánchez García; Rafael Lozano Diez;

140 FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Virginia La Piana; Martina Pedone ; Alfonso Cobo Escamilla ;

141 THE PILAR-FOUNDATION CONNECTION IN SEISMIC ZONE

Simone Semilia; Alfonso Cobo Escamilla ;

153 ANALYSIS OF A LIVING UNIT’S BEHAVIOR WITH PASSIVE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS LOCATED IN

THE CITY OF GRANADA

Maria Fernanda Rodriguez Robalino; Denisse González; Nelson Gavís;

156 WALNUT AND HAZELNUT SHELLS FOR INSULATING PANELS FABRICATION

Luisa Errico; Arisbel Cerpa Naranjo; Javier Pérez Piñeiro;

169 EVOLUTION OF SHEAR TESTING OF CONCRETE BEAMS WITHOUT SHEAR REINFORCEMENT.

Matías Calderón Carrasco; Alfonso Cobo Escamilla; Alberto Leal Matilla;

170 DUCTILITY OF PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN SEISMIC ZONES

Xiang Chen; Alfonso Cobo Escamilla; Alberto Leal Matilla;

171 INTRODUCTION OF PRODUCT INNOVATIONS IN SUSTAINABLE PRECAST BUILDING PRODUCTS AND

ANALYSIS OF THEIR SUPPLY CHAIN

Daniel Ferrández Vega; Jorge Pablo Díaz Velilla; Pablo Sáiz Martínez; José Ángel Zúñiga Vicente;

172 MOISTURE-DRYNESS CYCLING BEHAVIOUR OF A NOVEL LIGHTWEIGHT PLASTER MATERIAL

Alicia Zaragoza Benzal; Daniel Ferrández Vega; Manuel Álvarez Dorado; Rocío Pastor Lamberto

173 REINCORPORATION OF RECYCLED HDPE IN THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF MORE SUSTAINABLE

PLASTER MATERIALS

Alicia Zaragoza Benzal; Daniel Ferrández Vega; Jorge Pablo Díaz Velilla

174 EVOLUTION OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE AS A FUNCTION OF TEMPERATURE.

Pablo Jiménez González; Alberto Leal Matilla; Alfonso Cobo Escamilla

175 WORKFLOW WITH BIM MODELS IN IFC FORMAT FOR A CONSTRUCTION COMPANY

Michal Szczurowski Nykiel; Aitor Otero Olmos

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 3

CITE 2023


CITE 2023 ABSTRACTS INDEX

Achievements

THERMAL CONDUCTIVE BEHAVIORS ANALYSIS D PRINTED HOLLOW BRICK 14

Hamidreza Babaeyan Ahmadi; Jorge Gallego Sánchez-Torija

Building Environment

EVOLUTION OF THE HEAT STRESS INDEX OF THE CITY OF MADRID USING THE URBCLIM 19

CLIMATE MODEL OF THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY

David Hidalgo García;

CEMENT COBBLESTONES LIGHTENED WITH INDUSTRIAL POLYMERIC WASTE 21

Raquel Arroyo; Sara Gutiérrez-González; Sara González Moreno; Lourdes Alameda Cuenca-Romero;

Álvaro Alonso; Verónica Calderón.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MORTAR CONTAINING WASTE FOUNDRY SAND 22

Ahlem Akeb; Souad Kherbache; Abdelkader Tahakourt,

REHABILITATION IN THE ENERGY FIELD IN SPAIN AND ITALY: THE COMPARISON 24

Alessio, Maria Rosaria; Citroz, Annalaura; Palocci, Elisa; Scafuri, Alice; Aguilera Benito, Patricia; Bach

Buendia, Isabel; Lopez-Asiain Martínez, Juan; Viccione Giacomo.

MONITORING OF PM. IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN NORTHERN SPAIN 26

Alejandro Payán de Tejada Alonso; José Fernández Castillo; Juan López-Asiain Martínez; Sara Aragón

Chicharro

THE INFLUENCE OF DIRECT/INDIRECT LIGHTING SYSTEMS ON COGNITIVE RESPONSE IN 28

VIRTUAL REALITY

Nuria Castilla; Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo; Carmen Llinares

STUDY OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF PLASTER WITH POLYAMIDES. 30

Marta Rodríguez-Aybar; Manuel Alejandro Pedreño-Rojas; César Porras-Amores; Mª Esther Moreno

Fernández.

PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE MECHANISMS OF THE CANAL DE CASTILLA 31

Ángel Mariano Rodríguez Pérez; Lucia Olmo Rodríguez; Cesar Antonio Rodríguez; Julio José Caparros

Mancera; Jose Antonio Hernández Torres

MULTIFUNCTIONAL PARK TO CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIAL INTEGRATION 33

Wendy Alexandra Estrada Maximiliano

THE BENEFITS OF THE REPRODUCTION AND EXPLOITATION OF THE NATURAL PROCESS OF 38

INFILTRATION OF RUNOFF.

Evelio Teijón López-Zuazo; Álvaro González Payo

THE ROLE OF BUILDING-INTEGRATED GREENERY SYSTEMS ON BUILDING’S SUSTAINABILITY 41

CERTIFICATIONS

Marcelo Reyes; Gabriel Perez; Julia Coma

CONFLICT MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE IN CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES. 43

Nazaret Morera de la Torre; Miriam Zamora Calleja; Cristina Calderón Gallo; Mercedes del Río Merino.

EFFECTS OF THE GROUND TEMPERATURE HYPOTHESES ON THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE 45

GAP OF IN-USE BUILDINGS. A CASE STUDY IN ALMERIA

,Lapuente C.S; *Soutullo S.; Sánchez M.N.; Giancola E.; ,Jiménez M.J.

SUSTAINABILITY DIAGNOSIS OF EDUCATIONAL CENTERS' PERFORMANCE AND TOOL 47

DEVELOPMENT TO INCREASE THE COMPETENCIES OF THE EDUCATIONAL COMMUNITY

José Alberto Díaz; Silvia Soutullo; Emanuela Giancola; María Nuria Sanchez; Ana Rosa Gamarra;

Carmen Lago; Yolanda Lechón; Israel Marqués Valderrama; Ricardo Chacartegui; Jose Antonio Becerra

VOLUMETRIC DISTRIBUTION FOR THE USE OF SOLAR ENERGY. A CASE STUDY IN SORIA, 49

SPAIN

Santiago Tomás Fondoso Ossola; Irene Martini; Emanuela Giancola; Silvia Soutullo

INVARIANTS OF POPULAR CONSTRUCTION IN SUSTAINABILITY 51

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 4

CITE 2023


Gregorio García López de la Osa; Ricardo Tendero Caballero; Inmaculada Martínez Pérez

THE IMPORTANCE OF A CORRECT MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION 53

WASTE FOR THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

Alejandra Vidales Barriguete; Carolina Piña Ramírez; Katarzyna Kalinowska-Wichrowska

ENHANCING HYDROPHILICITY AND SELF-CLEANING PROPERTIES OF BUILDING GLASSES 55

USING FE DOPED TiO2 PREPARED BY SOL-GEL METHOD

Ehsan MehmandoustEsfahani, Antonio Nieto-Márquez, José Antonio Díaz López

ANALYSIS OF A LIVING UNIT’S BEHAVIOR WITH PASSIVE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS 57

LOCATED IN THE CITY OF GRANADA

Nelson Galvis; Denisse González; María Fernanda Rodríguez

WALNUT AND HAZELNUT SHELLS FOR INSULATING PANELS FABRICATION 60

Luisa Errico; Arisbel Cerpa-Naranjo; Javier Pérez-Piñeiro

STRATEGIES FOR THE ENERGY TRANSITION OF THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR IN THE 62

PROVINCE OF LLEIDA (CATALUÑA, SPAIN)

Claudia Marín; Gabriel Pérez; Alvaro de Gracia; Juliá Coma

Building Technology

DRONES AS A TOOL FOR TAKING DATA ON FACADES 64

Enrique Parra-Albarracín; Irene Ros-Martín

VIRTUAL REALITY IN BUILDING, A NEW WAY TO GET IN BUILDING PROCESSES. 67

Manuel Álvarez Dorado, Mercedes Valiente Lopez, Alejandra Vidales Barriguete, Patricia Aguilera

Benito, Carolina Piña Ramírez, Alicia Zargoza Benzal, Tomás Gil López, Pedro Palmero Cabezas, Isabel

Bach Buendía

A REVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES USING BUILDING 69

INFORMATION MODELING

Amirhossein Javaherikhah, Samane Khezli, Mercedes Valiente Lopez

AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF ZERO 71

ENERGY BUILDINGS

Amirhossein Javaherikhah, Samane Khezli, Mercedes Valiente Lopez

YIELD LINES METHOD THROUGHOUT FINITE ELEMENT METHOD. APPLICATIONS WITH 73

SAP000

José Javier Ferrán Gozálvez; Carlos Manuel Ferrer Gisbert ; Miguel Redón Santafé; Esteban Gargallo

Tatay; Juan Bautista Torregrosa Soler; Francisco Javier Sánchez Romero

DSF-PCM BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT: A CASE STUDY IN VALENCIA,

SPAIN

Niloufar Ziasistani; Andrés Meana-Fernández; Juan Manuel González-Caballín Sánchez; Antonio José

Gutiérrez-Trashorras

PROPOSAL OF A PILOT FORMATIVE EXPERIENCE FOR THE SUBJECT TECHNICAL SYSTEMS

APPLIED IN THE DESIGN OF A RIGID ORIGAMI KINETIC PAVILION.

Pablo Miguel De Souza Sánchez, Fernando Martínez Soto

EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANT EXTRACTS TO PREVENT CHLORIDE-INDUCED CORROSION IN

REINFORCED CONCRETE.

Jennifer Pérez; María Fernanda Rodríguez; Kevin Rene Chillan Simbaña

METHODOLOGY FOR THE CHARACTERISATION OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE AND COMFORT

ACCORDING TO DWELLING TYPOLOGY AND USAGE

Jose Manuel Lorenzo Gallardo; Beatriz Montalbán Pozas; Marta Lucas Bonilla; Silvia Sierra Álvarez;

Francisco Serrano Candela, Lucas Bonilla Rodríguez, Pablo Bustos García de Castro

EVALUATION OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF HYDRAULIC LIME MORTARS WITH

POLYPROPYLENE FIBER ADDITION

Belén Cabrera; María Isabel Prieto; Alfonso Cobo

75

77

81

83

85

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CITE 2023


SIMULATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF A FLAT IN MADRID USING DESIGN BUILDER. 87

Sergio D. Alejo Buenabad; Jennifer Pérez Ferrer; , Carmen Matilde Viñas Arrebola

TOWARD INVERSE MODELS TO BE USED AT SMART BUILDINGS CONTROL STRUCTURES: 89

PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF A CASE STUDY IN SPAIN.

Beatriz Porcar; Silvia Soutullo; Emanuela Giancola, Juan Jesús Samaniego, Luis Ángel Bujedo, ,María

José Jiménez

“SYNTHETIC ESTIMATION OF MINIMUM HOUSE COSTS PER SQUARE METRE BUILT: 91

PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF ECCUM.0 COST BENCH (0)”

Pedro Pina Ruiz; Tomas Gil López

DETERMINATION OF THE FLATNESS OF THE FACES OF A PRINTED THERMOPLASTIC

93

MODULAR PIECE

Sandra Moyano Sanz; Mercedes Valiente López; Amparo Verdú Vázquez

DEVELOPMENT OF PEROVSKITE FILMS WITH PHOTOLUMINESCENT PROPERTIES FOR 95

BUILDING APPLICATIONS

Hariana Farfán Benavides; Karol Roa Bohóquez; Raúl Sanchez

EVALUACIÓN DE ESTRUCTURAS AFECTADAS POR SISMO PARA LA INTERVENCIÓN DE 97

RESCATE

Gregorio García López de la Osa; Sonsoles González Rodrigo

COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR TIME AND COST REDUCTION IN BUILDING 99

PROJECTS

John Miguel Pingo Román; Tomas Gil Lopez; Amparo Verdú Vázquez

FOLDING COVERS FOR EMERGENCY HOSPITAL 101

Carlos Cesar Morales Guzman; Vicente Fernando Ortiz Ponce; Juan Miguel Reyes Castro

CONSTRUCTION RESEARCH THROUGH STRUCTURAL MODELS. THE CASE OF SANTA MARÍA 103

DE CANÁ

Irene Cedenilla Bote; David Mencías-Carrizosa

ENHANCED CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCING STEEL IN CONCRETE CONTAINING 105

GRAPHENE OXIDE

Lounis Djenaoucine; Álvaro Picazo; Cristina Gema Argiz Lucio; Jaime C. Gálvez; Amparo Morague

Gender perspective in construction

CREATION OF HYGROTHERMAL SCENES IN AUTOMATITATION HOME 106

Javier Vázquez Renedo

METHODOLOGY FOR PROCESSING MUNICIPAL CONSUMPTION DATA IN SMART

109

TERRITORIES.

Silvia Sierra Álvarez; Beatriz Montalbán Pozas; Lucas Bonilla Rodríguez; Marta Lucas Bonilla; Jose

Manuel Lorenzo Gallardo; Francisco Serrano Candela, Pablo Bustos García de Castro

ANALYSIS OF THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE BY MEANS OF MONITORING ACCORDING TO THE

DWELLINGS TYPOLOGY

Marta Lucas Bonilla; Beatriz Montalbán Pozas; Silvia Sierra Álvarez; José Manuel Lorenzo Gallardo;

Francisco Serrano Candela, Lucas Bonilla Rodríguez, Pablo Bustos García de Castro

EMPIRICAL MODELLING BASED ON INTEGRATED DYNAMIC ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES FOR

THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ENCLOSURE UNDER REAL USE CONDITIONS

Gómez M.; ,*Jiménez M.J.; Díaz R.; Sánchez M.N.

PERCEPTIONS OF YOUTH MEXICAN ARCHITECTS ABOUT THEIR WORKSPACE DURING

COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON PHYSICAL DISTANCING EXPERIENCES

Teresa Cuerdo-Vilches; Maribel Jaimes Torres; Mónica Aguilera Portillo; Miguel Ángel Navas-Martín;

111

113

116

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General Issues

CALIBRATION OF SITE EFFECT PARAMETERS AND ATTENUATION COEFFICIENTS IN GMPM 118

BSSA FOR THE SPANISH REGION

Carlos A. González; Francisco Martínez

ANALYSIS OF THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE IN MITIGATING THE 121

CARBON FOOTPRINT OF SMART SEAPORTS, A SCOPING REVIEW

Seyed Behbood Issa Zadeh; Mehrdad Behforouzi; Hamid Reza Soltani

LITERATURE REVIEW OF UAVS FOR BUILDING ANALYSIS 124

Kalare Agrasar Santiso; José Antonio Millán; Alexander Martín-Garin; Elena Millán-Medel; Leticia

Jiménez

INFLUENCIA DEL TIPO DE PROTECCIÓN SOLAR EN EL DESEMPEÑO TÉRMICO Y LUMÍNICO EN 126

AULAS ESCOLARES

Mg. Cristián Muñoz Viveros; Dr. Alexis Pérez Fargallo; Dr. Carlos Rubio Bellido

SIMULATION OF DISCRETE EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRODUCTION OF BUILDING 130

MATERIALS USING FLEXSIM

Jorge Pablo Díaz Velilla; Daniel Ferrández Vega; Guadalupe Dorado Escribano; Alberto Leal Matilla

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ISO 900 STANDARD IN SPANISH 132

CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES AND CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES FROM OTHER COUNTRIES.

Ana Francisca Jijón Ricaurte; Claudia Sofia González Alvear; Itzel Durán Bedolla

CLASSIFICATION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT REDUCTION STRATEGIES AT COMMERCIAL PORTS: 133

AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

Seyed Behbood Issa Zadeh; Jose Santos Lopez Gutierrez; Maria Dolores Esteban, Gonzalo Fernandez-

Sanchez

ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE SLABS BY USING THE MODIFIED WESTERGAARD AND MEYERHOF 136

EQUATIONS IN AGROINDUSTRIAL WAREHOUSES

Esteban Gargallo Tatay; Carlos Manuel Ferrer Gisbert; Miguel Redón Santafé; Juan Bautista

Torregrosa Soler; Francisco Javier Sánchez Romero ; José Javier Ferrán Gozálvez; Pablo Sebastián

Ferrer Gisbert

ESTIMATE OF THE MAXIMUM DWELL TIME FOR THE INTERVENTION TEAMS IN A FIRE: 138

AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

Ballesteros Álvarez, J.M.; Romero Barriuso, A.; Villena Escribano, B.M.; Rodríguez Sáiz, A.

COLLABORATIVE WORK AND THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE IN SPANISH CONSTRUCTION 140

COMPANIES. CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES 0.

Leyre Montero Pulido; Sandra García Bueno; Mercedes del Río Merino.

VIABILIDAD PARA LOS NUEVOS RETOS DEL MERCADO INMOBILIARIO ESPAÑOL PARA 142

ADULTOS.

Marta García Sanz; Ignacio Sordo Sierpe

DISCOVERING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS IN PREDICTING THE ENERGY OUTPUT OF 144

PHOTOVOLTAIC PLANTS.

Antonio Rivero-Cacho; Alejandro Prieto-Fernández; Manuel Botejara-Antúnez; Jaime González-

Domínguez; Gonzalo Sánchez-Barroso; Justo García-Sanz-Calcedo

ANALYSIS OF SEISMIC VULNERABILITY USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) 146

OF BUILDINGS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF ARICO (TENERIFE).

Dr. Fernando Martínez Soto, Dr. Iballa Naranjo Henríquez

LÓPEZ MEZQUITA AND SOROLLA: VIEWS OF NEW YORK CITY 149

León García López de la Osa; Gregorio García López de la Osa

ALLEVIATING ENERGY POVERTY IN SOUTHERN SPAIN THROUGH THE USE OF GYPSUM 151

COMPOSITES

Alejandro Martinez Gordon; María Isabel Prieto Barrio

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 7

CITE 2023


EVOLUTION OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT HISTORYC ANALYSIS 153

Rosa Agüera De La Calle; Anniet Ferrer Díaz; Yessica Montalvo Fernández; Mónica Moreno Damián

REVIEW ON VENTILATION DESIGN STRATEGIES TO REDUCE AIRBORNE DISEASE

155

TRANSMISSION IN SOCIAL HOUSING IN MALAYSIA AND SPAIN

Mohamad Azil Muzammil Baharudin; César Porras-Amores; Mohd Hafizal Mohd Isa; Anith Athirah

Marzuki

MEASURING OF THE COMPLEXITY OF A PROJECT THROUGH NETWORKS. 156

Juan-Manuel Álvarez-Espada; José-Luis Fuentes-Bargues; Cristina González-Gaya.

LEARNING NEEDS AND SPATIAL FACTORS IN THE SECONDARY EDUCATION CLASSROOM. 158

Sebastián Alcaraz-García; Amparo Verdú-Vázquez; Tomás Gil-López

HIGHLIGHTS TO LEARN AND TEACH ABOUT SEISMIC RETROFIT FOLLOWING THE TURKEY 159

AND SYRIA 0 EARTHQUAKE

Sandro Andrés Martínez; Francisco Javier Fernández Fidalgo; Juan Carlos Mosquera Feijoo; David

Santillán Sánchez; Luis Cueto-Felgueroso Landeira

THE SITUATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION LICENSE MANAGEMENT OF MADRID AND NEW

USES THAT RESPOND TO A SOCIAL DEMAND IN THE NEW GENERAL URBAN PLANNING OF

MADRID

Adolfo García Ruiz-Espiga; Tomás Villatoro González; Manuel J. Soler Severino

APPLYING THE EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD TO ASSESS THE SEISMIC VULNERABILITY OF

AGGREGATED DWELLINGS BUILT WITH CONCRETE-BLOCK MASONRY IN SAN JOSÉ CITY

CENTER (COSTA RICA)

Sebastián Torres-Olivares; Beatriz González-Rodrigo; Erick Saavedra Flores; Juan Carlos Mosquera-

Feijoo; María Belén Benito Oterino

MULTITEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF THE CARCAVA´S AREAS OF THE CITY OF TUNJA BY GIS. 166

Diego Alejandro Fonseca Santos; Dana Sofia Vega Becerra; Omar Javier Jiménez Jiménez

PROPOSAL FOR A GEOGRAPHIC SYSTEM FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF ROAD CORRIDORS 168

FOR HEAVY MACHINERY IN BOYACÁ.

Diana Lorena Sierra Estupiñan; Wendy Samantha Vásquez Guerrero; Norys Haiddy Peña

EVOLUTION OF SHEAR TESTING OF CONCRETE BEAMS WITHOUT SHEAR REINFORCEMENT. 170

Matías Calderón Carrasco, Alfonso Cobo Escamilla

DUCTILITY OF PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN SEISMIC ZONES 172

Xiang Chen; Alfonso Cobo Escamilla

MOISTURE-DRYNESS CYCLING BEHAVIOUR OF A NOVEL LIGHTWEIGHT PLASTER MATERIAL 174

Alicia Zaragoza-Benzal; Daniel Ferrández Vega; Manuel Álvarez Dorado; Rocío Pastor Lamberto

REINCORPORATION OF RECYCLED HDPE IN THE PRODUCTION PROCESS OF MORE

176

SUSTAINABLE PLASTER MATERIALS

Alicia Zaragoza Benzal; Daniel Ferrández Vega; Jorge Pablo Díaz Velilla

Innovation in Building and Civil Work

EXPLORING DATA-DRIVEN ENERGY MODELLING AND SIMULATION FOR RESIDENTIAL 179

BUILDINGS RETROFIT AND OPTIMIZATION

Farshid Dehghan; César Porras-Amores

DEVELOPMENT OF AN IN-PROCESS REINFORCEMENT METHOD IN D CONCRETE PRINTING 181

WITH NITINOL SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

Bahram Ahadi; Mercedes Valiente Lopez; Farhad Golmohammadi

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION AND DEFINITION OF THE TEMPORARY HOUSING UNIT OF THE 182

HOTEL AS A PLACE OF EPHEMERAL USE THROUGHOUT THE XX AND XXI CENTURIES.

David López Lara; Jesús Anaya Díaz; Francisco Domouso de Alba

CHALLENGES IN HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY TOWARDS UNIVERSAL DESIGN 185

Beatriz González Lozano; María Yolanda González Alonso

163

164

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 8

CITE 2023


STATE OF ART OF NOVEL TECHNIQUES OR TOOLS USED IN RISK MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE

CONSTRUCTION SECTOR

Shatha Mustafa Abdallah Al Qudah; José Luis Fuentes Bargues; Pablo Ferrer Gisbert

ESTIMATION OF THE ELASTIC SETTLEMENT PRODUCED BY A TUNNEL EXCAVATION USING

FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

Cesar Antonio Rodríguez González; Ángel Mariano Rodríguez Pérez; Jose Antonio Hernández Torres;

Julio José Caparros Mancera

SMART IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT. CASE STUDY: UNIVERSITY OF ALICANTE 191

Paloma Caramés López; Rubén Muñoz Pavón; Óscar Galao Malo, Jorge Jerez Cepa; Marcos García

Alberti

INTELLIGENT RAILWAY STATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN WEB AND METAVERSE 193

ENVIRONMENT. CASE STUDY: BIDEBIETA-BASAURI STATION

Rubén Muñoz Pavón; Paloma Caramés López; Tomás Ripa Alonso; Jorge Jerez Cepa; Marcos García

Alberti;

INFLUENCE OF SETTING TIME IN SFRC WITH STRUCTURAL APPLICATION FOR SLIDING 195

FORMWORK

Jorge Marcelo Funes Martínez; Jaime C. Gálvez; Marcos G. Alberti; Álvaro Picazo; José Vera

CRACKING CHECK ACCORDING TO CODIGO ESTRUCTURAL COMPARED WITH EHE0

197

APPROACH

Luis Carrillo Alonso; Alvaro Picazo Iranzo; Luis Carrillo Gijón

AIRPORT VR: DESIGN TO SCAPE 199

Mathias Proboste Martinez; Felipe Muñoz La Rivera; Javier Mora Serrano; María Jesús Bopp

COST, TIME AND QUALITY CONTROL FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION AND BUILDING

202

REFURBISHMENT.

Sergio D. Alejo Buenabad; Yessica Montalvo Fernández; Rosa Mª. Agüera de la Calle; Patricia Aguilera

Benito; Carolina Piña Ramirez.

INVESTIGATING THE MECHANICAL AND THERMAL CHARACTER OF AUTOMOTIVE WASTE-

BASED GYPSUM

Anis Asadi Ardebili; Mariano González Cortina; Paola Villoria Sáez; Dany Marcelo Tasán Cruz

Evangelina Atanes-Sánchez

INNOVATIVE SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN THE ECOLOGICAL TRANSITION 206

Castrese Andrea Di Mare; Roberto Castelluccio

THE IMPACT OF AUTOMATIONS IN BIM 210

Diego J. Sánchez García; Rafael Lozano Díez

GAP IN CURRENT REGULATIONS APPLYING TO D-PRINTED CONCRETE 212

Alireza Amirfiroozkoohi; Mercedes Valiente Lopez; Tomas Gil Lopez

USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES IN THE DETERMINATION OF PAVEMENT SURFACE 214

INDICES

Juan José Alarcón; Hannsell Germán Contreras Urbano; Laura Camila Uribe Suarez

USE OF DRONES AS PART OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN CONSTRUCTION 216

Sebastián Vargas Clavelle.

INFLUENCE OF SAND WASHING ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF 219

DIFFERENT MORTARS

Enrique Ruano Gutiérrez; Daniel Ferrández Vega; Evangelina Atanes Sánchez

INTRODUCTION OF PRODUCT INNOVATIONS IN SUSTAINABLE PRECAST BUILDING

221

PRODUCTS AND ANALYSIS OF THEIR SUPPLY CHAIN

Daniel Ferrández Vega; Jorge Pablo Díaz Velilla; Pablo Saiz Martínez; Jose Ángel Zúñiga-Vicente

187

188

204

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 9

CITE 2023


Installations

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE MUNICIPAL MARKET OF LA PAZ (MADRID) 224

Marta Echevarría Gómez-Escolar; Jesús García Herrero; Miguel Ángel Gálvez Huerta; María Antonia

Fernández Nieto; José Luis Parada Rodríguez; Jorge Gallego Sánchez-Torija.

TOWARDS AN ENERGY COMMUNITY: ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL OF RENEWABLE 226

ELECTRICITY

María Domínguez Benito; Beatriz Arranz Arranz; Ana María Martín Ávila; Javier Domínguez Bravo

ACTIVE STRATEGIES IN THE TREATMENT OF AIR QUALITY IN RESIDENCES FOR THE ELDERLY. 228

Carlos Martínez Espinosa; Alfonso Aguilar Diaz; Mercedes del Río Merino.

ADAPTATION OF CLIMATE FACILITIES IN THE MADRID EDUCATION SYSTEM IN A PANDEMIC 230

SITUATION.

Alberto Leal Matilla; Daniel Ferrández Vega; Isabel Prieto Barrio; Jorge Pablo Díaz Velilla

Materials and constructive systems

RESISTENCIA A LA PENETRACIÓN DE LOS IONES CLORURO EN HORMIGONES FABRICADOS 232

CON CEMENTOS TERNARIOS

Rosa Abnelia Rivera; Domingo Alfonso Martín; Esteban Estévez Fernández; Daniel del Barrio Saiz;

Beatriz Astudillo Matilla; José Luis Parra y Alfaro; Miguel Ángel Sanjuán Barbudo

OPTIMIZING ENERGY IN BRICKS BY PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS, HEAT FLUXE EVALUATION 234

TROUGH NUMERICAL MODELING IN LINE-BY-LINE

Hamidreza Babaeyan Ahmadi; Jorge Gallego Sánchez-Torija

CONCRETE CARBONATION AND PH PROFILES SIMULATION IN URBAN TUNNELS 236

Lucía López-de Abajo; Jaime C. Gálvez; Marcos G. Alberti; Amparo Moragues

BIOSOLAR ENVELOPE IN THE VALLEHERMOSO MUNICIPAL MARKET 238

Jorge Gallego Sánchez-Torija; Jesús García Herrero; José Luis Parada Rodríguez; Joaquín Mosquera

Casares; María Antonia Fernández Nieto

INFLUENCE OF NATURAL RENDERS IN COMPRESSED EARTH BLOCK WALLS 240

Félix Jové-Sandoval; BM. Mar Barbero-Barrera; Eva M. García-Baños

TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN BUILDING. A LOOK BACK TO THE PAST IN SEARCH OF 242

SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS

Oswaldo Hurtado Figueroa; Alfonso Cobo Escamilla; Humberto Varum

ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF BRICKS USING FINITE ELEMENTS 246

Alonso Zúñiga-Suárez; ,, Berenice Zúñiga-Torres; , Ramiro Correa-Jaramillo; Guido Gualpa-Guzmán;

Francisco Hernández-Olivares; Ronald López

IMPACT OF LEAN CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES. 248

Ana Francisca Jijón Ricaurte; Claudia Sofia González Alvear; Itzel Durán Bedolla

"AQUALIGMUN", EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERISATION OF HYGROMORPHIC SYSTEMS 249

Sergio González Rodríguez

FRCM COMPOSITES FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW 255

María Rodríguez Marcos; Paula Villanueva Llauradó; Jaime Fernández Gómez

EVALUATING RICE HUSK ASH AS A SUPPLEMENT FOR CEMENT IN MIXTURES WITH

257

RECYCLED COARSE AGGREGATES

Nelson Galvis; Jeniffer Pérez; María Rodríguez

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE RELIABILITY OF CORROSION RESULTS OF REINFORCEMENT 259

OBTAINED IN THE LABORATORY

Marta María Sierra Llamas; María Isabel Prieto Barrio

EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF PACKAGING WASTE, WITH CIRCULAR ECONOMY CRITERIA, IN 261

CONSTRUCTION WORKS IN THE COMMUNITY OF MADRID

Armando Plaza Rodrigo; Manuel Ramos Arias; Mercedes del Río Merino; Esther Ramos Fernández;

REINFORCEMENT OF RUBBER MORTARS WITH STEEL FIBERS FROM END-OF-LIFE TIRES 263

Nicoletta Napolitano; Paola Villoria; Mercedes del Río

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 10

CITE 2023


UPGRADING FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATION (RSUP!) 265

Danilo Jara Echeverría, José Antonio Díaz López, María José Martín de Vidales Calvo, Antonio Nieto-

Márquez Ballesteros, Evangelina Atanes Sánchez; Irene Sánchez Redondo; Javier Alejandro Rivas Seijas

STUDY OF THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYOLEFIN FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE 267

SUBJECTED TO HIGH TEMPERATURE

Pablo Mazón, Álvaro Picazo, Alejandro Enfedaque, Jaime C. Gálvez, Marcos G. Alberti, Sergio Mendo.

NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC FIBRE REINFORCEMENT OF GYPSUM PLASTERS: PHYSICAL AND 269

MECHANICAL ANALYSIS

M. Alejandro Pedreño-Rojas; Mª Jesús Morales-Conde; Mª Isabel Romero-Gómez; Marco Antonio

Sánchez-Burgos;

REUSE AND VALORIZATION OF PLASTIC WASTE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF 270

CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

Ilaria Capasso; Barbara Liguori; Fabio Iucolano

WASTE VALORISATION BY ALKALINE ACTIVATION 273

Barbara Liguori

APPLICATIONS OF TEXTILE WASTE IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR 275

Anabel Castillo-Rodríguez; Antonia Pacios-Álvarez; Justo García-Navarro

NEW PRODUCTS FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BASED ON GEOPOLYMER FROM

277

DEMOLITION WASTE: INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH EXPERIENCE

Gigliola D’Angelo

SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS IN THE st CENTURY TRANSITION 279

Roberto Castelluccio

NEW PREFABRICATED FAÇADE MODULE FOR FAST CONSTRUCTION FOR SPECIAL EVENTS 281

Silvia López Luengo; Manuel Álvarez Dorado; Daniel Ferrández Vega; Alicia Zaragoza Benzal

NEW PRECAST DESIGN FOR FALSE CEILING WITH HIGH THERMAL AND ACOUSTIC

283

PERFORMANCE USING RECYCLED MATERIALS

Mariola López Carreras; Manuel Álvarez Dorado; Daniel Ferrández Vega; Alicia Zaragoza Benzal;

CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING IN-PLANT HANDLING OF PRECAST CONCRETE ELEMENTS 285

Deisi Estefani Gonzáles Coronel; María de las Nieves González García; Antonio José Carpio de los Pinos;

Alfonso Cobo Escamilla

REINFORCED MASONRY GAUSSIAN VAULTS IN ELADIO DIESTE’S WORK 287

Ana María Marín Palma

ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METAKAOLIN AND COCOA HUSK ASH BASED 289

GEOPOLYMERS

Sara Peña; Carol Ladino; Karol Roa; Hugo Castro

ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS IN ARGENTINA FOR THE EUROCLIMA+ 290

PROJECT

María Belén Birche; José Antonio Ferrer Tévar; Jorge Daniel Czajkowski

FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES 292

Virginia La Piana; Martina Pedone; Alfonso Cobo Escamilla

PARTIAL DEMOLITION AND RECYCLING OF MATERIALS ON SITE: THE MISSED

294

OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MULTIPURPOSE CENTRE IN TRES CANTOS

Alessia Verniero; Giuseppe Trinchese; Gregorio García López de la Osa

THE RESEARCH PROJECT TYREBUILDINS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION FOR WASTE

296

MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

Paulo Santos; Luísa Durães

EL AUGE DE LOS GEOPOLÍMEROS COMO MATERIAL AISLANTE PARA MEJORAR LA

298

SOSTENIBILIDAD Y EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA EN LA CONSTRUCCIÓN DE EDIFICIOS

Sara Peña; Carol Ladino; Karol Roa; Hugo Castro

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 11

CITE 2023


ANALYSIS OF OLIVE STONE USE AS LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE IN CONSTRUCTION

299

MORTARS

Luz Alejandra Santander Peralta; Justo García Navarro

Rehabilitation pahotology and building maintenance

ENERGY STUDY FOR THE REFURBISHMENT OF THE OLD ABBEY OF SALAS DE BUREBA 301

(BURGOS) FOR RESIDENTIAL USE. A CASE STUDY.

Raúl Briones-Llorente; Juan María Hidalgo-Betanzos; Paula Montoya Saiz; Imanol Ruiz de Vergara Ruiz

de Azúa; Gabriel Rubio-Pérez; Natalia Muñoz-Rujas; Fernando Aguilar Romero

ANÁLISIS DE PARÁMETROS DE DISEÑO PARA EL CONTROL DE LA CONDENSACIÓN EN 305

VIVIENDAS DE INTERÉS SOCIAL EN CLIMA TEMPLADO HÚMEDO

Roberto Arriagada; Ariel Bobadilla; Carlos Rubio

ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL BEHAVIOR IN CULTURAL HERITAGE BUILDINGS. CASE STUDY OF 307

THE HOSPITAL REAL OF GRANADA

Mª Paz Sáez-Pérez; Jorge A. Durán-Suárez; Luisa Mª García Ruiz; Mª Ángeles Villegas-Broncano; Joao

Castro Gomes

ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF RESTORING CONCRETE AFFECTED BY HIGH 309

TEMPERATURES USING CARBON FIBER FABRICS

Borja Jiménez Salado, María Isabel Prieto Barrio, Kenzo Hosokawa Menéndez, Alfonso Cobo Escamilla

EVALUATION OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CORRUGATED STEEL BARS BASED ON 311

ITS EFFECTIVE CORROSION LENGTH

Rocío García Valbuena; María Isabel Prieto Barrio; Alfonso Cobo Escamilla

DEVICE FOR MONITORING BUILDING CRACKS AND LOADING/UNLOADING TESTS 313

Jesús M. Rodríguez-Rego; Juan P. Carrasco-Amador; Antonio Macías-García; Laura Mendoza-Cerezo;

Alfonso C. Marcos-Romero

GUIDE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE IN THE FIELD 315

OF ENERGY REHABILITATION OF HOUSING

Juan López-Asiain Martínez; Helena Granados Menéndez; José Fernández Castillo; Alejandro Payán de

Tejada Alonso

MITIGATING THERMAL BRIDGES IN CURRENT INFRASTRUCTURES WITH GYPSUM

317

PLASTERBOARDS INCORPORATING GRAPHENE NANOFIBERS

Alejandro Martínez Gordon; Manuel Álvarez

EVALUATION OF STRUCTURES AFFECTED BY EARTHQUAKE FOR RESCUE INTERVENTION 318

Gregorio García López de la Osa; Sonsoles González Rodrigo

BIM BASED METHODOLOGY FOR WOOD STRUCTURE. 320

Sergio D. Alejo Buenabad; Edward Mauricio Melo Ospina; Nicolas Martínez; Veronica María Martínez;

Maria Alejandra Vidales Barriguete

SIMULATION A RESIDENTIAL HOUSE IN THE ECUADORIAN HIGHLAND BY DESIGN BUILDER 322

Mónica Moreno Damián; Carmen Viñas Arrebola

THE PILAR-FOUNDATION CONNECTION IN SEISMIC ZONE 325

Simone Semilia; Alfonso Cobo Escamilla

APPLICATION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR THE SEISMIC ASSESSMENT OF 326

CÓRDOBA´S MOSQUE

María-Victoria Requena-Garcia-Cruz; Emilio Romero-Sánchez; Antonio Morales-Esteban; Natalia;

Natalia Fernández-Pérez

PRELIMINARY SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF GIRALDA TOWER APLYING A FINITE ELEMENT MODEL 328

Emilio Romero-Sánchez; María-Victoria Requena-Garcia-Cruz; Antonio Morales-Esteban.

MORPHO-TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION FROM GRAPHIC COMBINATION OF OPTICAL,

330

DIFFRACTOMETRIC AND PETROGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES IN THE DEFENSIVE HERITAGE OF THE

MEDITERRANEAN COAST OF THE XVI-XVIII CENTURIES. THE CASE OF THE TORREÓN DEL CAMBRÓN

(GRANADA).

Juan Diego López-Arquillo; Sharline Mendoza Rojas

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 12

CITE 2023


Achievements

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 13

CITE 2023


THERMAL CONDUCTIVE BEHAVIORS ANALYSIS 3D PRINTED HOLLOW

BRICK

1

Hamidreza Babaeyan Ahmadi; 2 Jorge Gallego Sánchez-Torija

1

Departamento de Construcción y Tecnología Arquitectónicas, Escuela Técnica Superior de

Arquitectura

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. h.babaeyanahmadi@alumnos.upm.es

2


Arquitectura

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. jorge.gallego@upm.es

Keywords: lightweight hollow brick, 3D printable brick, finite element method, thermal

optimization

Abstract

Since most blocks produced by a 3D printer are hollow and the shape of these hollows

significantly impacts on the heat transfer penetrang of the building, also it is necessary

to examine different models of these hollows. Thermal properes of materials used in

building envelopes must be analyzed during the design phase to evaluate the thermal

response of the building. Several researchers have studied the thermal behavior of

building insulaon materials [1],[2],[3]. The present study aimed to provide a new

building brick cells structure and examine and opmize the effect of the shape and

dimensions of the hollows on its thermal performance using the Finite Element Method

(FEM) and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) technique. The input parameters

included the geometric characteriscs of the cells and the thermal transmitance as the

response variable. Heat transfer equaons involving steady-state three-dimensional

heat transfer as well as three heat transfer mechanisms, i.e., conducon, convecon,

and radiaon, were solved at a different temperature, while the temperature

distribuon and heat transfer coefficient were measured. The thermal transmitance (Uvalue)

represents the main indicator to evaluate the thermal quality of building

envelopes in steady-state condions [4]. U-values can be determined analycally

adopng standardized procedure, as those described in ISO 6946 for opaque walls [5].

Although raonal analysis is necessary to determine the relave proporons of

substances which may be present in the clay bricks. For the determinaon of substance

composions, a complete chemical analysis is necessary [6]. The results indicated that

increasing the thickness or the height of hollow and increasing the hollow circumference

in genera could increase the thermal resistance of the blocks.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 14

CITE 2023


References

[1] T. Kawasaki, S. Kawai, Thermal insulation properties of wood-based sandwich panel for use

as structural insulated walls and floors, J Wood Sci, The Jpn Wood Res Soc, 52 (2006),

pp. 75-83

[2] M.C. Swinton, W. Maref, M.T. Bomberg, M.K. Kumaran, N. Normandin, In situ performance

evaluation of spray polyurethane foam in the exterior insulation basement system (EIBS),

Build Environ, 41 (2006), pp. 1872-1880

[3] L.F. Cabeza, A. Castell, M. Medrano, I. Martorell, G. Pérez, A.I. Fernández, Experimental

study on the performance of insulation materials in Mediterranean construction, Energy

Build, 42 (5) (2010),

[4] X. Meng, T. Luo, Y. Gao, L. Zhang, Q. Shen, E. Long, A new simple method to measure wall

thermal transmittance in situ and its adaptability analysis, Appl. Therm. Eng., 122 (2017),

pp. 747-757

[5] ISO 6946, Building Components and Building Elements – Thermal Resistance and Thermal

Transmittance – Calculation Method – Revised, 2017.

[6] Rapport d’essai N 0125PM/12, Briqueterie SLAOUI, Centre des Techniques & Matériaux de

Construction, CETEMCO, Casablanca, 04 Mai 2012.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 15

CITE 2023


Building Environment

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 16

CITE 2023


THERMAL CONDUCTIVE BEHAVIORS ANALYSIS 3D PRINTED HOLLOW

BRICK

1


1


Arquitectura


2


Arquitectura


Keywords: lightweight hollow brick, 3D printable brick, finite element method, thermal

optimization

Abstract

Since most blocks produced by a 3D printer are hollow and the shape of these hollows

significantly impacts on the heat transfer penetrang of the building, also it is necessary

to examine different models of these hollows. Thermal properes of materials used in

building envelopes must be analyzed during the design phase to evaluate the thermal

response of the building. Several researchers have studied the thermal behavior of

building insulaon materials [1],[2],[3]. The present study aimed to provide a new

building brick cells structure and examine and opmize the effect of the shape and

dimensions of the hollows on its thermal performance using the Finite Element Method

(FEM) and the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) technique. The input parameters

included the geometric characteriscs of the cells and the thermal transmitance as the

response variable. Heat transfer equaons involving steady-state three-dimensional

heat transfer as well as three heat transfer mechanisms, i.e., conducon, convecon,

and radiaon, were solved at a different temperature, while the temperature

distribuon and heat transfer coefficient were measured. The thermal transmitance (Uvalue)

represents the main indicator to evaluate the thermal quality of building

envelopes in steady-state condions [4]. U-values can be determined analycally

adopng standardized procedure, as those described in ISO 6946 for opaque walls [5].

Although raonal analysis is necessary to determine the relave proporons of

substances which may be present in the clay bricks. For the determinaon of substance

composions, a complete chemical analysis is necessary [6]. The results indicated that

increasing the thickness or the height of hollow and increasing the hollow circumference

in genera could increase the thermal resistance of the blocks.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 17

CITE 2023


References

[1] T. Kawasaki, S. Kawai, Thermal insulation properties of wood-based sandwich panel for use

as structural insulated walls and floors, J Wood Sci, The Jpn Wood Res Soc, 52 (2006),

pp. 75-83

[2] M.C. Swinton, W. Maref, M.T. Bomberg, M.K. Kumaran, N. Normandin, In situ performance

evaluation of spray polyurethane foam in the exterior insulation basement system

(EIBS), Build Environ, 41 (2006), pp. 1872-1880

[3] L.F. Cabeza, A. Castell, M. Medrano, I. Martorell, G. Pérez, A.I. Fernández, Experimental study

on the performance of insulation materials in Mediterranean construction, Energy Build,

42 (5) (2010),

[4] X. Meng, T. Luo, Y. Gao, L. Zhang, Q. Shen, E. Long, A new simple method to measure wall

thermal transmittance in situ and its adaptability analysis, Appl. Therm. Eng., 122 (2017),

pp. 747-757

[5] ISO 6946, Building Components and Building Elements – Thermal Resistance and Thermal

Transmittance – Calculation Method – Revised, 2017.

[6] Rapport d’essai N 0125PM/12, Briqueterie SLAOUI, Centre des Techniques & Matériaux de

Construction, CETEMCO, Casablanca, 04 Mai 2012.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 18

CITE 2023


EVOLUTION OF THE HEAT STRESS INDEX OF THE CITY OF MADRID USING

THE URBCLIM CLIMATE MODEL OF THE EUROPEAN SPACE AGENCY

1

David Hidalgo García;

1

Department of Architectural Graphic Expression and Engineering. High Technique School

Building Engineering. University of Granada. dhidalgo@ugr.es

Keywords: Heat stress index, UrbClim model, local climate zones, heat mitigation, urban climate.

Abstract

One of the most important and urgent issues that humanity is currently facing is climate

due to global warming and its relaonship with extreme events, such as droughts, heat

waves, etc. [1 and 2]. The fih report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

(IPCC) has shown that in recent decades there has been a significant increase in

environmental temperatures that will lead to significant negave effects on the health

and quality of life of people, mainly those who live in urban areas [3]. Today, 30% of the

world's populaon resides in places with extremely hot weather condions and this is

expected to increase to 74% in the next two decades [4]. To measure the exposure to

heat that the inhabitants of urban areas may have, the Heat Stress Index (Hi) [5], [6] and

[7] is usually used, which obtains adequate results with the environmental condions

and only requires of two parameters: ambient temperature and relave air humidity. In

order to obtain these environmental variables, there is the possibility of using urban

climate models such as the Muklimo of the German meteorological agency [8] or the

UrbClim of the Copernicus climate change service [9] and [10] atached to the Agency

European Space Agency (ESA).

This research analyzes the evoluon of the Hi between 2008 and 2017 in the different

Local Climac Zones (LCZ) of the city of Madrid using the UrbClim climate model. The

LCZ city plan has been downloaded from the World Urban Database and Access Portal

Tools WUDAPT [7] (htps://LCZ-generator.rub.de/submissions). Through Landsat 8

satellite images and for each LCZ, the following variables have been obtained:

Normalized Vegetaon Difference Index (NDVI), Normalized Building Difference Index

(NDBI) and Different Land Uses and Covers (LULC). All this with the purpose of

stascally analyzing the relaonship between these variables and the Hi that allow the

establishment of possible migaon and resilience measures. Our results report that

between 2008 and 2017, the city of Madrid has experienced significant growth in Hi

values. The results show that in 2008 the city had 15% of the territory classified as riskfree,

while the remaining 85% was classified as warm. In 2017, 85% of the territory is

classified as warm while the remaining 15% is classified as very warm. It is found that all

the LCZs have experienced significant increases in Hi, being higher in the LCZs for urban

and industrial use (LCZ-2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 11) and lower in the LCZs for rural use (LCZ-

13, 14, 15 and 16). A posive relaonship is reported between temperatures and the

NDBI index and a negave one with the NDVI variable. This circumstance has been

corroborated by stascal analysis. In this way, the LCZ with greater vegetaon cover

and lower building density are more resistant to the increase in Hi, while the LCZ with

higher building density and less vegetaon are less resistant to the increase in Hi. These

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 19

CITE 2023


circumstances show that public administraons and urban planners should have a

predilecon in future developments for open LCZs with large green spaces as opposed

to compact LCZs in order to improve the resilience of cies to future increases in

temperatures and Hi. On the other hand, and in order to improve the quality of life of

the inhabitants of exisng compact areas, it is necessary to prepare conngency and

future urban climate control plans that reward the use of green roofs and facades [11].

These results can be extrapolated to other cies or urban areas that present the same

LCZ.

References

[7] N. An, J. Dou, J.E. González-Cruz, R.D. Bornstein, L. Li. An observational case study of

synergies between an intense heat wave and the urban heat island in Beijing. Journal of

Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 59 (2020), 605–620. https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-

D-19-0125.1

[8] D. Founda, M. Santamouris. Synergies between Urban Heat Island and Heat Waves in Athens

(Greece), during an extremely hot summer (2012). Scientific Reports, 7 (2017), 1–11.

https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-11407-6

[9] IPCC. (2013). The fifth report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/ (accessed 23 February 2023).

[10] C. Mora, B. Dousset, I.R. Caldwell, F.E. Powell, R.C. Geronimo, C.R. Bielecki. Global risk of

deadly heat. Nature Climate Change, 7 (2017), 501–506.

https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3322

[11] C. Jacobs, T. Singh, G. Gorti, U. Iftikhar, S. Saeed, A. Syed, F. Abbas, B. Ahmad, S. Bhadwal, C.

Siderius. Patterns of outdoor exposure to heat in three South Asian cities. Science of the

Total Environment, 674 (2019), 264–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.087

[12] R. Kotharkar, A. Ghosh, V. Kotharkar. Estimating summertime heat stress in a tropical Indian

city using Local Climate Zone (LCZ) framework. Urban Climate, 36 (2021).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2021.100784

[13] M.L. Verdonck, M. Demuzere, H. Hooyberghs, C. Beck, J. Cyrys, A. Schneider, R. Dewulf, F.

Van Coillie. The potential of local climate zones maps as a heat stress assessment tool,

supported by simulated air temperature data. Landscape and Urban Planning, 178 (2018),

183–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.06.004

[14] J. Geletič, M. Lehnert, S. Savić, D. Milošević. Modelled spatiotemporal variability of outdoor

thermal comfort in local climate zones of the city of Brno, Czech Republic. Science of the

Total Environment, 624 (2018), 385–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.076

[15] K. de Ridder, D. Lauwaet, B. Maiheu. UrbClim - A fast urban boundary layer climate model.

Urban Climate, 12 (2015), 21–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2015.01.001

[16] A. Martí Ezpeleta, D. Royé, D. Intensity and duration of summer heat stress in the urban

area of Madrid. Geographicalia, 73 (2021), 95–113.

https://doi.org/10.26754/ojs_geoph/geoph.2021735202

[17] D. Hidalgo-García, J. Arco-Díaz. Modeling the Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI) to study of

its relationship with variations in the thermal field and with the indices of land use in the

metropolitan area of Granada (Spain). Sustainable Cities and Society, 87 (2022).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104166

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 20

CITE 2023


CEMENT COBBLESTONES LIGHTENED WITH INDUSTRIAL POLYMERIC

WASTE

1

Raquel Arroyo; 1 Sara Guérrez-González; 1 Sara González Moreno; 1 Lourdes Alameda Cuenca-

Romero; 1 Álvaro Alonso; 1 Verónica Calderón.

1

Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas e I.C.T. Universidad de Burgos. C/ Villadiego

s/n, 09001, Spain; rasanz@ubu.es (R.A.); sggonzalez@ubu.es (S.G.G.); sgmoreno@ubu.es

(S.G.M.); lalameda@ubu.es (L.A.C.-R.); alvaro.alonso@ubu.es (A.A.); vcalderon@ubu.es (V.C.).

Keywords: Sustainability, circular economy, polyurethane waste, cement mortar cobblestones,

lightweight prefabricated.

Abstract

Global consumpon of resources such as biomass, fossil fuels, metals and minerals is

expected to double in the next years [1], while annual waste generaon in Europe is

projected to increase by 70% by 2050. [2] For this reason, it is necessary a transion to

a sustainable economic and producve system as part of the new industrial strategies.

Recent studies esmate that applying circular economy principles has the potenal

to improve the engineering procedures creang new qualified jobs. More than 80% of

construcon materials’ environmental impacts are determined at the design phase [3].

Many by products break down too fast and cannot be simply recycled, and many are

made for single use only. Together with this condion, the management policies provide

world-wide standards towards construcon materials sustainability. [4]

To achieve these objecves, this research falls on the manufacturing of prefabricated

products from industrial wastes from the automove sector. The prefabricated products

are cobblestones manufactured with cement mortars, in which different percentages of

shredded roofs wastes progressively replaced by aggregate. Properes of final products

accomplishes with the current standards, in fresh and hardened state, with a varied

amount of dosages that allow different ending uses.

With the aim of characterize this eco sustainable cobblestones, different durability tests

have also been carried out as freeze-thaw and crystallizaon salt, establishing the

compressive strength before and aer the test, confirming the suitable properes to be

used in different – outdoor – environments.

Authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of BU070P20 Project funded by the Fondo

Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) of the EU and the Junta de Castilla y León (Spain) and

also by the Regional Government of Castilla y León, by the Ministry of Science and Innovation

MICIN and the European Union NextGenerationEU / PRTR.

References

[1] OECD (2018). Global Material Resources Outlook to 2060.

[2] World Bank (2018). What a Waste 2.0: Global Snapshot of Solid Waste 2050.

[3] https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/4d42d597-4f92-4498-8e1d-

857cc157e6db

[4] R. Taurino, F. Bondioli , M.Messori, Use of different kinds of waste in the construction of

new polymer composites: review. Materials Today Sustainability, 21, (2023) 100298.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 21

CITE 2023


MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MORTAR CONTAINING WASTE FOUNDRY

SAND

1

Ahlem Akeb; 2 Souad Kherbache; 3 Abdelkader Tahakourt,

1

Laboratory of Construction Engineering and Architecture, Faculty of Technology, University of

Bejaia, Algeria. ahlem.akeb@univ-bejaia.dz

2


Bejaia, Algeria. souad.kherbache@univ-bejaia.dz

3


Bejaia, Algeria. abdelkader.tahakourt@univ-bejaia.dz

Keywords: Foundry sand, mortar, valorization, compressive strength.

Abstract

The problem of the depleon of renewable and also non-renewable natural resources

and the scarcity of raw materials has become, in a few decades, a major concern on a

global scale. Resources are threatened by the growth of human setlements,

industrializaon, and the development of acvies as well as by certain ecological

phenomena.[1]. In addion, the livelihood of the construcon industry has been

severely affected due to restricons in the extracon of sand from the river, leading to

an increase in the price of sand[2].The use of industrial waste in concrete and mortar has

made it cheaper and the reuse of waste is considered the most environmentally friendly

alternave to dealing with the problem of waste landfills. Among these discharges,

foundry sand which can be used in concrete and mortar instead of natural river sand or

quarry sand [3]. Foundry sand is accounted for as siliceous material and having even

physical standards. It is an incidental waste product most commonly obtained from

metal casng firms. For molding, foundries use silica sand, i.e., foundry sand. Foundries

use the sand in its producon process many mes and discard it when it cannot be

reused further [4]. This material is essenally a fine aggregate, it can be used in the same

way as natural or manufactured sands. Foundry sands could also be used in

embankments, construcon of barrier layers, road construcon. The greatest volume of

foundry sand is used in geotechnical applicaons, such as site development fills and

roadbeds[5]. The objecve of this research responds to the concern for the recovery of

industrial waste (foundry sand waste (WFS)) from the BCR unit Ain-Kbira Sef (Algeria),

in the civil engineering field. To answer this concern, we carried out the characterizaon

of the raw materials for the manufacture of mortars to manage to valorize the WFS in

the manufacture of mortars, and to study its behavior and its influence on the physicomechanical

characteriscs of mortars. To achieve the objecve, we have replaced the

sand by the WFS in the mortars in mulple contents (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). The

influence of WFS on mortar behavior was through mechanical properes, the results of

which indicated that the best resistance is obtained for a substuon rate of 10% of WFS

for mortars.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 22

CITE 2023


References

[1] Nouri. Ibtissem1 , Ait habouche-Mihoub.Ouahiba, Limits of waste recovery in Algeria: Case

of industrial waste recycling in Oran. Revue des Sciences Economiques, de Gestion et

Sciences Commerciales, Volume: 11 / N°: 02 (2018), p 470-482.

[2] Bhardwaj, B. and P. Kumar, Waste foundry sand in concrete: A review. Constructionand

Building Materials, 2017. 156: p. 661-674.

[3] Ahmad, J., et al., Waste Foundry Sand in Concrete Production Instead of NaturalRiver Sand:

A Review. Materials, 2022. 15(7): p. 2365.

[4] J. Singh, V. K. Dhiman, Impact of use Foudry Sand on Conctret's Characteristics-An Averview,

Advance in Sustainable Construction Materials, Lecturer Notres in. Civil Engineering 124,

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-45904_62

[5] Y. Guney, and al., Re-usage of waste foundry sand in high-strength concrete. Waste

Management, 2010. 30(8-9): p. 1705-1713.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 23

CITE 2023


REHABILITATION IN THE ENERGY FIELD IN SPAIN AND ITALY: THE

COMPARISON

1

Alessio, Maria Rosaria; 1 Citroz, Annalaura; 2 Palocci, Elisa; 2 Scafuri, Alice; 3 Aguilera Benito,

Patricia; 3 Bach Buendia, Isabel; 3 Lopez-Asiain Marnez, Juan; 4 Viccione Giacomo.

1

Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Università di Salerno, Fisciano, Italia -

m.alessio3@studenti.unisa.it, a.citro69@studenti.unisa.it, viccion@unisa.it

2

Dipartimento Ingegneria Edile delle Costruzioni, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italia -

elisa.palocci@alumnos.upm.es

3

Departamento de Tecnologia de la Edificacion, Escuela Tecnica Superior de Edificacion,

Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spagna - patricia.aguilera@upm.es, isabel.bach@upm.es,

juan.lopezasiain@upm.es

4

Dipartimento Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale, Università Sapienza, Roma, Italia -

alice.scafuri@alumnos.upm.es

Keywords: energy, next generation, super bonus, pree5000, comparison

ABSTRACT

On 21 July 2020, The European Commission, the European Parliament and EU leaders,

aer four days of negoaons, have agreed on a recovery plan called Next Generaon

EU (NGEU). Next Generaon EU is more than a recovery plan – is the EU's massive

recovery fund of 750 billion euros- it is a once in a lifeme chance to emerge stronger

from the pandemic, transform our economies and sociees, and design a Europe that

works for everyone.

In this moment, all European countries are in the process of defining their plans to access

the new generaon of EU funds, which are due by April 30 this year. The overall

approaches, developed by both Italy and Spain, are very similar, as they are all based on

the recommendaons of the European Commission, in which the recommendaons for

draing and developing the Naonal Plans are based on 3 key axes: digital

transformaon, ecological transion and social/territorial cohesion. Both Spain and Italy

submited their dra plans in early 2021 and are working on the final NRP, which has

differences in both the way implementaon is planned and the strategic approach.

Data from the Internaonale Energy Efficiency Scorecard ACEEE cited in the 8th Annual

Energy Efficiency Report offer a portrait of energy efficiency achievements in an

internaonal context based on 36 different parameters grouped into 4 categories:

buildings, industry, transportaon overall progress in energy efficiency.

From the analysis, it can be seen that both Italy and Spain, adopt similar energy efficiency

measures with minor differences based on the needs of the country of reference. In Italy,

in fact, intervenons are also extended to the issue of earthquakes, being one of the

countries with the highest seismic risk in Europe. In Spain, on the other hand, the

intervenons performed include those related to lighng. The most performed

intervenon in both Italy and Spain is thermal insulaon.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 24

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In conclusion, the opportunies provided by different energy efficiency technologies

applied to different sectors suggested by European legislaon and adopted by different

countries seem to provide a key contribuon to moving in the direcon of an opmal

energy transion, with the support of adequate public investment and effecve

incenve measures to support private investment.

References

[1] https://www.idae.es/ayudas-y-financiacion/para-la-rehabilitacion-de-edificios/programapree-5000-rehabilitacion

[2] https://avvenia.com/sostenibilita-italia-prima-nel-mondo-per-efficienza-energetica/

[3] https://www.casaeclima.com/ar_47558__commissione-europea-superbonus-esportabilealtri-paesi.html

[4] https://www.zabala.es/opiniones/next-generation-eu-espana-vs-italia/

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 25

CITE 2023


MONITORING OF PM2.5 IN RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS IN NORTHERN SPAIN

1

Alejandro Payán de Tejada Alonso; 2 José Fernández Casllo; 3 Juan López-Asiain Marnez;

4

Sara Aragón Chicharro

1

Consejo General de la Arquitectura Técnica de España. alejandro.payandetejada@gmail.com

2

Consejo General de la Arquitectura Técnica de España. jose.fernandez@arquitecturatecnica.com

3

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. juanlopezasiain@gmail.com

4

Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. sara.a.chicharro@gmail.com

Keywords: PM2.5, IAQ, Buildings, Residential, Monitoring

Abstract

Indoor Air Quality concern is greatly increasing in buildings area due to its impact in

user’s health in the long term. Thus, it is important to get all possible real data in order

to be prepared to develop new healthier strategies in buildings. There are up to 14

parameters to completely describe air quality [1]. Nowadays, carbon dioxide (CO2) is the

most used parameter in indoor air quality studies as a reference, mainly for measuring

flow rates in buildings [2]. However, it is not really harmful until its concentration

exceeds 5.000 ppm in 8-hours periods or 15.000 ppm in 15-minutes periods [3].

Particulate matter is also a spread-used parameter in air quality monitoring. They are

produced by vehicles, wood burning or cigarettes, so it is common to be over the

comfort limit in apartments situated in large cities. Main types of this particles are PM10

and PM2,5 according with their particle size and their harmful effects on humans

depends on it achieving deep penetration in our respiratory system, causing several

respiratory diseases.

Because of this potential damage, they have been studied and monitored by many cities

around the world but, mostly, outdoors. It is necessary to study indoor spaces where

concentration can be up to five times higher than outdoors [4].

In this work, 11 apartments were monitored focusing on PM2,5 levels both in main

bedroom and living rooms. All of those are ubicated in northern Spain and are main

residences of their occupants. More than 50.000 measurements have been gathered

and processed. Furthermore, occupants were asked about their habits such as smoking

or heating system importance for them and about previous diseases.

The results show how activities as smoking can produce levels of PM2,5 concentration

above regulation limits, favouring unhealthy environments and producing diseases in

the long term. This can be worse if the apartment is situated in a city near to traffic.

Monitoring IAQ is an essential activity to keep healthy indoor spaces. With this

knowledge, new strategies and habits will be able in the future. It has a direct impact

not only in health but also in economy.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 26

CITE 2023


[1] AENOR, UNE 171330-1. Calidad Ambiental en Interiores. Diagnóstico de calidad ambiental

interior. 2008.

[2] A. Aflaki, K. Hirbodi, N. Mahyuddin, M. Yaghoubi, and M. Esfandiari, “Improving the air

change rate in high-rise buildings through a transom ventilation panel: case study,”

Building and Environment, vol. 147, no. September 2018, pp. 35–49, 2019, doi:

10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.10.011

[3] Instituto Nacional de Seguridad e Higiene en el Trabajo, “NTP 549: El dióxido de carbono

en la evaluación de la calidad del aire interior”. 2000.

[4] WHO (2005). Air quality guidelines for particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen dioxide and

sulfur dioxide. [Internet]. Available in:

https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/69477/WHO_SDE_PHE_OEH_06.02_en

g.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 27

CITE 2023


THE INFLUENCE OF DIRECT/INDIRECT LIGHTING SYSTEMS ON COGNITIVE

RESPONSE IN VIRTUAL REALITY

1

Nuria Caslla; 2 Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo; 3 Carmen Llinares

1

Centro de Investigación de Tecnología de la Edificación (CITE), Universitat Politècnica de

València; Valencia, Spain; ncastilla@csa.upv.es

2

Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Architecture, Art and Design. Monterrey, N.L., México;

jlhiguera@i3b.upv.es

3

Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Tecnología Centrada en el Ser Humano, Universitat

Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain; cllinare@omp.upv.es

Keywords: Lighting; virtual reality; neuroarchitecture; memory; attention

Abstract

Direct/indirect lighng systems are oen disnguished to offer a good balance between

performance, energy efficiency, and aesthecs [1]. Nowadays, luminaires offer a lot of

variaons in the rao of direct/indirect light distribuon of the light across the ceiling.

These changes in the distribuon of light and lighng paterns across the illuminated

space can affect both subjecve impressions and the performance of tasks in

architectural interiors. Research has shown that the distribuon of light is related to the

perceived quality or adequacy of lighng installaons [2], users’ overall workplace

sasfacon [3], and health and well-being [4]. Nevertheless, the effects of all these

variaons on cognion are sll not well known. This study examines the human cognive

response to spaal distribuons of light resulng from different direct/indirect lighng

systems while keeping work-plane illuminance constant. The experimental condions

consisted of two cognive tasks (memory and atenon) that forty-one subjects

performed in two virtual reality (VR) lighng environments with direct/indirect lighng.

While they were doing the tasks, their physiological responses were monitored. At the

psychological level, the results show that direct/indirect lighng influences students'

atenon. In general, direct light is related to a shorter reacon me in the atenon

task. These results not only provide informaon on the cognive processes that are

conducted in VR, but also allow architects, engineers, and lighng designers to

understand the cognive implicaons that lighng distribuon modificaons may have

on their projects.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 28

CITE 2023


References

[1] K.W. Houser, D.K. Tiller, C.A.C. Bernecker, R.G. Mistrick, The subjecve response to linear

fluorescent direct/indirect lighng systems, Light. Res. Technol. 34 (2002) 243–264.

htps://doi.org/10.1191/1365782802li039oa.

[2] L. Loe, K.P. Mansfield, E. Rowlands, Appearance of lit environment and its relevance in

lighng design: Experimental study, Light. Res. Technol. 26 (1994) 119–133.

htps://doi.org/10.1177/096032719402600301.

[3] A. de Vries, I. Heynderickx, J. Souman, Y. de Kort, Pung the ceiling center stage – The

impact of direct/indirect lighng on room appraisal, Build. Environ. 201 (2021) 107989.

htps://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.107989.

[4] M.B.C. Aries, F. Beute, G. Fischl, Assessment protocol and effects of two dynamic light

paterns on human well-being and performance in a simulated and operaonal office

environment, J. Environ. Psychol. 69 (2020).

htps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101409.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 29

CITE 2023


STUDY OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF PLASTER WITH POLYAMIDES.

1

Marta Rodríguez-Aybar; 1 Manuel Alejandro Pedreño-Rojas; 1 César Porras-Amores; 2 Mª

Esther Moreno Fernández.

1

Dpto. de Construcciones Arquitectónicas y su Control. E.T.S. de Edificación. Universidad

Politécnica de Madrid. Av. Juan de Herrera, 6. 28040, Madrid. marta.rodrigueza@upm.es

alejandro.pedreno@upm.es c.porras@upm.es

2

Grupo de Análisis e Intervención en Patrimonio Arquitectónico. E.T.S.de Arquitectura,

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Avenida Juan de Herrera, 4, 28040, Madrid (España);

esther.moreno@upm.es

Keywords: building materials; Fibbers; Mechanical properties; plaster.

Abstract

Disposal of industrial waste is a key factor in the ongoing fight to protect our planet, as

it has been followed in the 2030 Agenda guidelines, among others [1].

In this study, residue from polyamide sheets, used in the felt coang of padel balls, has

been analyzed. It is a waste material resulng, in large quanes, during the

manufacture process, resulng a non-reusable residue with no possibility of being

reincorporated into the producon process of the balls. In that sense, this research aims

to dispose of this residue by incorporang it, as fibers, in the generaon of new ecoefficient

composites for construcon, trying to improve some of the properes of

convenonal products [2],[3]. To do this, this work mixes the polyamide fibers, crushed

to a size of 5mm, with gypsum plaster as binding material. Also, physical-mechanical

properes of the new plasters are studied, with different water/plaster raos and

different percentages of fibers. Thus, new materials are obtained that can be usefully

employed as cladding or prefab interior finish for buildings will help the circular economy

to reduce the unnecessary consumpon of natural raw material resources.

References

[1] Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible (ODS). www.mdsocialesa2030.gob.es, 2030.

[2] Gutiérrez-González, S., et al., Compatibility between gypsum and polyamide powder waste

to produce lightweight plaster with enhanced thermal properties. Construction and

Building Materials, 2012. 34: p. 179-185.

[3] Tasán Cruz, D.M., Caracterización de morteros de yeso reforzados con fibras recuperadas

de eslingas textiles de un solo uso. 2011.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 30

CITE 2023


PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE OF THE MECHANISMS OF THE CANAL DE

CASTILLA

1

Ángel Mariano Rodríguez Pérez; 2 Lucia Olmo Rodríguez; 3 Cesar Antonio Rodríguez; 4 Julio José

Caparros Mancera; 5 Jose Antonio Hernández Torres

1

University of Huelva, Spain angel.rodriguez@dci.uhu.es cesar@uhu.es

julio.caparros@diesia.uhu.es joseantonio.hernandez@dimme.uhu.es

2

University of Almeria, Spain luciaor2004@gmail.com

Keywords: Lock, mechanisms, navigation, turbine, sustainable

Abstract

The Canal de Castilla is one of the most important works of hydraulic engineering in

Spain, it was built in the 18th century. The objecve was to create a communicaon

route between the Caslian plateau and the Cantabrian coast. It was an essenal

element to unify the territory and improve transportaon. For this, different branches

were created, one of them is the Northern Branch that occupies the provinces of

Palencia and Burgos. Consequently, the railway network was expanded and improved,

which in turn encouraged the creaon of numerous highways. As a result, the main axis

linking Valladolid-Palencia-Santander was established. [1]

The operaon of the Canal de Castilla was through locks due to the unevenness of the

terrain. It was governed by a system of gates that consisted of opening them when a

barge arrived and consequently the water level rose unl it was equal to the next secon.

This system allowed navigaon. The Canal de Castilla was created to dispose of surplus

cereals and be able to transport them to other regions. Although in theory this was their

objecve, they encountered many difficules when it came to pung it into pracce.

One of the causes is the cost due to the orography of the land. The posive effects of its

construcon could be appreciated in the economic field and are sll valid today. [2] It

was directed for the manufacture of the tools of the Canal itself and for agricultural

acvies, as can be seen in the image of figure 1 of the year 1806. The different slopes

that the Canal had and the gates that allowed the entrance and exit of the water for

navigaon can be seen.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 31

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Figure 1: Graphical representaon of first lock of the Canal de Castilla. Source: Juan de Homar, Archive of

the Royal Palace of Madrid (1806) [5]

Nowadays, the main use of the Canal is irrigaon and the supply of water to nearby

towns. All this is managed by the Duero Hydrographic Confederaon (CHD), which is in

charge of exploing and maintaining it. [3] Likewise, it also has a special importance in

regional tourism since it has encouraged the creaon of Canal interpretaon centers,

museums and other acvies such as boat routes. As a result, it has favored the opening

of tourist accommodaon. [4]

In the future there are different uses that could be given to the channel. One of the

proposals that are carried out in this work is the use of hydraulic energy that is generated

in the waterfalls that exist in the different locks that are found along the Canal. For this,

numerous turbines would be placed along the route, analyzing the opmal points where

their placement would generate more energy.

References

[1] Gutiérrez, J. L. M., & Luis, J. (2014). El canal de Castilla y la vertebración del sistema de

transporte en torno a su ramal norte (1750-1936). Tst: Transportes, Servicios y

telecomunicaciones, (27), 12-36.

[2] González Pena, M. L. (1981). El Canal de Castilla.

[3] Ramírez, M. (2020). El Canal de Castilla, el sueño de la meseta castellana por alcanzar el mar.

Técnica Industrial, (327), 26-30.

[4] Pardo Abad, C. J., & Fernández Portela, J. (2022). El Canal de Castilla: recurso patrimonial

del agua y perspectivas de uso e innovación turística.

[5] Geijo, J. M., Sanchez-Lite, A., Zulueta, P., & Sampaio, A. Z. (2022). Study of an “Artefact” of

the Castilla Canal: Reconstruction of the Missing Machinery. Machines, 10(4), 239.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 32

CITE 2023


MULTIFUNCTIONAL PARK TO CONTRIBUTE TO SOCIAL INTEGRATION

1

Wendy Alexandra Estrada Maximiliano

1

alexandra.emaxi@gmail.com

Keywords: Public space, park, multifunctional, social integration, quality of urban life.

Abstract

Although, public space since its origin has played mulple funcons in favor of the urban

inhabitant and the environment; have been about the place where social phenomena

occur; of posive impact such as the appropriaon of the place or negave as cizen

insecurity. The Alameda Ecológica de Tacna, projected by this last scenario, presents an

abandonment and informal occupaon (See Figure 1) that has generated a process of

physical and social degradaon, thus prevenng socializaon. Faced with this, its

wasteland condion is presented as an opportunity from the design to rethink the urban

parks of Tacna, monofunconal, under the authenc concept of a public park as a

mulfunconal space integrated into the urban and social context. [1]

Pre-existing routes and water scarcity

Public infrastructure without environmental comfort

Informal trade in wasteland

Private appropriation of public spaces

Figure 1: Situational status of the Alameda Ecológica (Source: Prepared by the author, based on the

results of the site analysis)

It should be noted that these recreaonal areas significantly affect the quality of life, the

economy and the appropriaon of the place; thus, generang a lack of social integraon.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 33

CITE 2023


This problem allows us to understand that the proposed mulfunconal park must

contribute to improving the quality of urban life, the acvaon of economic producon

and the appropriaon of the place.

As an objecve, a Mulfunconal Park is proposed to contribute to the social integraon

of the populaon of the district of Coronel Gregorio Albarracín Lanchipa.

The site analysis and the results of the surveys allowed to idenfy the urban problems

of the place and their respecve intervenon criteria (See Figure 2). Based on these

criteria, the intervenon strategies described in Figure 3 are established.

Problems

Pre-existing routes

and water scarcity

Public

infrastructure

without

environmental

comfort

Informal trade

Private

appropriation of

public spaces

REUSE ARTICULAR RENOV WITH

Intervention criteria

• Rescue the

layout of paths

traveled by

neighbors

• Recycle water for

irrigation

• Revitalize the

natural

landscape

context.

• Shorten

distances to

recreational,

commercial and

cultural activities

• Consider bike

path

• Propose

activities of great

interaction

• Connect

spatially and

socially

• Preserve,

transform

and generate

sources of

employment

• Empowering

communitybased

organizations

• Define short,

medium and longterm

trigger

activities

• Propose a

comfortable

transition zone

between park and

neighborhood

Figure 2: Intervention criteria. (Source: Prepared by the author, based on the results of site analysis and

surveys)

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 34

CITE 2023


REUSE ARTICULAR CONNECT RENOV WITH

Main Trail and

Service Nucleus

Environmental

structure

Integrate socially and

spatially

Multi-program areas

Intervention strategies

Greywater treatment

system for irrigation

Revitalize the

native natural

context that

allows the

creation of green

corridors.

a. Urban

connections: every

300m

b. Preserve,

transform and

generate sources

of employment:

sales modules on

the go

c. Empowering

community-based

organizations:

meeting spaces

Develop a

programmatic edge:

nexus, combining

public and private

space.

Figure 3: Intervention strategies. (Source: Prepared by the author, based on intervention criteria)

In this way, the project is proposed as a social connector in which the different actors of

the city develop their life in community. Whose urban approach is divided into three

types of spaces: transit (necessary), stay (oponal) and vegetaon (social) (see Figure 4)

[2]

Transit Sojourn Vegetation

Patios and passive

recreation platforms:

Gardens

Exteriors, complementary patios and passive

playgrounds:

Multifunctional patios

Main pedestrian path:

horizontal and vertical

every 300m

Transition - programmatic

borders: green area,

benches and tables

Service core: Service area (SS. HH., attention

and tourist security post)

Atrium squares: Green zone, waiting area

with benches and Free zone

Cultural squares-multiprogrammatic areas:

Plaza

Calle

(fairs/markets/parades/exhibitions), Green

Amphitheater (concerts) and Esplanades

(street floor/open room) and Underground

floor (Entertainment Center)

Environmental squares

-visual memory:

Gardens (Valley

Games, Games

between dunes,

Sensory Garden and

grass esplanades)

Figure 4: Urban planning. (Source: Prepared by the author, based on intervention criteria)

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 35

CITE 2023


Figure 5: Plaza-Calle (Source: Prepared by the author, based on the intervention strategies)

Figure 6: Terceary pedestrian path (Source: Prepared by the author, based on the intervention strategies)

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 36

CITE 2023


Finally, the data obtained determined the applicaon of the sustainable urban model of

compact and complex city to integrate urban pieces disarculated through

mulfunconality [3].

In conclusion, the applicaon of acomplex and compact urban structure, flexible urban

mobility, as well as the diversity and mixcity of uses mainlyinfluence the appropriaon of

the place, economic dynamism and quality of urban life; thus, posively influencing

social integraon.

References

[1] A. M. García Lorca, "El parque urbano como espacio multifuncional: origen, evolución y

pprincipales funciones," DIALNET, no. n°13, pp. 105-112, 1989.

[2] J. Gehl, Life between Buildings: Using Public Space, Copenhagen: Danish Architectural

press, 2006, p. 202.

[3] MAGRAMA, Agencia de Ecología Urbana de Barcelona and Red de Redes de Desarrollo

Local Sostenible, “Sistema de indicadores y condicionantes para ciudades grandes y

medianas,” España, 2011.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 37

CITE 2023


THE BENEFITS OF THE REPRODUCTION AND EXPLOITATION OF THE

NATURAL PROCESS OF INFILTRATION OF RUNOFF.

1

Evelio Teijón López-Zuazo; 2 Álvaro González Payo

1

Department of Construcon and Agronomy, University of Salamanca, Spain. eteijon@usal.es

2

Department of Infrastructure Projects and Works, Getafe City Hall, Spain.

alvaro.gonzalez@ayto-getafe.org

Keywords: LEED, drainage, maintenance, town-planning, 2030 Agenda.

Abstract

Each drop of rain has had its influence on the geographical features of the diverse regions

of the world.

Furthermore, water has invariably followed a patern known as water cycle, including

infiltraon into the soil as a part of that cycle, providing essenal benefits, namely, the

stabilisaon of average temperature, the formaon of substratum fit for the originaon

of flora and fauna along with their corresponding benefits against soil erosion, the

formaon and subsistence of aquifers and the filtering and mineral enrichment of

rainwater.

Human beings have generally been exploing natural resources without taking

advantage of what natural processes provide, most of the me. The tradional urban

planning and development is an example. That is why, over the last years, noteworthy

internaonal agreements have been atained. The 2030 Agenda, September 2015, is the

latest of those agreements. Today the horizon is only believed to be possible by being

sustainable. This supposes, in part, to evolve together with natural processes.

The current urbanism causes the emergence of heat islands, the increase in the energy

poverty levels, the ever-growing damage to ecosystems that receive runoffs from urban

sanitaon networks, the obsolescence and lack of capacity of the exisng infrastructures

for treang waste water and, in conclusion, the duty to adopt measures aiming at

palliang these problems that mainly consist on considerable investments in order to

expand and remodel the current infrastructures along with administrave measures

which complicate and bureaucrase, all the more, the planning or the permits obtaining.

A viable alternave are the sustainable drainage systems (SuDS). These systems can

manage torrenal rains and are an effecve tool for proper urban planning which intend

to reproduce and / or restore those hydrological processes before urban development,

specifically, infiltraon, filtraon, water reservoir, flow rolling or evapotranspiraon.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 38

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They provide with environmental, social, and economical profitability:

- They contribute to the natural restoration of the urban landscape.

- They supply with quality of life to citizens and get them involved in a proper use

of water for their lives and comfort.

- They make it possible to avoid investments to increase or remodel existing

sanitation infrastructure as the city surface rises.

- They benefit home economics, allowing them reduce water consumption or a

frequent use of air conditioning.

- They make it feasible to gain professional prestige by environmental

certifications such as Passivhaus, BREEAM®, LEED, VERDE and Cradle to Cradle®.

- They facilitate urban development that, in turns, revitalise economy and society,

by allowing to overcome administration difficulties that, otherwise, would

impede the aforementioned developments.

Nevertheless, they are unknown systems to most of the economic agents. Besides, litle

experience in their use is shown and they entail important challenges, being required to

invest in their invesgaon.

Figure 1: Lack of capacity of a treatment plant in a torrential event. (Source: Authors)

Figure 2: Parterre for catchment in infiltration at new construction sport facilities. Getafe. Madrid.

(Source: Authors)

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 39

CITE 2023


References

[1] E. Teijón López-Zuazo, A. González Payo. Final Degree Project for adaptation to Civil

Engineering. University of Salamanca. 2022.

[2] García-Haba, E., Rodríguez-Hernández, J., Andrés-Doménech, I., Hernández-Crespo, C.,

Anta, J., Martín, M. 2022. Design of permeable pavements in Spain: current situation and

future needs. Ingeniería del agua, 26(4), 279-296. https://doi.org/10.4995/la.2022.18290

[3] European Comission, The EU and the United Nations: common goals for a sustainable

future. https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/internationalstrategies/sustainable-development-goals/eu-and-united-nations-common-goalssustainable-future_en

[4] De la Fuente García, L., Perales Momparler, S., Rico Cortés, M., Andrés Doménech, I.,

Marco Segura, J. B. (2021) Guía Básica para el Diseño de Sistemas Urbanos de Drenaje

Sostenible en la Ciudad de València. Cicle Integral de l’Aigua. Ajuntament de València.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 40

CITE 2023


THE ROLE OF BUILDING-INTEGRATED GREENERY SYSTEMS ON

BUILDING’S SUSTAINABILITY CERTIFICATIONS

1

Marcelo Reyes; 2 Gabriel Perez; 2 Julia Coma

1

Andrés Bello National University, marcelo.reyes@unab.cl

2

University of Lleida, gabriel.perez@udl.cat julia.coma@udl.cat

Keywords: nature based solution, sustainable certification process, scoring, impact

Abstract

Urban environment is under great pressure to provide new resources and meet demands

for a more sustainable and human scale for its people [1]. Sustainable construcon is a

field of invesgaon and implementaon that seeks to rethink the way new buildings

are constructed and retrofit the exisng local buildings in order to benefit the people

and stakeholders who surround them. Various technologies provide soluons for

sustainable construcon such as solar panels, energy efficient products and naturebased

soluons, all of them provide benefits and costs that can be cerfied in to achieve

a sustainable building recognion. Sustainable construcon cerficaon schemes

provides standards and goals for sustainable development at the city level. Building

integrated greenery-systems (BIGS) are a nature based soluon at the city level that can

not only provide aesthecs benefits, but also a more complete set of indicators as they

create new green spaces, reduce the heat island effect, reduce water runoff and provide

other benefits [2]. The aim of this study is to present the relaonship between BIGS and

six different cerficaon schemes that were analyzed from the scoring manuals, the

graphical abstract of this proposal is presented in figure 1. While some cerficaons

consider the BIGS as a direct input for the cerficaon process others just consider them

as a tool for fulfilling other goals, but do not consider the benefits that BIGS create into

the cerficaon process. Since every sustainable construcon project is different the

cerficaon process gives different valuaon to the implemented BIGS. Depending on

the cerficaon scheme, the contribuon of BIGs can vary wich represents an

opportunity to recognize the value added by this technology [3].

Figure 1: Graphical Abstract

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 41

CITE 2023


For every cerficaon scheme, indicators related to biophilic and sustainable

construcon criteria are presented; every indicator is analyzed considering the presence

of BIGS into the infrastructure thus adding score to the cerficaon process.

Finally a comparave matrix between the different scores obtained is presented that can

help stakeholders and advisors to consider BIGS implementaon as an integral

technology for cerficaon process, results provide a variety of benefits for cerficaons

creang specific value depending the process selected. Some results show that

contribuon of BIGS in energy secon is especially relevant for LEED and GBC

cerficaon process, while indoor environmental quality increases the scoring on DNGB

and HQE process. A discussion about the possibilies of more indicators that can be

measured and the importance to consider the impact of natured based soluons in new

versions of cerficaon process is presented.

As a general conclusion, the BIGS as a nature-based soluon at city level can provide

specific inputs to improve sustainable cerficaon process, this allows more benefits not

only for landlords and owners, but a wider range of stakeholders. The type of

cerficaon determines the contribuon of BIGS to this process.

References

[1] A. Shamsuzzoha, J. Nieminen, S. Piya, and K. Rutledge, “Smart city for sustainable

environment : A comparison of participatory strategies from Helsinki , Singapore and

London,” vol. 114, no. February, 2021.

[2] M. Manso, I. Teotónio, C. M. Silva, and C. O. Cruz, “Green roof and green wall benefits and

costs: A review of the quantitative evidence,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 135, no.

July 2020, 2021, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110111.

[3] A. Naranjo, A. Colonia, J. Mesa, H. Maury, and A. Maury-Ramírez, “State-of-the-art green

roofs: Technical performance and certifications for sustainable construction,” Coatings,

vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2020, doi: 10.3390/coatings10010069.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 42

CITE 2023


CONFLICT MANAGEMENT PROCEDURE IN CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES.

1

Nazaret Morera de la Torre; 2 Miriam Zamora Calleja; 3 Crisna Calderón Gallo; 4 Mercedes del

Río Merino.

1

Jefa de producción Arpada S.A. nmorera@arpada.net

2

Departamento de PRL, calidad y medioambiente ARPADA S.A. mzamora@arpada.net

3

Directora del departamento de PRL, calidad y medioambiente de ARPADA S.A.

ccalderon@arpada.net

4

Grupo TEMA ETSEM UPM. mercedes.delrio@upm.es.

Keywords: Conflict management, construction, psychosocial risks, PRL.

Abstract

Construcon sites are temporary work centers; working condions are highly variable

and always at very high rates; there are many interferences and concurrences between

acvies; many of the agents involved have litle educaon and training, etc [1].

Therefore, this complexity and specificity of the construcon sector in Spain makes it

one of the industrial sectors with the highest accident rates.

On the other hand, in recent years, occupaonal risks are increasing due to other

emerging risks, psychosocial risks. In work carried out by the research team [2] it was

possible to conclude, aer evaluang these risks in the personnel of a Spanish

construcon company, that the most important risk factor to work on in order to avoid

them is Parcipaon/Supervision. This conclusion was also reached by the study

conducted by the Construcon Labor Foundaon (FLC) "Disclosure on the importance of

psychosocial aspects in the construcon sector (2016)" [3].

This factor refers to the level of parcipaon or involvement that the worker has in

decision making and whether or not he/she has the possibility to plan and control

his/her own work.

In general, psychosocial risks favor a negave work climate, with the appearance of

personal conflicts, poor relaonships and lack of cooperaon, favoring compeveness

among colleagues [4]. When this happens, conflicts arise, i.e., disagreements,

misunderstandings, differences in expectaons, etc.

Modern conflict theory holds that conflicts are neither good nor bad in themselves, but

that it is their effects or consequences that determine whether a conflict is good or bad.

Therefore, the most important thing is how the conflict is handled and what the results

are, i.e., determining whether the conflict will be funconal (make it grow) or

dysfunconal (paralyze organizaonal life) [5]. Therefore, in companies it is common that

there are protocols for the Management of labor conflicts to prevent or contain the

escalaon of a conflict, reducing its destrucve nature with the ulmate goal of reaching

a situaon in which it is possible to reach an agreement and even a successful resoluon

of the conflict.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 43

CITE 2023


This paper presents part of the results of a research work that aims to generate a

Protocol for conflict management in Spanish construcon companies, considering only

the possible internal conflicts between different profiles of workers.

For this purpose, a search will be made of the exisng conflict management protocols in

different industrial sectors and in the seven main Spanish construcon companies listed

on the Stock Exchange (ACS, Acciona, Ferrovial, FCC, Sacyr, OHLA and San José) according

to the Global Powers of Construcon (GPoC) Annual Report, prepared by Deloite [6]. It

should be noted that in the public administraon it is easier for them to have this

procedure in place, while in the construcon sector they have codes of ethics and

conduct, although these do not include their own conflict management procedures.

Subsequently, they will be analyzed and compared to determine, through the Delphi

method, those aspects that should be part of a generic conflict management protocol

for Spanish construcon companies. Finally, the protocol will be applied in a company

through a case study.

References

[1] M. Zamora et al. Metodología para evaluar y reducir los riesgos psicosociales en los

equipos de obras de edificación Tesis doctoral UPM (2023).

[2] M. Zamora et al. Riesgos psicosociales en técnicos de los equipos de obra (2023). Dyna.

[3] FLC (2016). https://www.lineaprevencion.com/recursos/la-prevencion-de-los-riesgospsicosociales-en-el-sector-de-la-construccion

[4] M. del Río et al. Good practices to reduce psychosocial risks in site teams of building

construction companies (2023). Dyna.

[5] https://www.lineaprevencion.com/recursos/gestion-de-conflictos.

[6] https://www2.deloitte.com/es/es/pages/energy-and-resources/articles/global-powers-ofconstruction.html

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 44

CITE 2023


EFFECTS OF THE GROUND TEMPERATURE HYPOTHESES ON THE ENERGY

PERFORMANCE GAP OF IN-USE BUILDINGS. A CASE STUDY IN ALMERIA

1,2

Lapuente C.S; 2* Soutullo S.; 2 Sánchez M.N.; 2 Giancola E.; 1,2 Jiménez M.J.

1

Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, cserrano@psa.es; mjose.jimenez@psa.es

2

Energy Efficiency in Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT, silvia.soutullo@ciemat.es;

nuria.sanchez@ciemat.es; emanuela.giancola@ciemat.es

Keywords: building energy performance, ground temperature, in-situ tests, dynamic analysis,

performance gap

Abstract

The work reported in this paper explores the effect of the ground temperature on the

accuracy of the energy performance assessment of in-use buildings. The difference

between the simulated and actual energy performance of buildings is a problem being

considered by many research works [1]. There are several factors that can contribute

to this performance gap. For example, inaccurate information on the building

geometry or its thermal properties, approximations implemented in the simulation

models and tools, deviations of the input variables regarding actual ones such as the

climate conditions [2] [3], the occupancy patterns [4], [5], etc. Ground temperature is

one of the variables that define the boundary conditions of a building. Accordingly,

the different hypotheses and approximations implemented in the simulations models

used to assess the building thermal performance can incorporate a certain

uncertainty. Assuming this boundary surface as adiabatic, or assigning it a

temperature obtained as monthly or annual average of the outdoor air temperature,

are the most usual assumptions implemented in these simulations. This work

compares the influence on the building energy simulations results considering

different usual assumptions, with the use of the temperature measured at different

ground depths. It is focused on a case study consisting in an in-use office building

constructed in Tabernas (Almería), in south-eastern Spain [6]. One office of this

building has been simulated using TRNSYS and data from long term monitoring

campaigns, from June 2018 to June 2019 and December 2019 to March 2020, have

been used. The energy performance of the considered office has been assessed using

these usual approximations and also the measurements of the ground temperature

at different depths. These analyses are structured in a simulation methodology,

shown in Figure 1. First the measurements are qualitatively analysed so that they can

be used as input values for the building model. Afterwards the differences in the

energy performance of the building assessed considering the usual approximations

and the measured data, are quantified. Finally, the pros and cons of the different

approximations and measurements are discussed.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 45

CITE 2023


DYNAMIC SIMULATION

PROCESS

Input information Theorecal modelization Quanfying the differences

Figure 1. Dynamic simulaon process used to characterize the ground behaviour in the building

model.

References

[1] W. Tian, Y Heo, P de Wilde, Z Li, D Yan, C.S. Park, X Feng, G. Augenbroe. A review of

uncertainty analysis in building energy assessment. Renewable and Sustainable

Energy Reviews 2018, 93, pp. 285–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.029

[2] M.N. Sánchez, S. Soutullo, R. Olmedo, D. Bravo, S. Castaño, M.J. Jiménez. 2020. An

experimental methodology to assess the climate impact on the energy performance of

buildings: A ten-year evaluation in temperate and cold desert areas. Applied Energy.

264, 114730. DOI: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114730

[3] E. Giancola; M.N. Sánchez; H. López; J.A. Ferrer; M.J. Jiménez; S. Soutullo. Updated

climate files in the simulation of residential buildings. Building Simulation 2021

Conference (BS2021). 1-3 September. Bruges. Belgium

[4] J.A. Díaz, M.J. Jiménez. 2017. Experimental assessment of room occupancy patterns in

an office building. Comparison of different approaches based on CO 2 concentrations

and computer power consumption. Applied Energy. 199, pp. 121–141. DOI:

10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.04.082.

[5] S. Soutullo; E. Giancola; M.N. Sánchez; H.P. Díaz-Hernández; M.J. Jiménez. Simulation

analysis and the role of occupancy measurements addressing the energy performance

gap. Study of an office building in Almería. 9 th Euro-American Congress. Construction

Pathology, Rehabilitation Technology and Heritage Management. REHABEND 2022. 13-

16 September 2022.

[6] R. Olmedo, M.N. Sánchez, R. Enríquez, M.J. Jiménez, M.R. Heras. 2016. “ARFRISOL

Buildings-UIE3-CIEMAT”. Chapter of "IEA, EBC Annex 58, Report of Subtask 1a. Inventory

of full scale test facilities for evaluation of building energy performances". (Editor: A.

Janssens). ISBN: 9789460189906, Published by KU Leuven, Belgium.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 46

CITE 2023


SUSTAINABILITY DIAGNOSIS OF EDUCATIONAL CENTERS' PERFORMANCE

AND TOOL DEVELOPMENT TO INCREASE THE COMPETENCIES OF THE

EDUCATIONAL COMMUNITY

1

José Alberto Díaz; 1 Silvia Soutullo; 1 Emanuela Giancola; 1 María Nuria Sanchez; 2 Ana Rosa

Gamarra; 2 Carmen Lago; 2 Yolanda Lechón; 3 Israel Marqués Valderrama; 3 Ricardo Chacartegui;

3

Jose Antonio Becerra

1

Energy Efficiency in Buildings Unit, CIEMAT – alberto.diaz@ciemat.es

2

Energy System Analysis Unit, CIEMAT – AnaRosa.Gamarra@ciemat.es

3

Energy Engineering Department, Universidad de Sevilla - isrmarval@alum.us.es

Keywords:

Sustainability; Education; Footprint Reduction; Energy Efficiency; Digital Tools

Abstract

The ECF4CLIM Project co-designs, tests and validates a European competency

framework for the educaonal community to drive the transion to a sustainable and

low-carbon economy. This framework strengthens individual and collecve competences

(knowledge, skills) in the areas of climate change and sustainable development,

involving in a parcipatory way educaonal centers of different levels and European

countries together with public bodies, research centers and companies. In this context,

different tasks have been defined, including the analysis of the energy and

environmental performance of each educaonal center. The diagnosis of these centers

is being carried out through audits and analysis tools aimed at opmizing energy and

environmental performance.

The performed audits have been designed to collect informaon on different aspects

using different data sources: documenng uses and habits of the center (architectural

plans, planning and consumpon bills); sustainability, environmental or energy programs

ongoing in the centers through surveys to teachers and students; sampling techniques for

specific measurements (waste produced) and on-site visits. Each audit characterizes the

school buildings (size, locaon, construcon, use); gas and electricity energy

consumpon (heang and air condioning, lighng, equipment); user comfort and air

quality; waste and water management; transport used by teachers, students and

families; green spaces and green procurement. To this purpose, representave

classrooms have been selected to design a monitoring system to quanfy energy

consumpon, indoor temperature and air quality condions. The informaon related to

the school's environmental impact and energy consumpon determines the current

status with respect to energy and environmental parameters through the calculaon of

comparable Key Performance Indicators (KPIs).

Finally, analysis tools have been designed in a simulaon space with a wide ulity,

considering different types of users, like school staff or students' families.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 47

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Figure 1: Overview of the Simulators Space

As a result, a set of soware tools is developed, which can be fed with the data collected

in the described audits:

- An environmental footprint calculator including the school building operation

and maintenance, the learning and teaching activities, as well as mobility and

transportation, identifies critical points and the potential for environmental

improvement.

- A retrofitting toolkit focused on identifying strategies adapted to the climatic

conditions of each educational center, enabling the dynamic assessment of

energy performance according to different construction and use parameters.

- A sustainability intervention evaluation tool able to analyze the effect of the

measures of improvement to be proposed (such as infrastructure investments or

behavioural practices).

Combining these tools with the audit provides the most appropriate guidelines to

implement in each center.

References

[1] Gamarra A. et al. (2021) Low-Carbon Economy in Schools: Environmental Footprint and

Associated Externalities of Five Schools in Southwestern Europe. Energies 14(19), 6238.

[2] Lizana J. et al. (2021) A methodology to empower citizens towards a low-carbon economy.

The potential of schools and sustainability indicators Development of integrated demand

and supply side management. J. Environ. Manage. 284, 112043.

[3] ECF4CLIM-A European competence framework for a low carbon economy and sustainability

through education. https://www.ecf4clim.net/ (accessed 13 February 2022).

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 48

CITE 2023


VOLUMETRIC DISTRIBUTION FOR THE USE OF SOLAR ENERGY. A CASE

STUDY IN SORIA, SPAIN

1

Sanago Tomás Fondoso Ossola; 2 Irene Marni; 3 Emanuela Giancola; 4 Silvia Soutullo

1-2

Instituto de Investigaciones y Políticas del Ambiente Construido (IIPAC), Argentina;

santiagofondoso@iipac.laplata-conicet.gov.ar; irenemartini@iipac.laplata-conicet.gov.ar

3-4

Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas (CIEMAT);

emanuela.giancola@ciemat.es; silvia.soutullo@ciemat.es

Keywords: Solar Energy Use; Shadow Analysis; Volumetric Design; Environmental Simulation

Tools

Abstract

Solar energy is a promising alternave to meet the growing demand for energy. It is

clean, cheap and available all year round [1]. In the field of construcon, it is necessary

to design buildings with harnessing solar energy, considering the global energyenvironmental

situaon. For this reason, in the design stages, one of the variables to be

considered is the appropriate distribuon of spaces and the adopon of specific forms

for the future incorporaon of passive and/or acve systems in each project [2]. In this

process, exisng elements that may generate negave shadows must be considered and

the limits of the site for the implementaon of buildings must be evaluated. The use of

simulaon tools allows quanfying the energy performance of different building

configuraons in a dynamic way, providing informaon that facilitates the decisionmaking

process. In this context, the aim of this work is to idenfy the alternaves that

offer the greatest possibility of capturing solar energy on the exposed surfaces of a given

project. For this purpose, a methodology consisng of 3 stages is used: i. Current

situaon, ii. Formulaon of alternaves and iii. Results comparison. The final

configuraon will be adopted according to the energy requirements of the building and

the maximized solar potenals, through an opmal parameterisaon in terms of

complexity and computaonal cost of the whole simulaon process. The result of this

methodology will be applicable to new and exisng buildings through construcon and

retrofing.

As an applicaon of this methodology, different locaon alternaves for a modular

laboratory, were studied. A lightweight modular structure placed at the CEDER- CIEMAT

facilies in Soria (Spain), characterized by an oceanic climate (C zone according to the

Köppen climate classificaon) was considered as case study. This climate has long and

cold winters with frequent snowfalls, warm but temperate summers with cool nights and

moderate rainfall throughout the year. The correct building façade orientaon has a

hight impact in the solar potenal calculaon since the incidence of solar radiaon on

the east and west facades has an unfavourable distribuon due to a higher incidence

during the summer months. The south façade reaches the maximum incidence of solar

radiaon during the spring and autumn months, with minimum values in the

summerme. Finally, the north orientaon accumulates the lowest solar radiaon

throughout the year.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 49

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The methodology will allow to determine quantavely and qualitavely the impact of

the shadows generated on the building of interest, which provides new bases for the

project authories to make beter decisions.

Figure 1: Methodological scheme. (Source: own elaboration)

References

[1] S. K. Sansaniwal, V. Sharma, and J. Mathur, “Energy and exergy analyses of various typical

solar energy applications: A comprehensive review,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 82,

no. January, pp. 1576–1601, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.003.

[2] P. J. Chévez, “Análisis de medidas de eficiencia energética y energías renovables en el

sector residencial,” Universidad Nacional de Salta, 2015.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 50

CITE 2023


INVARIANTS OF POPULAR CONSTRUCTION IN SUSTAINABILITY

1

Gregorio García López de la Osa; 2 Ricardo Tendero Caballero; 3 Inmaculada Marnez Pérez

1

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación, Departamento

D080 Construcciones arquitectónicas y su control, grupo de investigación AIPA – Análisis e

Intervención en Patrimonio Arquitectónico, g.garcia.lopezosa@upm.es

2


D080 Construcciones arquitectónicas y su control, ricardo.tendero@upm.es

3


D080 Construcciones arquitectónicas y su control, i.martinez@upm.es

Keywords: sostenible, construcción, popular, vernacular, tradicional

Abstract

The undeniable value of popular, traditional and/or vernacular built heritage is based on

obvious reasons. First of all, the cultural richness it represents. Perhaps this is the least

obvious reason, that of knowledge for knowledge's sake. The knowledge of thousands

of generations within physiographic parameters (geology, geography, climate and

available materials), anthropological (ethnographic, sociological and economic) and

historical-cultural (history, religion, tradition and technological index) [1][2].

Secondly, the technical richness it represents. It is an immense catalog of constructive

solutions, refined by the experience of thousands of years (Spain is a country with an

enormous climatic, physiographic, ethnographic, historical and cultural variety)[3].

Effective and efficient solutions. Basic and easily reproducible solutions, as long as we

have taken care to collect that knowledge.

Thirdly, the dizzying pace at which we are losing it. In the near future, a huge number of

these constructions and the solutions adopted will have been lost. For economic and

also sociological reasons, ancient heritage gives way to modern construction, which is

not always necessarily better. Post-industrial techniques are systematically chosen and

the implicit knowledge existing in the tradition is disregarded.

Fourthly, there is a prevalence of market needs, in economically very profitable

activities, which necessarily require the space occupied by popular constructions, such

as tourism. In this way, the dictatorship of the market is imposed against other values,

not so profitable, but more important in the long term.

Fifth, in general, society lacks deep knowledge and respect for traditional culture, which

is giving up its space to take the place of the "picturesque".

The set of the above reasons brings with it the state of generalized abandonment of the

buildings, which at a point of deterioration enter into technical ruin and finally into

physical ruin and collapse, without anyone preventing it.

But popular construction can and must participate in new strategies towards a more

sustainable society. Sustainable Development Goal 11 Sustainable cities and

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communities, like the rest of the SDGs, is developed through several targets, some of

which can be framed in the previous statement; 11.3, 11.4, 11a y 11c.

The reasons for considering popular construction sustainable are, first of all, the

materials used are low impact. Second, its rehabilitation saves a large amount of energy

by reuse, does not consume land, keeps stored carbon intact and favors sustainable

trades (stonework, pottery, carpentry), promoting the circular economy. Third, waste is

minimal and non-polluting. Fourth, the technologies used are highly durable and low

impact, these are historically proven solutions. And fifth, its use is discretionary.

References

[1] G. García López de la Osa and P. C. Izquierdo Gracia, “La cuestión del área lógica de estudio

en la construcción popular,” in Architettura tradizionale nei paesi Euro-Mediterranei, 2022,

pp. 1–20, [Online]. Available:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361723671_Area_logica_de_estudio_en_la_co

nstruccion_popular_mediterranea/stats.

[2] C. Flores López, Arquitectura popular española, 1 a . Madrid: Editorial Aguilar, 1973.

[3] L. M. Feduchi, Itinerarios de la arquitectura popular española, 1 a . barcelona: Editorial

Blume, 1974.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 52

CITE 2023


THE IMPORTANCE OF A CORRECT MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION

AND DEMOLITION WASTE FOR THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY

1

Alejandra Vidales Barriguete; 2 Carolina Piña Ramírez; 3 Katarzyna Kalinowska-Wichrowska

1

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación, Department of

Building Technology, TEMA Research group, Spain. alejandra.vidales@upm.es

2

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación, Department of

Architectural Construction and its Control, TEMA Research group, Spain. carolina.pina@upm.es

3

Bialystok University of Technology, Bialystok, Poland. k.kalinowska@pb.edu.pl

Keywords: Waste management; Circular Economy; Waste Management Study; Waste

Management Plan; Construction and Demolition Waste.

Abstract

The new Spanish Law 7/2022, of April 8, on waste and contaminated soils for a circular

economy, aims not only to minimize the amount of waste generated, but also to make

efficient use of natural resources, properly apply the hierarchy principle (Prevenon,

Reuse, Recycling, Recovery, Eliminaon), or implement circular economic models that

contribute to the generaon of employment in certain sectors [1].

In the field of construcon, it is oen believed that the management of construcon and

demolion waste (CDW) covers only its control during the construcon phase of the

building. But, the reality is that this control begins from the project phase, with a correct

draing of the Waste Management Study (WMS). In this inial document, included

within the project documents and therefore drawn up by the designer, the materials that

are going to be used in the work are analyzed and, therefore, the waste that can be

generated during it, but it is also It is necessary that current applicable regulaons be

taken into account, that the spaces to be used are foreseen, or that the minimum

classificaon to be carried out for CDWs and the measures to be taken to carry out said

classificaon, among others, be indicated. For its part, the promoter (waste producer)

must make a communicaon prior to the start of its acvity before the competent

Environmental Body of the Autonomous Community (although it has naonal validity),

to obtain the NIMA (Environmental Idenficaon Number).

The next thing to take into account before the start of the construcon work is the review

of the Waste Management Plan (WMP), a contractual document that the contractor

(owner of the waste) must carry out and present to the promoter. It must reflect how

the CDW management will be carried out during the execuon of the works and, in the

same way as the WMS, it must incorporate an analysis of the actual condions of the

RCD. Among them, it is worth nong the layout and size of the spaces available on site

for the placement of containers, and the decision of where to carry out the classificaon

of the waste (in the work itself or in the treatment plant), which largely depends on said

spaces. Once these aspects have been analyzed, the WMP must be approved by the

Project Management and accepted by the promoter. Likewise, all the authorizaons of

transporters, waste managers and treatment centers involved must be requested and

verified.

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Finally, the work execution phase involves carrying out an exhaustive control of CDW

work release notes and certificates of entry to the treatment plant, in order to have their

traceability identified at all times (Figure 1). The minimum data that both CDW work

release notes and treatment plant entry certificates must contain are: LER (European

List of Waste) code [2], quantity, place of waste generation, carrier and destination

treatment center. In addition, the waste manager's certificate must include the type of

treatment that the waste will receive. In conclusion, correct waste management entails

a detailed review of documents and authorization prior to the start of the work, as well

as a meticulous and detailed control of the documents generated during it.

Figure 1: Construction and demolition waste container

References

[1] Jefatura del Estado. (2022). Ley 7/2022, de 8 de abril, de residuos y suelos contaminados

para una economía circular (p. 137). BOE núm. 85 de 09/04/2022.

[2] Comisión Europea, Decisión de la Comisión de 18 de diciembre de 2014 por la que se

modifica la Decisión 2000/532/CE, sobre la lista de residuos, de conformidad con la

Directiva 2008/98/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo. Diario Oficial de la Unión

Europea, 2014.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 54

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ENHANCING HYDROPHILICITY AND SELF-CLEANING PROPERTIES OF

BUILDING GLASSES USING FE DOPED TTTTTT 22 PREPARED BY SOL-GEL

METHOD

1

Ehsan MehmandoustEsfahani, 1 Antonio Nieto-Márquez, 1 José Antonio Díaz López

1

Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Química y Diseño Industrial. Escuela Técnica Superior

de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

E.mehmandoustesfahani@alumnos.upm.es antonio.nieto@upm.es jose.dlopez@upm.es

Keywords: TiO 2 thin films, Fe doped, hydrophilicity, self-cleaning, sol-gel

Abstract

Anfog, anreflecve, anglare and anbacterial coangs are some types of opcal

coangs applied to the surface of glassy pieces and other devices to improve their

performance. TiO 2 is the most famous anfog agent due to its highly hydrophilic

behavior under ultra violet (UV) light. This property has been developed by

applying TiO 2 photocatalyst on the surface of glass to enhance the photocatalyc effect

in the UV region. However, the need for a UV source limits its benefits. To deal with this

problem, a generic way is to modify TiO2 by doping with a metal ion which leads to a

decrease in band gap energy; therefore, photo excitaon could occur in visible and/or

UV light. The most popular dopants for this purpose are Ag, Fe, Cu, Au, Pt and etc., which

have been applied by many producon methods [1]. In the present work, sol–gel dipping

technique was applied to form monocrystalline Fe doped TiO2 thin film on a glass

substrate. X-ray diffracon (XRD) for phase and structure study was carried out on

samples. The opcal properes were studied by UV-vis spectroscopy to measure the

band gaps in the wavelength range of 300 to 800 nm and hydrophilicity of sample

surfaces was evaluated by contact angle technique.

Fe doped TiO2 with different molar raon (0.8,1.5,2.2,3) were prepared through adding

different amounts of Fe precursors to the starng soluon. Addion of Fe conducted to

a decrease of anatase peaks intensity, indicang that crystallite sizes decreased from 20

nm for pure TiO2 to 12-16 nm accordingly.

The UV-Vis absorbance spectra of undoped and doped TiO2 thin films was evaluated for

all samples. The absorbance spectrum of Fe doped TiO2 films shows that the absorpon

edge shied towards longer wavelengths (redshied) from 380 nm to 440 nm by

increasing the amount of dopants. The contact angles of samples with different amounts

of Fe ions were measured in an opcal goniometer with water and ethylen glicol drops

in darkness and under UVA irradiaon. The undoped TiO2 thin film yields a hight contact

angle indicave of its relave hydrophobicity in darkness. By doping with Fe the contact

angle decreased in dakness, indicang that films increased their hydrophilic nature. This

result was further evidenced under UVA irradiaon. As an example, aer 15 min under

UV illuminaon, the contact angle of the Fe doped film with a molar rao of 3 decreased

to less than 10 0 and it was enrely weted aer 30 min of UVA exposure.

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(a) (b) (c) (d)

Figure 1: Changes in contact angle of pure TiO2 and TiO2 doped with Fe (3 molar ratio). (a)Pure TiO2 in

darkness (b) TiO2 doped with Fe (3 molar ratio) in darkness (c) doped sample 15 min under UVA (d) doped

sample 30 min under UVA

These results show a promising application of photocatalytic glass for building

applications with enhanced optical properties, that can possitively affect not only to selfcleaning

performance, but also to antibacterial and depolluting behaviour when

installed in a building.

References

[1] S.Naghibi, S.Vahed, O.Torabi. Evaluation of photocatalytic activity of TiO 2 thin film

prepared by sol-gel hot dip-coating. Journal of Advanced materials and Processing 3 (2014)

55-66.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 56

CITE 2023


ANALYSIS OF A LIVING UNIT’S BEHAVIOR WITH PASSIVE AIR

CONDITIONING SYSTEMS LOCATED IN THE CITY OF GRANADA

1

Nelson Galvis; 2 Denisse González; 3 María Fernanda Rodríguez

1

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, nelson.galvis@alumnos.upm.es

2

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, da.gonzalez@alumnos.upm.es

2

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, mf.rodriguez@alumnos.upm.es

Keywords: passive cooling, envelope, optimization, energy consumption, energy assessment

Abstract

The design of a building takes into account various variables that architects must

consider at each stage of the process. Factors such as the orientaon of the building and

its enclosures, intended use by its occupants, and most importantly, the climac

condions to which the building will be exposed are crical in meeng the minimum

compliance requirements of the Technical Building Code (TBC) in Spain and ensuring that

the end result is a comfortable living space.

From this perspecve, a study is conducted on a building, specifically an apartment

building, given its residenal purpose. The original construcon features are analyzed

and modified to comply with the Technical Building Code (TBC) requirements in the city

of Granada. The building is figuravely relocated to Granada to ensure compliance with

variables such as building and enclosure orientaon, intended use, and local climate. The

original characteriscs did not meet TBC requirements, and therefore, the building is

opmized by using appropriate enclosure materials to achieve compliance.

The analysis of both the Original and Opmized buildings is conducted to review each

variable. The opmizaon is successful, resulng in an improvement of over 50%

compared to the original condions of the building. Passive strategies are mostly used,

integrang heang and cooling only during the required seasons, i.e., winter and

summer, respecvely.

Finally, accurate data visualizaon demonstrates how improvements in insulaon and

material modificaons can enhance a home's energy efficiency.

These conclusions can be pointed out:

• The improvement in thermal comfort resulting from the simulation is evident.

Thermal gains are achieved during winter, and solar radiation levels are reduced

during summer. It can be concluded that effective management of passive and

active systems in a home can result in a considerable reduction in energy

consumption, with some improvements exceeding 50%.

• A well-designed heating system can significantly improve the comfort level inside

a home. According to the graphics of the original building and the simulation, it

is possible to achieve a close to 45% improvement compared to not having an

integrated heating system.

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Figure 1: Thermal balance of the original and optimized building in heating analysis.(Source: Own

Creation)

• The energy simulation enables us to analyze the actual energy consumption of

the building. While the original building consumes the same amount of electricity

as the optimized building, the gas consumption increases due to the added

heating required during the winter season. However, the simulation shows that

with power generation through photovoltaic panels, the amount of electricity

generated in a year would be sufficient to supply the unit without the need for

gas.

Table 1: Electricity consumption and generation. (Source: Design Builder)

• The results from the simulation can be applied to the original building located in

Chile, as the improved energy efficiency and thermal performance achieved

through better enclosure and passive solutions make it a feasible option in its

original setting.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 58

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References

[1] Casquet Romera, Miguel. Estudio de Optimización de una vivienda unifamiliar según zonas

climáticas de España. Grado en Ingeniería en Tecnologías Industriales, Universidad

Politécnica de Cartagena, 2022.

[2] Cerrón Contreras, Amanda. Sistemas de calefacción pasiva para lograr el confort térmico

en viviendas altoandinas de Perú. Universidad Nacional Federico Villarreal. Lima, Perú,

2022.

[3] Domínguez Cicorio, Carmiña Elizabeth; García Solorzano, Luis Aaron; Ruíz Torres, Raúl

Pavel. Monitoreo térmico de barrera vertical con vegetación, evaluando el desempeño a

través de la experimentación y herramienta de simulación, Revista de Ciencias

Tecnológicas (RECIT). Universidad Autónoma de Baja California ISSN 2594-1925 Volumen 5

(1): 1-19. Enero-Marzo 2022.

[4] Cornejo Cárdenas, Carlos. Bases para una evaluación de la Arquitectura Sostenible, CIC.

Boletín del Centro de Investigación de la Creatividad UCAL Vol. 2. Marzo 2017.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 59

CITE 2023


WALNUT AND HAZELNUT SHELLS FOR INSULATING PANELS FABRICATION

1

Luisa Errico; 1 Arisbel Cerpa-Naranjo; 1 Javier Pérez-Piñeiro

1

School of Architecture, Engineering and Design, European University of Madrid, C. Tajo s/n.

Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain. luisaerrico@gmail.com

javier.perez4@universidadeuropea.es arisbel.cerpa@universidadeuropea.es

Keywords: Insulation panels, walnut shells, hazelnut shells, sustainable materials.

Abstract

Searching new environmentally friendly materials is a goal in the construcon area. This

sector is one of the most pollung sectors due to the large number of raw materials and

the high amount of energy it requires [1,2], so it is necessary to look for ways to reduce

this environmental impact. In this work, it is proposed the use of walnut and hazelnut

shells as raw material to produce insulang materials, mainly thermal insulaon, which

can be used in houses or buildings in general. In addion, bone glue and beeswax, which

are natural binders and have been obtained in an ecological way, will be used as binders.

Tests have been carried out combining different ecological materials and changing the

rao used and their thermal conducvity has been measured. The coefficient of thermal

conducvity obtained for the biomaterials is in the range of 0.039 - 0.071 Kcal/h·m·°C.

These values are like others common materials used as thermal insulators in the

construcon sector [3-5]. Therefore, walnut or hazelnut shells could be used, giving a

use to this natural waste, in the manufacture of insulang panels in construcon.

Figure 1: Insulation panels made of biomaterials. Showing the top and the side of them. Composition: 1)

Hazelnut shells and bone glue; 2) Walnut shells, plaster cast, and bone glue; 3) Hazelnut shells and bone

glue (2:1); 4) Hazelnut shells, plaster cast, and bone glue; 5) Hazelnut shells and wax bee; 6) Hazelnut

shells, plaster cast, and wax bee.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 60

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References

[1] I. Zabalza-Bribián, A. Valero-Capilla, A. Aranda-Usón. Life Cycle Assessment of Building

Materials: Comparative Analysis of Energy and Environmental Impacts and Evaluation of

the Eco-Efficiency Improvement Potential. Build. Environ. 46 (2011), 1133-1140.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2010.12.002

[2] M. U. Hossain, C. S. Poon, I.M.C. Lo, J. C. P. Cheng. Comparative LCA on using waste

materials in the cement industry: A Hong Kong case study. Resour Conserv Recy 120

(2017), 199-208. 10.1016/j.resconrec.2016.12.012

[3] C. Hill, A. Norton, J. Dibdiakova. A comparison of the environmental impacts of different

categories of insulation materials. Energy Build. 162 (2018), 12-20.

10.1016/j.enbuild.2017.12.009

[4] J. Zach, R. Slavik, V. Novak. Investigation of the process of heat transfer in the structure of

thermal insulation materials based on natural fibres. Ecology and new building materials

and products. Procedia Engineering 151 (2016), 352-359. 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.07.389

[5] A. Covaci, A. C. Gerecke, R. J. Law, S. Voorspoels, M. Kohler, N. V. Heeb.

Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in the environment and humans: A review. Environ Sci

& Technol. 40 (2006), 3679-3688. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0602492

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 61

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STRATEGIES FOR THE ENERGY TRANSITION OF THE CONSTRUCTION

SECTOR IN THE PROVINCE OF LLEIDA (CATALUÑA, SPAIN)

1

Claudia Marín; 2 Gabriel Pérez; 3 Alvaro de Gracia; 4 Juliá Coma

1

Universidad de Lleida, cmg25@lumnes.udl.cat

2

Universidad de Lleida, gabriel.perez@udl.cat

3

Universidad de Lleida, alvaro.degracia@udl.cat

4

Universidad de Lleida, julia.coma@udl.cat

Keywords: sustainability, energy transition, construction sector, renewable energy, bio fuels

Abstract

The construcon sector, which is characterized by great heterogeneity in the type and

size of its companies, consumes a large amount of non-renewable energy resources.

With the aim of proposing strategies for a future energy transion, the development of

renewable energies, guaranteeing economic and social compeveness and

environmental sustainability, the confederaon of business organizaons of the lands of

Lleida (COELL) in which the companies of the sector are part of construcon, raised the

study of the current state of the sector in terms of consumpon and types of energy. The

study was developed with the parcipaon of micro, small and medium-sized companies

in percentages of 49%, 45% and 6% respecvely. Next, the annual consumpon of diesel

(B) in machinery and authorized transport with 60% and biodiesel (B7) for transport in

general with 40% was idenfied and quanfied. Thus, the environmental impact by GHG

is mainly caused by these two types of fuels. Regarding electricity consumpon and its

classificaon by periods (hours of the day vs. cost), companies in the construcon sector

in the province of Lleida consume around 50% of the electricity flow in period 6 and the

remaining 50% in periods from 1 to 5, which allowed us to conclude that currently

companies in the construcon sector in the province of Lleida do not have a significant

representaon of installed photovoltaic cells and/or sustainable operang alternaves

and that the distribuon of electricity by periods is due exclusively to a factor of

economic profitability. The last phase of the study included the evaluaon of cleaner

alternaves both in the short and long term, in the short term the implementaon of

renewable energies, such as photovoltaics (for which the respecve informaon was

collected as area available for installaon ) and biofuels specifically biodiesel, with

gradual increases in its bio component (oil) in its B10, B20, B30 up to B100 for the

automove fleet, machinery, works and other related areas that can contribute as a

whole to economic development , socially and environmentally more sustainable.

Followed in the long term, there will be the challenge of having a greater availability and

economic sustainability of electric and batery models for work and construcon

equipment, thus leaving the current combuson ones. The path towards electrificaon

offers a new panorama with much more environmentally responsible machinery, less

noise generaon and, each me, with less difference in terms of power and performance

compared to equipment with combuson engines. Finally, it is worth menoning that a

small fracon of the companies in the construcon sector in the province of Lleida make

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use of more environmentally friendly technologies, such as the use of pellet-type

biomass, operaon with liquefied natural gas (LNG ) and use of photovoltaic cells.

Figure 1: Bio combustibles: biodiésel. (Source: https://bit.ly/40PSvPR)

References

[1] L. Siverio Valle, D. A. Quintero Cabrera, and E. Y. Fariñas Wong, “Eficiencia energética en

edificios de oficinas mediante tecnología de iluminación LED y parque solar FV.,” Rev. Ing.

Energ., vol. 42, no. 2, pp. 1–12, 2021, [Online]. Available:

http://rie.cujae.edu.cu/index.php/RIE

[2] Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica, “RD 244/2019, 5 abril, por el que se regulan las

condiciones administrativas, técnicas y económicas del autoconsumo de energía

eléctrica.,” Boletín Of. del Estado, vol. 6 abril, no. 83, pp. 35674–35719, 2019.

[3] Parlamento y Consejo de la Unión Europea, “Directiva (UE) 2018/2001 del Parlamento

Europeo y del Consejo de 11 de diciembre de 2018 relativa al fomento del uso de energía

procedente de fuentes renovables,” Actual. Jurídica Ambient., vol. 2018, no. 87, pp. 141–

144, 2019.

[4] UP-RES, “Estrategias para la reducción de la demanda energética: el potencial en edificios

de nueva construcción y rehabilitación,” p. 36, 2011, [Online]. Available:

http://aaltopro2.aalto.fi/projects/upres/materials/Spanish_modules/M4Buildings.pdf.

[5] Parlamento Europeo, “Reglamento UE 2019/943 relativo al mercado interior de la

electricidad,” vol. 2019, pp. 54–124, 2019.

[6] compensación y proyectos de absorción de dióxido de carbono. Factores de emisión,

registro de huella sde carbono, “Ministerio de Transición Ecológica,” 2022, [Online].

Available: https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/cambio-climatico/temas/mitigacion-politicas-y

medidas/factoresemision_tcm30-479095.pdf.

[7] Organización de las Naciones Unidas, “Energía asequible y no contaminante,” Objet.

Desarro. Sosten., p. 2, 2017.

[8] R. Soley, “Bioenergía en España: ¿Es realmente una alternativa?,” Ecol. en Acción, p. 48,

2019.

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Building Technology

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DRONES AS A TOOL FOR TAKING DATA ON FACADES

1

Enrique Parra-Albarracín; 2 Irene Ros-Marn


1

Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, enrique.parra@urjc.es

2

Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, irene.ros@urjc.es

Keywords: drones, façade restoration, single-layer mortar, building technology

Abstract

One of the most common pathologies in the service life of single-layer mortar is the loss

of adhesion. This leads, in the first instance, to cracking and, subsequently, to the

detachment of fragments. During the late 1990s and a good part of the 2000s, this

coating was commonly used as a finish for the façades of apartment compounds all over

Spain. This widespread use, together with the diverse professional qualifications of

construction-related trades, has led to the recurrent appearance of material failures of

this nature.

Traditionally, data collection on façades has been carried out using mechanical aids,

such as scissors or lifting platforms, or by erecting scaffolding. The first options are

sometimes not economically viable, while the second involves a disruption to the users

of the building, as it must be erected from the initial phase until the project is processed.

An alternative to these auxiliary means is offered by image capture systems through

photogrammetry, which favor and improve the collection of information, as well as the

taking of measurements [1]. In addition, these techniques, particularly those using

drones, imply a low cost and rapid execution [2].

The aim of this communication is to show the work carried out using drones equipped

with photogrammetric equipment to scan the façade of a residential building in the

phase prior to carrying out the restoration project.

The methods followed were structured in seven stages: preliminary studies, data

collection, scanning process, identification of lesions, post-production of the images,

analysis of the results and preparation of the project.

The preliminary studies confirmed that the original plans of the building did not exist, so

the morphology and location of the building were analyzed from the outside. It could be

seen that the affected parts corresponded to the overhangs of the balconies, but the

characteristics of the building prevented the lesions from being seen correctly either

from the ground or from adjacent buildings.

Therefore, instead of resorting to a traditional solution with scaffolding,

photogrammetry with drones was chosen for data collection.

For the scanning of the façade, more than 20 turns were necessary to cover all the rows

of balconies of the building.

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A technical sheet was drawn up for each balcony, identifying the lesions, classifying the

damage and proposing possible interventions to be carried out.

The images then had to be processed, as they had to be adjusted to avoid distortions

due to lens deformations [3]. The work consisted of transforming the images in such a

way that their margin of error was so small that they could be used as a true-to-scale

representation and serve as a basis for measurements.

After analyzing the results taken from the technical files and the post-produced images,

the restoration project for the façade was drawn up and approved by the Madrid College

of Architects.

The results obtained after the process was completed were satisfactory, as the data

taken with the scanning carried out by the drones allowed a customized solution to be

designed in accordance with the problem detected. Furthermore, it did not cause any

inconvenience to the building's neighbors as no auxiliary equipment had to be installed.

The conclusion of this work is that the use of technology in building construction, in this

case drones, allows the magnitude of lesion on the façade to be known with sufficient

accuracy, reducing the error in the measurements for the applied project to a minimum.

References:

[1] R. Sancho Gómez-Zurdo, D. Galán Martín, B. González-Rodrigo, M. Marchamalo Sacristán,

R. Martínez Martín, Aplicación de la fotogrametría con drones al control deformacional de

estructuras y terreno, Informes de la Construcción, 73 (561):e379 (2021), doi:

https://doi.org/10.3989/ic.77867

[2] D. Pacheco, Drones en espacios urbanos: Caso de estudio en parques, jardines y

patrimonio edificado de Cuenca. Estoa, Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo

de la Universidad de Cuenca, 6(11) (2017), 159-168, doi: 10.18537/est.v006.n011.a12

[3] O. Montero, J. Sardi, M.A. Hermida, Posibilidades de la reconstrucción tridimensional de

zonas patrimoniales en base a fotogrametría y escáner LIDAR. El Barranco de la ciudad de

Cuenca como caso de estudio, Maskana Revista semestral de la DIUC, vol.8, nº2 (2017),

doi: https://doi.org/10.18537/mskn.08.02.07

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VIRTUAL REALITY IN BUILDING, A NEW WAY TO GET IN BUILDING

PROCESSES.

1

Manuel Álvarez Dorado, 1 Mercedes Valiente Lopez, 1 Alejandra Vidales Barriguete, 1 Patricia

Aguilera Benito, 2 Carolina Piña Ramírez, 1 Alicia Zargoza Benzal, 1 Tomás Gil López, 1 Pedro

Palmero Cabezas, 1 Isabel Bach Buendía

1

Departamento de tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación de

Madrid, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid manuel.alvarezd@upm.es

2

Departamento de construcciones arquitectónicas y su control. Escuela Técnica superior de

Edificación de Madrid. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

Keywords: Construcción de edificios, Metaverso en la edificación, Realidad Virtual, ODS

Abstract

Virtual reality is on its way to becoming a key fact in the development of modern

engineering worldwide. Currently, the application of this type of technology is

associated with rehabilitation, restoration and its objectives tend to be heritage. In this

sense, its link with the building sector has great potential. The emergence of the

metaverse concept, and the path that social development is taking, make it essential to

anticipate both its functioning and this sector’s role.

This communication presents the implementation model of a project in which students

learn to use new virtual reality technologies in building. For this purpose, a model has

been chosen as a space available to them, the Higher Technical School of Building

(ETSEM) of the Polytechnic University of Madrid (UPM). By using point cloud scanner

tools, complemented with BIM modelling technologies, all the plans of the building in

its current situation will be drawn. It is not just a design or drawing of the building shell,

but they will have to study the parts of the building in detail, carrying out studies of the

different construction phases and adding the information referred to the parts of the

building. With this, we will be able to convert this drawing into virtual reality, with the

final objective of introducing it into the metaverse of the building.

The competences to be developed in this work are the general ones linked to the

learning processes of the subject in which it is attached, in addition to the transversal

ones of working in coordination with different subjects and branches of knowledge.

Finally, the introduction of students to the world of the metaverse in building.

All this work will be eminently practical. The project is intended to be carried out with

the collaboration between students of different levels of studies (Degree-Master-

Doctorate) of the School of Building with a total universe of 24 students so that there is

a symbiosis between the different levels, at the level of concepts and training and

learning methodology and development of the tasks. The implementation is proposed

on the basis of a common activity in the subjects "Architectural Drawing", "Detail

Drawing", "Final Degree Project", taught during the first and second semester of the

studies indicated. The activity will be carried out in several phases, ranging from

modelling to the dissemination of the results obtained.

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The completion of the activities results in a document of the building that enables future

studies to be carried out to improve the installations, energy efficiency, or the

maintenance of the building itself, thus helping future generations. This fact contributes

to the improvement of the building's conservation as it can contribute to the

achievement of some of the SDGs (6-11-12) by improving its conditions and constructive

characteristics with a view to sustainable optimisation.

In general, the deviation associated with the accuracy of the review of projects in their

analogue and digital version tends to be higher in virtual reality. Combining forms of

training that link conventional methods with virtual reality allows results that improve

the visual inspection of an element, and the introduction into the Metaverse makes the

building better understood.

References

[4] XIV JORNADAS DE REDES DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN DOCENCIA UNIVERSITARIA. UNIVERSIDAD

DE ALICANTE.Coordinadoras y coordinadores:María Teresa Tortosa Ybáñez. Salvador Grau

Company. José Daniel Álvarez Teruel. Universidad de Alicante. Vicerrectorado de Calidad e

Innovación Educativa. Instituto de Ciencias de la Educación (ICE). ISBN: 978-84-608-7976-3.

2016.

[5] ANUARIO 2019. INNOVADORES. El año de los grandes interrogantes...a la espera de

respuesta. Mindsphere. El sistema operativo de Siemens abierto, para el Internet de las

cosas y basado en La Nube. Inndux

DigitalGroup.www.innovadores.inndux.com.innovadores@inndux.com.Utopicus Gran Vía -

Espacio Innsomnia. Calle Gran Vía, 4, Madrid. Edificio Innsomnia. Moll de Ponent s/n

Marina Real Juan Carlos I, Valencia. https://www.elespanol.com/invertia/disruptoresinnovadores/

CONSULTADA EL 6 ENERO 2023.

[6] Foster + Partners diseña una estructura de realidad virtual que emula atmósferas del

espacio exteriorhttps://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/cl/919987/foster-plus-partnersdisena-una-estructura-de-realidad-virtual-que-emula-atmosferas-del-espacio-exterior.

Escrito por Niall Patrick Walsh | Traducido por Mónica Arellano. CONSULTADA EL 6 ENERO

2023.

[7] La realidad virtual (RV) en España y Europa - Datos estadísticos.

https://es.statista.com/temas/3421/la-realidad-virtual-rv-en-europa-y-espana. Publicado

por Rosa Fernández, 30/09/2019. CONSULTADA EL 6 ENERO 2023.

[8] Realidad aumentada en vivo: ‘teletransporte’ en 5G y clones de Madonna.La tecnología de

la compañía española Brainstorm crea versiones virtuales de la Reina del Pop durante su

concierto en los últimos Billboard Music Awards en Las Vegas.

https://innovadores.larazon.es/es/realidad-aumentada-en-vivo-teletransporte-en-5g-yclones-de-madonna/.

Ricardo Montesa, fundador y director de la valenciana Brainstom3D.

CONSULTADA EL 6 ENERO 2023.

[9] 5 oficinas de arquitectura que usan VR para presentar sus diseños.

https://www.plataformaarquitectura.cl/cl/898924/5-oficinas-de-arquitectura-que-usan-vrpara-presentar-sus-disenos.

Autor Manuel Albornoz. CONSULTADA EL 6 ENERO 2023.

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A REVIEW OF THE APPLICATION OF PREFABRICATED STRUCTURES USING

BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING

Amirhossein Javaherikhah1, Samane Khezli2, Mercedes Valiente Lopez3

1

Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela técnica superior de edificación de

Madrid, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, mercedes.valiente@upm.es

samane.khezlii@gmail.com

Keywords: building, construction, technology, bim, country

Abstract

New methods of building construcon to improve quality, reduce me and cost and

increase their producvity have always been desired by architects, civil and construcon

engineers. BIM building informaon modeling is actually a simulated mul-dimensional

model related to building geometry, spaal relaonships, geographic informaon,

quanty and properes of all building components and their intelligent connecon with

each other. This technology is a new approach in the field of building design, execuon

and management at the same me with very high quality and coordinaon. In today's

world, with the advancements in the field of digital architecture, prefabricaon and all

kinds of opmizaon in the design of buildings, we are witnessing the increasing use of

building informaon modeling systems in construcon industry projects. For this reason,

building informaon modeling can have a significant impact on prefab construcon.

Also, by examining the building model, there will be planning for the installaon of

prefabricated building components and the idenficaon of operaonal interferences.

This arcle examines the advantages and disadvantages of using the model.

Construcon and also the need of this kind of soware for the world construcon

industry evaluates these things.

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References

[1] S. Azhar, A. Nadeem, Mok, J. Y. N., and Leung, B. H. Y. “Building informaon modeling

(BIM): A new paradigm for visual interacve modeling and simulaon for construcon

projects.” Proc., First Internaonal Conference on Construcon in Developing Countries,

Karachi, Pakistan, (2008), 435–446.

[2] C. Eastman, P. Teicholz, R. Sacks, and K. Liston, BIM handbook: A guide to building

informaon modeling for owners, managers, designers, engineers and contractors,

Wiley, New York, (2008).

[3] V. Bazjanac, “Virtual building environments (VBE)—Applying informaon modeling to

buildings.” 〈htp://repositories.cdlib.org/lbnl/LBNL-56072〉 August 29, (2009).

[4] S. Mamter, A. Abdolaziz, J. Zulkepli, Root causes occurrence of low BIM adopon in

Malaysia: System dynamics modelling approach. The 3rd Internaonal Conference on

Construcon and Building Engineering. Palembang, Indonesia. (2017).

[5] M. Hosseini Azari, E. Tivendale, L. Banihashemi, S. Chileshe, Building Informaon

Modeling (BIM) in Iran: an exploratory study. Journal of engineering, project, and

production management, 6(2) (2016). 78-89.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 70

CITE 2023


AN OVERVIEW OF THE IMPACT OF RENEWABLE ENERGIES IN THE

ARCHITECTURE OF ZERO ENERGY BUILDINGS

Amirhossein Javaherikhah 1 , Samane Khezli 2 , Mercedes Valiente Lopez 3

1

Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela técnica superior de edificación de

Madrid, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, mercedes.valiente@upm.es

2

Master in Bionic Architecture, samane.khezlii@gmail.com

KeyWords: Zero, Energy, Building, Architecture, Environment

Abstract

Given that the world's irreversible energy sources have already been used up almost in

their enrety and that fossil fuel prices are rising and that the building industry

consumes 50% of all energy, a scarcity and waste in the energy sector are imminent. In

order to meet the 12th century's energy demands, the concept of zero energy structures

was developed. A balance between energy producon and consumpon is established

in these buildings through the wise applicaon of renewable technologies. Energy Zero

Nearly Building is regarded as a comprehensive soluon for lowering carbon dioxide

emissions in the construcon industry, saving energy, and maintaining the environment.

One feature of the structure that should largely cut consumpon Building energy should

be taken into account. It has to do with architecture. Building architecture should be

based on climac circumstances and the potenals and constraints of climate should be

taken into consideraon in order to atain zero energy architectural design. In order to

create an architecture that is based on and responsive to the climate, and as a result, a

zero-energy architecture, the first step in zero energy design is to be aware of the climac

condions and determine the potenals and possibilies of the climate of the locaon

of the building. However, in order to build such a flexible and intelligent system with

sustainable goals, all parcipang pares' planning, design, and implementaon experts

must be aware of their role in achieving the established shared goal and must work

together to understand their part in achieving the predetermined common goal and the

required performance. be accountable In this essay, we will first go through the

definions and background of zero energy buildings before looking at the approaches

that can be taken to realize their objecves. Zero energy buildings have two main

objecves: first, they strive to use as litle energy as possible, and second, they use

renewable energy sources to generate their own energy. Next, we'll look at several

potenal approaches to achieving these objecves.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 71

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References

[1] N. Aste, R. Adhikari, C. Pero, "Photovoltaic Technology for Renewable Electricity

Production: Towards Net Zero Energy Buildings," in Clean Electrical Power (ICCEP),

International Conference on, ed: IEEE, 446-450, (2011).

[2] Li. J. Colombier, M. Managing Carbon Emissions in China through Building Energy

Efficiency, Journal of Environmental Management,2436-2447, (2009).

[3] M. Z, Jacobson, Review of Solutions to Global Warming, Air Pollution, and Energy

Security, Energy & Environmental Science, second volume, 148- 173, (2009).

[4] B. Belussi, A.Barozzi, L. Danza, A. Devitofrancesco, C. Fanciulli, M. Ghellere, G. Guazzi, I.

Meroni, F. Salamone, F. Scamoni, C. Scrosati, A review of performance of zero energy

buildings and energy efficiency solutions, J. Build. Eng, (2019).

[5] K.Ahmed Ali, M.I. Ahmad, Y. Yusup, Issues, impacts, and mitigations of carbon dioxide

emissions in the building sector, Sustainability 12 ,(2020).

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 72

CITE 2023


YIELD LINES METHOD THROUGHOUT FINITE ELEMENT METHOD.

APPLICATIONS WITH SAP2000

1

José Javier Ferrán Gozálvez; 1 Carlos Manuel Ferrer Gisbert ; 1 Miguel Redón Santafé; 2 Esteban

Gargallo Tatay; 1 Juan Bausta Torregrosa Soler; 1 Francisco Javier Sánchez Romero

1

Universitat Politècnica de València. D.I.R.A. Unidad de Construcción . jjferran@agf.upv.es;

caferrer@agf.upv.es

2

Universitat Politècnica de València . Doctorando del Programa en Programa de Diseño,

Fabricación y Gestón de Proyectos Indusrtiales. esteban.gargallo.tatay@gmail.com

Keywords: yield lines method, FEM, examples, SAP2000

Abstract

Accordingly, Ulmate State Limit design method, plasc calculus is a design method

more appropriate than linear elasc procedure for a secon, so it allows to determine

to esmate plasc stresses or maximum stresses that a secon is able to withstand and

the ulmate or collapse load that provides the structure ruin, because it becomes into a

mechanism or in an unstable stacally structure.

In reinforced concrete, the calculaons based on Ulmate Limit State (ELU), supposes

that the piece has reached its maximum plasc resistance, neither the rest of the

structure calculaon which is elasc. In the case of reinforced concrete slabs, it can be

very interesng to appeal to these depleon plasc limits, as it is the method of yield

lines [1] [2].

For this proposal three selected examples will be introduced: a) The first is about a

square four pinned edges slab; b) the second, the same case but with the four fixed

edges; c) And the last, the case of a concentrated load applied at the middle, This cases

have been selected because are the theorecal fundamentals for a PH doctoral Thesis,

in their development, and following the currently methods [3] for designing floor slabs

and rigid pavements debt to Meyerhof [4] which we are developing.

As general conclusion, the results for the examples developed with SAP 2000 Finite

Element soware are quite coincident with the tradional design methods [5].

Figure 1: Square pinned edges shell. Yield Lines Method

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 73

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Figure 2: Results with SAP2000 software

References

[1] A.H, Nilson, G. Winter Diseño de estructuras de concreto, eleventh edition, chapter 14

Analisis de losas mediante líneas de fluencia ed., Mc Graw Hill, Santafé de Bogotá

(Colombia) , 1994, p.p. 435- 456.

[2] G. Kennedy, C.H. Goodchild, Practical Yield line design, Concrete Centre, Surrey, 2004

[3] TR-34 Concrete Industrail ground Floors. A guide to design and construction, fourth

edition, The Concrete Society, 2014

[4] G.G. Meyerfof, Load carriying capacity of cocncrete pavements, Journal of the Soil

Mechanics and Foundation Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil

Engineers, june 1962.

[5] Wilson E.L. Integrated structural analysis and design software SAP2000. Computers and

Structures, Inc. Berkeley, California. http://www.csiamerica.com , 2009 (continuously

accesed)

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 74

CITE 2023


DSF-PCM BUILDING ENERGY PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT: A CASE

STUDY IN VALENCIA, SPAIN

1

Niloufar Ziasistani; 1 Andrés Meana-Fernández; 1 Juan Manuel González-Caballín Sánchez;

1

Antonio José Guérrez-Trashorras

1

Department of Energy, University of Oviedo, Spain, uo290587@uniovi.es andresmf@uniovi.es

gonzalezsjuan@uniovi.es gutierrezantonio@uniovi.es

Keywords: double skin facade, phase change material, building energy performance assessment,

building energy efficiency optimization, building energy savings

Abstract

Currently, 32% of energy usage of the world is related to the building sector. Therefore,

decreasing energy consumpon in this sector is of vital importance. Double skin facades

(DSFs) and phase change materials (PCMs) are promising ways to reduce the energy

demand of buildings [1]. DSFs consist of two glazing layers and a cavity in between and

their efficiency depends on different parameters such as glazing type, cavity depth,

building orientaon and cavity venlaon. Addionally, including PCMs in the facade can

further reduce the energy demand by releasing and storing heat during a solid-liquid

phase transion. In this work, the effects of glazing type considering the orientaon of

the building on its energy performance have been studied. A four-story office building in

Valencia, Spain, has been selected as the case study and has been simulated using Energy

Plus soware. The area of each floor is 305 m 2 , and includes a conference room, toilet,

kitchen and 10 office rooms. The materials for the building envelope for the base case

study were selected considering the new Spanish code CTE-DB-HE 2019 [2,3], which

classifies Valencia in the B3 climate zone. This led to the definion of a building wall

consisng of four layers. Three different glazing types were analyzed for the DSF: Single

Clear 3 mm, Double Clear 3/13 mm Air and Triple Clear 3/13 mm Air, obtaining base

annual energy demands of 165.8, 155.3 and 147.6 MWh respecvely. Aerwards, the

influence of building orientaon was addressed. The heang load was minimum when

the DSF was facing south, while the minimum cooling load occurred when the DSF was

facing north for the three glazing types. Nevertheless, annual energy consumpon

reached its lowest values when the DSF was facing north. Finally, M182/Q21 PCM was

introduced into the north facing wall considering the opmum case from the last step,

the Triple Clear 3/13 mm Air. PCM was applied to different wall layers, finding that PCM

located in the most inner layer performed beter than in the other layers, with only 16.2

MWh annual gas consumpon and minimum overall energy consumpon values.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 75

CITE 2023


References

[6] S. Matour, V. Garcia-Hansen, S. Omrani, S. Hassanli, R. Drogemuller. Wind-driven ventilation

of Double Skin Façades with vertical openings: Effects of opening configurations. Building

and Environment. 196 (2021) 107804.

[7] Ministry of Public Works of Spain (2019a). Código Técnico de la Edificación. Documento

Básico HE Ahorro de Energía 2019.

https://www.codigotecnico.org/pdf/Documentos/HE/DBAnteriores/DBHE_20191220.pdf

[8] V.M. Soto Francés, A.B.S. Lanzarote, V.V. Escribano, M.N. Escudero. Improving schools

performance based on SHERPA project outcomes: Valencia case (Spain). Energy and

Buildings, 225 (2020) 110297.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 76

CITE 2023


PROPOSAL OF A PILOT FORMATIVE EXPERIENCE FOR THE SUBJECT

TECHNICAL SYSTEMS APPLIED IN THE DESIGN OF A RIGID ORIGAMI

KINETIC PAVILION.

1

Pablo Miguel De Souza Sánchez, 2 Fernando Marnez Soto

1

PhD. in Architecture from the UPM. Professor at Universidad Europea de Canarias,

Department of Projects and Graphic Representation in Architecture. C/ Inocencio García, La

Orotava 38300, Tenerife, Spain, pablo.desouza@universidadeuropea.es;

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6722-3650

2

Associate professor, Department of Projects and Graphic Representation in Architecture,

European University of the Canary Islands, School of Architecture; c/ Inocencio García, La

Orotava 38300, Tenerife, Spain, fernando.martinez@universidadeuropea.es;

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8474-719X

Keywords: educational innovation, kinetic building, innovation in building, construction facilities,

materials and construction systems.

Abstract

The Technical Systems subject, with six ECTS, is part of the Scienfic-Technical training

area of the Degree in Architecture, the second most extended module of contents of the

degree (Chart 1), and a necessary step to take the Master's in Architecture offered at the

Universidad Europea de Canarias [1], the first Master tle offered in the region of Canary

Islands that enables to pracce the profession in Spain [2].

Table 1: Degree planning in Modules and ECTS of each (Own elaboraon)

Module

INTRODUCTORY MODULE: BASIC SCIENCES AND DRAWING 60

TECHNICAL MODULE: CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURES AND FACILITIES 72

ECTS

PROJECT MODULE: COMPOSITION, PROJECTS, AND URBAN PLANNING 108

MODULE OF TRANSVERSAL SUBJECTS OF THE UEC 24

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICES 12

FINAL DEGREE WORK 12

The course provides the student with an integrang, global and transversal vision of the

facilies, construcon, and structure in architecture, for the search for raonal soluons

and commited to funconality, economy, harmony, and environmental balance, which

will affect the improvement of the architectural design.

The student develops the aptude to idenfy the construcon elements and systems of

the projects, analyze them defining their funcon and compability, propose and solve

the construcon details and transfer them to their commissioning. Likewise, in this

subject, the student develops the capacies to apply and adopt non-convenonal

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technologies in the processes of design and execuon of structures, envelopes, and

installaons.

Figure 1: Examples of abstract origami. [3]

The proposed training experience is an introducon to the possibilies of abstract

origami [4] applied into architecture (Figure 1), from the conforming and structural fold

to the oblique space [5]. And mainly addresses the construcve design of a folded and

kinec laminar structure, which forms a connuous roof and wall (Figure 2), made with

Origami folding paterns [6] and/or Origami tessellaons [7].

Figure 2: Kinetic Pavilion made by the students Fabián Quintero, Juan Alberto Luis, Nicolás González and

Carlota García Silván. [5]

Starng from the base of the experiences of previous subjects and courses of the

teachers [8] and of the formave learning experiences of the students, both in the

technical and project modules -Construcon, Structures, and Installaons as well as

Composion, Projects, Urbanism (Figure 3) and the preparatory module of Basic

Sciences and Drawing [9] -, in relaon to terminology, concepts, funconal, structural

and construcve organizaon.

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Figure 3: Kinetic origami pavilions design by the students Cristina Díaz and Raquel Martins. [3]

The objective of the practical exercises of the matter is to reflect on what has been

learned and take initiatives, arriving at specific solutions with optimal results through

iterations. The purpose is justified by presenting professional documentation applying

the current technical building regulations with a critical vision of the technical

specifications and innovative construction methods [10].

This subject directly relates the training activities with the contents, such as the study of

industrialized systems in structure, infrastructure, exterior-interior envelope, advanced

light facades, textile membranes and laminar surfaces. Finally, they are integrated into

a "Technical System" known as "Integrated Design of the facilities in Architecture,

Construction and Structures".

References

[1] Registro de Universidades Centros y Títulos.

https://www.educacion.gob.es/ruct/consultauniversidades?actual=universidades&cccaa=

05 , (access 09 feb. 2023)

[2] P. M. De Souza Sánchez. Rehabilitar a toda costa. El Día. Prensa ibérica, 2019-08-08, p. 23

https://www.eldia.es/opinion/2019/08/08/rehabilitar-costa-22588982.html

[3] P. M. De Souza Sánchez, N. Martínez Martínez, H. I. Naranjo Henríquez, D. Sellet. Las artes

plásticas en la mejora del aprendizaje experiencial interdisciplinar. Un acercamiento con

estudio de casos y propuestas. In: A. B. Barragán Martín, M. d. M. Simón Márquez, Á.

Martos Martínez & M. d. M. Molero Jurado (Eds.), Innovación Docente e Investigación en

Arte y Humanidades: Experiencias de cambio en la Metodología Docente. Dykinson S.L.

2022, pp. 123-138 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7493297 Handle:

http://hdl.handle.net/11268/11742

[4] P. M. De Souza Sánchez. El pliegue en la arquitectura. Tesis (Doctoral), E.T.S. Arquitectura

(UPM). 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20868/UPM.thesis.47994

[5] P. M. De Souza Sánchez. Del pliegue conformador y estructural al espacio oblicuo. In: La

tecnología en la arquitectura moderna (1925-1975): mito y realidad. T6) Ediciones, 2018, pp.

213-220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6368342 Handle:


[6] P. M. De Souza Sánchez. Origami folding patterns in the work of F. Ll. Wright. In: New

proposals for transformable architecture, engineering, and design. In the honour of Emilio

Pérez Piñero. Starbooks Structural Architecture, 2013, pp. 373-378. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6365029 OA: https://oa.upm.es/70050/

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[7] S. Vyzoviti, P. M. De Souza Sánchez. Origami tessellations in a continuum: Integrating design

and fabrication in architectural education. In: Transactions on Architectural Education nº59,

ENHSA, Germany, 2012. 165-175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6364968 OA:

https://oa.upm.es/70051/

[8] P. M. De Souza Sánchez. Taller vertical y metodología ABP en la realización de proyectos de

arquitectura cinética e interactiva con patrones de pliegue estructurales. In: Á. M.

Martínez, A. B. B. Martín, M. del Mar Molero Jurado, M. del Carmen Pérez-Fuentes, M. del

Mar Simón Márquez, & J. J. G. Linares (Eds.), Innovación Docente e Investigación en

Ciencias, Ingeniería y Arquitectura: Nuevos Enfoques en la Metodología Docente. Dykinson

S.L. 2021. 49-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6370857 Handle:

http://hdl.handle.net/11268/11742 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv2gz3t8w.6 JSTOR:

https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2gz3t8w.6

[9] P. M. De Souza Sánchez, E. Ferrer Román, H. I. Naranjo Henríquez. Innovación

metodológica de las actividades de dibujo de la titulación de arquitectura. Revisión del

submódulo de dibujo del Grado en Fundamentos de la Arquitectura como adaptación al

Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. HUMAN REVIEW. International Humanities

Review / Revista internacional de humanidades, 12(3. Monográfico: Proposals for quality

higher education / Propuestas para una educación superior de calidad), 2023, 1–27.

https://doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v12.4712

[10] F. Martínez-Soto, F. Ávila, E. Puertas, R. Gallego. Spectral analysis of surface waves for nondestructive

evaluation of historic masonry buildings. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 52 (2021)

31-37.

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EFFECTIVENESS OF PLANT EXTRACTS TO PREVENT CHLORIDE-INDUCED

CORROSION IN REINFORCED CONCRETE.

1

Jennifer Pérez; 2 María Fernanda Rodríguez; 3 Kevin Rene Chillan Simbaña

1

Estudiante MITE, ETSEM jennifer.perez@alumnos.upm.es

2

Estudiante MITE, ETSEM rodriguezrobalino.mariafernanda@gmail.com

3

Estudiante MITE, ETSEM kevinrene.chillan@alumnos.upm.es

Keywords: Plant extracts, green inhibitors, Corrosion, Reinforcing Steel, Chlorides

It is esmated that industrialised naons spend 5% of their GDP on the protecon and

repair of structural damage caused by corrosion. A very effecve strategy is the use of

inhibitors. Tradional corrosion inhibitors have limitaons such as: adverse effect on the

environment, high cost and low availability in some regions. For this reason, in recent

years, studies and research have been carried out using plant extracts to generate more

economical and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitor products. [1] Different

extracts obtained from leaves, roots, stems, bark, pulp, fruit, etc. have been shown to

work effecvely against corrosion of structural steels, as an alternave to those

commonly used. [2]

Four types of inhibitors obtained from plant extracts: Green Tea [3], Ginger, Rongcheng

Algae [4], Maize Gluten Meal [5], were tested and compared with a tradional inhibitor.

Different concentraons of chlorides and percentages of inhibitor were used in the

mortar mixture and subjected to an accelerated corrosion process. Corrosion rate and

corrosion potenal were analysed using a saturated calomelane reference electrode.

When the corrosion rate values and the efficiency of each inhibitor are analysed, it is

shown that, with maize gluten meal extract, a highly effecve inhibitor is obtained,

almost 98%. The inhibitor obtained from ginger extract and green tea, give similar results

to other products on the market.

Analysing the relaonship between potenals and corrosion rates corresponding to the

values of the seventh cycle aer curing, it is observed that, with the inhibitor obtained

from maize gluten meal, the best results are obtained due to the capacity of this extract

to adhere to the steel bar. On the other hand, with the extracon method used, a higher

concentraon of the extract is achieved.

The Corrosion Potential and Corrosion Rate graphs showed that the Maize Gluten Meal

extract added at 3% by weight could maintain the steel bar in a passive state for 17

months, achieving that the steel bar could take approximately 135 years to have a

significant section loss (20%).

Green tea and ginger extracts gave good results, reaching a corrosion efficiency at 120

days of 75 and 82% respectively. Considering that the process of obtaining them is

carried out by dissolving them in water, a further investigation could be carried out with

a higher concentration of the plant extract.

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References

[1] N. Al-Akhras and Y. Mashaqbeh, "Potential use of eucalyptus leaves as green corrosion

inhibitor of steel reinforcement," Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 35, pp. 101848,

2021. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352710220334811.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101848.

[2] E. Berdimurodov et al, "Novel gossypol–indole modification as a green corrosion inhibitor

for low–carbon steel in aggressive alkaline–saline solution," Colloids Surf. Physicochem.

Eng. Aspects, vol. 637, pp. 128207, 2022. Available:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0927775721020768. DOI:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2021.128207.

[3] I. Pradipta, D. Kong and J. B. L. Tan, "Natural organic antioxidants from green tea inhibit

corrosion of steel reinforcing bars embedded in mortar," Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 227,

pp. 117058, 2019. Available:


https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117058.

[4] W. Wang et al, "Employing ginger extract as an eco-friendly corrosion inhibitor in

cementitious materials," Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 228, pp. 116713, 2019. Available:


10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.116713.

[5] Z. Zhang et al, "Effect of maize gluten meal extract as natural corrosion inhibitor on steel in

mortar corroded by chloride," Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 62, pp. 105394, 2022.

Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352710222014000. DOI:

10.1016/j.jobe.2022.105394.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 82

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METHODOLOGY FOR THE CHARACTERISATION OF ENERGY

PERFORMANCE AND COMFORT ACCORDING TO DWELLING TYPOLOGY

AND USAGE

1

Jose Manuel Lorenzo Gallardo; 1 Beatriz Montalbán Pozas; 1 Marta Lucas Bonilla; 1 Silvia Sierra

Álvarez; 1 Francisco Serrano Candela, 1 Lucas Bonilla Rodríguez, 1 Pablo Bustos García de Castro

1

Escuela Politécnica, Universidad de Extremadura,

jlorenzor@unex.es bmpozas@unex.es malucasb@unex.es

silviasa@unex.es estructu@unex.es lubonillar@unex.es pbustos@unex.es

Keywords: Characterisation, performance, energy efficiency, comfort, building typology

Abstract

The Instute for Diversificaon and Energy Saving, IDAE, establishes an annual average

consumpon per household in Spain of 3.487 kWh, however, there is a wide dispersion

between one typology and another, and in the case of a single-family home this can be

twice as much as in a mul-family home. Furthermore, the behaviour of the users in the

way they live in their dwellings differenates in a singular way the state of comfort, and

the energy consumpon of the dwelling.

This communicaon proposes the study of the construcve typology and use of a group

of dwellings in order to establish a classificaon with respect to their energy

performance and comfort. To carry out this study, a selecon of around 200 dwellings

has been used, contextualised within an I & D project on energy efficiency in dwellings

of the Junta de Extremadura, for the improvement, development and analysis of data

exploitaon, which is aimed at increasing the condions of comfort and habitability of

the dwellings, as well as saving on the energy bills of the parcipants. This project

belongs to the FEDER Operaonal Programme 2014-2020, which aims to carry out a

study of the housing stock and enable investments for the regeneraon of these.

The dwellings analysed have been offered voluntarily by their owners, and those are all

located in the autonomous community of Extremadura. Thus, in the methodology

developed in this study, the parameters that are necessary for the classificaon are set

out; on the one hand, stac data have been used (obtained from surveys, cadastre, ...),

and on the other hand, dynamic data (from the monitoring of electricity consumpon,

and hygrothermal variables of indoor and outdoor temperature, indoor and outdoor

humidity, as well as CO2 and CO concentraon) of the dwellings under study.

Firstly, geographical and climac characteriscs were idenfied according to the locality

in which it is located, followed by construcon characteriscs according to the typology

of the dwellings, differenang fundamentally between: detached single-family, semidetached

single-family and block of flats, and the year of construcon, differenang

according to the different regulaons between: before 1979, between 1980 and 2007

and aer 2007. Subsequently, this informaon was completed with the characteriscs

of the consumpon, occupaon and funconing of the dwelling.

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With all this data it has been possible to carry out a typological classificaon, defining

the fundamental parameters necessary for this purpose.

References

[1] Chao Wang, Martina Ferrando, Francesco Causone, Xing Jin, Xin Zhou, Xing Shi, Data

acquisition for urban building energy modeling: A review, Building and Environment,

Volume 217 (2022)

[2] Yousra Laaroussi, Myriam Bahrar, Eva Zavrl, Mohamed El Mankibi, Uroš Stritih, New

qualitative approach based on data analysis of European building stock and retrofit

market, Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 63 (2020)

[3] Manuel Rosales, Chrysanthi Efthymiou,Nikolaos Barmparesos, Panagiotis Tasios, José

Manuel Salmerón Lissén, Margarita Niki Assimakopoulos, Identification of Reference

Buildings in Mediterranean Countries: The HAPPEN Project Approach, Applied Sciences

(2022), 12, 5638

[4] Beatríz Montalbán Pozas, Análisis energético de viviendas en la comunidad extremeña,

informes de construcción (2018), 70(551), e265

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 84

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EVALUATION OF THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF HYDRAULIC LIME

MORTARS WITH POLYPROPYLENE FIBER ADDITION

1

Belén Cabrera; 2 María Isabel Prieto; 3 Alfonso Cobo

1

Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

belen.cabrera@alumnos.upm.es

2


mariaisabel.prieto@upm.es

3


alfonso.cobo@upm.es

Keywords: Hydraulic lime, polypropylene fibers, lime mortars, restoration.

Abstract

The use of lime begins from very remote mes in history, even the use of lime is menoned in

the Bible. The use of lime as a binder has its origin in the Neolithic period, and its use as lime

mortar is atributed to the Greeks and Romans [1].

Lime mortars were used in construcon unl the second half of the 19th century, since when

they have been replaced by Portland cement. However, the use of cement mortars in

restoraon of historic buildings has generated several problems, due to the fact that being too

hard, rigid and impermeable mixtures, they can cause the appearance of injuries in buildings

due to problems of incompability with exisng materials. Therefore, in the field of restoraon,

a lot of research on new mortars to be applied to this type of work has begun [2].

For all of the above-menoned reasons, the interest in the use of lime mortars (aerial or

hydraulic) has been increasing, due to their compability with the materials used in historic

buildings [3]. The main problems of hydraulic lime mortars are their high plasc shrinkage,

lower strength, britle behavior and low deformaon capacity, which can be a problem in

certain situaons, such as in the case of earthquakes. There are some studies with addion of

fibers within lime mortars and it has been proved that the presence of fibers increases duclity

and cracking resistance [3,4].

Taking into account the above menoned, the following work aims to study the mechanical

behavior of hydraulic lime mortars, with and without addion of polypropylene fibers.

The experimental procedure of the following research began with the fabricaon of specimens

of a mortar composed of hydraulic lime (CALIX NHL-3.5 WHITE), sand, water and with the

addion of polypropylene fibers of 10mm length and a dosage of 3kg/m3. Once cured, they

were subjected to the compression and flexural tests shown in Figure 1.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 85

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Figure 1. IBERTEST machine, for 28-day flexural and compression tests. Source: Own photograph.

From the analysis of the studies carried out, it was possible to conclude that, aer 28 days from

their manufacture, the mechanical properes of the mortars with polypropylene fibers

improved considerably, both in bending and compression, with respect to the reference

mortar.

References

[1] Alvarez, J. I., Martín, A., & García Casado, P. J. (1995). Historia de los morteros.Boletín Del

Instituto Andaluz Del Patrimonio Historico, 13, 52-59.

[2] Mosquera, M. J., Silva, B., Prieto, B., & Ruiz-Herrera, E. (2006). Addition of cement to limebased

mortars: Effect on pore structure and vapor transport. Cement and Concrete

Research, 36(9), 1635-1642. doi:10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.10.041

[3] Bustos, A., Cobo, A., Yunta, F., Moreno, M. E. (2018). Influencia de la adición de fibras en las

propiedades de los morteros de cal hidráulica. DYNA, Ingeniería e Industria, 2018, 94 (2),

222-232. https://doi.org/10.6036/8495

[4] Badagliacco D., Megna B., Valenza A. (2020). Induced Modification of Flexural Toughness of

Natural Hydraulic Lime Based Mortars by Addition of Giant Reed Fibers. Case Studies in

Construction Materials, 13, e00425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2020.e00425

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 86

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SIMULATION AND IMPROVEMENT OF A FLAT IN MADRID USING DESIGN

BUILDER.

1, 2

Sergio D. Alejo Buenabad; 3 Jennifer Pérez Ferrer; 4, 5 Carmen Malde Viñas Arrebola

1

Master in technology innovation, ETSEM, UPM, Madrid, Spain. sd.alejo@alumnos.upm.es

2

Master in rehabilitation and restoration works, ETSEM, UPM, Madrid, Spain.

3

Master in technology innovation, ETSEM, UPM, Madrid, Spain.

jennifer.perez@alumnos.upm.es

4

Department of building technology, ETSEM, UPM, Madrid, Spain. carmen.vinas@upm.es

5

Research Group Building Technology and Environment ETSEM, UPM, Madrid, Spain.

carmen.vinas@upm.es

Keywords: Design, Energy, Simulation, Sustainable, Construction

Abstract

Energy saving and efficiency are increasingly important aspects in the building sector, as

they contribute to reduce the carbon footprint and migate climate change [1].

Therefore, a detailed analysis of the energy efficiency of a house located in the city of

Madrid, Spain, is carried out in this paper.

To evaluate the energy consumpon of the house and propose strategies to reduce it,

the Design Builder program, an energy simulaon tool that allows analyzing the thermal

behavior and energy consumpon of buildings, has been used. In addion,

improvements have been made to the envelope of the house with more energy efficient

materials, to determine the potenal for improvement of the house under study with

respect to its inial state.

The result of this work is an assessment of the current situaon of the house in terms of

energy efficiency and a series of recommendaons to improve it in the future. These

recommendaons include technical measures, such as the renovaon of equipment and

systems, as well as energy saving and efficient energy use measures [2], [3].

This work contributes to deepen the knowledge about energy efficiency in buildings and

to provide soluons to improve it, with the goal of promong a responsible and

sustainable use of energy in the building sector.

As main conclusions we observed that improving the insulaon of a house reduces

heang and cooling costs [4]. Improved insulaon achieved a 44% reducon in energy

consumpon for heang with natural gas and a 13% reducon for cooling in July. By

implemenng eaves and sun-treated glazing, summer savings were found to be

insufficient to offset the addional heang energy demand, increasing by 1.5%. Not all

passive soluons are effecve and depend on geographic and climac locaon.

Photovoltaic panels require an inial investment but can provide up to 90% of the energy

required by appliances, however, they were not found to reduce heang energy

demand. The energy demand in kWh is similar between natural gas heang and

electricity.

Table 1

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INDICATOR


Original

model

Improved

model

Calefacon 1133,01 kWh 631,66 kWh

AC 149.,97 kWh 130,30 kWh

Energy demand between models

References

[1] N. G. Akhimien, E. Latif, and S. S. Hou, “Application of circular economy principles in

buildings: A systematic review,” Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 38, p. 102041, Jun.

2021, doi: 10.1016/J.JOBE.2020.102041.

[2] X. Chen, H. Yang, and L. Lu, “A comprehensive review on passive design approaches in

green building rating tools,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 50, pp. 1425–

1436, Oct. 2015, doi: 10.1016/J.RSER.2015.06.003.

[3] Y. Souley Agbodjan, J. Wang, Y. Cui, Z. Liu, and Z. Luo, “Bibliometric analysis of zero energy

building research, challenges and solutions,” Solar Energy, vol. 244, pp. 414–433, Sep.

2022, doi: 10.1016/J.SOLENER.2022.08.061.

[4] A. Fotopoulou et al., “Deep renovation in existing residential buildings through façade

additions: A case study in a typical residential building of the 70s,” Energy Build, vol. 166,

pp. 258–270, May 2018, doi: 10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2018.01.056.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 88

CITE 2023


TOWARD INVERSE MODELS TO BE USED AT SMART BUILDINGS CONTROL

STRUCTURES: PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF A CASE STUDY IN SPAIN.

1

Beatriz Porcar; 1 Silvia Soutullo; 1 Emanuela Giancola, 3 Juan Jesús Samaniego, 3 Luis Ángel

Bujedo, 1,2 María José Jiménez

1

Energy Efficiency in Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT, Beatriz.Porcar@ciemat.es;

Silvia.soutullo@ciemat.es; emanuela.giancola@ciemat.es; mjimenez@psa.es

2

Plataforma Solar de Almería-CIEMAT, mjimenez@psa.es

3

CARTIF Technology Centre, Energy Division, jessam@carf.es, luibuj@carf.es

Keywords: inverse model, smart buildings, control

Abstract

Intelligent technologies integrated in the build environment has increasingly been

developed and used to opmize energy-efficient operaon. At present, these advanced

products would largely benefit from a peripheral configuraon providing the adequate

synergies toward specific energy efficiency goals. Whin this effort, simplified building

models present large potenal to become a key tool toward that overall building energy

efficiency (1). This project intends to advance the knowledge related to simplified

models for that purpose. In this context, preliminary analysis is valuable to idenfy

appropriate model structures and their limitaons. System idenficaon methodologies

has been used to develop inverse models of a case study (2). These methodologies are

based on input and output signals from the system, which are recorded and subjected

to data analysis to infer a model (3). The case study is a 200m 2 , 2 floor building designed

constructed under the Spanish technical code CTE2006 (4), WWR 25% of windows

towards all orientaons and a non-residenal occupaon patern, located in a cold and

semi-arid climate (D2 zone based on the Spanish climac classificaon). Time series data

were obtained by means of the energy simulaon tool TRNSYS (5, 6). Within the inverse

approach, the system is described as a single output (energy demand) and mulple

inputs (as for example, indoor and outdoor temperature, solar irradiance and internal

gains) scenario. AutoRegressive model with eXogeneous inputs (ARX) was selected as

model structure and the Prediction Error Method (PEM) as parameter esmaon

technique since they are largely used for predicon purposes. The inverse models have

been carried out in the framework of the Matlab (MATrix LABoratory) environment.

Regarding model structure, different complexity levels has been chosen. The most

precise structure was idenfied based on system idenficaon procedures (7).

Following, simplified structures were proposed based on possible limitaons that

depends on the final use of the inverse model. The models were validated using residual

analysis, error values (as a percentage of the mean error absolute value to absolute value

simulated output) and simulaon and predicted outputs dynamic evaluaon (3). The

selected models present correlaon between their complexity and accuracy. The models

esmated during the winter period, present considerably lower performance when

validated during spring or autumn. It is true that in general the simplest model structures

underesmate highest daily energy peaks while overesmang the lowest ones. Finally,

for a specific building operaon structure the inverse model elecon will depend on the

exisng characteriscs related to praccal feasibility.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 89

CITE 2023


References

[1] European Commission, Final report on the technical support to the development of a

Smart Readiness Indicator for buildings, ISBN 978-92-76-19197-1; doi: 10.2833/41100; MJ-

03-20-335-EN-N. European Union (2020).

[2] M.J. Jiménez, et al., IEA, EBC Annex 58, Report of Subtask 3, part 1. Thermal performance

characterization based on full scale testing - description of the common exercises and

physical guidelines. (Editor: M.J. Jiménez). ISBN: 9789460189876, Published by KU Leuven,

Belgium, 2016.

[3] L. Ljung, System identification theory for the user, Ed. Prentice Hall PTR, New Jersey, ISBN

0-13-656695-2, 1999.

[4] CTE, Código técnico de la Edificación, B.O.E. 2 agosto 2006.

[5] S. Soutullo, M.J. Suárez, D. García, E. Blanco, Decision matrix methodology for retrofitting

techniques of existing buildings. Journal of Cleaner Production 240 (2019) 118-153.

[6] W. A. Beckman, A. F. Lars Broman, A. K. Sanford, E. Lindberg, M. Schuler, and J. Thornton,

TRNSYS The most complete solar energy system modeling and simulation

software, Renewable energy 5, no. 1-4 (1994) 486-488.

[7] B. Porcar, S. Soutullo, E. Giancola, J.J. Samaniego, L.A. Bujedo, M.J. Jiménez. Data driven

model of an occupied building with internal gains in Zamora. “7º Congreso Internacional

de Innovación Tecnológica en Edificación CITE 2022”. 23-25 March 2022.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 90

CITE 2023


“SYNTHETIC ESTIMATION OF MINIMUM HOUSE COSTS PER SQUARE

METRE BUILT: PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF ECCUM.10 COST BENCH

(2023)”

1

Pedro Pina Ruiz; 2 Tomas Gil López

1

Dr. Arquitecto e Ingeniero de Edificación. www.pinacoteca.es. Universidad Politécnica de

Madrid. email: valoraciones@precioscostesconstruccion.com

2

Dr. Arquitecto. Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación. Escuela Técnica Superior de

Edificación - ETSEM. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Email: tomas.gill@upm.es

Keywords: Cost estimation, synthetic calculation, ECCUM

Abstract

The acronym ECCUM [1], is the result of the inials: "Esmaon of Construcon Costs

by Metric Units", being its contents applicable in all cies and municipalies in Spain, in

works and projects of Building, Rehabilitaon, Restoraon and Urbanisaon. The main

advantage is its speed of calculaon, since no graphic representaon is required, it is

only necessary to know the constructed surface of the building.

The ECCUM cost bench is currently being used for cost calculaon in a research project

on the Murcian barraca, which is being carried out in the Department of Building

Technology of the Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación de Madrid.

The objecve is to show the usefulness and operaonal speed of ECCUM, for the

esmaon of construcon costs of material execuon and contracng, of isolated singlefamily

houses with "minimum" surfaces.

The databases that have traditionally been developed in our country are of the "local"

type according to the specific geographical scope of the Official Body that develops it,

be it provincial or autonomous. They only consider the costs in their own locality or

autonomous region, but do not consider the estimated calculation for other

geographical areas. Neither do they consider in the cost estimate the amount of work

to be executed, which is a very important parameter for a "reasonable and reasoned"

cost estimate.

ECCUM.10 (2023) does weight the statistical cost module of material execution (Me),

in addition to the geographical area (Ag), the quality/performance (Qp) and the

quantity of work (Ko).

Considering this last parameter (Ko) very important for the estimation calculation,

given that if the built m2 of the house are "minimal", its unit cost per built m2 is higher

than that of an isolated single-family house with a standard surface area of 350 m2

built, and this, due to economy of scale and by means of analytical calculation of

different surfaces of each dependency of the house [2].

The method used by ECCUM to esmate costs is the so-called "synthec" method, or

pre-dimensioning of the global cost per m2 built, weighted by the three factors

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 91

CITE 2023


menoned above, thus resulng in the weighted material execuon module (Mp), which

mulplied by the built surface of the house (Sc), and increasing the percentage of general

expenses and the construcon company's profit, results in the contract cost (Cc), all

according to the following formulaon:

Em = Sc x [ Me x (Ag x Qp x Ko)] = Sc x Mp = Em

Cc = Em + % GG y BI = Cc

The intended results are:

1.- To demonstrate by means of praccal applicaon, the usefulness and operaonal

speed of the "synthec" method of pre-dimensioning / esmaon of the cost of material

execuon and the cost of the contract.

2.- To contrast and verify the working hypothesis that the unit cost per square metre

built of houses of "minimum" surface area is higher than the cost of houses of

average/standard surface area.

References

[1] ECCUM.10 , “Estimación costes de construcción por unidades métricas” , de aplicación en

todas las Ciudades y Municipios de España : Edificación , Rehabilitación, Restauración y

Urbanización” - 2023 – Paginas 11, 14, 22 y 23.

[2] Pina Ruiz, Pedro, “Desarrollo de un modelo de predimensionado de costes de

construcción en el Proyecto arquitectónico” - (Tesis doctoral: www.pinacoteca.es) -

Escuela Técnica Superior Arquitectura de Madrid (España), 2014, Capitulo 4 – página 219.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 92

CITE 2023


DETERMINATION OF THE FLATNESS OF THE FACES OF A PRINTED

THERMOPLASTIC MODULAR PIECE

1

Sandra Moyano Sanz; 2 Mercedes Valiente López; 3 Amparo Verdú Vázquez

1

Polytechnic University of Madrid (Spain). Department of Building Technology. Superior

Technical School of Building. sandra.moyano.sanz@ alumnos.upm.es

2


Technical School of Building. mercedes.valiente@upm.es

3


Technical School of Building. amparo.verdu@upm.es

Keywords: Thermoplastic piece; 3D print; Sustainable construction; Flatness of the faces;

Materials test.

Abstract

Currently, there are great advances produced at a technological level, in all areas of daily

life. On the other hand, as far as construcon is concerned, the construcon methods

and materials used are praccally the same for generaons. This suggests that, although

tradional execuon methods work perfectly, they should be adapted to exisng

technological advances.

One of the great discoveries of recent mes is 3D prinng, which offers the possibility of

imagining any object, designing it and prinng it and, in this way, solving some building

problems that unl now were more complex. From this idea, printed thermoplasc

modular piece were born, hereinaer P.T.M.P. piece [1], which are designed for all types

of projects and, thanks to the characteriscs of 3D prinng, can be manufactured on site,

thus improving the producon chain.

In this work, the results obtained in the laboratory tests are analyzed and compared,

referring to the determinaon of the flatness of the faces of a P.T.M.P. piece, and two

pieces of fired clay with the values spulated in current regulaons and the

corresponding declaraon of performance documents. To do this, the 3D printed

prototype is manufactured [2] according to defined parameters and is subjected to the

test described in the UNE-EN 772-20:2001/A1:2006 standard. Part 20: Determinaon of

the flatness of the faces of pieces for masonry [3]. Likewise, the same operaon is

carried out with an exposed brick and a rough brick, both with similar dimensions to the

previous one. Obtained the results of the tests, the parallelism of the opposite faces is

observed, since they are modular pieces designed to work together. In addion, they do

not have a bonding mortar that absorbs this difference and, therefore, it is necessary to

verify this data by carrying out the test in queson.

References

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 93

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[1] S. Moyano Sanz. Pieza termoplástica modular impresa. Aplicación de la tecnología 3D a los

procesos constructivos. Printed thermoplastic modular piece. Tesis doctoral. Escuela

Técnica Superior de Edificación. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 2021. Doi:

10.20868/UPM.thesis.69161

[2] AENOR. Fabricación aditiva. Principios generales. Terminología. ISO/ASTM 52900:2017.

Madrid, 2017.

[3] AENOR. Métodos de ensayo de piezas para fábrica de albañilería. Parte 20: Determinación

de la planeidad de las caras de piezas para fábrica de albañilería. UNE-EN 772-

20:2001/A1:2006. Madrid, 2006.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 94

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DEVELOPMENT OF PEROVSKITE FILMS WITH PHOTOLUMINESCENT

PROPERTIES FOR BUILDING APPLICATIONS

1

Hariana Farfán Benavides; 2 Karol Roa Bohóquez; 3 Raúl Sanchez

1

Universidad pedagógica y tecnológica de Colombia, hariana.farfan@uptc.edu.co

2

Centro de Investigación en Ciencia Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Mexico

2

Raúl Sánchez, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales (ICMUV), Universidad de Valencia, Spain

Keywords: Perovskites; biopolymer; Building applications; organic ligands; photoluminescence.

Abstract

Energy-efficient materials such as perovskites have atracted atenon due to their

characteriscs, low manufacturing costs and variety of producon methods. These

materials can be used in different applicaons to promote the development of smart

cies. Previous work reports instability of perovskites exposed to air, humidity and

temperature, so currently connues to study structures with sustainable materials that

provide greater durability. Based on this, the present research explores the synthesis of

a perovskite coang in biopolymer matrix to promote the use of environmentally

friendly materials in construcon. The proposed films were synthesized from

polysaccharides, lead acetate and cesium bromide dissolved in a dimethyl sulfoxide and

dimethylformamide system under ambient condions. Finally, different techniques were

used to study the opcal, morphological and structural properes of the material

confirming its applicaon as homogeneous and photoluminescent films with a content

of organic ligands for the formaon of perovskite.

Figure 1: Graphic abstract.

References

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 95

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[1] Giuri, A., Masi, S., Listorti, A., Gigli, G., Colella, S., Esposito Corcione, C., & Rizzo, A. (2018).

Polymeric rheology modifier allows single-step coating of perovskite ink for highly efficient

and stable solar cells. Nano Energy, 54, 400–408.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.10.039

[2] Chen, H., Guo, A., Zhu, J., Cheng, L., & Wang, Q. (2019). Tunable photoluminescence of

CsPbBr 3 perovskite quantum dots for their physical research. Applied Surface Science,

465(May 2018), 656–664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2018.08.211

[3] Shamsi, J., Urban, A. S., Imran, M., De Trizio, L., & Manna, L. (2019). Metal Halide Perovskite

Nanocrystals: Synthesis, Post-Synthesis Modifications, and Their Optical Properties [Reviewarticle].

Chemical Reviews, 119(5), 3296–3348.

https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00644

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 96

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EVALUACIÓN DE ESTRUCTURAS AFECTADAS POR SISMO PARA LA

INTERVENCIÓN DE RESCATE

1

Gregorio García López de la Osa; 2 Sonsoles González Rodrigo

1




2


D080 Construcciones arquitectónicas y su control, sonsoles.gonzalez@upm.es

Keywords: evaluación, estructura, construcción, sísmico, riesgo

Abstract

Con posterioridad a un evento sísmico se produce la inmediata intervención de los

equipos de rescate para el salvamento de las personas con vida atrapadas en el interior

de los edificios. La evaluación del estado de los edificios donde se debe intervenir es

sustancial para la seguridad del propio equipo de rescate y del sujeto a rescatar. Existen

varios protocolos desarrollados para esta función. En general, en lo referido a los

procedimientos de rescate, estos protocolos pretenden[1]:

a.- Valorar, en esa situación de emergencia, el estado de la estructura y de los elementos

no estructurales del edificio con posterioridad al sismo, tomando decisiones sobre la

posibilidad de intervenir/habitar el edificio o no.

b.- Reducir los daños que se pueden dar tras el sismo como consecuencia del estado de

la estructura, de la caída de objetos y de los efectos de las réplicas sísmicas esperables.

Las características básicas de estos protocolos deben ser la rapidez, la efectividad y la

mayor simplicidad posible. En cualquier caso, realizados por técnicos profesionales de

la construcción con la adecuada experiencia y conocimientos, que procederán, al

menos, por parejas.

En general, en aras de la simplificación y efectividad del proceso se suele clasificar los

edificios en un número limitado de categorías de riesgo, entre tres y cinco[2]. Las

categorías suelen clasificarse bien en función de la baja o alta vulnerabilidad en cuanto

a daños y seguridad de los ocupantes o bien en función de la necesidad de restricción

del acceso. Se delimitan también las áreas inseguras dentro de espacios calificados como

seguros.

A mayor vulnerabilidad mayor nivel de especialización y competencia se requiere por

parte del técnico inspector.

En términos generales las inspecciones se dividen en internas y externas, siendo estas

segundas realizadas o no en función de las conclusiones de la primera. La inspección

externa requiere de una inversión de entre 15 y 30 minutos dependiendo de múltiples

factores como la gravedad de los daños, la extensión del edificio, su ubicación

topográfica, su altura, la tecnología empleada en su construcción, etc. Esta inspección

debe incluir también el suelo del entorno del edificio.

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La inspección interna requiere de un tiempo mayor, entre 30 y 60 minutos. Se examinará

la seguridad de elementos no estructurales interiores, identificando aquellos elementos

cuyo fallo pueda representar un peligro para la vida de los intervinientes. Asimismo, se

evaluará la estructura, analizando el grado de daño, en función del sistema estructural.

En el caso de edificios colapsados se deben identificar los posibles espacios de

supervivencia con objeto de proceder a una mejor localización de los posibles

supervivientes atrapados[3].

References

[1] E. Meseguer Peña, H. Corres Pere, F. Prieto Aguilera, and F. I. Consultores, Guía de

inspección y evaluación en situación de emergencia de daños debidos al sismo en

edificios (I). 2013.

[2] J. Maffei, C. D. Comarn, B. Kehoe, G. R. Kingsley, and B. Lizundia, “Evaluaon of

Earthquake-Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings,” Earthq. Spectra, vol. 16,

no. 1, pp. 263–283, 2000, doi: 10.1193/1.1586111.

[3] G. García López de la Osa, “Factores de supervivencia en colapsos estructurales,”

Madrid, 2021. doi: htp://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10934.22087.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 98

CITE 2023


COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR TIME AND COST

REDUCTION IN BUILDING PROJECTS

1

John Miguel Pingo Román; 2 Tomas Gil Lopez; 3 Amparo Verdú Vázquez

1

Department of Building Technology. Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación. Madrid.

jpingo@jpgerencia.com.pe tomas.gill@upm.es amparo.verdu@upm.es

Keywords: Management; Optimization; works; costs; time

Abstract

This paper is intended to enable cost and me opmizaon throughout all stages in

building construcon projects around the world.

This research is based on an analyc method and quantave approach. Surveys were

used for data collecon. Subsequently, numerical measurements and stascal analysis

were used to establish behavior paterns in building projects at ten construcon and real

estate companies including the following:

a) Projects without an integrated management system from their initial stage where

attempts were made to control costs during the execution stage.

b) Projects with an integrated management system where attempts were made to

control costs only during the execution stage.

c) Projects managed with an integrated management system which use a time and cost

optimization system throughout all project stages as proposed in this research.

Results obtained show that projects without an integrated management system from

their inial stage where atempts were made to control costs during the execuon stage

increased 8.24% in cost and 17.38% in me (without considering dispersion values)

against originally planned cost and me.

Results obtained from projects with an integrated management system where atempts

were made to control costs only during the execuon stage increased 0.135% in cost and

15.06% in me (without considering dispersion values) against originally planned cost

and me.

Projects managed with a soware-based integrated management system enable beter

monitoring and control of works [1]. The new management thinking implies that costs can

improve with reliable and mely flow of informaon and resources [2]. Implementaon of a

procurement management model makes logiscs performance improvement possible while

improving logiscs metrics in construcon project execuon [3]. To that effect, we recommend

using a tool with digital links for an orderly sequence of processes as to ensure mely informaon

and resources flow for cost and me opmizaon.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 99

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References:

[1] Uguña Muñoz, F.M. (2,019) Implementación del software Procore para la gerencia en

proyectos de construcción (Implementing Procore for Construction Project Management)

[Dissertation for a Professional Degree, Universidad del Azuay].

http://dspace.uazuay.edu.ec/handle/datos/9199

[2] Thomas H., Horman M., Minchin E. and Chen D. (2,003), "Improving labor flow reliability

for better productivity as lean construction principle" Journal of Construction Engineering

and Management, vol 129 Issue 3. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-

9364(2,003)129:3(251)

[3] Tinoco Tejada, B. L. (2,020) Implementación De Un Modelo De gestión De Compras Para

Optimizar La Ejecución De Los Proyectos De Una Empresa Constructora (Implementing a

Procurement Management Model for Optimized Project Execution in a Construction

Company) [Dissertation for a Professional Degree, Universidad Ricardo Palma].

https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14138/3349

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 100

CITE 2023

FOLDING COVERS FOR EMERGENCY HOSPITAL


1

Carlos Cesar Morales Guzman; 2 Vicente Fernando Orz Ponce; 3 Juan Miguel Reyes Castro

1

Doctor of Architecture and Doctor of Building Structures, Faculty of Architecture, Veracruzana

University, e-mail: dr.arqmorales@gmail.com

2

Architecture student, Faculty of Architecture, Veracruzana University, e-mail:

ortizponce10@hotmail.com

3

Architecture student, Faculty of Architecture, Veracruzana University, e-mail:

sz18004743@estudiantes.uv.mx

Keywords: Folding Structure, Emerging Spaces, Design Prototypes

Abstract

The following invesgaon was carried out to develop emerging spaces in hospitals,

since currently the overcrowding of public hospitals makes the care areas insufficient for

paents waing to be treated or family members waing for paents, for which reason

it was contemplated designing a rapidly transportable deployable structural system for

emerging health spaces, to achieve the concepon of the form more accurately, three

stages of development will be taken, firstly, the search for a methodology will be

addressed; which we will look for the theorecal methods of design, which will help

define the different types of transformable systems and materials that can be used, for

which the next step is based on making the geometry of the structure. There are

methods to project this type of geometries such as the one proposed by Dr. Félix Escrig,

which will be taken to approximate and adapt our proposal and propose a structural

simplificaon of the roofs, this so that it can facilitate the modular construcon of a

folding system, this will help us to develop physical models for the behavior ulity of the

product. The next stage is the simulaon of useful structural and geometric models that

consider the typology of the conceptual design, the simulaon of the models in this type

of structural systems implies the design of approximate construcon details to perfect

the joints of the folding roof., since the joining detail is crucial for the construcon of

these folding systems. Said schemes are analyzed in a precise way in the distribuon of

the efforts that act on them, this to avoid unfavorable movements at the me of hoisng.

The main achievement of this research will be based on the final design; That is why the

development of the experimental model will help to verify the design of a folding

structure and its development of manufacturing details.

Figura 1, 2: Proyecto de una cubierta desplegable de aspas para cubrir una piscina unifamiliar 11 x 7 m.

Sevilla, España. Dr. Félix Escrig. (Escrig, F. (1997)

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 101

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References

[1] Banco, A. (2007). Textile Architecture, Transformation of Space, 1st, Ed: Editorial Poseidón.

Beck-er, J., Kuschnir, E., (1995). Structural Typologies: The Dematerialization of the Great

Lights Structures, 2nd Ed: Pontifica Chile University, Medellín.

[2] Berger, H. (1996). "Light Structures, Structures of light, the art of tensile Architecture." 1st

Edition. Switzerland: Basel.

[3] Broto, C. (2006). Covers, Innovation and Design. 1st, Ed .: Editorial Links.

[4] Chilton, J. (2000). "Space Grid Structures", 1st Ed, Editorial Architectural Press, Oxford,

Boston, USA.

[5] Chudley, R. (2001). Building Construction Manual. (3rd ed.), Barcelona: Gustavo Gili, S.A.

DE C.V.

[6] Conrad, R. (1979). Frei Otto: Structures, studies and works on light construction. 1st Ed,

Barcelona: Editorial Gustavo Gili.

[7] Engel, H. (2006). System of Structures 4th Ed .; Mexico. Editorial Gustavo Gili, S.A.

[8] Escofet, J., Millán, M. S., Ralló, M. (2001). Modeling of woven fabric structures based on

Fourier image analysis.1a, Ed, Editorial Applied Optics.

[9] Escrig, F. (1997). Star: Structural Architecture. 1st, Ed, Editorial, University of Seville.

[10] Fuller, M. (2000): Compression of Structures in Architecture. 1st Ed .: Interamerican

Publishers Mcgraw-Hill.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 102

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CONSTRUCTION RESEARCH THROUGH STRUCTURAL MODELS. THE CASE

OF SANTA MARÍA DE CANÁ

1

Irene Cedenilla Bote; 2 David Mencías-Carrizosa

1

Departamento de Estructuras y Física de Edificación. ETSAM. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

2

Departamento de Estructuras y Física de Edificación. ETSAM. Universidad Politécnica de

Madrid; d.mencias@upm.es

Keywords: construction models, structural analysis, finite element method, structural system,

Fernando Higueras

Abstract

It is very common that during the construcon process, any building undergoes

modificaons both in its design and the construcve definion due to mulple

circumstances, many of them occurring during this process. In other cases, the property,

the architects, or other agents decide to change some of the condions of the project,

whether they are design or technical. These modificaons, which are inherent to the

construcon, must be properly reflected and documented. In some cases, this is not

done properly or is not jusfied or documented, so that third pares can evaluate it in

the future.

This work presents a research methodology of these types of modificaons through

models and structural analysis under various hypotheses. This procedure, common in

other scienfic fields, presents the applicaon of the reverse engineering method

applied to structural design, using the case of the Church of Santa María de Caná, located

in of Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid. This building is the last work of the architect Fernando

Higueras. Its towers of more than forty meters high make it a geographical reference

point in an environment where the maximum heights allowed are five stories, with the

most striking element inside being the vault formed by several levels made up of brick

archivolts that overlap each other while decreasing their size (Figure 1). This brick vault

seems to rest on a barrel vault ceiling built with the same material.

Figure 1: Constructive model of the church transept. (Source: Own elaboration)

The present work tries to determine the construcve and structural system of the

building, to try to finally determine how the iconic interior vaults were built, since, due

to the contradicons between the project, the photographs of the construcon process

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 103

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and the documentaon of the located work it is not possible to finally define the

structural system that was executed. Starng from a documentary research based on the

Execuon Projects located and from various publicaons [1] [2] [3], several construcve

hypotheses compable with the exisng documentaon are elaborated as masonry

vault [4] or as a mixed structure masonry-steel or concrete-masonry. Other hypotheses

combine the existence of beams in the steel or concrete transept or the presence of

supports or walls in the central space.

Figure 2: Geometrical models of hypotheses 1 (right) and result of analysis (left). (Source: Own

elaboration)

This informaon is geometrically modelled (Figure 1) and later analysed using finite

element calculaon soware, assessing whether the possibility of deformaon or the

stresses evaluated are compable with the exisng reality or whether they should cause

certain damages. From this it is determined that the most probable hypothesis is that

the building combines the three materials: concrete for the supports and the strap that

holds the transept; steel for the trusses that make up the nave and transept beam -

column structure as well as supporng the barrel vaults; and finally brick masonry for all

the quadrangular surfaces (arches and vaults) of the church, as well as for the walls and

the enre envelope of the building that remains visible.

References

[1] F. Candela, D. Gazapo, C. Lapayese et al. Fernando Higueras, Arquitecturas. Fundación

Cultural COAM, Madrid, 1997.

[2] F. Higueras. Curriculum Vitae 1959-1984. ETSAM, Madrid, 1985

[3] L. Botia, G. Doval Sánchez (ed.), Fernando Higueras, desde el Origen. Fundación ICO, Madrid,

2019.

A. J. Mas Guindal, La concepción estructural de la fábrica en la arquitectura, Informes de la

Construcción, 56 (2005) 49.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 104

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ENHANCED CORROSION BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCING STEEL IN

CONCRETE CONTAINING GRAPHENE OXIDE

1

Lounis Djenaoucine; 2 Álvaro Picazo; 1 Crisna Gema Argiz Lucio; 1 Jaime C. Gálvez; 1 Amparo

Moragues

1

Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Construcción, E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y

Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. C/ Profesor Aranguren, s/n, 28040, Madrid, España.

2

Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación, E.T.S. de Edificación, Universidad Politécnica de

Madrid. Avda. Juan de Herrera, 6, 28040, Madrid, España.

Keywords: Graphene oxide (GO); steel-reinforced concrete; accelerated corrosion test;

chloride diffusion; oxygen permeability.

Abstract

Steel reinforcement corrosion in concrete is a major durability challenge for the material

[1]. Previous studies have shown that concrete porosity is a key factor in the corrosion

process, as it increases the exposure of the reinforcing steel to moisture and oxygen [2].

To overcome this problem, some researchers have proposed the use of nanomaterials in

cemenous materials. Nanomaterials can control porosity and cracks at the nanoscale

level, which can help to prevent corrosion of the embedded steel [3,4]. In this study, we

evaluated the performance of graphene oxide (GO) as a corrosion inhibitor for steel

reinforcement in concrete. We added two small amounts of GO (0.0005 wt.% and 0.005

wt.%) to concrete specimens with a ø8 mm steel bar. We immersed the specimens in 3M

NaCl for 365 days for an accelerated corrosion test. We measured the corrosion potenal

(Ecorr) and corrosion current density (Icorr) using the Linear Polarizaon Technique

(LPR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). We also conducted chloride

penetraon and oxygen permeability tests. The electrochemical results showed that

adding a small amount of GO increased the corrosion resistance and decreased the

corrosion rate due to reduced chloride ion and oxygen penetraon. The findings suggest

that GO can effecvely reduce steel reinforcement corrosion in concrete.

References

[1] A. Goyal, H.S. Pouya, E. Ganjian, P. Claisse, A Review of Corrosion and Protection of Steel in

Concrete, Arab J Sci Eng. 43 (2018) 5035–5055. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-018-3303-

2.

[2] V. Saraswathy, H.W. Song, Corrosion performance of rice husk ash blended concrete,

Constr Build Mater. 21 (2007) 1779–1784.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.05.037.

[3] M. Thanmanaselvi, V. Ramasamy, A study on durability characteristics of nano-concrete,

Mater Today Proc. (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.06.349.

[4] H.A. Gamal, M.S. El-Feky, Y.R. Alharbi, A.A. Abadel, M. Kohail, Enhancement of the

concrete durability with hybrid nano materials, Sustainability (Switzerland). 13 (2021) 1–

17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13031373.

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Domoc and Smart Cies

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CREATION OF HYGROTHERMAL SCENES IN AUTOMATITATION HOME

Javier Vázquez Renedo 1

1

ETSAM - UPM, ja.vazquez.ren@gmail.com

Keywords: Scenes, Automatitation, temperature, hygrothermal

Abstract

The creaon of scenes configured for the home is a reality that is increasingly

implemented in home automaon projects. Through almost all integral control devices

scenes are prepared for different uses. These scenes usually focus on two essenal

parameters, light and sound.

In general, the integral control of home automaon covers many other fields, such as

security, air condioning or venlaon. However, when creang scenes, these

parameters are usually reduced to, at most, an on or off. For example, in the "vacaon"

scenario, all home security systems are programmed to be acve or the air condioning

system to be turned off. In other words, these systems are taken into account, at best, in

the programming of the operang modes of the centralized control, affecng the enre

property, never the operang modes of each room. But we cannot forget that these

values profoundly characterize the lived environment [ i ].

We are used to living and building homothermal spaces. Since the comfort parameters

were standardized in the middle of the 20th century, the controlled temperature and

humidity inside the house is the same in all rooms. However, historically heterothermal

architectures have predominated [ ii ].When the heat was produced in a combuson

source, the fireplace or the kitchen; they produced a thermal gradient from these rooms

to the furthest away. The spaces were distributed taking into account the thermal

requirements of each use.

Although we can find some previous examples, during the 21st century numerous

projects focused on creang living spaces with different humidity and temperature

condions are developed. This is the case of the project presented by the Philippe Rahm

Architects studio at the 2008 Venice Biennale, the Digesble Gulf Stream, where the

spaces are distributed in secon according to the different radiant plaorms [ iii ].Another

example by the same author are the Vapor Apartments that distribute the rooms

according to their relave humidity and that the study describes as follows:

“Instead of simply responding with a technical solution to the problem of humidity in the

air, we want to poetically transform this problem into a sensual landscape. The

apartment will be closer to a natural landscape, with a kind of variation of relative

humidity latitudes. The apartment becomes an interior geography, stretching between a

miniature desert and an interior tropical jungle, between a dry area at 30% relative

humidity and a humid region at 90% relative humidity where the inhabitants can roam

freely.” [ iv ]

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Figure 1: Diagram of the thermal operation of the project Digestible Gulf Stream. (Source: Philippe Rahm

Architects)

Taking these projects as a reference, various examples are presented that allow us to

analyze the possibilies of introducing hydrothermal variables in the creaon of

common home automaon scenes today. Based on hydrothermal comfort standards for

different uses, such as latent and sensible heat calculaon tables by acvies, systems

are proposed that, combining condioning elements with control elements, can

currently be used to introduce temperature and humidity variables. In the construcon

of home automaon scenes. In this way, it is concluded which are the best hydrothermal

ranges for the characterizaon of different scenes.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 108

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METHODOLOGY FOR PROCESSING MUNICIPAL CONSUMPTION DATA IN

SMART TERRITORIES.

1

Silvia Sierra Álvarez; 2 Beatriz Montalbán Pozas; 3 Lucas Bonilla Rodríguez; 4 Marta Lucas Bonilla;

⁵Jose Manuel Lorenzo Gallardo; 6 Francisco Serrano Candela, 7 Pablo Bustos García de Castro

1

Escuela Politécnica, Universidad de Extremadura, silviasa@unex.es bmpozas@unex.es

lubonillar@unex.es malucasb@unex.esjlorenzor@unex.es estructu@unex.es pbustos@unex.es

Keywords: Home automation and Smart cities, Smart Territory, Data processing, Big Data,

Infrastructures.

Abstract

Cies and their acvity account for around 70 % of global carbon emissions and more

than 60 % of resource expenditure, somemes with inadequate, undersized, or

uncontrolled services and infrastructure. The ODS 9, on innovaon and infrastructure,

and the ODS 11, on sustainable cies and communies, highlight the need to promote

new technologies to find soluons to these environmental challenges.

The detailed study of resource consumpon, according to infrastructure condions, is

considered essenal for the design of measures that allow strategies to be defined

according to the current situaon of each territory.

This arcle proposes a methodology for the treatment of consumpon data from various

municipalies, describing procedures that deal with storage and analysis technologies.

This research is part of a Research Agreement signed between Diputación Provincial de

Cáceres and the Universidad de Extremadura to define the methodology for the

intelligent territorial specialisaon of the province of Cáceres, whose objecve is the

sensorisaon of intelligent territorial infrastructure data through a cyber-physical

system. In addion, the agreement works on the implementaon of the ODSs in

municipalies and the concept of "Smart Rural".

For this purpose, six municipalies located in the province of Cáceres have been

selected, which have different starng situaons and different forms of management

with respect to the consumpon of resources for supplying their infrastructures. For all

of them, a common monitoring and temporary data collecon system has been

centralised, which is subsequently stored in its own server in the form of dynamic data

and these, in turn, are related to the respecve stac data of each measure, previously

stored in a PostgreSQL database. This database allows the storage of informaon,

through different relaonal tables, for both stac and dynamic data. The stac data

presents general informaon, such as geometric coordinates, and the dynamic data,

measurements in the form of me series. The later are obtained through Docker

containerised services that request the data from different APIs. Finally, they are

displayed for visualisaon using the open-source tool Mapstore, which presents the data

on a geographical map thanks to their described coordinates.

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The study of the historical records has made it possible to idenfy consumpon paterns

with which to make proposals for improvements and develop acon strategies that can

lead to an improvement in consumpon.

References

[1] Grupos de trabajo. Red Española de Ciudades Inteligentes,

htps://www.esmartcity.es/2013/09/12/red-espanola-de-ciudades-inteligentes/, 2000

(accessed October 2022).

[2] Malake Muñoz Cachón, Julie Marie Urban, Dayana Vega Jazmín, Juan Carlos Gómez Marn,

Guía de buenas práccas sobre Smart City para pequeños y medianos municipios.

Diputación de Granada. (2018).

[3] Minetur, Plan Nacional de Ciudades Inteligentes. Secretaría de Estado de

Telecomunicaciones y para la sociedad de la información. (2015)

[4] Catriona Manville, Gavin Cochrane, Jonathan Cave, Jeremy Millard, Jimmy Kevin Pederson,

Ramus Kare Thaarup, Andrea Liebe, Mathias Wissner, Roel Massink, Bas Koterink, Mapping

Smart Cies in the EU. Directorate-General for Internaonal Policies. Policy Department.

Economic and Scienfic Policy. (2014)

[5] Amec, Smart Cies. AMETIC. Foro TIC para la Sostenibilidad. (2013).

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ANALYSIS OF THE ENERGY PERFORMANCE BY MEANS OF MONITORING

ACCORDING TO THE DWELLINGS TYPOLOGY

1

Marta Lucas Bonilla; 2 Beatriz Montalbán Pozas; 3 Silvia Sierra Álvarez; ⁴José Manuel Lorenzo

Gallardo; ⁵Francisco Serrano Candela, ⁶Lucas Bonilla Rodríguez, ⁷Pablo Bustos García de Castro

1

Escuela Politécnica, Universidad de Extremadura, malucasb@unex.es bmpozas@unex.es

silviasa@unex.es jlorenzor@unex.es estructu@unex.es lubonillar@unex.es pbustos@unex.es

Keywords: Monitoring, Sensorization, IoT, Domotic

Abstract

Nowadays, human beings and regulaons are increasingly demanding in terms of quality

of life and comfort; however, many buildings present a situaon of discomfort and

energy inefficiency. The study of the hygrothermal variables and air quality of a sample

of dwellings would make it possible to obtain a diagnosis for the definion of appropriate

strategies.

Due to the moment of great technological progress in which we find ourselves, the use

of monitoring and data processing based on domoc systems is considered essenal, as

it can be of great contribuon. Thus, this communicaon describes a procedure that uses

ICTs in the field of construcon to study the behaviour of a sample of dwellings. This

research is part of the project on energy efficiency in housing of the Junta de

Extremadura (FEDER 2014-2020), for the improvement, development and analysis of

data exploitaon of the I+D project on energy efficiency in housing, which aims to

increase the condions of comfort and habitability of housing and save on energy bills

of the parcipants.

For the study, a set of more than 150 dwellings located in the autonomous community

of Extremadura, with different construcon characteriscs and years of construcon and

located in various towns in the provinces of Cáceres and Badajoz, have been selected.

In these dwellings, a domoc system of sensorizaon and data monitoring has been

used, based on several low-cost, open-source sensors distributed throughout the house.

In this way, indoor and outdoor temperature and humidity, CO2 and CO concentraons

and electricity consumpon are measured. These devices have WiFi communicaon, and

publish the data collected directly to their own server, for subsequent storage, along

with other informaon, in various databases, depending on their structure. Finally, they

are displayed for visualizaon using the open source tool Grafana.

Thus, during the months that this study has been in progress (currently acve), data has

been collected with the aim of obtaining me series that have been analysed and

compared with each other and with those of previous periods. In this way, it has been

possible to detect paterns with which to idenfy the current situaon of the dwellings

and possible strategies for improvement, which could lead to a change in user habits

and, with this, an improvement in comfort, air quality and energy savings. Likewise, real-

me knowledge of the state of the homes, together with informave and awareness-

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raising messages, allows the user to act accordingly and avoids situaons of discomfort

and inefficiency in many cases.

References

[1] H. Zhang, A. Tzempelikos, X. Liu, S. Lee, F. Cappelletti, and A. Gasparella, The impact of

personal preference-based thermal control on energy use and thermal comfort: Field

implementation, Energy Build., vol. 284 (Apr. 2023) doi: 10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2023.112848

[2] A. Franco, L. Miserocchi, and D. Testi, Energy efficiency in shared buildings: Quantification

of the potential at multiple scales, Energy Reports, vol. 9, 84–95 (Dec. 2023) doi:

10.1016/J.EGYR.2022.11.142

[3] S. Chen, W. Yang, H. Yoshino, M. D. Levine, K. Newhouse, and A. Hinge, Definition of

occupant behavior in residential buildings and its application to behavior analysis in case

studies, Energy Build., vol. 104, 1–13 (Oct. 2015) doi: 10.1016/J.ENBUILD.2015.06.075

[4] T. Malatesta and J. K. Breadsell, Identifying Home System of Practices for Energy Use with

K-Means Clustering Techniques, Sustainability, vol. 14, no. 15, 9017 (Jul. 2022) doi:

10.3390/su14159017

[5] G. Heravi and M. Qaemi, Energy performance of buildings: The evaluation of design and

construction measures concerning building energy efficiency in Iran, Energy and Buildings,

vol. 75, 456-464 (2014) ISSN 0378-7788, doi: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.02.035

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 112

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EMPIRICAL MODELLING BASED ON INTEGRATED DYNAMIC ANALYSIS

TECHNIQUES FOR THERMAL CHARACTERIZATION OF AN ENCLOSURE

UNDER REAL USE CONDITIONS

1

Gómez M.; 2,3* Jiménez M.J.; 1 Díaz R.; 3 Sánchez M.N.

1

Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, maria.gomezferreiro@estudiante.uam.es;

raquel.diaz@uam.es

2

Plataforma Solar de Almería, CIEMAT, mjose.jimenez@psa.es

3

Energy Efficiency in Buildings R&D Unit, CIEMAT, nuria.sanchez@ciemat.es

Keywords: Building envelope; thermal parameters; performance indicators; In-situ tests;

Dynamic analysis

Abstract

One of the largest percentages of global energy consumpon worldwide goes to the

thermal condioning of the interior spaces of buildings. To determine the air

condioning needs of a building it is necessary to analyse its energy balance, taking into

account all the relevant energy processes involved between the building components

themselves and with the external environment. This evaluaon can be carried out

theorecally by means of dynamic simulaon tools or simplified methods based on

steady state, but, these calculaons differ from the actual building behaviour [1]. One of

the causes of such a performance gap is the simplificaon of some exchange phenomena

that are complex in pracce. A key factor according to several previous studies is the

heat exchange of the building envelope with the outside [2]. The characterizaon of the

thermal behaviour of the envelope can be carried out experimentally through the

development of monitoring campaigns. This analysis can be carried out using staonary

methods, which use the average values of the key variables in the calculaon of the

energy balance. However, they have limitaons and require a large amount of data [3].

Other methodologies are based on quasi-staonary analysis, i.e. the coheang test [4].

On the other hand, the envelope analysis can be performed taking into account the

variaon with me of the relevant variables in the energy balance, by means of dynamic

methods, such as the RC method. These methods are nevertheless more complex due

to the use of me-dependent ordinary differenal equaons [5]. In this research we

apply an integrated dynamic method, which is framed between both types of methods.

It takes into account the dynamic characteriscs of the measurements but with less

complexity [6]. This study assesses the thermal performance of an office room at the

Plataforma Solar de Almería (PSA). Intrinsic thermal parameters are obtained through

the applicaon of this dynamic integrated method considering the room energy balance

equaon. This method uses mulple linear regressions based on variables averages to

find the thermal parameters in the opmal integraon period. First, the annual

evaluaon shows a high dispersion in these parameters. The seasonal analysis then

concludes that winter presents opmal condions for observing the behaviour of the

heat transfer coefficient (HTC), as occurs in summer with the solar-gain coefficient (gA)

to obtain low dispersions. Moreover, in spring-autumn the behaviour is the same as that

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observed in the annual analysis. Finally, an analysis by variables is carried out to delimit

the opmum range of each one of them in order to obtain greater reliability. A beter fit

to the proposed model is obtained when the energy input is posive, the global radiaon

is high, and the temperature difference is high. This conclusion suggests the usefulness

of implemenng selecon and discard criteria in the procedure, which would allow

improving the results by selecng experimental periods where the main variables take

values within the ranges where beter behaviour has been idenfied in terms of validity

indicators.

References

[1] W. Tian, Y. Heo, P. de Wilde, Z. Li, D. Yan, C.S. Park, X. Feng, G. Augenbroe, A review of

uncertainty analysis in building energy assessment, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 93 (2018)

285–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.05.029.

[2] Annex 58 of the IEA-EBC Programme on Reliable Building Energy Performance

Characterisation based on Full Scale Dynamic Measurements. https://www.ieaebc.org/Data/publications/EBC_PSR_Annex_58.pdf,

2011–2016. (accessed 13 February

2023).

[3] M.J. Jiménez, H. Madsen, Models for describing the thermal characteristics of building

components, Build. Environ. 43 (2008) 152–162.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.10.029.

[4] R. Jack, D. Loveday, D. Allinson, K. Lomas, First evidence for the reliability of building coheating

tests, Building Research & Information. 46 (4) (2018) 383–401.

https://doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2017.1299523

[5] C. Vallianos, A. Athienitis, B. Delcroix, Automatic generation of multi-zone RC models using

smart thermostat data from homes, Energy Build. 277 (2022) 112571.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2022.112571.

[6] K. Chávez, D.P. Ruiz, M.J. Jiménez, Dynamic integrated method applied to assessing the insitu

thermal performance of walls and whole buildings. Robustness analysis supported by a

benchmark set-up, Appl. Therm. Eng. 152 (2019) 287–307.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.02.065.

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Gender Perspecve in construcon

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PERCEPTIONS OF YOUTH MEXICAN ARCHITECTS ABOUT THEIR

WORKSPACE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC: A GENDER PERSPECTIVE ON

PHYSICAL DISTANCING EXPERIENCES

1

Teresa Cuerdo-Vilches; 2 Maribel Jaimes Torres; 3 Mónica Aguilera Porllo; 4 Miguel Ángel

Navas-Marn;

1

Instituto de Ciencias de la Construcción Eduardo Torroja, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones

Científicas (IETcc-CSIC), 28033 Madrid, Spain. teresacuerdo@ietcc.csic.es

2

Facultad Mexicana de Arquitectura, Diseño y Comunicación, Universidad La Salle Mexico,

Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico. m.jaimest@lasallistas.org.mx

3

Facultad Mexicana de Arquitectura, Diseño y Comunicación, Universidad La Salle Mexico,

Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico. monica.aguilera@lasalle.mx

4

Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.

manavas@isciii.es

Keywords: Teleworking, Qualitative research, confinement, sentiment analysis, Photovoice

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus has resulted in the highest

number of respiratory disease fatalities people worldwide. In Mexico, the first case was

detected on February 27, 2020, and by March 11, the World Health Organization

declared it a pandemic. The country declared a health emergency on March 30, with

over a thousand confirmed cases and 28 deaths at that point. With no clinical cure or

prevention, preventive measures like hand washing, covering coughs and sneezes, and

physical distancing became the global strategy to prevent the spread of the virus. The

Healthy Distance National Campaign was implemented, mandating the suspension of

non-essential activities, and the New Normality campaign was introduced, allowing

voluntary confinement through the use of an epidemiological traffic light system.

Mexico has been one of the most affected countries, with over 1.4 million confirmed

cases and 125,807 deaths as of December 31, 2020 [1].

The aim of this analysis is to know the perception of Mexican young architects about

their work space during social distancing through a gender perspective, in order to find

if there were significant differences between the experiences of men and women.

A qualitative study was conducted with a sample of young architects (16 male and 14

female) who were teleworking from home during the pandemic. To analyze the data, a

method called Visual-Emotional Analysis [2] was applied, which involved examining both

the visual (by photos) and emotional (by sentiment analysis) aspects of the content

provided by the participants.

Using a data collection platform, individuals were prompted to capture an image

representing their remote work or study area at home. Additionally, they were

requested to add three relevant keywords to categorize the picture, and to provide a

brief explanation of the most significant aspects of the photograph.

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The visual and narrative content of the participants was analyzed, resulting in 48 labels,

16 images, and testimonies from male participants, and 42 labels, 14 images and

testimonies from female ones. Additionally, a sentiment analysis was conducted to

determine the polarity of the participants' testimonies. Results showed that women had

a higher percentage of positive messages with 57.1% (8), compared to men who had

43.8% (7). Overall, the study found gender differences in the polarity of the participants'

perceptions of their remote workspaces.

Content analysis revealed that women provided more specific descriptions of workspace

characteristics (e.g., lighting, space distribution) compared to men, who focused on

creating a comfortable and functional workspace with less detail.

References

[1] M. Jaimes Torres, M. Aguilera Portillo, T. Cuerdo-Vilches, I. Oteiza, and M. Á. Navas-Martín,

Habitability, resilience, and satisfaction in Mexican homes to COVID-19 pandemic, Int. J.

Environ. Res. Public Health, 18(13) (2021) 6993.

[2] T. Cuerdo-Vilches & M.Á. Navas-Martín, Confined students: A visual-emotional analysis of

study and rest spaces in the homes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18 (2021) 5506.

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General Issues

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CALIBRATION OF SITE EFFECT PARAMETERS AND ATTENUATION

COEFFICIENTS IN GMPM BSSA 14 FOR THE SPANISH REGION

1

Carlos A. González; 2 Francisco Marnez

1

Escuela de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,

carlosalejandro.gonzalezj@alumnos.upm.es

2

Dep. Mecánica Medios Continuos y Teoría de Estructuras, Escuela de Ingenieros de Caminos,

Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid,

francisco.martinez@upm.es

Keywords: PSHA, Pseudo Spectro, GMPM, GMPE

Abstract

Seismic activity in any case represents a danger for society due to the different effects

that it can have on buildings and infrastructure and therefore on the lives of the living

beings that coexist in them. In order to prevent disasters related to this type of event,

a series of analyses have been created to help prevent the areas most affected by

earthquakes, as well as the approximate acceleration values that will occur in the

different zones.

One of the ways to make a possible prediction of the seismic actions that may exist in a

region is through the use of statistical methodologies that are used to establish a

probability of action of such events according to the return period that is established in

the analysis, such as the probabilistic seismic risk analysis (PSHA), being a probabilistic

analysis that is estimated by applying all the possible locations of the hypocentre and

the seismic magnitude that can generate the movement.

This probabilistic analysis works from prediction equations that have been created

based on seismic metadata collected in different regions. These equations form models

that are used to describe the response of the 5 % damped pseudo spectra for the

different zones taking into account some easily known input parameters. The major

problem in creating these models requires data with large robust statistics to support

the results, such as the database required to create the "NGA-West2" model. \left[1] .

There are several places where this type of information is not available, so the use of

alternative methodologies helps to achieve fits to different seismic prediction models.

By using these residual methodologies proposed by Abrahamson and Youngs in 1992 [2]

and using the seismic data supplied by the National Geographic Institute of Spain, it has

been possible to calibrate the BSSA 14 seismic prediction model proposed by Stewart, J.

P., Boore, D. M., Seyhan, E., & Atkinson, for the region of Spain. Improving the seismic

response spectrum for the different periods analysed, with the best efficiency results

for periods longer than 3 seconds.

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References

[1] Zafarani, H., Rahpeyma, S., & Mousavi, M. (2017). Regional adjustment factors for three

NGA-West2 ground-motion prediction equations to be applicable in northern Iran. Journal

of Seismology, 21(3), 473–493. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9611-7W. Strunk Jr.,

E.B. White, The Elements of Style, fourth ed., Longman, New York, 2000.

[2] Abrahamson, N. A., & Youngs, R. R. (1992). A STABLE ALGORITHM FOR REGRESSION

ANALYSES USING THE RANDOM EFFECTS MODEL. In Bulletin of the Seismological Society of

America (Vol. 82, Issue 1). http://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/ssa/bssa/articlepdf/82/1/505/5340765/bssa0820010505.pdfbymjcrespo

[3] Stewart, J. P., Boore, D. M., Seyhan, E., & Atkinson, G. M. (2016a). NGA-West2 equations for

predicting vertical-component PGA, PGV, and 5%-damped PSA from shallow crustal

earthquakes. Earthquake Spectra, 32(2), 1005–1031.

https://doi.org/10.1193/072114EQS116M

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ANALYSIS OF THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS PERFORMANCE IN

MITIGATING THE CARBON FOOTPRINT OF SMART SEAPORTS, A SCOPING

REVIEW

1

Seyed Behbood Issa Zadeh; 2 Mehrdad Behforouzi; 3 Hamid Reza Soltani

1

Universidad politécnica de Madrid, escuela técnica superior de ingenieros de caminos,

canales y puertos, Madrid, Spain, behbood.issazadeh@alumnos.upm.es

2

International Maritime College Oman, Sohar, Oman, Mehrdad@imco.edu.om

3

International Maritime College Oman, Sohar, Oman, Hamid@imco.edu.om

Keywords: Smart Seaport, Intelligent Girds, Energy Management System, Carbon Footprint, Port

Energy Management Plan.

Abstract

A smart seaport is "a port where all acvies involving ships and cargo are ghtly linked

via the wireless or internal network, providing all sorts of informaon for daily

operaons.”[1]

Furthermore, intelligent management, a component of the Energy Management System

(EMS), which is a crical element of a smart port (as shown in figure 1), performs with

cung-edge technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT) and intelligent girds to control,

manage, and balance all port acvies. This intelligent management is part of the EMS,

a crucial part of a smart port.[2] In figure 1, a diagram shows how the primary and

secondary components of a smart seaport work together.

Smart Seaport Components

Intelligent Logistics

Intelligent Infrastructure

Intteligent Traffic Fellow

IoT

Energy Management System

Intelligent Transport

Platform

Clouds

Sensors

Port Community Network

Paperless Procedures

Worldwide Networking

Vehicle Traffic

Management

Intelligent Cargo

Hnadling

Intelligent Gating

Technical Analysis

Intelligent

Geographical System

Figure 1 Smart Seaport's Primary and Secondary Components

In addition, according to the European Maritime Spatial Planning (MSP) Platform,

"Green airports and ports" are multimodal hubs for sustainable and intelligent mobility

and are environmentally friendly. Consequently, all ports must implement integrated

low-emission energy systems. These systems must include intelligent energy

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generation, storage, distribution, and consumption and a sustainable alternative and

renewable energy infrastructure.[3]

In figure 2, a diagram shows how smart grids can be used in an EMS in a smart seaport

for all stages of power generaon, distribuon, storage, and use.

Figure 2 Smart Seaport EMS Performance Diagram [4]

On the other hand, in line with worldwide standards such as ISO 50001[5], Ports that are

environmentally conscious and forward-thinking will develop their own Port Energy

Management Plans (PeMP) to either reduce their overall energy consumpon or

increase their use of renewable sources of power.[6]

This work study examines and surveys EMS Performance in developing, transferring, and

deploying smart seaport energy to reduce the seaport's carbon footprint (C.F). A scoping

review and a thorough analysis of recent publicaons and resources on fields related to

the study's subject mater are included in the methodology. The findings and results

examine whether there is a meaningful link between implemenng energy management

systems in smart ports and reducing carbon emissions. Finally, with the research

framework's goal in mind, there are scienfic interpretaons, ideas, and a few

recommendaons for future work to improve the performance of the ports' EMS in a

related field.

References

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[1] A. Othman, S. El-Gazzar, and M. Knez, “A Framework for Adopting a Sustainable Smart Sea

Port Index,” Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 14, no. 8, Apr. 2022, doi:

10.3390/su14084551.

[2] [2] M. Acciaro, H. Ghiara, and M. I. Cusano, “Energy Management in Seaports,” Energy

Policy, vol. 71, pp. 4–12, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.enpol.2014.04.013.

[3] [3] “Green airports and ports as multimodal hubs for sustainable and smart mobility.”

https://maritime-spatial-planning.ec.europa.eu/fundings/green-airports-and-portsmultimodal-hubs-sustainable-and-smart-mobility

(accessed Oct. 13, 2022).

[4] [4] “The topology of seaport microgrid, Scientific Diagram.”

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-topology-of-seaport-microgrid-

129_fig5_351646378 (accessed Oct. 15, 2022).

[5] [5] ISO, “ISO 50001,” 2011.

https://www.dynamicsafety.com.sg/index.php/consulting/index/iso-50001-2018 (accessed

Oct. 16, 2022).

[6] [6] E. Sdoukopoulos, M. Boile, A. Tromaras, and N. Anastasiadis, “Energy efficiency in

European ports,” Sustainability (Switzerland), vol. 11, no. 18, Sep. 2019, doi:

10.3390/su11184952.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 123

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LITERATURE REVIEW OF UAVS FOR BUILDING ANALYSIS

1

Kalare Agrasar Sanso; 1 José Antonio Millán; 2 Alexander Marn-Garin; 3 Elena Millán-Medel;

1

Lecia Jiménez

1

Department of Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country

UPV/EHU, Plaza de Europa nº1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; kagrasar001@ikasle.ehu.eus

j.millan@ehu.eus arq.leticiajimenez@gmail.com

2

Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering of Gipuzkoa, University of the Basque Country

UPV/EHU, Plaza de Europa nº1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; alexander.martin@ehu.eus

3

Higher Technical School of Architecture, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Oñate 2,

20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; emillan005@ikasle.ehu.eus

Keywords: UAV, energy efficiency, thermography, photogrammetry

Abstract

Technologies are needed to pursue sustainable development and minimise the current

increase in energy demand. This synthesis aims to present new techniques to reduce the

use of existing resources through energy efficiency.

The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is proposed for visual inspection

tasks. Thermal images from infrared thermography are used to detect defects such as

thermal bridges and heat losses. On the other hand, the surface temperature and

geometry of a building are also necessary for a reliable assessment. The combined use

of 3D imaging and thermography is common in the building sector, as it enables the nondestructive

inspection of components as well as the assessment of energy efficiency.

Regular monitoring using drone technology helps to eliminate errors at an early stage,

which saves energy. It also represents significant economic and time savings [1].

Early sampling experiments were conducted with the approach of exploring large areas

that were not easily accessible [2]. The new generations of drones are going in different

directions. They have smaller, more autonomous, and stronger structures due to the use

of new materials and manufacturing methods. On the other hand, in terms of platform

stability, efforts are directed towards creating an unmanned aerial vehicle capable of

ensuring stable flight in difficult conditions. This is achieved through durable motors,

battery systems and materials [3].

On the other hand, research is conducted at speed, [4] 3D thermal imaging models have

been produced with a UAV in a single morning. However, it is now being tested how

drones can be combined with different technologies to monitor, assess, and detect

structural damage remotely in real time [5]. In such a situation, the problems are in the

identification of obstacles, once the result is obtained, it is difficult to capture new

changes. Therefore, for the correct operation of unmanned aerial vehicles, a system that

adapts to the 3D dynamic space must be implemented [6].

It becomes clear that to increase energy efficiency it is necessary to develop an

observation technology that can obtain the current state of the element under study in

real time. Surface temperatures of a building can be collected using thermographic

images and automatically geo-referenced to provide 3D visualisations. However,

autonomous aviation and automatic error identification by means of AI is the current

focus and future direction of UAV devices. It is of great importance considering the large

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amounts of energy losses that could be avoided, and thus the economic savings that this

would bring. Research into a platform adapted to accessible devices to steer the drone

device could be key to improving remote flight and momentary problem identification.

References

[1] Jain, Kamal; Khoshelham, Kourosh; Zhu, Xuan and Tiwari, Anuj, Proceedings of UASG 2019:

Unmanned Aerial System in Geomatics, Springer Nature. 51 (2020)

[2] MAVROMATIDIS, L. E., J. L. Dauvergne, R. Saleri and J. C. Batsale. ,"First experiments for

the diagnosis and thermophysical sampling using impulse IR thermography from

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)"pp.1-8, 2014, doi:10.21611/QIRT .

[3] ELLENBERG, A., A. Kontsos, F. Moon and I. Bartoli. ,"Bridge deck delamination

identification from unmanned aerial vehicle infrared imagery" 72, pp.155-165, 2016,

doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2016.08.024

[4] WEBSTER, C., Matthew Westoby, Nick Rutter and Tobias Jonas. ,"Three-dimensional

thermal characterization of forest canopies using UAV photogrammetry" 209, pp.835-847,

2018, doi:10.1016/j.rse.2017.09.033

[5] ALI, R., Dongho Kang, Gahyun Suh and Young-Jin Cha. ,"Real-time multiple damage

mapping using autonomous UAV and deep faster region-based neural networks for GPSdenied

structures" 130, pp.103831, 2021, doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2021.103831

[6] GARIBEH, M. H., Ahmad M. Alshorman, Mohammad A. Jaradat, Ahmad Bani Younes and

Maysa Khaleel. ,"Motion planning of unmanned aerial vehicles in dynamic 3D space: a

potential force approach", Cambridge University Press, 40, pp.3604-3630, 2022,

doi:10.1017/S026357472200042X

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INFLUENCIA DEL TIPO DE PROTECCIÓN SOLAR EN EL DESEMPEÑO

TÉRMICO Y LUMÍNICO EN AULAS ESCOLARES

1

Mg. Crisán Muñoz Viveros; 2 Dr. Alexis Pérez Fargallo; 3 Dr. Carlos Rubio Bellido

1

Centro de Invesgación en Tecnologías de la Construcción; Departamento de Diseño y Teoría,

Escuela de Arquitectura; Facultad de Arquitectura, Construcción y Diseño, Universidad del Bío-

Bío, Concepción, Chile. cmunoz@ubiobio.cl,crimunviv@alum.us.es

2

Departamento de Ciencias de la Construcción; Facultad de Arquitectura, Construcción y

Diseño; Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción, Chile. aperez@ubiobio.cl

3

Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas II; Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Sevilla,

España, crubio@us.es

Keywords: Optimización energética; Arquitectura Pasiva; Protección solar; Aulas escolares.

Abstract

Las protecciones solares suelen diseñarse como estrategias pasivas en los edificios,

tanto para el rendimiento térmico como lumínico. Por ello cobra importancia el

equilibrio entre estos dos parámetros siendo crucial en las primeras etapas de diseño.

El objevo de esta invesgación es comparar la variación que enen las estrategias de

protección solar (acristalamiento con protección solar y longitud de los voladizos)

sobre la energía térmica y de iluminación, tomando como referencia el valor definido

por el Factor Solar Modificado (FSM), ulizado en países como España y Chile, para

restringir los aportes solares. Se realizaron simulaciones para comprender el potencial

de las protecciones solares con el mismo valor de FSM y las implicaciones en el

rendimiento térmico y lumínico. El caso de estudio es un aula ubicada en la ciudad de

Talca, en el centro-sur de Chile, con un clima de marcadas estaciones, entre inviernos

fríos y veranos calurosos. Los resultados mostraron que el uso de estrategias de

protección solar con valores de FSM iguales y similares no proporciona un desempeño

energéco comparable (Figura 1). En concreto, para el caso de estudio las diferencias

en el consumo energéco de calefacción son 0,62 kWh (Este (E) - FSM 0,14), en

refrigeración 42,28 kWh (Noreste (NE) - FSM 0,47), en energía de iluminación 5,30

kWh (Noroeste (NW) - FSM 0,11), y 39,77 kWh en el consumo total (Noreste (NE) -

FSM 0,47) (Tabla 1). Se deduce de los resultados obtenidos que una adecuada

protección solar requiere evaluar diferentes alternavas que permitan equilibrar

ambos rendimientos, consiguiendo en algunos casos, un significavo ahorro

energéco.

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Figura 1: Consumo de energía de refrigeración para longitud de alero y tipos de cristal.

(Fuente: desarrollado por autores).

Tabla 1: Diferencia en consumo de energía anual para el caso de estudio– Retranqueo (cristal) vs alero.

(Fuente: Desarrollado por autores).

Orientación Noreste (kWh año)*

FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM

Consumo

0.54

Alero

0.54

Alero

0.54

Alero

0.33

Alero

0.33

Alero

0.33

Alero

0.18

Alero

0.18

Alero

0.18

Alero

0.11

Alero

0.11

Alero

0.11

Alero

energético 010 m 0.45 m 0.80 m 0.90 m 1.25 m 1.60 m 1.70 m 2.45 m 3.20 m 3.30 m 3.65 m 4.00 m

Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol

0.90 0.90 0.90 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.15 0.15 0.15

Calefacción 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

Refrigeración 6.16 18.16 32.57 24.13 35.40 42.28 27.33 35.70 39.69 19.17 20.19 20.90

Iluminación -0.02 -0.04 -0.09 0.06 0.01 -2.52 -0.34 -0.77 -0.88 5.01 5.01 5.00

Total 6.14 18.13 32.48 24.20 35.41 39.77 27.00 34.93 38.81 24.18 25.20 25.90

Orientación Este (kWh año)*

FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM FSM

Consumo

0.60

Alero

0.60

Alero

0.60

Alero

0.51

Alero

0.51

Alero

0.51

Alero

0.36

Alero

0.36

Alero

0.36

Alero

0.14

Alero

0.14

Alero

0.14

Alero

energético 0.10 m 0.45 m 0,80 m 0,90 m 1,25 m 1,60 m 1,70 m 2,45 m 3,20 m 3,30 m 3,65 m 4,00 m

Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol Tsol

0.85 0.85 0,85 0,72 0,72 0,72 0,51 0,51 0,51 0,19 0,19 0,19

Calefacción 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -0.52 0.62 0.25 -0.09

Refrigeración 1.97 8.98 17.73 12.96 18.98 21.91 15.41 23.21 28.57 10.77 12.41 13.97

Iluminación 0.00 -0.02 -0.08 0.01 -0.06 -3.17 -2.16 -2.68 -2.80 3.40 3.40 3.37

Total 1.97 8.96 17.65 12.97 18.92 18.74 13.25 20.53 25.25 14.79 16.06 17.24

*Un valor sobre cero indica que la energía consumida asociada a retranqueo es mayor a la asociada a un alero.

FSM: Factor Solar Modificado; Tsol: Factor de transmisión solar del cristal.

ISBN: 978-8418-2555-02 127

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References

[1] Acosta, I., Campano, M.Á., Molina, J.F., 2016. Window design in architecture: Analysis of

energy savings for lighting and visual comfort in residential spaces. Appl. Energy 168, 493–

[2] 506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.02.005

[3] Ahmad, R.M., El-Sayed, Z., Taha, D., Shokry, H., Mahmoud, H., 2021. An approach to select an

energy-efficient shading device for the south-oriented façades in heritage buildings in

Alexandria, Egypt. Energy Reports 7, 133–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.06.024

[4] Al-Khatatbeh, B.J., Ma’Bdeh, S.N., 2017. Improving visual comfort and energy efficiency in

existing classrooms using passive daylighting techniques. Energy Procedia 136, 102–108.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.10.294

[5] Alhagla, K., Mansour, A., Elbassuoni, R., 2019. Optimizing windows for enhancing daylighting

performance and energy saving. Alexandria Eng. J. 58, 283–290.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2019.01.004

[6] Alwetaishi, M., Taki, A., 2020. Investigation into energy performance of a school building in a

hot climate: Optimum of window-to-wall ratio. Indoor Built Environ. 29, 24–39.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X19842313

[7] Ashrafian, T., Moazzen, N., 2019. The impact of glazing ratio and window configuration on

occupants’ comfort and energy demand: The case study of a school building in Eskisehir,

[8] Turkey. Sustain. Cities Soc. 47, 101483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101483

[9] Ayoub, M., 2019. 100 Years of daylighting: A chronological review of daylight prediction and

calculation methods. Sol. Energy 194, 360–390.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.10.072

[10] Bakmohammadi, P., Noorzai, E., 2020. Optimization of the design of the primary school

classrooms in terms of energy and daylight performance considering occupants’ thermal and

visual comfort. Energy Reports 6, 1590–1607. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.06.008

[11] Bellia, L., Pedace, A., Fragliasso, F., 2015. Dynamic daylight simulations: Impact of weather

file’s choice. Sol. Energy 117, 224–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.05.002

[12] Boafo, F.E., Ahn, J.G., Kim, S.M., Kim, J.H., Kim, J.T., 2019. Fenestration refurbishment of an

educational building: Experimental and numerical evaluation of daylight, thermal and

building energy performance. J. Build. Eng. 25, 100803.

[13] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2019.100803

[14] Bodart, M., De Herde, A., 2002. Global energy savings in offices buildings by the use of

daylighting. Energy Build. 34, 421–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7788(01)00117-7

[15] Bustamante, W., Encinas, F., Otárola, R., Pino, A., 2012. Análisis de estrategias para confort

térmico y lumínico de edificios en diferentes climas de la Zona Central de Chile. ARQ n o 82,

112–115.

[16] Carlos, J.S., 2017. The impact of refurbished windows on Portuguese old school buildings.

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[17] Archit. Eng. Des. Manag. 13, 185–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/17452007.2016.1274252

[18] Carlucci, S., Causone, F., De Rosa, F., Pagliano, L., 2015. A review of indices for assessing visual

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design. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 47, 1016–1033.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.03.062

[19] Cheong, K.H., Teo, Y.H., Koh, J.M., Acharya, U.R., Man Yu, S.C., 2020. A simulation-aided

approach in improving thermal-visual comfort and power efficiency in buildings. J. Build. Eng.

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[20] Chi, D.A., Moreno, D., Navarro, J., 2018. Correlating daylight availability metric with lighting,

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de Diseño y Obras de la Dirección de Arquitectura, según Zonas Geográficas del País y Según

Tipología de Edificios _ Versión 2. Según Zo. Geográficas del País y Según Tipologías Edif.

[22] Correia da Silva, P., Leal, V., Andersen, M., 2013. Occupants interaction with electric lighting

and shading systems in real single-occupied offices: Results from a monitoring campaign.

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[23] de Almeida Rocha, A.P., Reynoso-Meza, G., Oliveira, R.C.L.F., Mendes, N., 2020. A pixel counting based

method for designing shading devices in buildings considering energy efficiency, daylight use and

fading protection. Appl. Energy 262, 114497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114497

[24] Dirección General de Arquitectura, V. y S.M. de F., 1998. DB_HE_abril_2009_50_53. Código Técnico la

Edif.

[25] Fang, Y., Cho, S., 2019. Design optimization of building geometry and fenestration for daylighting and

energy performance. Sol. Energy 191, 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2019.08.039

[26] Futrell, B.J., Ozelkan, E.C., Brentrup, D., 2015. Bi-objective optimization of building enclosure design for

thermal and lighting performance. Build. Environ. 92, 591–602.


[27] Gasparella, A., Pernigotto, G., Cappelletti, F., Romagnoni, P., Baggio, P., 2011. Analysis and modelling of

window and glazing systems energy performance for a well insulated residential building. Energy Build.

43, 1030–1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2010.12.032

[28] Goia, F., Haase, M., Perino, M., 2013. Optimizing the configuration of a façade module for office

buildings by means of integrated thermal and lighting simulations in a total energy perspective. Appl.

Energy 108, 515–527. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.02.063

[29] Hiyama, K., Wen, L., 2015. Rapid response surface creation method to optimize window geometry

using dynamic daylighting simulation and energy simulation. Energy Build. 107, 417–423.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.08.035

[30] Huang, Y., Niu, J. lei, Chung, T. ming, 2014. Comprehensive analysis on thermal and daylighting

performance of glazing and shading designs on office building envelope in cooling-dominant

climates. Appl. Energy 134, 215–228.

ttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.07.100

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SIMULATION OF DISCRETE EVENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PRODUCTION

OF BUILDING MATERIALS USING FLEXSIM

1

Jorge Pablo Díaz Velilla; 2 Daniel Ferrández Vega; 3 Guadalupe Dorado Escribano; 4 Alberto Leal

Malla

1

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, jorge.diaz.velilla@upm.es

2

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, daniel.fvega@upm.es

3

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, mariaguadalupe.dorado@upm.es

4

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, eiximen@gmail.com

Keywords: Simulation, Discrete events, Production, Digital twin, FlexSim

Abstract

Many concepts are emerging in parallel with the development of new informaon and

communicaon technologies, concepts that are being firmly introduced in all

technological sectors (including Building). Thus, it is easy to hear in certain technical

contexts expressions such as digital twin; industry 4.0; simulaon of discrete events; 3D

modelling and simulaon; analysis and opmisaon of processes; generaon of

synthec data; arficial intelligence; data science; augmented reality; automaon and

robosaon of tasks; energy efficiency.... And without a doubt, all of them offer soluons

to improve the quality and cost of all the producon processes that humans have

conceived to date, obviously including those associated with the manufacture of

materials and equipment in the building sector. What advantages are we talking about?

There are many. Indeed, it can be an innovaon in this sector to conceptualise and model

producon processes even before the industries that will manufacture these materials

and equipment exist. Botlenecks in the producon process can be ancipated so that

they can be avoided, and the supply chain can be made robust. It will be possible to

design risk-free virtual manufacturing environments, allowing manufacturing models to

be validated before they even exist.

.

130

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References

Figure 1: Example of robotised product manufacturing and storage (own elaboration)

[1] Núñez J., Calix, C.G. “Simulación y mejora de procesos con FlexSim: Un enfoque práctico en

la industria 4.0”. 2 septiembre 2020. ISBN 979-8681822578. Ed. Independently published.

[2] Verderecho, M.J. “Ejercicios resueltos mediante el software FlexSim”. Servicio de

Publicaciones Universitat Politècnica de València. ISBN 9788490481721.

[3] Dopacio, C.I. et al. “Práctica de organización, producción y operaciones”. Pearson Education,

Madrid, ISBN 9788490356050.

[4] Beaverstock, M., Greenwood, A., Nordgren, W. “Applied Simulation: Modeling and Analysis

Using Flexsim”. FlexSim Software Products, Inc. 18 junio 2018. ISBN 9780983231974.

[5] Pawlewsli P., Hoffa-Dabrowska, P. “FlexSim in Academe: Teaching and Research

(EcoProduction)” Ed. Springer, 1st ed. 2019, ISBN 9783030045180.

131

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COMPARISON BETWEEN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ISO 9001 STANDARD

IN SPANISH CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES AND CONSTRUCTION

COMPANIES FROM OTHER COUNTRIES.

1

Ana Francisca Jijón Ricaurte; 2 Claudia Sofia González Alvear; 1 Itzel Durán Bedolla

1

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. 1anafrancisca.jijon@alumnos.upm.es

cs.gonzalez@alumnos.upm.es itzel.duran.bedolla@alumnos.upm.es

Keywords: Construction, Quality, Regulations.

Abstract

This article takes as a reference the different cases of implementation referring to the

ISO 9001 Standard, both in Spain and Latin America, some believe that it is only

applicable to the manufacturing sector, but it is also essential in the construction part,

to improve the quality of work for clients, reduce operating costs and give that

international opening. Within the world of companies that provide customer service,

more than 1 million worldwide have obtained the ISO 9001 certification, which makes

it the most popular standard within the business industry. This regulation focuses on

the continuous improvement of processes, with the aim of satisfying customer needs

and expectations. This regulation extends to 178 countries worldwide, in this case

China is the one with the largest number of companies certified with this standard. For

Spain it is also a great achievement, occupying fourth place in this ranking, for Spain

the competitiveness of doing things better and exceeding standards is a very

important focus, therefore the ISO 9001 Standard is essential for processes. Before

Spain, taking second and third place, are Russia and Italy. As for Latin America, it seeks

to obtain the standards that are in Europe in terms of quality, it has always been the

ideal, as well as obtaining that certification that guarantees all the work done. A

realistic vision is required to define the scope of each construction or construction

company considering the context and mode of operation.

References

[1] Domingo González Alcántara, Aplicación de herramientas lean en la gestión de proyectos de

edificación. Universidad de Valladolid, 2013.

[2] https://www.nueva-iso-9001-2015.com/2016/06/empresas-construccion-iso-9001/NQA,

(2015) Guía de implantación para la gestión de la calidad.

[3] Jonathan De Jesús Bartolón Pérez, Filosofía lean construction y su impacto en la

implementación en el desarrollo de proyectos de edificación, Universidad Nacional

Autónoma De México, 2020.

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CLASSIFICATION OF CARBON FOOTPRINT REDUCTION STRATEGIES AT

COMMERCIAL PORTS: AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT

1

Seyed Behbood Issa Zadeh; 2 Jose Santos Lopez Guerrez; 3 Maria Dolores Esteban, 4 Gonzalo

Fernandez-Sanchez

1

Universidad politécnica de Madrid, escuela técnica superior de ingenieros de caminos,

canales y puertos, Madrid, Spain. behbood.issazadeh@alumnos.upm.es

2

Universidad politécnica de Madrid, escuela técnica superior de ingenieros de caminos, canales y

puertos, Madrid, Spain. josesantos.lopez@upm.es

3

Universidad politécnica de Madrid, escuela técnica superior de ingenieros de caminos, canales y

puertos, Madrid, Spain. mariadolores.esteban@upm.es

4

Universidad Europea, civil engineering department, Madrid, Spain G.fernandez.sanchez@facultyue.es

Keywords: carbon footprint, seaport, maritime transport, sustainable development goals, climate

change.

Abstract

Objecve 13 of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) about climate change says[1]:

Taking acon to stop global warming is a very important issue. In the same way,

greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are the leading cause of climate change, and more than

90% of GHG emissions are carbon emissions.[2]. On another hand, A recent study by the

Health Board shows that polluon from seaports and ships causes about 19,000 lung

cancer cases and 60,000 deaths every year.[3]. Addionally, It's vital to keep in mind that

carbon emissions from ships have increased over me. They account for around 2.7

percent of the world's CO2 emissions, and seaport marine operaons account for about

3 percent. The yearly CO2 emissions from marine transport are projected to be around

961 million tons of CO2eq based on the United Naons' annual study of marime

transport.[4]. Since seaports are a vital piece of marine infrastructure, it is crucial to pay

atenon to strategies for reducing their carbon footprint. This is because the heavy use

of primary energy sources has led to a rise in carbon emissions. As a result, massive

efforts are required to limit the consequences of climate change and reduce carbon

emissions.

In the meanme many seaport authories prompng several iniaves to decarbonize

their energy consumpon systems and make seaports smarter and greener. Moreover,

Some internaonal regulaons issued by global communies, such as MARPOL

(Marime Polluon Regulaon) Annexe IV published by the Internaonal Marime

Organizaon in 2005 [5], World Ports Climate Iniave (WPCI) issued by the

Internaonal Associaon of Ports and Harbours in 2008 [6], a guideline for port

authories to create awareness about the green port philosophy given published by The

World Associaon for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure in 2014, European Green

Deal issued by European Sea Ports Organizaon in 2020 [7] and some others can be

enumerated as some acvies by internaonal communies to migate carbon

emissions in ports.

this work-study tried to categorize carbon footprint reducon strategies at commercial

ports as shown in figure 1.

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Actions to Reduce Carbon in Seaports

Energy Management System

Intelligent Network

Virtual Power Plant

Artifitial Intelligence

Information and Communication

Technology

Infrestructure and Equipment

Creating and Developing

Infrastructure to Reduce Carbon

Footprint in Seaports

Guidelines and Regulations

International Regulations

and Guidelines

Internet of Things

Microgrids

Distribution of Production

Equipment, Tools and Instalation of

Carbon Footprint in Seaports

National and Local

Regulations and

Guidelines

Figure 1: categorization of seaports' carbon footprint mitigation efforts

The methodology includes a scoping review and detailed research of recent papers and

resources on subjects connected to the study's topic. The findings atempted to

categorize the acts in a novel and comprehensive way to make it easier for policymakers

and scienfic communies to analyze C.F. migaon measures in seaports. Finally, in

conclusion, keeping the objecve of the study framework in mind, there are some

suggesons for future research to enhance the development of novel techniques for

seaport carbon migaon.

References

[1] D. of E. and S. A. United Nations, “SDG,” 2015.

https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/?Text=&Goal=13&Target=%20(accessed%20May%2

017,%202022) (accessed Jun. 30, 2022).

[2] T. Wiedmann and J. Minx, “A Definition of ‘Carbon Footprint’ ISA UK Research Report 07-

01,” 2007. [Online]. Available: www.censa.org.uk

[3] Y. Durmusoglu, S. Aksoy, C. Deniz, and Y. Durmuşoğlu, “A study on the usage of alternative

energy in a ship port terminal View project A STUDY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN A PORT

FACILITY BY USING SOLAR ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE SYSTEMS,” 2016. [Online]. Available:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308748179

[4] A. Alzahrani, I. Petri, Y. Rezgui, and A. Ghoroghi, “Decarbonisation of seaports: A review

and directions for future research,” Energy Strategy Reviews, vol. 38. Elsevier Ltd, Nov. 01,

2021. doi: 10.1016/j.esr.2021.100727.

[5] [5] International Maritime Organization, “MARPOL,” 2005.

https://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-

Prevention-of-Pollution-from-Ships-(MARPOL).aspx (accessed Oct. 13, 2022).

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[6] “World Ports Climate Action Program – World Port Sustainability Program.”

https://sustainableworldports.org/wpcap (accessed Oct. 05, 2022).

[7] European Commission, “The European Green Deal,” 2020.

https://ec.europa.eu/info/strategy/priorities-2019-2024/european-green-deal_en

(accessed Oct. 05, 2022).

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ANALYSIS OF CONCRETE SLABS BY USING THE MODIFIED WESTERGAARD

AND MEYERHOF EQUATIONS IN AGROINDUSTRIAL WAREHOUSES

1

Esteban Gargallo Tatay; 2 Carlos Manuel Ferrer Gisbert; 2 Miguel Redón Santafé; 2 Juan Bausta

Torregrosa Soler; 2

Francisco Javier Sánchez Romero ; 2 José Javier Ferrán Gozálvez; 3 Pablo

Sebasán Ferrer Gisbert

1

Universitat Politècnica de València. Doctorando del Programa en Programa de Diseño,

Fabricación y Gestón de Proyectos Indusrtiales. esteban.gargallo.tatay@gmail.com

2

Universitat Politècnica de València. D.I.R.A. Unidad de Construcción. jjferran@agf.upv.es;

caferrer@agf.upv.es

3

Universitat Politècnica de València. Departamento de Proyectos de Ingenería;

pferrer@dpi.upv.es

Keywords: agricultural warehouses, Meyerhof, Westergaard

Abstract

Previously to this paper, an analysis of concentrated loads in concrete slabs of either

agricultural warehouses or food logisc warehouses was carried out. In the present

paper, a comparave analysis between classical modified Westergaard equaons and

the systemac method based in Meyerhof formulaons has been performed by means

of the Brish specificaon TR34 [1]. The live loads acng on the concrete slabs are

obtained from an extensive own field survey made in the agribusiness sector with the

aim of having real data of the loads and in-service performance through me [2].

Firstly, the Burminster mullayer model for the soil was used to define the different

modulus of soil reacon. For that, the slab on grade lies on a compacted arficial gravel

layer (GW) compacted to 100% M.P., 0,4 m depth. Underneath it is found a selected

compacted soil (GP) (PG3) 65 cm height compacted approximately 98% M.P resng on

grade. Overall, 5 types of elasc modules have been taken for different calculaons.

Next, the classical approach of rigid pavement by means of the modified Westergaard

formulaon has been carried out. Three loads hypothesis were considered: i) centre

posion, ii) middle edge posion, iii) corner posion. Thus, such loads are implemented

in eight floor slabs of different thicknesses (0.1, 0.12,0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.30, 0.35, 0.40 m)

with two types of concrete grades (HM - 25 and HM – 30) [3].

Then, TR-34 [4] approach with either Meyerhof and Westergaard´ s formulae is used for

all the set of soil types and concrete slabs thicknesses.

Finally, the analysis and comparison of results concludes that the relave sffness rao

is the key design parameter of both methods which in pracce is close related to the slab

thickness.

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References

[1] TR-34 Concrete Industrial ground Floors. A guide to design and construction, fourth edition,

The Concrete Society, 2014

[2] Gargallo Tatay, E., Ferrer Gisbert, C. M., Redón Santafé, M., FerrerR Gisbertt, P. S., & Ferrán

Gozálvez, J. J. (2022). Estudio de las acciones exteriores sobre soleras de hormigón en

centrales hortofrutícolas.

[3] A.H, Nilson, G. Winter Diseño de estructuras de concreto, úndecima edición, capítulo 14

Análisis de losas mediante líneas de fluencia ed., Mc Graw Hill, Santafé de Bogotá

(Colombia), 1994, p.p. 435- 456.

[4] G.G. Meyerfof, Load carrying capacity of concrete pavements, Journal of the Soil Mechanics

and Foundation Division, Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, June 1962.

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ESTIMATE OF THE MAXIMUM DWELL TIME FOR THE INTERVENTION

TEAMS IN A FIRE: AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

1

Ballesteros Álvarez, J.M.; 2 Romero Barriuso, A.; 2 Villena Escribano, B.M.; 1 Rodríguez Sáiz, A.

1

University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain. jba1017@alu.ubu.es arsaizmc@ubu.es

2

Isabel I University, Burgos, Spain. alvaro.romero.barriuso@ui1.es blasamaria.villena@ui1.es

Keywords: radiant temperature, intervention distance, maximum residence time, vulnerability

analysis, fire

Abstract

The basic direcve of civil protecon for the control and planning facing the risk of major

accidents sets up the duty to establish limitaons in the distances of the intervenon

areas [1].

Calculaon methods are available to obtain the thermal irradiaon due to the rapid, nonexplosive

oxidaon of mater, not only based on the fuel characteriscs which has

originated it but also its distance, both staonary fire (considering as such, fire either

puddle or dart) and fireball, also called increasingly flare [2, 3, 4].

However, during the rapid intervenon team, these parameters are difficult to be

esmated, therefore, an alternave method of risk management based on temperature

is proposed, thermographic or thermal cameras were praccally all had by the

intervenon units, whereby allowing the detecon of infrared emissions produced by

the electromagnec spectrum.

Aloof from the fire source, heat transmission is considered solely carried out by

radiaon, decreasing in intensity with increasing distance [1].

The receiver´s temperature is related to the radiant energy received through Stefan–

Boltzmann Law, equang the firefighter with a black body that cannot dissipate the flow

of thermal radiaon, which causes an increase in its temperature.

This temperature is the parameter from which the maximum permanence me is

established, through the applicaon of a vulnerability analysis. This is why, probabilisc

methodologies of the Probit Analysis type (Probability Unit) are used [1, 2, 4].

The Probit Analysis method incorporates the concept of irradiaon dose received by

human beings from either flames or incandescent bodies in fires; this parameter is also

contemplated by the basic guideline of civil protecon, for the control and planning

facing the risk of major accidents [1, 2, 4].

The results obtained follow the exponenal trend shown below in Figure 1:

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Temperatura (ºC)

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 100 200 300 400 500

Tiempo máximo de permanencia (s)

Figure 1: Maximum dwell time during an intervention. Source: Own elaboration, 2023.

Due to the radiant limit energy that can be received by a firefighter, two hundred sixtythree

degrees Celsius ambient temperature would be reached, for which a maximum

residence me is esmated at twenty-six seconds.

References

[1] BOE 242, 2003, Ministry of the Interior (2003) Royal Decree 1196/2003, of September 19,

Basic Civil Protection Directive for control and planning facing the risk of major accidents

involving dangerous substances.

[2] C.J.H. Van den Bosch, Methods for the Calculations of the Physical Effects of the Escape of

Dangerous Materials: Liquids and Gases Vol. 2 Chapter 8. Interfacing models. Voorburg, The

Netherlands, Bureau for Industrial Safety TNO, 1979. pp 775 – 814

[3] Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS). Guidelines for Chemical Process Quantitative Risk

Analysis New York, American Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2000, pp 153-244, 267-274.

[4] Joaquin Casal/Helena Montiel/Eulàlia Planas - Juan A. Vílchez. Risk analysis in industrial

facilities. Editions of the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, SL.1999. pp 93-153, 173-207,

299-321

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COLLABORATIVE WORK AND THE CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE IN SPANISH

CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES. CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES 360.

1

Leyre Montero Pulido; 2 Sandra García Bueno; 3 Mercedes del Río Merino.

1

Jefa de producción ARPADA S.A. lmontero@arpada.net

2

Directora del departamento de calidad del producto y atención al cliente ARPADA S.A.

sgarcia@arpada.net.

3

Grupo de investigación TEMA ETSEM UPM. mercedes.delrio@upm.es

Keywords: customer service, customer experience, quality, construction, after-sales.

Abstract

In recent years, the construction sector has begun to be aware that it must go from being an

immobile sector to being a more flexible sector, capable of adapting to the changes produced

by new ways of life and technological advances and shift towards a more sustainable sector [1].

A sector aligned with the 2030 Agenda and that responds to the SDG, at least those most related

to its activity [2]. And this will only be possible if a change is generated in the culture of the

sector, if the paradigm changes towards a collaborative culture, where the knowledge of all the

agents involved in the life cycle of buildings is added.

Spanish construction companies are companies recognized internationally [3] for their good

work, however, the role they play in the life cycle of buildings is usually reduced to the execution

phase of the work and the revision and post-sale phase, and of course, they are in the

background in the treatment of the end user of the houses, despite being an important part in

the definition of the buildings and therefore having great information about it and the elements

and materials that constitute it. In this context, we understand that construction companies

must be another protagonist in collaborative projects from the design phase and work with the

promoter, the architecture studio and even manufacturers and suppliers. In addition, this is

becoming more and more a reality in projects in our context and the digital tools of the BIM

environment are making it easier [4].

In this sense, the customer experience, that is, how a company relates to its customers must

change in the sector and understand that the customer of each of the agents involved is the end

user of the buildings, in addition to the specific customers from each of them.

For this reasons, a innovation project is proposed. The project called "360 Construction

company", proposes that, among the tasks of the construction company, it is important that this

companies must be close to the end user. The end user has to take part of the construction from

the beginning. The users shoud be able to access to their home through the 3D model in REVIT

[5], and they should be able to personalize their home and access to a series of services that

help them to start their life in the home they have bought in a more friendly way.

This paper summarizes part of the results obtained in the first phase of the project, which

consisted of a bibliographical and documentary search to find out and analyze the services

offered by construction companies in the world and to compare them with the services offered

by Spanish construction companies and specifically those that operate in Madrid.

Secondly, and considering the results of the first phase, a survey will be carried out on a broad

sector of the population, to find out their needs and desires in this matter and thus define the

new business model.

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Finally, the strategies proposed in the model will be test in a pilot project and with the results,

the model will be reformulated.

References

[1] J. Sagües et al. CERCHA 153. 2022.

[2] M.L. Camarán et al. La responsabilidad social empresarial y los objetivos para un desarrollo

sostenible. Revista Científica. Teorías, Enfoques y Aplicaciones en las Ciencias sociales. 11,

24. 2019.

[3] https://economia3.com/empresas-de-construccion/

[4] https://www.hiberus.com/crecemos-contigo/que-es-bim-construccion/

[5] https://www.asidek.es/

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VIABILIDAD PARA LOS NUEVOS RETOS DEL MERCADO INMOBILIARIO

ESPAÑOL PARA ADULTOS.

1

Marta García Sanz; 2 Ignacio Sordo Sierpe

1

Jefa de producción ARPADA S.A. martagarcia@arpada.net

2

Director General de Análisis Estratégico en Grupo Arpada. isordo@arpada.net

Keywords: Independent living; seniors; building.

Abstract

The Spanish population pyramid has been inverting for years to the point that,

according to INE data, if current demographic trends were maintained, Spain would

lose 5.6 million inhabitants in the next 50 years [1]. Specifically, the population over

65 years of age has gone from 6.98 million people to 9.54 million in the last 20 years.

This represents an increase with a tendency to increase, given that the quality of life

in Spain has improved in recent decades, as has preventive medicine, allowing people

to have a better quality of life for more years and to maintain their independence until

advanced ages. Therefore, in Spain, we have an aging society with a tendency to be

older [2]. To this population we should add all the retired foreigners who establish

their residence or spend long periods of time in Spain and also have high pension

income.

However, in Spain, and although the real estate market has been expanding the offer of

new types of business models such as built to rent, student residences, tourist

apartments, coliving or cohousing, senior living, etc [3], to solve the new needs of

Spanish society such as the growth of single-person households, the consolidation of

collaborative economy models and the internationalization of the economy, the market

continues to have a very traditional offer, predominantly single-family or collective

owned homes.

As for the offer for the elderly, it is still more traditional and the business model

continues to be residences for the elderly.

In other countries in Europe or America, the real estate market for adults is improving

its offer and new proposals such as Senior Living Cohousing, Senior Living Coliving,

Senior Living Resort, etc., coexist with residences for the elderly [4].

Therefore, we believe that in Spain there could be a potential market niche to respond

to the new needs of the population over 65 who do not need care enough to stay in a

residence, but do require comforts that are not available, in traditional models.

This paper presents the results of a research project that analyzes the feasibility of

building residential complexes, luxury apartments, for people over 65, totally

independent, in full physical and cognitive capacity, this is "Independent living" [5 ].

The specific objectives of the project are:

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1. Analyze the International real estate market, specifically its offer for adults and

compare with the Spanish market.

2. Confirm the possible demand for the new models for adults in Spanish society,

through a survey.

3. Propose a standard project for Independent Living and verify its feasibility in Spain.

References

[1] https://www.ine.es/infografias/infografia_dia_poblacion.pdf

[2] https://www.jubilacionypension.com/planes-fondos/inversion-de-la-piramide-depoblacion-espanola/

[3] https://www.directivoscede.com/fundacion/sala-de-prensa/el-sector-inmobiliario-2022-

nuevos-modelos-y-oportunidades-de-inversion/

[4] https://www.eleconomista.es/vivienda-inmobiliario/noticias/11807422/06/22/Que-sonlos-senior-living-y-por-que-se-necesitan-16000-millones-de-inversion-en-este-sector.html

[5] https://dependencia.info/noticia/5101/actualidad/el-independent-living-ha-llegado-aespana:-que-son-y-que-retos-juridicos-plantean-estos-proyectos.html

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DISCOVERING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS IN PREDICTING THE

ENERGY OUTPUT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC PLANTS.

1

Antonio Rivero-Cacho; 1 Alejandro Prieto-Fernández; 1 Manuel Botejara-Antúnez; 1 Jaime

González-Domínguez; 1 Gonzalo Sánchez-Barroso; 1 Justo García-Sanz-Calcedo

1

Department of Graphical Expression, School of Industrial Engineering, University of

Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz (Spain), antoniorc@unex.es apf@unex.es manuelba@unex.es

jaimegd@unex.es gsm@unex.es jgsanz@unex.es

Keywords: Artificial Neural Networks, Engineering, Energy Efficiency, Machine Learning,

Photovoltaic Plants.

Abstract

The total installed capacity in Spain in 2021 increased by 30% compared to the

installed PV capacity in 2020 [1]. However, new challenges continue to emerge despite

the huge technological deployment shown. The main advantage of this technology is

its cost- effectiveness, due to its short investment period [2]. In addition, the average

installation cost of these solar panels is currently 1034 €/kWp [3]. Another advantage

is its low environmental impact [4].

To achieve the maximum possible energy production, it is necessary to determine the

variables that influence the energy generation of photovoltaic systems. These are

mainly: meteorological conditions (rain, humidity, temperature, cloudiness...) [5],

panel orientation (azimuthal angle and solar elevation), and photoelectric efficiency

[6].

The state of the art follows two lines: i) increasing the performance of photovoltaic

panels and ii) using advanced technologies such as Machine Learning. Within this

technology, a little-explored technique is artificial neural networks (ANN). These can

build relationships between input and output variables [7], trying to simulate the

functioning of neurons in living systems. This technology has many applications for

photovoltaic plants. Such as the forecasting of variables or failures [8].

This work has the purpose of discovering the types of ANNs whose error function for

forecasting the energy output of a photovoltaic plant is as small as possible.

To this end, the existing types of ANNs were identified. Then, the different theoretical

characteristics (architecture and activation functions) of each ANN were studied, as

well as their possible applications in the field of photovoltaic technology. The next

step

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ABSTRACT


examined which types of ANNs were used by other authors in the literature. We

explored which architecture each author configured. Finally, the results shown by the

authors found were evaluated.

As a result, ten types of ANNs were identified that could theoretically satisfy the

requirements of simulating the operation of a photovoltaic plant. These are

perceptron, feedforward ANNs, multilayer perceptron, convolutional ANNs, radial

basis function ANNs, recurrent ANNs, LSTM networks, sequence-to-sequence ANNs,

modular networks, and self-organizing Kohonen ANNs.

After comparing the advantages offered by each ANN model and the results obtained

by the authors studied, the feedforward, multilayer perceptron, LSTM, and modular

models were selected. These are the ones that produced the smallest error and the

ones that presented characteristics that are conducive to being used for the purpose

discussed.

As future lines of research of this work: the programming (architecture design and

activation functions) of each proposed ANN will be carried out, and the performance

of each ANN will be evaluated through the error function and metric functions. Then,

the ANN with the best performance will be chosen.

References

[1] Red Eléctrica de España, El Sistema Eléctrico Español 2020. Red Eléctrica de España (REE),

Red Eléctr. Alcobendas, 2021.

[2] M. M. Sierra Cespedes, C. L. Vásquez Stanescu, and R. Ramirez Pisco, “Disposición final e

impacto ambiental de las celdas fotovoltaicas Final disposal and environmental impact of

photovoltaic cells,” Publicaciones en Ciencias y Tecnol., vol. 14, pp. 75–90, 2020, doi:

10.13140/RG.2.2.36089.60004/1.

[3] M. Raugei and P. Frankl, “Life cycle impacts and costs of photovoltaic systems: Current

state of the art and future outlooks,” Energy, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 392–399, Mar. 2009, doi:

10.1016/j.energy.2009.01.001.

[4] J. M. Cansino, M. A. Cardenete, J. M. González-Limón, and R. Román, “The economic

influence of photovoltaic technology on electricity generation: A CGE (computable general

equilibrium) approach for the Andalusian case,” Energy, vol. 73, pp. 70–79, Aug. 2014, doi:

10.1016/j.energy.2014.05.076.

[5] G. Sánchez-Barroso, J. González-Domínguez, J. García-Sanz-Calcedo, and J. G. Sanz,

“Markov chains estimation of the optimal periodicity for cleaning photovoltaic panels

installed in the dehesa,” Renew. Energy, vol. 179, pp. 537–549, Dec. 2021, doi:

10.1016/j.renene.2021.07.075.

[6] S. N. Tackie and O. C. Ozerdem, “Performance Evaluation and Viability Studies of

Photovoltaic Power Plants in North Cyprus,” Int. J. Renew. Energy Res., vol. 12, no. V12i4,

pp. 2237–2247, 2022, doi: 10.20508/ijrer.v12i4.13670.g8583.

[7] I. N. da Silva, D. Hernane Spatti, R. Andrade Flauzino, L. H. B. Liboni, and S. F. dos Reis

Alves, Artificial Neural Networks. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017.

[8] S. R. Madeti and S. N. Singh, “Monitoring system for photovoltaic plants: A review,” Renew.

Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 67, pp. 1180–1207, Jan. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2016.09.088.

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ANALYSIS OF SEISMIC VULNERABILITY USING GEOGRAPHIC

INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) OF BUILDINGS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF

ARICO (TENERIFE).

1

Dr. Fernando Marnez Soto, 2 Dr. Iballa Naranjo Henríquez

1

Associate professor, Department of Projects and Graphic Representaon in

Architecture, European University of the Canary Islands, School of Architecture; c/

Inocencio García, La Orotava 38300, Tenerife, Spain,

fernando.marnez@universidadeuropea.es;

2

Associate professor, Department of Projects and Graphic Representaon in Architecture,

European University of the Canary Islands, School of Architecture; c/ Inocencio García, La

Orotava 38300, Tenerife, Spain, iballa.naranjo@universidadeuropea.es

Key words: Seismic Vulnerability Assessment; Building Structures; Geographical Information

System; Earthquake; Seismic Risk prevention.

Abstract

Seismic risk is a serious problem that must be planned territorially [1]. Although the

probability of occurrence of an earthquake of moderate intensity is not high in the

Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands, as in other regions of the world [2], in

the face of ground shaking even at low intensity, it is necessary to evaluate the

vulnerability of buildings and obtain the probability of the level of damage to a

singular or conventional type of building due to the earthquake scenario [3].

The various methods for vulnerability assessment that have been proposed in the past

for use in loss estimation are divided into empirical or analytical, which can be used in

hybrid methods [4].

The objective of this project is to elaborate, starting from seismic risk maps and

geographic information systems (GIS) tools, a zoning, analysis and diagnosis of seismic

hazard and risk vulnerability by inventorying a catalog of urban buildings in a

population susceptible to seismicity in the southeast of the island of Tenerife.

Figure 1: Probabilidad sísmica de afección en la isla de Tenerife

[10]

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This article analyzes the case study of Arico, a municipality belonging to Tenerife, with

moderate seismic intensity (EMS III), with level 5 (very high) susceptibility to seismic

events and a high probability of affection or occurrence.

The proposal to analyze seismic vulnerability using GIS is crucial to understand

seismicity in active volcanic islands [5]. It constitutes the decisive parameter in the

study of active hazards and in the early detection of volcanic eruptions derived from

earthquakes, since, from their initial phase, they generate phenomena easily

noticeable on the surface, deformations of the terrain and seismic episodes of low

intensity [5].

In the Canary Islands, the DECREE 113/2018, Special Plan for Civil Protection and

Emergency Care due to seismic risk in the Autonomous Community of the Canary

Islands (PESICAN) [8], declares the evaluation of risk, danger and seismic vulnerability,

depending on the nature of the existing constructions.

This research for the municipality of Arico of the seismic vulnerability by means of GIS

of low-medium height constructions, is an intrinsic indicator of the structural damage

as a function of intensity, acceleration or other parameters (materials, heights,

density, loads, coefficients, etc.) [6] with preliminary character and considering the

PESICAN.

Based on the data available digitally from the Council of Tenerife and GRAFCAN, some

indicators treated with GIS are established, such as building typology (party walls,

isolated), heights, year of construction, and general land use [9].

Once the data is extracted with GIS, a grid is mapped on the existing cartography

identifying the most vulnerable constructions according to the quality of the building

and traditional-historic construction material [7].

This method used in Arico can be extrapolated to the whole island to establish, in a

precise way, the real seismic vulnerability and to evaluate the seismic-resistant quality

of the buildings favoring the emergency planning.

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References

[1] Calvi, G. M., Pinho, R., Magenes, G., Bommer, J. J., Restrepo-Vélez, L. F., & Crowley, H.

(2006). Development of seismic vulnerability assessment methodologies over the past 30

years. ISET journal of Earthquake Technology, 43(3), 75-104.

[2] Pérez, N. M., & Hernández, P. A. (2008). La vigilancia volcánica en España: una apuesta

crucial para la reducción del riesgo volcánico. El Estudio y la Gestión de los Riesgos

Geológicos, Publ. Inst. Geol. Min. España. Ser, 12, 159-174.

[3] [3]Roy, N. S., & Choudhury, S. (2022). Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Methods: A

Review. Advances in Structural Mechanics and Applications: Proceedings of ASMA-2021

(Volume 3), 282-300.

[4] [4]Roy, N. S., & Choudhury, S. (2022). Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Methods: A

Review. Advances in Structural Mechanics and Applications: Proceedings of ASMA-2021

(Volume 3), 282-300.

[5] [5]Carracedo, J. C., Perez-Torrado, F. J., Rodriguez-Badiola, E., Hansen Machín, A., Paris,

R., Guillou, H., & Scaillet, S. (2005). Análisis de los riesgos geológicos en el Archipiélago

Canario: Origen, características, probabilidades y tratamiento. Anuario de Estudios

Atlánticos.

[6] [6]Pérez-Docampo, M., Escolano-Margarit, D., Feriche, M., & Morillas Romero, L. (2022).

A GIS based seismic risk scenario of the cities of Santa Fé and Atarfe in Andalucía, Spain.

[7] [7]F. Martínez-Soto, F. Ávila, E. Puertas, R. Gallego. Spectral analysis of surface waves for

nondestructive evaluation of historic masonry buildings. Journal of Cultural Heritage. 52

(2021) 31-37.

[8] [8]DECRETO 113/2018, del 30 de julio de 2018, por el que se aprueba el Plan Especial de

Protección Civil y Atención de Emergencias por riesgo sísmico en la Comunidad

AutónomA de Canarias (PESICAN).

http://www.gobiernodecanarias.org/boc/2018/157/007.html (Accedido el 14 de febrero

de 2023).

[9] BOC nº94, 14/05/2012, Plan Territorial Especial Prevención de Riesgos del Cabildo de

Tenerife. https://www.tenerife.es/portalcabtfe/images/planes-insulares/planesterritoriales/PTEOPrevRiesgos/aprob-def/Memo_Orden01.pdf

(accedido el 14 de febrero

2023).

[10] Geosfera. Riesgos e impactos ambientales. Mapa de peligrosidad para Tenerife.

https://www.cienciasfera.com/materiales/biologiageologia/cienciatierra/tema13/3_riesg

o s _e_impactos_ambientales.html (accedido el 14 de febrero 2023).

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LÓPEZ MEZQUITA AND SOROLLA: VIEWS OF NEW YORK CITY

1

León García López de la Osa; 2 Gregorio García López de la Osa

1

Licenciado en Historia del Arte, Doctorando UCM, lagalio@yahoo.es

2




Keywords: López Mezquita, Sorolla, Nueva York, Pintura, Arquitectura

Abstract

The founding in 1904 of the Hispanic Society by the Hispanist Archer Huntington and his

desire to form a library and museum - which was realised in 1908 - would be the starting

point for the presence of many of the most prominent painters of the day who travelled

to New York to promote their art and encourage the Hispanic presence in the city.

In 1908, Huntington travelled to Europe for the second time and saw in London the work

of the brilliant Joaquín Sorolla, whose paintings impressed the American magnate and

he decided that the Hispanic Society's first exhibition should be devoted to the Valencian

master. This 1909 exhibition would give rise to the special relationship between

Huntington and Sorolla, who was commissioned to paint the grandiose mural Vision of

Spain in the Hispanic Society Library. In addition, between 1911 and 1919, he was

commissioned to paint a series of portraits of intellectuals and illustrious figures of the

time.

In 1925, Ramón Pérez de Ayala - who had a solid relationship with the Hispanic Society

- recommended Huntington to meet López Mezquita, who had already been

recommended by the Duke of Alba[1] - a close friend of Huntington's -. López Mezquita

exhibited at the Reinhardt Galleries in New York in 1926, and this was the place where

he met Huntington.

In this way, the great project that the Hispanic Society commissioned Sorolla to

undertake was continued by López Mezquita, who painted portraits of Latin American

politicians, writers and personalities, as well as Spanish and Portuguese types and

customs. He also became Huntington's agent for the purchase of art in Spain, and it was

López Mezquita who insisted that Huntington obtain a work by Ramón Casas[2].

In the case of Sorolla, the views from the Savoy Hotel, where he stayed in the city, stand

out. The hotel, on Fifth Avenue overlooking Central Park, was a 13-storey building

designed by Ralph Townsend that stood until 1965, when it was demolished and

replaced by the General Motors Tower. The tower is an iconic project by the architect

Durrell Stone, which was set back from the original position of the Savoy. Sorolla and his

wife stayed at the Savoy for a month on his second trip to the city, the time when he

painted the drawings presented here.

On the other hand, the three canvases by López Mezquita were painted during his stay

in New York in the late 1920s. López Mezquita travelled to New York in 1926, where he

exhibited at the Reinhardt Galleries under the patronage of H.M. Alfonso XIII, where he

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met Huntington. In 1929 he returned to New York, the starting point of his special

relationship with the Hispanic Society, where he was commissioned to continue the

work of Joaquín Sorolla.

In this work, the authors have sought to identify the locations of the paintings used and

the points of view, developing the most reasonable hypotheses for each case.

References

[1] A. de Juan Bolufer, “Ramón Pérez de Ayala y la Hispanic Society: nueva documentación y

un poema inédito,” Moenia, vol. 18, pp. 175–199, 2012.

[2] E. Cano Díaz, “Ramon Casas en Nueva York. Sorolla, Zuloaga, y Huntington,” Cuad.

Sofonisba, vol. 4, 2017.

150

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ALLEVIATING ENERGY POVERTY IN SOUTHERN SPAIN THROUGH THE USE

OF GYPSUM COMPOSITES

1

Alejandro Marnez Gordon; 2 María Isabel Prieto Barrio

1

PhD student - Innovation in Building Technology. Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación.

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. a.mgordon@alumnos.upm.es

2

Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.


Keywords: Gypsum; Energy poverty; Climate change; Energy Efficiency; Composites

Abstract

Energy poverty (EP) is a significant challenge in Southern Spain, with a large proporon

of households struggling to afford adequate heang and cooling. Andalusia is currently

one of Spain’s most populated regions, but also one of the Spanish communies with

the highest levels of EP, outdated homes, and lowest employment rates. A 2021 census

indicated that 8.472.407 residents live here. Moreover, 20% these habitants claimed that

they currently live in uncomfortable homes with signs of humidity and leaks. This only

demonstrates the dire situaon of this region and the need to act upon this with proper

soluons to lower energy demands and improve room condions. Therefore, modifying

the building envelope is considered as one of the most decisive acons to ensure

adequate air quality and good insulaon [1-2]. To face this, gypsum-based components

(CaSO4·2H2O) have shown great promise in this area. By itself, gypsum possesses many

atracve qualies, such as, fire prevenon, abundant availability, recyclability, and low

cost. However, it also has a very low resistance to water and exteriors [3-6]. To our best

knowledge, no study has proposed an acceptable soluon to address this issue. Gypsum

composites could play an important role in addressing energy poverty in Southern Spain.

By using locally sourced and sustainable materials, and employing a low-energy

producon process, the producon of gypsum composites can provide economic

benefits to the region, as well as improve the living condions of its inhabitants.

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References

[1] Clavijo-Núñez, S., et al. (2022). Energy poverty in Andalusia. An analysis through

decentralised indicators. Energy Policy, 167, 113083.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113083

[2] Bienvenido-Huertas, D., et al (2022). Assessment of energy poverty in Andalusian

municipalities. Application of a combined indicator to detect priorities. Energy Reports, 8,

5100–5116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.03.045

[3] Domínguez-Amarillo, S., Fernández-Agüera, J., Sendra, J. J., & Roaf, S. (2019). The

performance of Mediterranean low-income housing in scenarios involving climate change.

Energy and Buildings, 202, 109374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109374

[4] del Río-Merino, M., & Vidales-Barriguete, A. (2022). A review of the research about gypsum

mortars with waste aggregates. Journal of Building Engineering, 45, 103338.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103338

[5] Jia, R., & Wang, Q. (2021). A comprehensive overview of fibre-reinforced gypsum-based

composites (FRGCs) in the construction field. Composites Part B: Engineering, 205, 108540.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.108540

[6] Hagiri, M., & Honda, K. (2021). Preparation and evaluation of gypsum plaster composited

with copper smelter slag. Cleaner Engineering and Technology, 2, 100084.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2021.100084

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EVOLUTION OF QUALITY MANAGEMENT HISTORYC ANALYSIS

1

Rosa Agüera De La Calle; 1 Anniet Ferrer Díaz; 1 Yessica Montalvo Fernández; 1 Mónica Moreno

Damián

1

Students at Master in Building Refurbishing and Restoration Works, Escuela Técnica Superior

de Edificación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid; rm.aguera@alumnos.upm.es;

anniet.ferrer@alumnos.upm.es ; y.montalvo@alumnos.upm.es ;

monica.morenod@alumnos.upm.es ;

Keywords: Inspection, Control, Quality Evolution, Total Quality, Management.

Abstract

Since the beginning of humanity, there has been an interest in the concept of quality

reflected in different ways at each stage of history. In each one, the evoluon and

improvement of the techniques are appreciated unl reaching the concept of quality

management, maintaining as the main thing to meet the needs and aspiraons of the

client with effecveness and efficiency.

This analysis carried out through a meline gradually shows the records of the evoluon

of quality requirements from prehistory to the present day, such as homogeneity,

precision, inspecon, systemazaon, compeveness, etc.

Based on this analysis and in agreement with other authors, five evoluonary stages of

quality have been defined, which, although they are not lost in history, are maintained

and improved hand in hand with the new quality concepts, unl reaching a total quality

that It covers all these stages and is in force to begin the search for quality improvement.

Quality management is known today as the set of acons and tools that aim to avoid

possible errors or deviaons in the producon process and the products or services

obtained through it.

Applying this set of acons in turn has become an essenal condion for any business

strategy focused on compeve success and even more so in the field of construcon,

which has the parcularies that differenate it from the rest of the industry.

The most important purchase that a consumer makes throughout his life is the purchase

of a house, this is one of the main reasons why the customer increasingly raises the level

of demand and in turn companies need to Integrate quality management systems that

guarantee that the products comply with the final requirements of the client.

Through this temporary study, it has been possible to verify how the concept of quality

management has evolved and expanded until reaching our days as a key element in any

construction or rehabilitation work, necessary to improve the relationship with

customers and to reduce errors that may arise during the work, even before it begins.

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References

[1] M.C. Cubillos, D. Rozo, El Concepto de Calidad: Historia, Evolución e Importancia para la

Competitividad, Rev. Universidad de La Salle. 48 (2009) 80-97.

[2] C. Camisón, S. Cruz, T. González, Gestión de la calidad: Conceptos, enfoques, modelos y

sistemas, Pearson, Madrid, 2006.

[3] K.M. Torres, T.S. Ruiz, L. Solís, F. Martínez, Calidad y su evolución: una revisión, Dimensión

empresarial. 10 (2012) 100-107.

[4] L. F. A. Cárdenas, E. P. Armiñana, Un nuevo enfoque en la gestión: la construcción sin

pérdidas. Revista de obras públicas, 46(1), (2009). 90-103.

[5] M. Juri Cumsille. Sistema de gestión de calidad TQM para la construcción (Doctoral

dissertation, Universidad Gabriela Mistral). (2009). [6] A. R. F. Rojas. Herramientas de

calidad. Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Madrid. (2009).

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REVIEW ON VENTILATION DESIGN STRATEGIES TO REDUCE AIRBORNE

DISEASE TRANSMISSION IN SOCIAL HOUSING IN MALAYSIA AND SPAIN

1

Mohamad Azil Muzammil Baharudin; 2 César Porras-Amores; 3 Mohd Hafizal Mohd Isa; 4 Anith

Athirah Marzuki

1

Universiti Sains Malaysia, George Town (USM). azilmuzammil@gmail.com

2

Grupo TEMA. E.T.S. de Edificación. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. c.porras@upm.es

3

Universi Sains Malaysia, Tohoku University. hafizal@usm.my

4

Liverpool John Moores University. anith_athirah1995@yahoo.com

Keywords: Ventilation, Social Housing, Design, Airborne Disease

Abstract

People spend the majority of their me indoors as compared to outdoors [1]. Indoor

environments serve an important role in protecng people from any potenal dangers and

harms. In addion, to the existence of airborne diseases such as Covid-19, the indoor

transmission of airborne diseases inside the house is also a major concern. Malaysia and Spain

have reached extremely high levels of COVID-19 infecon rates, accumulated incidence, and

hospitalizaons. As a place of residence and a possible source of the spread of airborne

infecons, the safety of those inside the house is important. Parcularly, venlaon design has

not been given much thought, resulng in difficules such as window opening that do not follow

to the convenonal size requirement and rooms with no openings which definitely lack of the

venlaon. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide a qualitave analysis of the needs

in the design strategies established in Spain and Malaysia, with respect to venlaon strategies

in the context of the design regulaons of Spain and Malaysia. To achieve this objecve, a variety

of residenal design characteriscs, such as venlaon flow, number of openings, and

architectural style, are studied. Results indicate that comparison criteria will be devised to

recognise the inadequacy of the applicable standards in protecng health and prevenng the

indoor spread of airborne diseases.

References

[1] Porras-Amores, C., Viñas-Arrebola, C., Rodríguez-Sánchez, A., Villoria-Sáez, P., 2014.

Assessing the potential use of strategies independent from the architectural design to

achieve efficient ventilation: A Spanish case study. Building Services Engineering Research

and Technology.

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MEASURING OF THE COMPLEXITY OF A PROJECT THROUGH NETWORKS.

1

Juan-Manuel Álvarez-Espada; 2 José-Luis Fuentes-Bargues; 3 Crisna González-Gaya.

1

Escuela Internacional de Doctorado de la UNED / Área de ingeniería de proyectos. Escuela

Politécnica Superior. Universidad de Sevilla. Jalvarez280@alumno.uned.es / jaespada@us.es

2

PRINS Research Center, Universitat Politècnica de València. jofuebar@dpi.upv.es

3

Dpto. Ingeniería de Construcción y Fabricación. Escuela Nacional de Educación a Distancia.

cggaya@ind.uned.es

Keywords: Project Management; Complexity; Adaptability; Complex Networks; Coevolution.

Abstract

The PMPs usually work with projects that are made up of sequenal acvies, according

to a determined schedule and whose objecves are to guarantee the required scope

below the established cost and within the scheduled me. An example of this is detailed

in the guide of project management of the Project Management Instute (PMI) [1], or

more recently in the update of Process groups: A pracce guide [2], where the processes

must be broken down by knowledge areas and by components of the project life cycle,

to manage it.

However, there are other types of projects that, despite establishing the acvies to be

carried out, consider the adequate costs, schedule the acvies, manage their

execuon, apparently without problems, either do not obtain the adequate results, or

are carried out at costs, higher than those established or with an excessive deadline,

without understanding why these errors occur [3]. Furthermore, these problems arise

regardless of the type of project, environment or the greater or lesser experience of the

PMP.

These types of projects are called complex projects, and for their management it is

necessary to establish special control over them based on a mul-network of three

aspects: contractual aspect; aspects of supplies and resources, and aspect of informaon

sharing between stakeholders [4].

Once the networks have been established, with their different elements in the nodes

and the links between them, it should be possible to analyze the interrelaonships

between the different elements that make up the network and see, not only the

evoluon that the nodes carry out on the interrelaons, but also , the evoluon that the

interrelaonships effect on the nodes [5], [6]. It is what is called Coevoluon.

As a result of this, the need arises to be able to measure the complexity of this type of

project, with the difficulty that the character of dynamic change in a project entails. Two

metrics are presented, one to measure the structural complexity of the project and the

other to measure its coevoluonary dynamics. These tools are based on studies of

Boonstra and Reezigt on the dimensions and domains of complex projects [7]. These

concepts are applied to a construcon project for a Wastewater Treatment Plant

(WWTP) with a combinaon of civil works and facilies. This work was highly complex

due to its intense interrelaonships and two great difficules: the new technology that

required R&D, and its locaon next to a natural park.

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References

[1] PMI, Guía de los fundamentos para la dirección de proyectos. Guía PMBOK, 6th ed.

Newton Square: Project Management Institute, Inc., 2017. [Online]. Available:

www.pmi.org

[2] PMI, Process Groups: A Practice Guide, 1st ed. Newton Square, Pennsylvania: Project

Management Institute, Inc., 2023.

[3] K. Hass, Managing complex Projects, 1st ed. Vienna, VA: Management Concepts, 2009.

[4] V. S. Adami and J. R. Verschoore, “Implications of Network Relations for the Governance of

Complex Projects,” Project Management Journal, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 71–88, 2018.

[5] G. Iñiguez and R. A. Barrio, “Coevolución en redes sociales,” Educación química, vol. 20, pp.

272–279, 2009.

[6] S. Thurner, R. Hanel, and P. Klimek, Introduction to the theory of complex systems. Oxford

University Press, 2018.

[7] A. Boonstra and C. Reezigt, “A Complexity Framework for Project Management Strategies,”

Project Management Journal, p. 87569728221142220, Jan. 2023.

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LEARNING NEEDS AND SPATIAL FACTORS IN THE SECONDARY EDUCATION

CLASSROOM.

1

Sebasán Alcaraz-García; 2 Amparo Verdú-Vázquez; 2 Tomás Gil-López

1

PhD, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación, UPM, Madrid, España.

sj.alcaraz@alumnos.upm.es

2

Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación, UPM,

Madrid, España. amparo.verdu@upm.es; tomas.gill@upm.es

Keywords: secondary education, spatial requirements, classroom layout, flexible space

Abstract

In the field of secondary educaon, didacc innovaon oen does not find an ally in the

classroom space. Moreover, it is oen neglected in comparison with the atenon paid

to infant and primary classrooms [1]. However, the successful compleon of this stage is

key to the future of adolescents [2].

The learning space should be a condioned and non-condioning factor of the acvity

that takes place in it [3], and should be evaluated, therefore, for its capacity to host

learning processes. Determining the spaal needs of people and acvies would allow

us to know to what extent classrooms are effecve and in what aspects they could be

even more effecve. This invesgaon aims to idenfy, through the exisng literature,

the spaal condioning factors that hinder the performance of tradional secondary

school classrooms and slow down their evoluon towards other models or innovave

proposals for learning environments. These factors include both space and its

organizaon. On the one hand, dimensions, shape, and connecons constute what has

been called a fixed environment. On the other hand, the semi-fixed environment is also

taken into account, made up of furniture and equipment, since they are key elements in

the development of the different learning dynamics [4].

In addion to minimum requirements in terms of dimensions, higher than those

considered by Spanish legislaon, the results provide other keys for the design of new

spaces and for the transformaon of tradional classrooms already built.

References

[1] M. P. Díaz-Bajo, Panorama actual de las pedagogías alternativas en España, Papeles

salmantinos de educación, 23 (2019), 247-281.

[2] MECD, Objetivos educativos europeos y españoles. Estrategia educación y formación 2020.

Informe español 2013, Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte, Madrid, 2013.

[3] J. M. Visedo, Legislación comentada sobre espacios y construcciones escolares de los centros

públicos primarios en España: de 1825 a 1991, Anales de Pedagogía, ISSN 0212-8322 (1993),

229-244.

[4] J. Muñoz Cantero, R. García Mira, V. López-Chao, Influencia del Diseño del Espacio en los

Procesos de Enseñanza-Aprendizaje. Revisión, Revista de Estudios e Investigación en

Psicología y Educación, 13 (2015): 063. doi:10.17979/REIPE.2015.0.13.321.

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HIGHLIGHTS TO LEARN AND TEACH ABOUT SEISMIC RETROFIT

FOLLOWING THE TURKEY AND SYRIA 2023 EARTHQUAKE

1

Sandro Andrés Marnez; 2 Francisco Javier Fernández Fidalgo; 3 Juan Carlos Mosquera Feijoo;

4

David Sanllán Sánchez; 5 Luis Cueto-Felgueroso Landeira

1

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, ETSI de Caminos, sandro.andres@upm.es

2

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, ETSI de Minas, j.fernandez.fidalgo@upm.es

3

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, ETSI de Caminos, juancarlos.mosquera@upm.es

4

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, ETSI de Caminos, david.santillan@upm.es

5

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, ETSI de Caminos, luis.cueto@upm.es

Keywords: seismic retrofit, earthquake engineering, learning outcomes, Syria 2023 earthquake,

Turkey 2023 earthquake

Abstract

On February 6, 2023, a Mw 7.8 earthquake occurred in Gaziantep province, southeastern

Turkey, and the northern border of Syria, at a depth of 17.9 kilometers. It broke along

100 km of a fault line. This event was followed some nine hours later by a Mw 7.5

aershock located around 59 kilometers to the southwest. Tremors felt as far away as

Israel or Lebanon. One week later, the death toll soared to 50,000 casuales. This

earthquake was the most devastang to hit Turkey and was as strong as the Mw 7.8

Erzincan 1939 earthquake, the most powerful recorded there, with a maximum Mercalli

intensity of XII (Extreme). The Anatolian blocks move about 20 mm/year, but due to the

earthquake, they have moved 5m in a single day, the equivalent of 200-300 years of

interseismic period (Figure 1).

The earthquake and its aershocks toppled buildings and threw rescuers digging through

building debris to locate survivors. The first 24 hours were paramount to finding

survivors. This region had not undergone a major earthquake for more than 200 years,

so the level of preparedness was less than in the western country, more used to dealing

with tremors. The resistant infrastructure in South Turkey and especially Syria is patchy,

so saving lives relies mainly on quick response. The undergoing damage exploraons and

analyses currently on the run are idenfying feasible buildings' collapse causes and

modes. The robustness of the buildings is then a core factor. Besides, the inappropriate

construcve methods have come into the spotlight.

The findings show diverse construcve lacks and defects, the most common being

reinforcement scarcity in concrete buildings (Figure 2). As per flatened buildings, the

failure's main cause was their lateral sways, especially in corner buildings. Vercal

elements failed due to lateral dri, so buildings collapsed and became sandwich layers,

whereas rigid slabs hardly did fail. The shaking very likely damaged the commonly used

unreinforced brick masonry buildings and low-rise concrete frames [1].

Furthermore, the lateral displacements caused the diagonal failure of wall panels by

forming along-diagonal cracks at 90° stemming from the tensile stresses developed [2]

(Figure 3).

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An efficient seismic retrofit of exisng reinforced-concrete buildings may include seismic

isolaon elements, i.e., elastomeric devices, tuned mass dampers and fricon

pendulums, as have proven to be efficient for buildings when withstanding earthquakes

[3]. Some buildings bearing these systems have withstood the earthquake hit.

Surprisingly, Syria has documented historic seismicity reasonably well from the year

1365 BC to the present [4]. However, the ongoing war since more than a decade ago has

made building standards impossible to enforce. Furthermore, some war-damaged

buildings have been rebuilt using either low-quality or whatever materials were

available. Thus, the study presented in [5] gathers the evoluve sequence of the Syrian

Arab Code for the Design and Implementaon of Reinforced Concrete Structures.

The lessons stemming from this disastrous experience must address a variety of atudes

and acons: first, waking awareness of vulnerability to earthquakes. Second, the need

for the earthquake-resistant design of new construcons and seismic retrofing of

exisng ones. Unlike the former, the later involves broad training in structural analysis

in engineering and architecture courses. Third, design pracces to withstand an

earthquake must match with good construcon pracces, as well as serious process

supervision to ensure that standards are met.

North Anatolian Fault

Figure 1: Fault lines around Turkey and Syria. Most of Turkey lies on the Anatolian plate between the North

Anatolian Fault and the East Anatolian Fault. The tectonic plate that holds Arabia and Syria is pushing

northwards and colliding with the southern rim of Eurasia, which is pushing Turkey westward at an average

slip rate of 2 cm/year. Green arrows indicate the plate-pushing directions. (Source: British Geological

Survey)

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Figure 2: Buildings in a Syrian village destroyed by the 2023 earthquake. In Aleppo, the ancient city

devastated by a decade of war has become further damaged by the quake. (Source: Google, BBC)

Figure 3: Typical masonry-infill wall failure modes in buildings. (Source: Ismail et al., 2018)

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Figure 4: Typical concrete-block-made buildings in the town of Jandaris, Syria. (Source: Nature [1])

References

[1] M. Naddaf, Turkey–Syria earthquake: what scientists know.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00364-y, 2023 (accessed 10 February

2023).

[2] N. Ismail, T. El-Maaddawy, A., Najmal, N. Khattak, Experimental in-plane performance of

insulated concrete and brick masonry wall panels retrofitted using polymer composites.

Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 51(2), (2018) 85-91.

[3] A.D. Kopuz, A. Bal, The conservation of modern architectural heritage buildings in Turkey:

İstanbul Hilton and İstanbul Çınar Hotel as a case study. Ain Shams Engineering Journal,

14(4), (2023) 101918.

[4] R.A. Ahmad, R.P. Singh, A. Adris, Seismic hazard assessment of Syria using seismicity, DEM,

slope, active faults and GIS. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 6

(2017), 59-70.

[5] Housing, Land and Property rights, Explained: Earthquake Resistance in Syria’s

Construction Code. https://hlp.syria-report.com/hlp/explained-earthquake-resistance-insyrias-construction-code/

(accessed 17 February 2023)

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THE SITUATION OF THE CONSTRUCTION LICENSE MANAGEMENT OF

MADRID AND NEW USES THAT RESPOND TO A SOCIAL DEMAND IN THE

NEW GENERAL URBAN PLANNING OF MADRID

1

Adolfo García Ruiz-Espiga; 2 Tomás Villatoro González; 1 Manuel J. Soler Severino

1

PhD. Architect. PMP. Professor UPM. DCTA-ETSAM. e-mail: adolfo.garcia.ruiz-espiga@upm.es;

manueljose.soler@upm.es

2

Lawyer. Partner Director IUS AEQUITAS Abogados SL. e-mail: tvillatoro@iusaequitas.net

Keywords: License Management, Legal Building Management, Cohousing, Coliving, Social

Housing Units

Abstract

Within the Building Project process groups, the Management of Licenses and Authorizaons

occupy a series of acvies of a strategic nature that condion their development and

accompany the Project throughout its life cycle[1]. The recent modificaon of the Land Law of

the Community of Madrid of the year 2020 [2] and the response of the City Council of the capital

[3], with the development of the new Ordinance for the Processing of Licenses and Responsible

Declaraons, has meant another great step in the opmizaon of these processes. On the other

hand, it has responded to new uses that correspond to a growing social demand movated by

the inversion of the populaon pyramid and the new habits acquired in confinement, among

other reasons, and that represent a great opportunity for paradigm shi.

References

[1] A. García Ruiz-Espiga, Specific methodology applying the international standard ISO 21500

in the management of Madrid city council licenses, for the optimization of the building

project, Doctoral Thesis, Polytechnic University of Madrid, 2018

[2] Law 1/2020, of October 8, which modifies Law 9/2001, of July 17, on Land of the Community

of Madrid, for the promotion and reactivation of urban activity

[3] Ordinance 6/2022, of April 26, on Licenses and Responsible Urban Declarations of the

Madrid City CouncilW. Strunk Jr., E.B. White, The Elements of Style, fourth ed., Longman,

New York, 2000.

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APPLYING THE EQUIVALENT FRAME METHOD TO ASSESS THE SEISMIC

VULNERABILITY OF AGGREGATED DWELLINGS BUILT WITH CONCRETE-

BLOCK MASONRY IN SAN JOSÉ CITY CENTER (COSTA RICA)

1

Sebasán Torres-Olivares; 2 Beatriz González-Rodrigo; 3 Erick Saavedra Flores; 4 Juan Carlos

Mosquera-Feijoo; 5 María Belén Benito Oterino

1

Departamento de Ingeniería en Obras Civiles, Universidad de Santiago de Chile,

Chile(sebastian.torres.o@usach.cl)

2

Dpto. Ingeniería y Gestión Forestal y Ambiental, UPM (beatriz.gonzalez.rodrigo@upm.es)

3

Departamento de Ingeniería en Obras Civiles, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile

(erick.saavedra@usach.cl)

4

ETS Ingenieros de Caminos, C.y P. UPM, juancarlos.mosquera@upm.es

5

ETSI Topografía, Geodesia y Astronomía, UPM, mariabelen.benito@upm.es

Keywords: reinforced masonry, seismic vulnerability, reinforced-concrete masonry, aggregated

dwellings, equivalent frame method.

Abstract

Engineering projects and designs need accurate predicons of the structural response

to a variety of loads and acons. Computer models have become valuable tools, and

range from very complex simulaon tools to simplified ones. These seek a target: a tradeoff

between the high computaonal skills required to perform sophiscated computer

analyses and the me consumpon that these involve. This is why the adopon of

simplified models takes prominence.

Masonry panels feature strongly inelasc behavior, so whichever linear stac analysis

appears inadequate; hence for praccal purposes, engineers usually perform non-linear

analyses of either unreinforced masonry or reinforced concrete buildings. In this regard,

the use of the equivalent frame approach has become widely recognized as a suitable

procedure to obtain the nonlinear response of masonry panels.

The seismic vulnerability analysis of isolated buildings is a usual research method for

dwellings, regardless of whether these are stand-alone or aggregated. However, houses

are oen aggregated in most cies. Previous studies on non-reinforced masonry

dwellings at historical city centres show the importance of considering the

interconnecon among the aggregated construcons to assess the damage caused by

dynamic loads acng on a residenal complex.

Costa Rica lies in an acve seismic region. Diverse Costa Rican cies are located in high

seismic hazard regions, with aggregated buildings with parally grouted reinforced

concrete block masonry being frequent.

This work aims to assess the seismic response of a typical building aggregaon typology

in San José (Costa Rica) and idenfy the differences with the isolated structure response.

In this study, we apply the equivalent frame method in a batch of nonlinear pseudo-stac

analyses to invesgate the seismic behaviour of aggregated structures built with parally

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grouted reinforced concrete-block masonry. The purpose is to characterize the joint

response of the aggregated buildings and shed light on the parcularies of the corner

buildings. We first calibrate the model parameters and layout for an isolated structure

with both experimental data drawn for simple walls and a previous numerical model. We

later analyze the seismic response of a row-aggregaon of this structure and take into

account the diverse connecon possibilies between adjacent buildings. The interplay

among these stems from the degree of constraint, i.e., the connecon typology. The

results show significant differences in the response of these aggregaons when

compared with that of the isolated house.

References

[1] Rizzano, G., & Sabatino, R. (2010, October). An equivalent frame model for the seismic

analysis of masonry structures. In Proceedings of the 8th Congresso de Sismologia e

Engenharia Sismica, Aveiro, Portugal (pp. 20-23).

[2] Belmouden, Y., & Lestuzzi, P. An equivalent frame model for seismic analysis of masonry

and reinforced concrete buildings. Construction and building materials, 23(1), (2009) 40-

53.

[3] Lagomarsino, S., Penna, A., Galasco, A., & Cattari, S. TREMURI program: an equivalent

frame model for the nonlinear seismic analysis of masonry buildings. Engineering

structures, 56, (2013) 1787-1799.

[4] Quagliarini, E., Maracchini, G., & Clementi, F. Uses and limits of the Equivalent Frame

Model on existing unreinforced masonry buildings for assessing their seismic risk: A

review. Journal of Building Engineering, 10, (2017) 166-182.

[5] Petrovčič, S., & Kilar, V. Seismic failure mode interaction for the equivalent frame modeling

of unreinforced masonry structures. Engineering structures, 54, (2013) 9-22.

[6] Quagliarini, E., Maracchini, G., & Clementi, F. Uses and limits of the Equivalent Frame

Model on existing unreinforced masonry buildings for assessing their seismic risk: A

review. Journal of Building Engineering, 10, (2017) 166-182.

[7] Siano, R., Roca, P., Camata, G., Pelà, L., Sepe, V., Spacone, E., & Petracca, M. Numerical

investigation of non-linear equivalent-frame models for regular masonry walls. Engineering

Structures, 173, (2018) 512-529.

165

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MULTITEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF THE CARCAVA´S AREAS OF THE CITY OF

TUNJA BY GIS.

1

Diego Alejandro Fonseca Santos; 2 Dana Sofia Vega Becerra; 3 Omar Javier Jiménez Jiménez

1

Undergraduate student, Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia

diego.fonseca08@uptc.edu.co

2


dana.vega@uptc.edu.co

3

Teacher, Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia omar.jimenez@uptc.edu.co

Keywords: GIS, multitemporal, Tunja, carcava, aerial photography

Abstract

The evoluon of cies in terms of urban planning has been framed and influenced by

various factors such as physical, social, economic, among others. The areas of

carcavaon due to erosion represent a liming factor in the growth and urban

development of a populaon, therefore, it is necessary to carry out a study that allows

the idenficaon of behaviors and atenon areas that are affected by said erosion.

Therefore, from the applicaon of geographic informaon systems, it seeks to idenfy,

in a multemporal way, the evoluon of carcava’s areas in Tunja and how they have

affected urban development.

For the elaboraon of the present invesgaon, a temporal linear methodology was

used, in which a comparave study of aerial photographs was carried out. For main

stages were covered, the first focused on the acquision of aerial photographs. The

second stage, comprised of the digitalizaon processes of the informaon obtained; the

third stage, focused on an analysis and idenficaon of the processed informaon.

Finally, in the fourth stage, the producon of cartography was carried out to capture the

results obtained.

Within the present invesgaon it was possible to idenfy the change in behavior in the

gullies of the city of Tunja, mainly idenfying highly affected areas. The multemporal

studied covers from the Tunja the year 1945 to the year 2017 with the implementaon

of aerial photographs available at different moments of this temporal space [1], [2].

When carrying out the analysis, it is possible to idenfy a significant variaon over the

years, although constant in specific areas of the city. The most significant presence of

carcavaon phenomena occurs in the eastern part of the city.

Finally, it is possible to affirm that the methodology used was adequate and allowed, in

fact, to carry out a detailed study of the changes in carcavaon areas of the city of Tunja.

It is necessary to emphasize the limitaon of informaon and access to it, since the

request me for aerial photographs was long.

Also, it is notable, the behavior of urban growth in various areas in which, although there

were high concentraons of carcavaon at the beginning, over me, this behavior was

interrupted, allowing the city to grow towards those places and develop to what is

known today.

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Figure 1: Generation of cartography from aerial photographs. (Source: Alarcón et.al [3])

References:

[1] M. Bravo Espinosa, M. Mendoza, L. Medina Orozco, and T. Sáenz Reyes, “Caracteríscas

y control de cárcavas,” Terra Latinoam., vol. 28, no. 3, pp. 281–285, 2010.

[2] P. Rivera Orz, J. E. Rivera Larraga, E. Andrade Limas, F. de la Garza Requena, B. Castro

Meza, and F. Belmonte Serrato, “Medición de la erosión en cárcavas por medio de

imágenes de satélite,” Terra Latinoam., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 13–21, 2014.

[3] J. Alarcón, O. Jiménez Jiménez, N. Peña Ramirez, J. Rodriguez González, and W. Vásquez

Guerrero, Historia del desarrollo urbano de Tunja mediante un SIG. Tunja: Editorial

UPTC, 2021.

167

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PROPOSAL FOR A GEOGRAPHIC SYSTEM FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF

ROAD CORRIDORS FOR HEAVY MACHINERY IN BOYACÁ.

1

Diana Lorena Sierra Estupiñan; 2 Wendy Samantha Vásquez Guerrero; 3 Norys Haiddy Peña

1


diana.sierra07@uptc.edu.co

2

Researcher, Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia

wendy.vasquez@uptc.edu.co

3

Teacher, Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia norys.pena@uptc.edu.co

Keywords: geographic information system, administration, corridors, government.

Abstract

Geographic informaon systems are decisive in the management of spaally localized

data and in the publicaon of graphic results. The possibility of generang updated

cartography in an agile way, allows relang mulple variables and concluding efficiently.

In addion, the adaptaon of arficial intelligence algorithms applied to spaal

processes makes it possible to take advantage of computaonal resources. These

processes and their relaonship with geographic soware allow the creaon of powerful

and reproducible work environments, systems or tools for the administraon of data in

the transportaon sector. In the internaonal context, studies focus on the analysis of

transportaon networks [1], [2] and the implicaons in urban areas [3].

As part of the proposal, the idenficaon of road corridors with high impact on

construcon acvies and the idenficaon of the effects that generate delays in

operang condions are contemplated. Therefore, to achieve this objecve, it is

necessary to implement a tool in a geographical environment, consisng of 3 stages. The

first stage comprises the collecon and selecon of data generated by GPS. Then, for the

transport data, the selecon of the routes most used by the operators is carried out.

From the data obtained and selected, we proceed to the second stage, where we seek

to advance to the automaon of processes in GIS environments, in order to generate an

opmizaon of monitoring and tracking tasks. In the third and final stage, the aim is to

generate cartography with the informaon obtained from the previous stages, providing

a clearer vision of the monitoring carried out.

As part of the preliminary results, the intervened routes have been idenfied and the

secons where the speed has been reduced or adverse condions have occurred for the

development of the works. At the same me, informaon on the machinery and

operators has been recorded, and it is expected that through mulvariable analysis

techniques, the physical, technical and operang condions that generate delays in the

performance of the works will be idenfied.

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References:

[1] C. S. Mjøsund and I. B. Hovi, “GPS data as a basis for mapping freight vehicle acvies in

urban areas – A case study for seven Norwegian cies,” Res. Transp. Bus. Manag., vol. 45,

no. 3, pp. 1–11, 2022, doi: 10.1016/j.rtbm.2022.100908.

[2] Z. Sun and X. (Jeff) Ban, “Vehicle classificaon using GPS data,” Transp. Res. Part C Emerg.

Technol., vol. 37, pp. 102–117, 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.trc.2013.09.015.

[3] X. Yang, Z. Sun, X. J. Ban, and J. Holguín-Veras, “Urban Freight Delivery Stop Idenficaon

with GPS Data,” Transp. Res. Rec. J. Transp. Res. Board, vol. 2411, no. 1, pp. 55–61, 2014,

doi: 10.3141/2411-07.

169

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EVOLUTION OF SHEAR TESTING OF CONCRETE BEAMS WITHOUT SHEAR

REINFORCEMENT.

1

Maas Calderón Carrasco, 2 Alfonso Cobo Escamilla

1

Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana mcalderonc@utem.cl

2

Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación. Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación de

Madrid. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid alfonso.cobo@upm.es

Keywords: shear resistance, amount.

Abstract

The verification of the shear resistance of concrete structures is an analysis that has

been changing over the years by means of different standards. Therefore, the present

research aims to carry out a study based on the standards E.H. 91, E.H.E. 98, E.H.E. 08

and the Structural Code, making a comparative analysis of how the shear testing of

concrete beams without transverse reinforcement has evolved, in turn, without

considering axial solicitation. In order to carry out the aforementioned, the formulation

of the different standards [1] will be collected to compare the variables used to obtain

the shear resistance in their respective calculations. In developing this comparison,

three variables will be used to obtain the shear resistance: the amount of longitudinal

reinforcement (ρl), the useful depth (d) and the compressive strength of the concrete

(fck).

To illustrate the above, an example of a comparative table between the standards

mentioned above is presented:

Table 1: comparative table of the shear strength of a concrete beam.

Shear resistance (Vcu/bo), with d = 200 mm; fck = 25 MPa

Amount (ρl) E.H. 91 E.H.E. 98 E.H.E. 08 Código Estructural

(Anejo 19-21)

0,02 158 176,833512 176,833512 176,8335119

0,018 158 170,730879 170,730879 170,7308786

0,016 158 164,157691 164,157691 164,1576909

0,014 158 157,011183 157,011183 157,0111829

0,012 158 149,14716 149,14716 149,1471603

0,010 158 140,352851 - 140,3528514

0,008 158 130,292046 - 130,2920456

0,006 158 118,37818 - 118,3781796

0,004 158 103,412865 - 103,4128651

0,002 158 82,0788454 - -

If we plot the table above, we can see how each standard performs with respect to

amount and shear strength. The graph of table 1 is shown below:

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Shear strength between width (Vcu/bo)

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

0.02 0.018 0.016 0.014 0.012 0.01 0.008 0.006 0.004 0.002

Geometric amount of longitudinal reinforcement (ρl)

EH 91 EHE 98 EHE 08 CE ANEJO 19-21

Figure 1: Comparative graph between shear strength and amount (Source: own elaboration).

The results obtained were left as a function of a range of amounts, obtaining different

shear strength results. Based on the analysis, the following deductions can be made:

• The E.H. 91 has a very basic way of calculating the shear resistance, using only

the shear resistance of the concrete, the useful depth, and the web width in its

calculation, so its behavior is linear with respect to the different amounts

presented.

• Since E.H.E. 98, there is a very similar behavior among the standards, following

the same curve. The main difference between them is the concept of minimum

resistance that appears since E.H.E. 08, which limits the resistance up to a certain

value of amount.

References

[1] Working Group 5/2, Shear strength of elements without transverse reinforcement.

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DUCTILITY OF PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN SEISMIC ZONES

1

Xiang Chen; 1 Alfonso Cobo Escamilla

1

XDepartamento de Tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación de

Madrid. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Avda Juan de Herrera, 6, 28040 Madrid.

xiang.c@alumnos.upm.es alfonso.cobo@upm.es

Keywords: precast-concrete, beam-column, connections, Cycling loading, seismic behavior

Abstract

As industrializaon and sustainability progress, so the construcon industry. They are

progressively using more precast concrete structures as it generates less waste and

reduce work me. One of the problems of these structures are the stability opposite to

wind load and earthquake load. This paper analyze how different responses and

behaviors suffers the beam throughout four different types of connecons, including a

cast-in-place specimen, under cycling loading, simulang seismic movements. The

specimens used in this research, besides the cast-in-place one, were: Bolted connecon,

precast U shell frame and pin-jointed connecon [1] [3]. The study is focused on applying

the loading method where we get the hysteresis curve and the sffness degradaon of

the specimens to be analyses. The results of this paper showed that the precast U frame

got the best result out of the other precast concrete connecons. Although it got the

best results, the energy absorpon and seismic effecng is weaker that the cast-in-place

one [2], even adding high-strength bars at the botom of the precast beam. However,

the duclity coefficient on precast U shell frame got highest value [2].

Table 1: Carrying capacity of the joints

Specimen Direcon Yield Displacement

Ulmate

Duclity

Average

(mm)

Displacement (mm)

Factor

Value

Cast-in-place Forward 28.99 118.16 4.08 3.82

Backward –32.53 –115.97 3.57

Precast U

shell frame

Forward 32.75 123.30 3.76 3.97

Backward –29.55 –123.30 4.17

Figure 1: The hysteresis curve of the joints (a) Cast-in-place. (b) precast U frame

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[2] (Yu, Zhang, Xu y Guo 2022, Pág. 12)

References

[1] Turan Ozturan, Sevket Ozden, Onur Ertas, PCI JOURNAL, Ductile Connections in Precast

Concrete Moment Resisting Frames, 2006, Volumen 51, pp. 66-76

[2] Yu, J.; Zhang, E.; Xu, Z.; Guo, Z. Seismic Performance of Precast Concrete Frame Beam-

Column Connections with High-Strength Bars. Materials 2022, 15, 7127

[3] Hugo Corres Peirett, María Fernanda Defant, Estudio de Nudos de Elementos Prefabricados

de Edificación en Zonas Sísmicas, UPM, 2011

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MOISTURE-DRYNESS CYCLING BEHAVIOUR OF A NOVEL LIGHTWEIGHT

PLASTER MATERIAL

1

Alicia Zaragoza-Benzal; 1 Daniel Ferrández Vega; 1 Manuel Álvarez Dorado; 2 Rocío Pastor

Lamberto

1

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, alicia.zaragoza@upm.es; daniel.fvega@upm.es;

manuel.alvarezd@upm.es

2

Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, rocio.pastor@upct.es

Keywords: escayola aligerada, ciclos humedad-sequedad, prefabricados, economía circular

Abstract

The growing industrialisaon of the construcon sector has led to the development of

new lightweight construcon materials for the producon of prefabricated products [1].

In addion, since the entry into force of the European Green Pact in 2019, the

construcon sector has been involved in a process of change by comming to the

recovery of construcon and demolion waste for its reincorporaon into the design of

new products under circular economy criteria [2].

This work presents the results derived from the characterisaon of a novel lightweight

plaster material against moisture-dryness cycles. This material has been developed

under sustainable construcon criteria, based on the recovery of thermal insulaon

waste from expanded polystyrene (EPS) and texle fibre from end-of-life tyres (ELT). The

incorporaon of this waste into the plaster matrix makes it possible to obtain a

lightweight construcon material with excellent technical performance, ideal for the

producon of prefabricated panels and slabs.

The aim of this study was to assess the durability of the composites developed by

evaluang their resistance to thermal shock cycles. In this sense, in the absence of a

specific standard for plaster composites, the UNE-EN 14066 [3] standard has been used,

which is oriented towards natural stone materials. In this test, the specimens are first

placed in an oven at a temperature of 60 °C and a relave humidity of 50% for 18 hours,

and immediately aerwards they are immersed in a container with water at 20 °C for 6

hours. This process is repeated up to 20 mes and then the change in mass of the

specimens, the Shore C surface hardness, the modulus of elascity (MOEUS) and the

flexural and compressive strength of the specimens are determined.

The results show that the plaster composites developed show a good behaviour against

accelerated ageing cycles, although a certain loss of mass has been observed, the

composites sll maintain good properes, both physical and mechanical, even exceeding

the values indicated in the UNE-EN 13279-2:2014 standard [4] of 1 MPa for flexural

strength and 2 MPa for compressive strength.

In view of the results obtained, the new lightened plaster composites presented in this

research are considered to be a good alternave for the producon of prefabricated

slabs for use in wet areas, which in turn contribute to the reducon of raw material use

while reducing urban waste.

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References

[1] B. Qi, M. Razkenari, A. Costin, C. Kibert, M. Fu, A systematic review of emerging technologies

in industrialized construction, Journal of Building Engineering. 39 (2021).

[2] F. Pomponi, A. Moncaster, Circular economy for the built environment: A research

framework, Journal of Cleaner Production. 143 (2017) 710-178.

[3] UNE-EN 14066, “Métodos de ensayo para piedra natural. Determinación de la resistencia

al envejecimiento por choque térmico.” 2014.

[4] UNE-EN 13279-2:2014, “Yesos de construcción y conglomerantes a base de yeso para la

construcción. Parte 2: Métodos de ensayo.” 2014.

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REINCORPORATION OF RECYCLED HDPE IN THE PRODUCTION PROCESS

OF MORE SUSTAINABLE PLASTER MATERIALS

1

Alicia Zaragoza Benzal; 1 Daniel Ferrández Vega; 2 Jorge Pablo Díaz Velilla

1

Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación,

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, alicia.zaragoza@upm.es; daniel.fvega@upm.es

2

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, jorge.diaz.velilla@upm.es

Keywords: Recycled HDPE; Plaster compounds, Sustainability; Plastic waste

Abstract

HDPE (High-density polyethylene) is a versale and common plasc that can be found in

a wide variety of products and applicaons, including packaging, botles and containers

and construcon materials as pipes and fings due to its durability and resistance to

corrosion [1]. While HDPE is a highly useful material, it can also present some challenges

when it comes to residues. This type of residue can contribute to environmental

polluon if they are not properly disposed of or recycled [2]. This can lead to liter,

habitat destrucon, and harm to wildlife.

In this work, the characterisaon of a plaster composite with the addion of recycled

HDPE has been carried out. In the elaboraon of the composites, different dosages have

been used where the quanes of original raw material have been progressively

replaced by increasing quanes of the waste incorporated. The experimental

programme carried out focused on the physical and mechanical characterisaon of the

composites produced, carrying out density, Shore C surface hardness, flexural strength

and compressive strength tests. The results obtained show that the incorporaon of

recycled HDPE in plaster composites to replace the original raw materials in mass is

technically feasible. It has been observed that the developed material achieve higher

density and hardness as the amount of recycled HDPE in the mixtures increases. On the

other hand, the incorporaon of up to 3% recycled HDPE increases the mechanical

strength of the plaster, although it has been observed that with higher proporons of

waste, the strength begins to decrease progressively.

Given the exisng problems with plasc waste and its serious impact on ecosystems [3],

this work is commited to the development of new materials that promote the

implementaon of circular economy criteria, in order to promote the development and

implementaon of a more sustainable and environmentally friendly construcon.

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References

[1] J. Chu, Y. Zhou, Y. Cai, X. Wang, C. Li, Q. Liu, Flows and waste reduction strategies of PE, PP,

and PET plastics under plastic limit order in China, Resources, Conservation & Recycling.

188 (2023).

[2] M.K. Eriksen, J.D. Christiansen, A.E. Daugaard, T.F. Astru, Closing the loop for PET, PE and

PP waste from households: Influence of material properties and product design for plastic

recycling, Waste Management. 96 (2019) 75-85.

[3] J. Lim, Y. Ahn, H. Cho, J. Kim, Optimal strategy to sort plastic waste considering economic

feasibility to increase recycling efficiency, Process Safety and Environmental Protection.

165 (2022) 420-430.

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Innovaon in Building and civil work

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EXPLORING DATA-DRIVEN ENERGY MODELLING AND SIMULATION FOR

RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS RETROFIT AND OPTIMIZATION

1

Farshid Dehghan; 1 César Porras-Amores

1

Departamento de construcciones arquitectónicas y su control, Escuela Técnica Superior De

Edificación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

Keywords: Data-driven energy modelling, Building energy modelling and simulation, Building

Energy retrofit and optimization, Building energy analysis, Building energy efficiency

Abstract

Improving the energy performance of buildings has been a much-discussed topic over

the past few decades. Therefore, Retrofing is an opon to improve the energy and

emissions performance of buildings [1]. Also, Data-driven building energy modelling

techniques have proven to be effecve in mulple applicaons. However, the debate

around the possibility of generalisaon is open [2]. Energy analysis using Building

Informaon Modeling (BIM) tools- Autodesk Insight is a recent measure for determining

building energy consumpon. BIM is an intelligent 3D model-based process that gives

Engineers the addional perspecve tools to efficiently plan, construct, and control

infrastructure. BIM helps designers analyze various opons available at the inial stages

of a building’s life cycle so that successful energy methods may be achieved within the

limitaons of the building [3].

This paper, have three objecve funcon(s): 1- Life Cycle Costs, 2- Life Cycle Energy

Consumpon, and 3- CO2 Emissions. In this study, the building type is residenal

(theorecal building). First of all, architectural modelling will be done using Revit and

then converng architectural modelling to energy modelling. At this step, energy

simulaon is performed using the Plug-in Insight 360 and Green Building Studio. And

then a parametric study and mul-objecve opmizaon with the NSGA-II algorithm are

performed by jEPLUS+EA soware.

Finally, is presented a proposed case. At the end of this research, a mul-objecve

opmizaon genec algorithm will implementaon to find opmal residenal buildings

that minimize the life cycle costs, Life cycle energy consumpon and CO2 emissions

within the check.

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References

[4] Prabatha. Th, Hewage. K, Karunathilake. H, Sadiq. R, To retrofit or not? Making energy

retrofit decisions through life cycle thinking for Canadian residences, Energy & Buildings,

226 (2020) 110393.

[5] Manfren. M, James. P. AB, Tronchin. L, “Data-driven building energy modelling- An analysis

of the potential for generalisation through interpretable machine learning”, Renewable and

Sustainable Energy Reviews, 167 (2022) 112686.

[6] R. Zhang, et al., Factors influencing BIM adoption for construction enterprises in China,

Adv. Civ. Eng. 2020 (2020).

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DEVELOPMENT OF AN IN-PROCESS REINFORCEMENT METHOD IN 3D

CONCRETE PRINTING WITH NITINOL SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

1

Bahram Ahadi; 2 Mercedes Valiente Lopez; 3 Farhad Golmohammadi

1

PhD Student, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Escuela Técnica Superior De Edificación,

bahram.ahadi@alumnos.upm.es

2

full Professor in Architecture, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Escuela técnica Superior De

Edificación, Mercedes.valiente@upm.es

3

Master’s in civil engineering, University of Semnan, Faculty of Engineering,

Golmohammadi.farhad@yahoo.com

Keywords: 3DCP; Reinforcement; SMA; Nitinol; Additive manufacturing

Abstract

Concept of digital fabrication in construction industry, refers to the process of

constructing structures by robots with cementitious materials. To increase in tensile

strength of concrete as the main material in 3D concrete printing (3DCP), reinforcement

the structures with a second material is necessary. Reinforcement in 3DCP is done in

three ways: pre-installed reinforcement, in-process reinforcement, and post-installed

Reinforcement method[1-3]. In the in-process reinforcement method where

reinforcement is done during printing, is one of the challenges which many researchers

try to work on, and present a practical method. One of the in-process reinforcement

methods which was proposed by researchers in this area of knowledge, is “U-nails

insertion”, where U-shape reinforcement materials are embedded into fresh printed

layers during printing automatically, and layers will be connected by these u-nails [4]. In

this study, a software simulation was done by authors in Abaqus finite-element

software. Nitinol SMA was proposed as the reinforcement material and the samples

with SMA U-nails were modelled and three-point bending test was simulated in the

software to see the effect of using new material in the mentioned reinforcement

method. A sample without reinforcement material was modelled, too, to have a control

sample and results were compared. To see the effect of active control of the

reinforcement materials, the reinforcement method was developed and U-nails were

connected by wires to have active reinforcement beside the passive one. Afterward,

results in the active and passive states were compared.

References

[7] Marchment T, Sanjayan J. Mesh reinforcing method for 3D Concrete Printing. Automation

in Construction. 2020;109:102992.

[8] Ahadi B, Lopez M. USE OF NITINOL-SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY IN THE REINFORCEMENT OF 3D

CONCRETE PRINTING INDUSTRY2022. 7470-9 p.

[9] Ahadi B, Valiente M. A new method for reinforce and design of 3D concrete printing

(3DCP): considering structural frames2022.

[10] Wang L, Ma G, Liu T, Buswell R, Li Z. Interlayer reinforcement of 3D printed concrete by the

in-process deposition of U-nails. Cement and Concrete Research. 2021;148:106535.

181

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HISTORICAL EVOLUTION AND DEFINITION OF THE TEMPORARY HOUSING

UNIT OF THE HOTEL AS A PLACE OF EPHEMERAL USE THROUGHOUT THE

XX AND XXI CENTURIES.

1

David López Lara; 2 Jesús Anaya Díaz; 3 Francisco Domouso de Alba

1

Departamento de Construcción y Tecnologías arquitectónicas. E.T.S. DE ARQUITECTURA.

David.lopez.lara@alumnos.upm.es .

2

Departamento de Construcción y Tecnologías arquitectónicas. E.T.S. DE ARQUITECTURA.

Jesus.anaya@upm.es

3

Departamento de Arquitectura, Diseño y Construcciones Civiles. Universidad Europea de

Madrid. francisco.domouso@universidadeuropea.es

Keywords: technology, influence, housing unit, temporary space, ephemeral, ephemeral.

Abstract

A hotel room is a place where one is while doing something else. By itself it is marginal

to one's main scheme of things. Its convenience is limited to the time you need it while

you are in a certain city and engaged in a certain business; you trust it to be comfortable,

but you would rather it was simply anonymous. "Blue Eyes” . The development of new

rooms as new temporary spaces and the methods for defining them provide new design

thinking for temporary and ephemeral use.

The methodology on which this arcle is based consists of a deducve research to create

a framework of knowledge, starng from the general to the parcular through the

background of this ideal of temporary living spaces and its evoluon through the 20th

and 21st centuries, making a retrospecve review of case studies on the hotel sector and

the evoluon of its room unit through the influence of technology, its new forms and

representaons, giving way to the different hotel typologies that have been developed

over the years.

We will invesgate the great transformaon of old Palaces into Hotels (Palaal hotel

from the beginning of the 19th century), such as the Hotel Eugenia de Monjo, 5*, or

the Hotel Luxury Santo Mauro, 5* (Figure 1), created during the monarchy of Alfonso

XIII, which breaks with the neo-Renaissance tradion to take inspiraon from French

palaal architecture.

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Figure 1: Hotel Luxury Santo Mauro (1902)-Madrid. Fachada del hotel desde el patio interior.

https://www.lainformacion.com/estilo-de-vida-y-tiempo-libre/palacios-que-se-convirtieron-en-hoteles/6494988/

Another of the studies will be that of hotels designed from the beginning and specifically

as hotels, such as, for example, the Hotel Subur in Sitges (Figure 2), which was a hotel of

great ostentaon as it was designed with all the "technology" of the me and which

could be called "luxury" as all the rooms had a bathroom, electricity, heang, running

water and adequate furniture to be able to rest.

Figura 1: Hotel Subur (1916)- Sitges. Una de las habitaciones del hotel Subur de Sitges, cuando se

inauguró en diciembre de 1916.

htps://stac.hosteltur.com/app/public/uploads/img/arcles/2017/01/01/L_5b15088f28c16_IMG_2017

0112_140907.jpg

We will analyse the monumentalist hotel architecture of the inter-war period and its

different typologies, through the hotel with an interior courtyard and closed block or the

open buildings as a consequence of the transformaon of the an-tuberculosis hospital

architecture (sanatoriums) in the mountain areas, which gave rise to these buildings with

their respecve rooms in line for collecve accommodaon.

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Figura 3: Tree huts, Zuhaitz-etxeak, Vizcaya, Basque Country (2022). https://1001noches.club/cabanasarboles/

In conclusion, we will study the evoluon of the 21st century building, which has been

transformed in a rapid and innovave way, both in terms of materials and technology,

reaching the analysis of the "non" architecture of the Hotel as a form of building,

changing the tradional envelope and the study of the housing unit independently and

autonomously from its main root, the building, thus delving into the evoluon of the

hotel concept, as a "place to stay", to make way for the "non place to live experiences"

through the new nomadic traveller (Figure 3). Because all architecture is a refuge, all

great architecture is the design of the space that contains, exalts, embraces, or

smulates the people in that space. "Philip Johnson ".

References

[1] Adams Fernández, Carmen. LA CONSTRUCCIÓN HOTELERA EN LA ESPAÑA DEL FINAL DE LA

AUTARQUÍA. UNA APROXIMACIÓN A TRAVÉS DE LA REVISTA NACIONAL DE ARQUITECTURA.

Universidad de Oviedo.

[2] Jímenez Morales, E. (s.f.). El hotel Turístico. Viaje a los orígenes de su arquitectura 1693-

1932. Tesis Doctoral. . Universidad Málaga. Deparatamento responsable de expresión

gráfica, diseño y proyectos.

[3] Rodríguez Pérez, M. J. (s.f.). Rodríguez Pérez, Maria Jose.,La rehabilitacion de construcciones

militares para uso hotelero. La red de paradores de Turismo. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad

Politécnica de Madrid, Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid.

[4] Sánchez Ferré, Josep. HISTORIA DE LOS BALNEARIOS EN ESPAÑA ARQUITECTURA -

PATRIMONIO – SOCIEDAD. Ministerio de fomento.

[5] Ecocapsules, Casas En Miniatura Que Incorpora Energía Solar Y Eólica. (s.f.).

www.arquitecturaideal.com. Obtenido de htps://arquitecturaideal.com/ecocapsules-casasen-miniatura-que-incorpora-energia-solar-y-eolica/

[6] El hotel turísco. Viaje a los orígenes de su arquitectura, 1880-1932. Obtenido de

htps://www.redalyc.org/journal/1936/193659506005/html/

[7] Turismo durante la Guerra Civil, 1936-1939: el impacto de la guerra en un sistema turísco

en formación. Rafael vallejo Pousada. Universidad de Vigo. Obtenido de

file:///Users/saramolina/Downloads/353915-Texto%20del%20art%C3%ADculo-510255-2-

10-20200310.pdf

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CHALLENGES IN HOUSING ACCESSIBILITY TOWARDS UNIVERSAL DESIGN

1

Beatriz González Lozano; 2 María Yolanda González Alonso

1

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid beatriz.gonzalez@alumnos.upm.es

2

Universidad de Burgos mygonzalez@ubu.es

Keywords: Housing, Accessibility, Universal Design, Inclusion, Well-being

Abstract

Dwelling is the type of building that supports the most regulations, in fact it affects not

only the design also the quality of construction, consequently it makes universal design

more expensive and difficult. Furthermore, Universal Accessibility consists in order to

planning, projecting, constructing, rehabilitating and conserving the environment in

such a way that it takes into account all the needs and requirements of any person

irrespective of their age, circumstances or abilities, based on characteristics of comfort,

safety and personal autonomy [1].

The aim of this study is look over the present national regulations on accessibility in the

field about dwelling in order to facilitate access non-discriminatory, independent and

ensure safety for each resident

This research has been carried out through an exhaustive search of the regulations and

bibliography on the subject. Legislation in force until December 2022 has been searched.

In Spain, the Technical Building Code establishes the requirements that buildings must

meet in terms of accessibility, safety and habitability, guided by current regulations.

Moreover, is the regulatory framework that regulates the basic conditions of

accessibility in dwellings. Law 38/1999 of 5 November 1999 on Building Regulations

(LOE), in force today [2]; Royal Decree 450/2022, of 14 June, which amends the

Technical Building Code; Law 8/2013 on urban rehabilitation, regeneration and

renovation, which obliges residential buildings to carry out the necessary reforms to

rehabilitate the physical environment. The General Law on the Rights of Persons with

Disabilities and their Social Inclusion, Royal Legislative Decree 1/2013, requires buildings

to adapt to accessibility regulations. The Horizontal Property Law to guarantee

accessibility in all residential buildings where people live or work [3]. The Draft Royal

Decree regulating the State Plan for access to housing 2022-2025 [4]. Further Law

6/2022 on Cognitive Accessibility.

On the whole once the legal material regulating accessibility in housing has been

reviewed and analysed, it can be seen that there is quality legislation with innovative

concepts and ambitious objectives. However, it is necessary to raise awareness in

society that dwelling is a right and regulations are mandatory. Dwelling should be

designed according to the needs expressed by the residents, thus achieving inclusive

buildings. There is a need to incorporate accessibility measures based on home

automation that facilitate independent living and increase personal autonomy from a

multi-professional approach.

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References

[1] J. Hernández Galán, Observatorio de la accesibilidad universal en la vivienda en España

2013, primera ed. Servimedia, Madrid 2013.

[2] De D, Edificación DO De, Estado J. LEGISLACIÓN CONSOLIDADA Ley 38/1999, de 5 de

noviembre, de Ordenación de la Edificación. 1999;1–24.

[3] Ministerio de Sanidad Asuntos Sociales e Igualdad. Real Decreto Legislativo 1/2013, de 29

de noviembre, por el que se aprueba el Texto Refundido de la Ley General de derechos de

las personas con discapacidad y de su inclusión social. Boe. 2013;289(12632):95635–73.

[4] Ministerio de Transportes Movilidad y Agenda Urbana. Plan Estatal para el acceso a la

vivienda 2022-2025. 2022;1–45.

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STATE OF ART OF NOVEL TECHNIQUES OR TOOLS USED IN RISK

MANAGEMENT WITHIN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR

1

Shatha Mustafa Abdallah Al Qudah; 2 José Luis Fuentes Bargues; 3 Pablo Ferrer Gisbert

1

Doctoral School, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain, Email: salquda@doctor.upv.es

2

PRINS Research Center, Industrial Engineering, and Technical Architecture, Polytechnic

University of Valencia, Spain, Email: jofuebar@dpi.upv.es

3

PRINS Research Center, Engineering Projects Department, Polytechnic University of Valencia,

Spain, Email: pferrer@dpi.upv.es

Keywords: State of the Art, Novel Techniques, Risk Management Tools, Construcon Sector

Abstract

Over the last few years, increasing interest in the field of risk management tools and

techniques in the construcon sector has been witnessed. This study aims to idenfy

current and state-of-the-art techniques and synthesize quality atributes, objecves, and

evaluaon methodologies for implemenng risk management tools in the construcon

sector. We used a systemac literature review (SLR) methodology aer exporng related

58 papers from the Web of Science (WoS) database. Furthermore, The Nvivo analysis

soware was used for data coding and qualitave analysis. A review scope was primarily

devised based on research goals and to uncover potenal search strings. In addion,

through research idenficaon and key data extracon, we found that the research in

this domain has increased due to the direct and robust effects of risks during project

implementaon and the appearance of new risks that must be dealt with over the last

three years. Although a few studies were based on empirical studies, scienfic and

empirically validated methodologies are sll needed in this domain. Construcon

professionals, researchers, and decision-makers can ulize this informaon to make

educated decisions on risk management taccs and procedures. Finally, the study may

indicate future research fields by emphasizing the need for addional development and

improvement of exisng tools and approaches.

References

[1] Abbasnezhad, Kiazad, Ramin Ansari, and Mahdi Mahdikhani. "Schedule risk assessments

using a precedence network: an object-oriented Bayesian approach." Iranian Journal of

Science and Technology, Transactions of Civil Engineering (2020): 1-17.

[2] Akanmu, Abiola A., Chimay J. Anumba, and Omobolanle O. Ogunseiju. "Towards next

generation cyber-physical systems and digital twins for construction." J. Inf. Technol.

Constr. 26, no. Jul (2021): 505-525. DOI: 10.36680/j.itcon.2021.027

[3] Dhakal, Kerry. "NVivo." Journal of the Medical Library Association 110, no. 2 (2022): 270-

272.

[4] Leo, Brandon, and Omar Swei. "Life-Cycle Cost Analysis Framework to Support Data

Procurement Strategies for Infrastructure Assets." Journal of Infrastructure Systems 27, no.

1 (2021): 05020011. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-020-00550-2

187

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ESTIMATION OF THE ELASTIC SETTLEMENT PRODUCED BY A TUNNEL

EXCAVATION USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

1

Cesar Antonio Rodríguez González; 1 Ángel Mariano Rodríguez Pérez; 1 Jose Antonio Hernández

Torres; 1 Julio José Caparros Mancera

1

University of Huelva, Spain cesar@uhu.es; angel.rodriguez@dci.uhu.es;

joseantonio.hernandez@dimme.uhu.es; julio.caparros@diesia.uhu.es

Keywords: Modelling; tunnel lining analysis; stress analysis

Abstract

The work presented applies finite element method (FEM) [1] modeling to esmate the

elasc setlement produced by the excavaon of a tunnel in a porous granular medium

on a supposedly perfectly impermeable stratum. In turn, on the impermeable layer, the

aforemenoned porous medium is divided into two layers with different degrees of

saturaon. In contact with the upper layer is a small historic building with a shallow

foundaon 10 m wide, which transmits a series of loads to the ground. At a certain depth

and at a certain horizontal distance from the foundaon, the excavaon of the tunnel of

10 meters in diameter is projected. The desnaon of the tunnel is for the passage of

urban networks that can be visited without traffic loads. Under the assumpon of certain

geotechnical characteriscs of the terrain, different tunnel linings and with the

assumpon of pumping the infiltrated water immediately to the outside, a 2D FEM is

modeled with quadrilateral isoparametric quadrac Lagrangian elements [2]. With the

use of the GMSH and MATLAB® tools, a mesh is first carried out and later, by means of a

series of codes, the displacements occurred in the terrain between the inial and final

states are calculated. In addion, the infiltraon flow that must be pumped from inside

the tunnel has been esmated to avoid the rise and possible entry into the tunnel load.

Regarding the case studies, including the variants of the study, they are the following:

I. Land with tunnel without lining. There is no rigid shoring that prevents the

deformation and displacement of the nodes of the tunnel contour. There could

be light or semi-curdled shoring, but in any case: the tunnel is deformable and

leaks are not prevented. We work with the hypothesis that the infiltrations are

evacuated immediately.

II. Land with covered tunnel. There is a rigid shoring that prevents the deformation

and displacement of the nodes of the tunnel contour.

III. Land with tunnel without lining and completely flooded. The leaks completely

flood the tunnel.

IV. Land with covered and flooded tunnel. The leaks completely flood the tunnel. In

this case, we only work in the state prior to any displacement, however small, of

the tunnel contour. The hypotheses will be: perfectly rigid shoring, there is no

possible translation or rotation in the nodes of the lining that are supposed to be

fixed in space. This case has been chosen to illustrate tunnels of old

constructions, with very rigid linings of masonry or thick concrete, perfectly

settled and without any appreciable movement. In recently built tunnels it is not

possible to apply the hypotheses of this case.

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The context of the study involves a flow in a porous medium, being parcular to the

applied FEM. The variables of the study, broadly speaking, are:

1) Loads transmitted by the building.

2) Characteristics of each stratum of the terrain.

3) Piezometric head.

4) Flow velocity in the porous medium.

5) Hydraulic gradient as movement “engine”

6) Interstitial pressure.

Regarding the governing equaons of the study we have:

1) Equation of conservation of mass, considering the saturated medium in which

we find ourselves.

2) Behavioral (or constitutive) law, which involves implementing Darcy's law in a

porous medium and using Laplace's equation. We have used the shortened form

of the FEM, with the method of weighted residuals and the Galerkin

approximation. Regarding the latter, in the FEM, the same functions have been

used in such a way that they have been used for the unknown of the study.

3) Boundary conditions. These conditions vary for each of the cases I, II, III and IV

analyzed.

Terzaghi's law gives us a crucial contribuon [3], [4]: the phenomena of breaking and

deformaon of the ground are related to the variaon of the effecve stress (and not to

the variaon of the total stress). Regarding the presentaon of the results and their

discussion, the field of pore pressures, the calculaon of the elasc setlement under

the building as well as a selecon of stresses on the tunnel lining for the most interesng

cases are exposed. The study has been solved following the guidelines of previous

relevant works [5].

Finally, it is concluded that the establishment of the boundary condions due to the

lining are fundamental in this type of study, as is derived from the results on each of the

cases analyzed. It is worth nong that the presence of old subway tunnels, galleries with

masonry work, and other rigid longitudinal works, generate, if they are perfectly

established, a consistent effect of reinforcing the terrain, increasing its rigidity with

respect to that of the adjacent areas. This implies that there will be differenal

setlements with respect to the area of influence of the old tunnel. It is verified that,

indeed, the effecve stresses are not affected by the shear stress. In turn, the

construcon of a new tunnel implies a setlement due to at least two causes: the

setlement due to elasc deformaon before and aer the construcon of the tunnel,

and the setlement due to the variaon in the effecve stresses resulng from the

drainage that make the tunnel itself. In the construcon of the tunnel, even with curdled

shoring, if leaks occur, a general decompression will be generated in the base and

surrounding areas, with a possible severe decompression at the same base, prone to a

"liing" accident of the base. The tunnel “rises”. The variaon of the effecve tensions,

calculated with the FEM, allows to detect the most vulnerable areas.

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References

[1] K.-J. Bathe, “Finite Element Method,” in Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and

Engineering, Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008.

[2] G. L. Goudreau and J. O. Hallquist, “Recent developments in large-scale finite element

lagrangian hydrocode technology,” Comput. Methods Appl. Mech. Eng., vol. 33, no. 1–3,

pp. 725–757, Sep. 1982.

[3] L. S. Bennethum, M. A. Murad, and J. H. Cushman, “Modified Darcy’s law, Terzaghi’s

effective stress principle and Fick’s law for swelling clay soils,” Comput. Geotech., vol. 20,

no. 3–4, pp. 245–266, Jan. 1997.

[4] M. M. Carroll and N. Katsube, “The Role of Terzaghi Effective Stress in Linearly Elastic

Deformation,” J. Energy Resour. Technol., vol. 105, no. 4, pp. 509–511, Dec. 1983.

[5] J. A. González and K. C. Park, “A simple explicit-implicit finite element tearing and

interconnecting transient analysis algorithm,” Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., vol. 89, no. 10,

pp. 1203–1226, Mar. 2012.

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SMART IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT. CASE STUDY: UNIVERSITY OF

ALICANTE

1

Paloma Caramés López; 1 Rubén Muñoz Pavón; 2 Óscar Galao Malo, 1 Jorge Jerez Cepa; 1 Marcos

García Alber

1

Civil Engineering: Construction Department. ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad

Politécnica de Madrid. E-mail: p.carames@alumnos.upm.es, {ruben.mpavon, jorge.jerez.cepa,

marcos.garcia}@upm.es

2

Civil Engineering Department, Universidad de Alicante. E-mail: oscar.galao@ua.es

Keywords: IoT, Smart management, irrigation, artificial intelligence

Abstract

Smart infrastructure management is a field that is currently in full development. In order

to achieve this intelligent management, it is essenal to combine the advantages offered

by different technologies on the rise, such as BIM (Building Information Modeling), GIS,

IoT (Internet of Things), BigData, Arficial Intelligence or Cloud Compung, among

others. Successful cases already exist in the use of this smart infrastructure

management, such as [1, 2], even in university infrastructures [3, 4].

The aim of this collaboraon project between two Spanish universies is the intelligent

management of irrigaon systems on the campus of the University of Alicante (UA), in

San Vicente del Raspeig. The campus covers an area of more than 800000 m 2 , a large

part of which is green space. This project is framed in UA Smart University, and more

specifically within Smart Enviroment, whose objecves include sustainability,

environmental protecon, and raonalisaon, all of which are focused on respecng the

environment and natural resources [5]. The aim is to achieve the integraon of the

technologies through the development of a customised web management plaorm,

with the purpose of achieving an intelligent management of the irrigaon network of

the campus.

The approach proposed is based on the analysis of the current irrigaon network

through 2D informaon provided for the development of the project. This inial analysis

is divided into two main parts. On the one hand, the compilaon of the already exisng

inventory on the campus related to irrigaon system. On the other hand, the approach

of a sectorisaon hypothesis of this network. This hypothesis will be one of the bases on

which the project will be built and takes the branches into which the main irrigaon

artery is divided as an element of development. Subsequently, based on the proposed

sectorisaon, the IoT devices to be acquired and the areas where they will be located

are studied. Once the features of IoT technology are known, the design and development

of the databases to be used in the project is carried out. At the same me as the

developments discussed above, two processes are underway. On the one hand, the

development of the management plaorm visualisaon, known as Frontend. On the

other hand, the design of GIS/BIM layers that will integrate a large amount of

informaon and will be linked to the plaorm. Finally, funconalies related to irrigaon

management will be designed. These funconalies will include connecng the plaorm

with IoT devices installed on campus, connecng with data provided by other enes

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through REST APIs and the design and development of arficial intelligence algorithms

to facilitate irrigaon management.

In this case, the management plaorm focuses on campus irrigaon, but the project is

fully scalable to the supply and sanitaon networks or any other exisng on the campus.

References

[1] J.C.C. Chavez, R.R.E. Berenice and A.C. Valderrama, '"Sistema De Gestión Inteligente Para

Suministros De Agua Y Energía Eléctrica En Un Edificio Militar Basado En El Internet De Las

Cosas," Revista Científica: BIOTECH AND ENGINEERING, vol. 2, no. 1.

[2] L.A. López, H.L. Vivas, N. García Martínez and M. Cambarieri, '"Servicio para la gestión

inteligente del consumo de energía eléctrica hogareña: una aplicación móvil para su

monitoreo,".

[3] R.M. Pavón, A.A. Arcos Alvarez and M.G. Alberti, '"BIM-based educational and facility

management of large university venues," Applied Sciences, vol. 10, no. 22, pp. 7976.

[4] C.A. Catacora, T. Ale-Nieto, E.L. Valencia and J. Deza, '"Desarrollo e implementación de un

sistema inmótico (IoT) de gestión energética para la Universidad Privada de Tacna,"

INGENIERÍA INVESTIGA, vol. 2, no. 01, pp. 186-198.

[5] Universidad de Alicante, '"SMART ENVIRONMENT: UN ENTORNO DE CALIDAD DE VIDA,",

vol. 2023, (accessed 27 January 2023).

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INTELLIGENT RAILWAY STATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN WEB AND

METAVERSE ENVIRONMENT. CASE STUDY: BIDEBIETA-BASAURI STATION

1

Rubén Muñoz Pavón; 1 Paloma Caramés López; 1 Tomás Ripa Alonso; 1 Jorge Jerez Cepa; 1 Marcos

García Alber;

1

Civil Engineering: Construction Department. ETSI Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad

Politécnica de Madrid. E-mail: p.carames@alumnos.upm.es, {ruben.mpavon, tomasluis.ripa,

jorge.jerez.cepa, marcos.garcia}@upm.es

Keywords: BIM, Cloud Computing, Smart management, IoT, Augmented reality.

Abstract

BIM methodology has been a major focus of research in the AECO sector in recent years.

Defined as a methodology that posively affects infrastructure management in any

phase [1-14], providing an important repository of informaon [15-18] and a digital

construcon environment [19-21], research related to BIM methodology is advancing at

a dizzying pace, and it is rare to find applicaons solely based on this methodology

without including other emerging technologies in the developments.

In this sense, it is common to find research that links BIM with other technologies, such

as the Internet of Things (IoT) [22-24], to solve some of the most important barriers to

BIM implementaon, i.e., the lack of interoperability [25, 26], lack of standardisaon [27-

33], or social resistance to the change of working methodology [4, 28, 31, 34-36].

This project focuses on the development of an intelligent web management system

based on BIM methodology, capable of overcoming the most important implementaon

barriers of the methodology by creang special funconalies that are not provided by

exisng BIM soware. In addion, an applicaon is developed in Unity for the

management of the infrastructure in the so-called "metaverse", being necessary to

access these developments by means of virtual reality glasses.

The research is based on a real infrastructure to apply the aforemenoned

developments, specifically, in the Bidebieta-Basauri train staon corresponding to the

Bilbao-Orduña suburban line of the network, located in the Autonomous Community of

the Basque Country. The infrastructure in queson is currently in the process of

renovaon thanks to the public tender construcon project created by the Ministry of

Transport, Mobility and Urban Agenda (MITMA) awarded to the company L.R.A.

Infrastructures Consulng, being as collaborang organisaon with the work presented.

The main objecves of this project are (1) development and implementaon of a webbased

management environment for Bidebieta-Basauri BIM model, (2) development of

specific funconalies in real-me measurement management linked to the BIM model

of the infrastructure, (3) implementaon of the BIM model in an applicaon based on

the metaverse concept to provide informaon on the construcon elements of the

model.

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References

[1] J.C. Cheng, Q. Lu and Y. Deng, '"Analytical review and evaluation of civil information

modeling," Autom.Constr., vol. 67, pp. 31-47.

[2] N. Yabuki, '"Current status of civil construction information modeling (CIM) initiative and

projects in Japan,".

[3] O. Abudayyeh and H. Al-Battaineh, '"As-built information model for bridge maintenance,"

J.Comput.Civ.Eng., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 105-112.

[4] F.G.B. Blanco and H. Chen, '"The Implementation of Building Information Modelling in the

United Kingdom by the Transport Industry," Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol.

138, pp. 510-520.

[5] S.S. Chen and A. Shirolé M., '"Integration of information and automation technologies in

bridge engineering and management: Extending the state of the art," Transp.Res.Rec., vol.

1976, no. 1976, /1, pp. 3-12.

[6] S. Dibernardo, '"Integrated modeling systems for bridge asset management - Case study,"

Structures Congress 2012 - Proceedings of the 2012 Structures Congress, /3, pp. 483-493.

[7] A. Hammad, C. Zhang, Y. Hu and E. Mozaffari, '"Mobile model-based bridge lifecycle

management system," Computer-Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, vol. 21, no. 7,

10, pp. 530-547.

[8] S. Huang, C. Chen and R. Dzeng, '"Design of track alignment using building information

modeling," Journal of transportation engineering-ASCE, vol. 137, no. 11, pp. 823-830.

[9] M. Mawlana, F. Vahdatikhaki, A. Doriani and A. Hammad, '"Integrating 4D modeling and

discrete event simulation for phasing evaluation of elevated urban highway reconstruction

projects," Autom.Constr., vol. 60, pp. 25-38.

[10] K. Miyamoto, '"A framework for data coordination method of maintenance data and 3D

conceptual model on CIM based database,".

[11] N.M. Okasha and D.M. Frangopol, '"Computational platform for the integrated life-cycle

management of highway bridges," Eng.Struct., vol. 33, no. 7, pp. 2145-2153.

[12] C.S. Shim, N.R. Yun and H.H. Song, '"Application of 3D bridge information modeling to design

and construction of bridges," Procedia Engineering, vol. 14, pp. 95-99.

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INFLUENCE OF SETTING TIME IN SFRC WITH STRUCTURAL APPLICATION

FOR SLIDING FORMWORK

1

Jorge Marcelo Funes Marnez; 1 Jaime C. Gálvez; 1 Marcos G. Alber; 2 Álvaro Picazo; 3 José Vera

1

Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Construcción, E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y

Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, c/Profesor Aranguren, s/n, 28040 Madrid, España.

jm.funes@alumnos.upm.es, jaime.galvez@upm.es, marcos.garcia@upm.es

2


Madrid. Avda. Juan de Herrera, 6, 28040, Madrid, España.

a.picazo@upm.es

3

ACCIONA Construcon S.A., Technological Center, Valporllo II n8, Madrid 28108, Spain.

jose.vera.agullo@acciona.com

Keywords: steel fibre reinforced concrete, sliding formwork, setting time

Abstract

Despite being one of the most studied and used materials worldwide [1], concrete

connues to evolve, including in this design new products such as addives or addions

to its main matrix that allow improving certain properes the material. This research

used steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC) for applicaon in sliding formworks. For this,

the quality and type of concrete designed are condioned by various factors. Some of

these factors are atributable to its components: cement, aggregates, water and

addives. Others by the type of project, cost of civil work, type of structure or execuon.

In other cases, the climatological or geographical environment may influence the design

of the concrete. All these factors together are essenal for designing the quality of

concrete, improving workability, structural use, sustainability, economic reducon and

low environmental impact.

Among the characterisc parameters of SFRC, the influence of the seng me stands

out, which is essenal to determine the workability me of concrete when used with

sliding formwork. This study was carried out in accordance with the ASTM C403/C403M-

16 standard [2] in order to obtain penetraon resistance curves against elapsed me and

therefore the workability of the concrete. In order to do so, concrete batches were

performed, with and without fibres, and with the incorporaon of two addives

simultaneously in various proporons. The opmal slip zone me was idenfied when

the penetraon resistance was in the range of 0.2 MPa to 0.7 MPa, while the difficult slip

zone me was determined between 0.7 MPa and 3.5 MPa. Moreover, the inial and final

seng mes were considered the mes when the penetraon resistance were equal to

3.5 MPa and 27.6 MPa, respecvely.

The results obtained allowed achieving reference curves of elapsed me against

different penetraon resistance of SFRC, key factor in the use of sliding formwork and

referencing the percentage of addives used in the different mix proporon. Therefore,

it was possible to opmize the SFRC according to its workability, penetraon resistance,

and required seng me.

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References

[1] T. Wangler et al., ‘Digital Concrete: Opportunities and Challenges’, RILEM Technical

Letters, vol. 1, pp. 67–75, Oct. 2016, doi: 10.21809/rilemtechlett.2016.16.

[2] ASTM C403/C403M-16, Standard Test Method for Time of Setting of Concrete Mixtures by

Penetration Resistance’, 2017.

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CRACKING CHECK ACCORDING TO CODIGO ESTRUCTURAL COMPARED

WITH EHE08 APPROACH

1

Luis Carrillo Alonso; 2 Alvaro Picazo Iranzo; 3 Luis Carrillo Gijón

1

Luis Carrillo Alonso. Dr Ingeniero de Caminos. Profesor asociado UPM

2

Alvaro Picazo Iranzo. Profesor titular UPM

2

Luis Carrillo Alonso. Dr Ingeniero de Caminos. Catedrático UPM (jubilado)

Keywords: cracking, Código estructural, circular section, distance between cracks, area of

concrete within tensile zone

Abstract

Last year 2021 approval of the new “Código Estructural (CE)” has meant, in the field of

concrete structures calculaon for buildings, an important change with respect to the

methodology proposed in the previous current codes (EHE08)

Broadly speaking, in relaon to concrete design, the new “Código Estructural (CE)” is

based in the methodologies included in the concrete Eurocode EC2 and in the

corresponding naonal Annex. In most of aspects, the differences between what EHE08

stated and the new CE methodology are small and almost at detail level. Otherwise,

related to the calculaon and check of the ELS of cracking the differences are somewhat

more important.

For this reason, the purpose of this paper is to show these differences between the

approach included in the new CE, compared with the EHE08 code previous approach, as

well as to show the impact on the designs that this new methodology will involve.

Specifically, this study shows the comparave analysis of this cracking check, both in

secons subjected to pure bending, bending with axial forces of compression and

tracon, and pure axial force of tracon, both for rectangular and circular secons.

For this reason, a set of tools had been carried out to assess the previous analysis

commented. Based on the results of this calculus the comparaon between the results

obtained with both codes is made and the impacts on the designs are showed.

Finally, the results of this study are summarized, and conclusions based on these results

for both codes are obtained, for each of the cases analyzed, and for both type of secon

studied, rectangular and circular.

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Esfuerzos Casipermanentes ≈ 0,6 * Esfuerzos de cálculo

f ck = 30 MPa

f yk = 500 MPa Diámetro = 1,5

Armadura próxima a la máxima admisible (691,44 cm²)

Diámetro

Capa nº Nº de barras

de la barra

(mm)

Recubrim.

(d') (m)

1 43 32 0,104

2 43 32 0,136

Esfuerzos (A) EHE-08 (B) Eurocod.

(Axil: Compresiones = +) fisura fisura

Hipótesis Axil (kN) Mom. (mkN) Wk (mm) Wk (mm) (B-A)/A (%)

1 -18040 0 0,511 0,652 28 %

2 -9020 5070 0,656 0,643 -2 %

3 -4510 7230 0,653 0,635 -3 %

4 -2250 8020 0,645 0,623 -3 %

5 -1130 8350 0,638 0,609 -5 %

6 0 8650 0,628 0,601 -4 %

7 2210 9130 0,602 0,564 -6 %

8 4420 9450 0,561 0,516 -8 %

9 8840 9630 0,455 0,403 -11 %

10 17670 8090 0,164 0,114 -30 %

11 35350 0 0,000 0,000 0 %

Table 1: Compared results obtained for different analyzed cases

References

[1] “Código Estructural”. Ministerio de Fomento. Agosto 2021.

[2] “Instrucción de hormigón estructural. EHE08”. Ministerio de Fomento. 2008.

[3] FIB International Federation for Structural Concrete, 2012. "Model Code 2010, final draft",

vol 1 and 2.

[4] Eurocode 2. EN1992-1-1. 2002. “Design of concrete structures. Part 1: General rules and

rules for buildings”.

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AIRPORT VR: DESIGN TO SCAPE

1

Mathias Proboste Marnez; 2 Felipe Muñoz La Rivera; 1 Javier Mora Serrano; 2 María Jesús Bopp

1

Internaonal Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), Barcelona (Spain);

Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, School of Civil Engiºneering, Barcelona (Spain); Ponficia

Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, School of Civil Engineering, Valparaíso (Chile).

felipe.munoz@pucv.cl mora@cimne.upc.edu

Keywords: Civil Engeering; Learning; Virtual Reality; Aiport; Human Factor

Abstract

Aviation has been the most developed means of transportation during this period,

especially in the last decades, so the airport infrastructure demands greater complexity.

Therefore, from the design to the execution of airport projects, more skilled workers are

required for their efficient construction and maintenance.

On the part of the construction sector, in the last decade it has developed the

implementation of Construction 4.0 (C4.0), focused on the digitization, automation and

interoperability of processes, people and technologies. [1]. The deployment of

technologies proposed by C4.0 seeks to improve the efficiency and quality of the design,

construction and operation of projects, aiming at improving the sector's productivity

[2,3]. So, the roles in construction are changing, evolving, and creating others. The

digitization of projects transforms the responsibilities and tasks of workers, leaving

behind insecure and repetitive tasks, to evolve towards the supervision and control of

technology [4]. This requires acquiring the skills to implement them, so one challenge is

to train human workers to work with robots and emerging technologies that industry is

implementing, and end up taking on project control, technology management, and very

specific and safe jobs [5].

Construction sites have been able to benefit from automation and robotization

technologies such as drones and IoT sensors to capture information from the

construction site. Virtual technologies such as Digital Twin, Big Data and BIM can model

and interact with this information, allowing synchronization with the real environment.

This synchronization allows the virtual environment to monitor and manage the

construction site, providing valuable information to stakeholders.

Extended Reality (XR) offers immersive visualization functions through virtual,

augmented, and mixed reality, which can be integrated with emerging technologies such

as BIM. In the context of digitization, automation and sensorization of construction sites,

XR serves as a communication tool for the new human-machine interaction

implemented by C4.0, allowing to work both on-site and in virtual environments. Several

authors have tested the use of XR as an interaction mechanism, their developments

have been within the life cycle of construction projects [6], where the areas with the

highest production have been the design and operation stage. In the design phase there

are immersive applications for the inspection of objects or processes in 3D from a variety

of perspectives, to iterate on an optimal design. [7]. In the operation phase, the

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applications are focused on training and education of workers, to understand the

construction equipment, through immersive simulations, to understand the processes

and operational safety [2,8].

This paper explores how XR technologies can improve the learning of airport

infrastructure construction processes and enhance worker productivity in an

increasingly digitized, automated, and sensorized environment. Therefore, the research

examines virtual reality experience design environments like Unreal Engine, necessary

components to achieve training objectives (e.g., construction scenarios), and video

game technologies like gamification and narrative elements to reinforce motivation and

adapt to user profiles for training. This research opens many possibilities to easily adapt

it to different airport variants, both in terms of size and geographic location, as well as

to adapt it to worker profiles with different capabilities.

Figure 1: Prototype of Scenario construction track (Source: Own Elabotarion)

References

[1] Muñoz-La Rivera, F.; Mora-Serrano, J.; Valero, I.; Oñate, E. Methodological-Technological

Framework for Construction 4.0. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering 2021,

28, 689–711, doi:10.1007/s11831-020-09455-9.

[2] Alizadehsalehi, S.; Asce, S.M.; Hadavi, A.; Asce, M.; Huang, J.C. Virtual Reality for Design

and Construction Education Environment;

[3] Forcael, E.; Ferrari, I.; Opazo-Vega, A.; Pulido-Arcas, J.A. Construction 4.0: A Literature

Review. Sustainability (Switzerland) 2020, 12, 1–28.

[4] García de Soto, B.; Agustí-Juan, I.; Hunhevicz, J.; Joss, S.; Graser, K.; Habert, G.; Adey, B.T.

Productivity of Digital Fabrication in Construction: Cost and Time Analysis of a Robotically

Built Wall. Autom Constr 2018, 92, 297–311, doi:10.1016/j.autcon.2018.04.004.

[5] Awais, M.; Henrich, D. Human-Robot Collaboration by Intention Recognition Using

Probabilistic State Machines. In Proceedings of the 19th International Workshop on

Robotics in Alpe-Adria-Danube Region (RAAD 2010); IEEE, June 2010; pp. 75–80.

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[6] Rachmawati, T.S.N.; Kim, S. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) Integration with Digital

Technologies toward Construction 4.0: A Systematic Literature Review. Sustainability

(Switzerland) 2022, 14.

[7] Chen, Y.-C.; Chi, H.-L.; Hung, W.-H.; Kang, S.-C. Use of Tangible and Augmented Reality

Models in Engineering Graphics Courses. Journal of Professional Issues in Engineering

Education and Practice 2011, 137, 267–276, doi:10.1061/(ASCE)EI.1943-5541.0000078.

[8] Behzadan, A.H.; Iqbal, A.; Kamat, V.R. A Collaborative Augmented Reality Based Modeling

Environment for Construction Engineering and Management Education. In Proceedings of

the Proceedings of the 2011 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC); IEEE, December 2011;

pp. 3568–3576.

[9] Checa, D.; Bustillo, A. A Review of Immersive Virtual Reality Serious Games to Enhance

Learning and Training. Multimed Tools Appl 2020, 79, 5501–5527, doi:10.1007/s11042-

019-08348-9.

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COST, TIME AND QUALITY CONTROL FOR NEW CONSTRUCTION AND

BUILDING REFURBISHMENT.

1

Sergio D. Alejo Buenabad; 2 Yessica Montalvo Fernández; 3 Rosa Mª. Agüera de la Calle; 4 Patricia

Aguilera Benito; 5 Carolina Piña Ramirez.

1

Doble Máster En Innovación Tecnológica Y Ejecucion De Obras Rehabilitación Y Restauración,

Etsem Upm Sd.Alejo@Alumnos.Upm.Es

2

Máster En Ejecucion De Obras Rehabilitación Y Restauración, Etsem Upm

Y.Montalvo@Alumnos.Upm.Es

3

Máster En Ejecucion De Obras Rehabilitación Y Restauración, Etsem Upm

Rm.Aguera@Alumnos.Upm.Es

4

Departamento De Tecnología En La Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior De Edificación,

Universidad Politécnica De Madrid.

5

Departamento De Construcciones Arquitectónicas Y Su Control, Escuela Técnica Superior De

Edificación, Universidad Politécnica De Madrid.

Keywords: Quality, Costs, Planification, LEAN, Hibryd

Abstract

The construcon industry is one of the few industries that sell a product before it is

made, which generates a high risk due to a large number of variables and risks involved,

the main variables being labor, materials, and economics. To minimize these

risks/variables planning is fundamental in this type of project, but it must be based on a

good project to avoid problems in terms of costs and quality [1].

Tradionally there is a fundamental linkage called the "iron triangle" that requires

integrated management to maintain the balance between the three key aspects of a

construcon project: cost, me, and quality. Effecve planning is the key to successful

construcon management [2].

In this document review, the objecves of the study include the analysis of the

methodology for construcon planning, to reduce costs and me while maintaining

quality, the idenficaon of LEAN methodology synergy areas, and the visualizaon of

the results obtained.

To achieve good planning, it is necessary to control the project from its inial phase, with

acve and ancipatory management. An in-depth study of the project must be carried

out and a subsequent definion of acvies and me esmaon. In addion, it is

necessary to foresee the need, for machinery rentals, among other important aspects

[3].

Cost, me, and quality forecasng are essenal to achieve effecve control of the

project. This will allow the team to improve the results or carry out correcve acons in

me to approach or improve the planned results. The project compleon date should be

analyzed every week, as well as the achievement of key milestones and acvies.

It has been concluded that it is necessary to have rigorous control of the project from its

inial phase, with acve and early management and a deep study of the project. The

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definion of acvies and the esmaon of me for each acvity are crucial to minimize

unnecessary risks and improving results [3]. The predicon of the project compleon

date and the fulfillment of key milestones and acvies should be analyzed every week

to have an accurate diagnosis and generate future projecons.

The expected results of construcon planning include improved cost management,

reduced schedule, and improved project quality. In addion, the combinaon of

hierarchical and collaborave models leads to more effecve results that reduce errors

and improve informaon flows. Quality-focused planning allows for a thorough

understanding of individual processes, improves efficiency, and reduces costs. Short

sequenal planning and execuon cycles also generate autonomous micro-projects and

frequent, honest feedback [3], [4].

References

[1] Benachio, G. L. F., Freitas, M. do C. D., & Tavares, S. F. (2020). Circular economy in the

construction industry: A systematic literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 260.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121046

[2] Karlstrom, D., & Runeson, P. (2005). Combining agile methods with stage-gate project

management. IEEE Software, 22(3), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2005.59

[3] Oyegoke, A. S., Powell, R., Ajayi, S., Godawatte, G. A. G. R., & Akenroye, T. (2022). Factors

affecting the selection of effective cost control techniques in the UK construction industry.

Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 27(2), 141–160.

https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMPC-07-2020-0050

[4] Reiff, J., & Schlegel, D. (2022). Hybrid project management – a systematic literature

review. International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management, 10(2), 45–

63. https://doi.org/10.12821/ijispm100203

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INVESTIGATING THE MECHANICAL AND THERMAL CHARACTER OF

AUTOMOTIVE WASTE-BASED GYPSUM

Anis Asadi Ardebili 1 ; Mariano González Corna 2 ; Paola Villoria Sáez 3 ; Dany Marcelo Tasán Cruz 4

Evangelina Atanes-Sánchez 5

1

Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

anis.asadiardebili@alumnos.upm.es danymarcelo.tasan.cruz@alumnos.upm.es

2

Grupo de invesgación TEMA. Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación.

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. mariano.gonzalezc@upm.es

paola.villoria@upm.es

3

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial.

evangelina.atanes@upm.es

Keywords: waste, recycling, building, circular economy, polyurethane

Abstract

Many harmful wastes from industrial products cannot be disposed of by any means. At

present, this waste is either buried deep in the soil or incinerated. Each of these methods

leads to the spread of polluon in soil, groundwater, and air. Worldwide automove

waste is growing rapidly every year and its impacts are an important environmental

problem. In this sense, the main objecve of this research is to invesgate the feasibility

and the effects of the use of automove waste (a mixture of polyurethane foam,

cardboard, and fiberglass (PCF) through different parcle size scales) in a gypsum matrix

to characterize new gypsum-based materials that incorporate waste from the

automove sector. To this several gypsum specimens were prepared incorporang

different percentages of nontreatment waste (2.5%, 6%, and 11%) based on the weight

of the gypsum (0.5,0.6, and 0.7). Reference samples were also produced (without

addions) to compare the results obtained. All samples were tested in the laboratory

and the following physical and mechanical characteriscs were determined: density,

superficial hardness, flexural strength, compressive strength, capillarity water

absorpon, and coefficient of thermal conducvity. A comparave analysis showed that

the tradional characteriscs are improved. From the various tests carried out, it

emerged that the incorporaon of polyurethane foam, cardboard, and fiberglass

improves the behaviour of the tradional gypsum and applies them in various

construcon applicaons.

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References

[1] Saiz-Martínez, P. González-Cortina, M. Fernández-Martínez, F. “Characterization and

influence of fine recycled aggregates on masonry mortars properties”. Materiales de

Construccion. 65 (319), July–September 2015-

[2] Villoria, P.; del Río, M.; Porras, C.; de San Antonio, A. (2011) European Legislation and

Implementation Measures in the Management of Construction and Demolition Waste. The

Open Constr. Build. Technol. J. 5 [Suppl 2-M6], 156–161

[3] González P., Sarkis J., and Adenso-Díaz B., “Environmental management system

certification and its influence on corporate practices: Evidence from the automotive

industry.” International Journal of Operations & Production Management, vol 28, pp 1021-

1041, 2008.

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INNOVATIVE SCHOOL BUILDINGS IN THE ECOLOGICAL TRANSITION

1

Castrese Andrea Di Mare; 2 Roberto Castelluccio

1

University of Naples Federico II, D.I.C.E.A., Napoli 80125, castreseandrea.dimare@unina.it

2

University of Naples Federico II, D.I.C.E.A., Napoli 80125, roberto.castelluccio@unina.it

Keywords: school buildings, ecological transition, new paradigm, design process innovation,

dynamic simulation technology

Abstract

The current historical period is characterized by an energecal, environmental and social crisis

because of man’s atude about waste and polluon [1]. This non-sustainable evoluonary

model pushed every Counes in the world to take an urgent policy able to support the economic

recovery and to improve new form of organizaon that could limit energy consumpon and have

a posive impact on the actual economy, society, and environment through technical and

technological innovaon.

In the meanwhile, the Covid-19 pandemic effects proved construcons and infrastructures

inadequacy in facing emergency scenarios [2] reinforcing the need to develop new resilient and

sustainable facilies.

Transion through new organisaon forms is the main content of Agenda 2030 (Goals: 9.

Industry, Innovaon And Infrastructure, 11. Sustainable Cies And Communies, 12. Responsible

Consumpon And Producon, 13. Climate Acon, 15. Life On Land), the principal call of horizon

Europe (Cluster: 2. Culture, Creavity and Inclusive Society; 3. Civil Security for Society; 4. Digital,

Industry and Space; 5. Climate, Energy and Mobility) and the mission of the Italian Piano

Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza (M1C1. Digitalizzazione e modernizzazione della PA; M2C3.

Efficienza energeca e riqualificazione degli edifici; M4C1. Potenziamento delle competenze e

dirito allo studio; M5C2. Infrastruture sociali, famiglie, comunità e terzo setore; M5C3.

Interven speciali di coesione territoriale) [3-4-5].

Whin this context, the school is the strategic infrastructure where develop and apply the

technical and technological innovaon so that the values belonging to the ecological transion

can take root into the new generaon.

In fact, in the last decade, the concept of School has changed considerably, and in the light of

the socio-ecological-digital transion, it is necessary to rethink the spaces of the school building,

sites of urban, social, and environmental regeneraon to aim the new global goals [6-7-8].

The primary need is to define new paradigms for the scholasc building design, coherent with

the ecological transional policies, able to shape the building environments according to the

didacc models, and able to guarantee that even during emergency condions everything can

keep on work in safety [9] to strengthen its role as social center [10-11].

There is indeed a close connecon between a producve model of the society and its

educaonal model [12]. In the 21 st century, the fourth industrial revoluon of “internet

of things” has brought a boost in scienfic and technological field and the rising of

industries 4.0. This process leads to define new school buildings design standards, that

are based on flexibility and adaptability of spaces.

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The analysis carried out shows the need to develop an innovave approach to the building design

process to define a dynamic-qualitave model in place of the exisng stac-prescripve one that

includes the emergency condion between design condions [13-14].

The study was carried out in the framework of D.I.C.E.A. PhD research in Civil System

Engineering of University of Naples Federico II, through a shared analysis with the

planners and implementors expert in emergency accommodaon on the base of a huge

internaonal bibliographic research and on a prior analysis of the scholasc heritage [15].

Starng from the process methodology idenfied by Chicago Architecture Center [16],

the working group defined a reinterpretaon of school building design paradigm that

sets emergency scenarios to an innovave qualitave-performance approach and that

uses dynamic simulaon technology to verify different condions of building

environment use [14-17] (Figures 1-2).

The research opens the horizon to further and muldisciplinary developments linked with the

evoluon of the didacc model and to its adaptability to the funconal space, places of

interchange and sociality for student and community, as well as safe places in case of

disasters.

Figure1: Innovative design process based on a dynamic-qualitative method for compliance (a) or newly

designed building (b) - © 2023, Di Mare

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Figure 2: Innovative methods to estimate the effects of design solutions on building environment and to

compare different scenarios through a dynamic verify of spaces. Application to “Primo Circolo Didattico

di Pozzuoli, plesso Trincone” - © 2023, Di Mare

References

[1] A. Bonoli, Crisi ambientale e soluzioni per la sostenibilità e l’adattamento, Didattica della

storia – Journal of Research and Didactics of History. 2 n. 1S (2020) 382-395.

[2] E. Canepa, V. Guerrisi, La crisi pandemica e le zattere della cultura progettuale. Rassegna

delle principali riviste italiane di architettura durante le grandi crisi sanitarie del XX e XXI

secolo, FAMagazione. Ricerche e progetti sull'architettura e la città. 52–53 (2021) 167–173.

[3] Assemblea Generale delle Nazioni Unite, Trasformare il nostro mondo: l’Agenda 2030 per lo

Sviluppo Sostenibile, New York, 2015.

[4] Horizon Europe, La guida, APRE, 2021

[5] Consiglio dei Ministri della Repubblica Italiana, Piano Nazionale di Ripresa e Resilienza

NEXTGENERATIONITALIA, Roma, 2021.

[6] Legambiente Nazionale APS, Ecosistema Scuola. XXII rapporto sulla qualità dell’edilizia

scolastica e dei servizi, Roma, 2023.

[7] D. Ciaffi, E. Saporito, I. Vassallo, From social infrastructure to civic center. The school as

laboratory of collaborative governance models, Les Cahiers de la recherche architecturale

urbaine et paysagère. 16 (2022).

[8] M. Fianchini, Progettare scuole in scenari innovativi, Techne Journal of Technology for

Architecture and Environment. 21 (2021) 230-235

[9] B. Ciurnelli, D. Izzo, L’impatto della pandemia sulla didattica: percezioni, azioni e reazioni

dal mondo della scuola, Lifelong Lifewide Learning. 16 n. 36 (2020) 26–43.

[10] S. Oliverio, L’esperienza urbana e la scuola come centro sociale, Bloom Trimestrale Di

Urbanistica, 19 (2013) 36-40.

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[11] M. Di Nallo, Die Schule als offenes Haus: School building and leisure in Switzerland during

the 1950s and 1960s, Journal of Architecture, 18 n.5 (2013) 647–671.

[12] L. Bonilla-Molina, Apagón Pedagógico Global Las instituciones educativas en la cuarta

revolución industrial y la era de la singularidad, Edictiones LBM, Caracas, Venezuela, 2018.

[13] R. Castelluccio, V. Vitiello, C.A. Di Mare, S. Cuzzolino, La gestione degli edifici strategici in

condizioni emergenziali. Rinnovare l’approccio progettuale per le scuole post Covid-19, in:

Progetto e costruzione: tradizione e innovazione nella pratica dell’architettura,

EdicomEdizioni, Gorizia, 2020, pp. 1278-1295.

[14] C.A. Di Mare, R. Castelluccio, New paradigms for school design into the ecological

transition, Sustainable Mediterranean Construction 15 (2022) 89-94.

[15] M. Fumo, G. Ausiello, M. Buanne, Verso una Scuola Resiliente. Atti di Convegno, Luciano

Editore, Napoli, 2018.

[16] Discoverdesign, Chicago architecture center. https://discoverdesign.org/, 2012–2019

(accessed 20 January 2023).

[17] D. Simeone et al, A hybrid agent-based model to simulate and re-think post-Covid-19 use

processes in educational facilities, Advances in Social Simulation. (2022) 217-229

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THE IMPACT OF AUTOMATIONS IN BIM

1

Diego J. Sánchez García; 1 Rafael Lozano Díez

1

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. diegojsanchez@gmail.com Rafael.lozano@upm.es

Keywords: bim, automation, programming, api, autodesk

Abstract

The BIM methodology connues its implementaon process in the AECO sector

worldwide. As governments make decisions and private companies adapt their work

methodologies in search of greater benefits and more sustainable processes, the need

to automate certain repeve tasks arises.

A trend that is spreading within companies with experience in BIM, is to incorporate

profiles with programming skills. It will be increasingly common for architects, engineers

and programmers to work together in the same space.

The BIM methodology connues its implementaon process in the AECO sector

worldwide. As governments make decisions and private companies adapt their work

methodologies in search of greater benefits and more sustainable processes, the need

to automate certain repeve tasks arises.

A trend that is spreading within companies with experience in BIM, is to incorporate

profiles with programming skills. It will be increasingly common for architects, engineers,

and programmers to work together in the same space.

Boundaries are blurring among professionals. For example, an architect with BIM

experience, who knows his way around the Revit interface, is able to list many tasks that

could be automated. This kind of experse is not available to a programmer, but if both

professionals work together, they could reach a soluon.

Would it be a good thing if architects and engineers knew how to program? A basic or

intermediate knowledge on the part of these professionals in the AECO sector would

facilitate the automaon process.

This kind of asseron may shock many people, but those who are not afraid to step out

of their comfort zone can see great opportunies. One soware developer that has seen

the opportunies has been Autodesk. This manufacturer has integrated into some of its

products (Revit, Civil 3D, Alias, Formit and Robot) an extra complement, called Dynamo.

Dynamo is the gateway to programming in general. For uniniated users, visual

programming will be the easiest way to consult informaon, fill in data and work with

geometries. For more advanced users, being able to work with Python and the Revit API

will be an incomparable compeve advantage.

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Figure 1: Dynamo image for Revit (Source: Las mil y una funciones)

Autodesk has led the way for many other BIM soware vendors. Being able to work with

Python within Revit has been a smart move. Python is the number one programming

language in the TIOBE index. This index measures the popularity of programming

languages.

Figure 2: TIOBE Index for February 2023 (Source: https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/)

In summary and looking to the future:

- BIM implementation will continue to grow, with government involvement

being essential.

- The possibility of automating repetitive tasks will mark the line of work for all

BIM software manufacturers. Autodesk currently has a great advantage.

- Visual programming will be an everyday tool.

- Professional profiles in the AECO sector with programming skills will be in high

demand.

- Automation will drive the implementation of BIM.

References

[1] Diego J. Sánchez García, Las mil y una funciones: Casos prácticos con Revit API, Python y

co., first ed., Amazon Kindle Direct Publishing, Madrid, 2022.

[2] TIOBE Index for February 2023. https://www.tiobe.com/tiobe-index/, 2023 (accessed 26

February 2023).

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GAP IN CURRENT REGULATIONS APPLYING TO 3D-PRINTED CONCRETE

1

Alireza Amirfiroozkoohi; 2 Mercedes Valiente Lopez; 3 Tomas Gil Lopez

1

Doctorate Student, alireza.amirfiroozkoohi@alumnos.upm.es

2

Full Professor at Building Technology Department, mercedes.valiente@upm.es

2

Subdirector of Building Technology Department, tomas.gill@upm.es

Keywords: 3D printing, 3D printed in concrete, 3D prinng in architecture, Standards, Addive

Manufacturing.

Abstract

The main principle of 3D prinng is that it is an addive manufacturing technique that

dissents tradional subtracve manufacturing techniques. The advantages of concrete

3D prinng compared to today's methods are that it could be a cheaper, faster, and

environmentally friendly manufacturing process. 3D printed concrete is a kind of mortar

that can be used through a 3D printer layer by layer without any framework and vibraon

process. Its pivotal performance indexes, such as workability, seng and hardening me,

and mechanical properes, can be opmized by materials selecon and prinng

parameters [2].

Many building structures have been successfully printed using 3D Prinng, enhanced

technology, some of which have even reached their actual applicaons. The 3D printed

concrete has an outstanding potenal for praccal applicaons, such as suitable housing

construcon in low-income countries, military bunkers while the soldiers fighng in

wars, and complex structures at the place the formwork is hard to manufacture [1].

Growing the modernizaon in general and parcularly in building innovaon field, is one

of the crucial reasons to carry out the current study. As it is predicted by many scholars,

in a few years modernizaon will spread out broadly in all fields.

Applying 3D prinng techniques has its difficules. One of the most crical problems is

the lack of standards related to 3d printers. For this purpose, only common standards of

ordinary concrete can be used to compare ordinary concrete and 3D concrete. The

common standard for a concrete is ASTM C192/192M one of the Standard Pracce for

Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Laboratory [3], ASTM C78/C78M is

Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete [4].

The purpose of this research is to invesgate the performance beter of 3d printers with

current standards and also intends to find a way to increase the quality of concrete

atributes such as Saving me and light materials on 3d printers.

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References

[1] Xiangcheng men and Xueqing Zhang, Case Study Analysis for Development Strategies of

Construction 3D Printing, Washington, (2019).

[2] Jack Ball, Meet the builder behind the world’s first 3D printed bridge in Spain,

https://www.constructionweekonline.com/projects-tenders/168913-meet-the-builderbehind-the-worlds-first-3d-printed-bridge-in-spain,

(2019).

[3] ASTM C192/192M, Standard Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in

the Laboratory, (2019)

[4] ASTM C78/C78M, Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete, (2018)

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USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES IN THE DETERMINATION OF

PAVEMENT SURFACE INDICES

1

Juan José Alarcón; 2 Hannsell Germán Contreras Urbano; 2 Laura Camila Uribe Suarez

1

Master Student, Pedagogical and Technological University of Colombia

juan.tarazona@uptc.edu.co

2


hannsell.contretas@uptc.edu.co laura.uribe01@uptc.edu.co

Keywords: UAS, infrastructure, Pavement Management, Geographic Information Systems.

Abstract

The state of road infrastructure is an indicator of quality of life in developed countries.

In turn, the construcon and maintenance of these works are relevant to the economic

and social growth of developing countries. Within public infrastructure management

acvies, road infrastructure management is a fundamental task for governments.

Recently, investment in infrastructure has increased in Lan America, generang that

local governments require modern, agile, and funconal systems for the management

of road assets. In Colombia, government enes manage pavements through indicators,

parcularly by monitoring surface condion indexes. For this purpose, they have

methodological guidelines based on field data collecon processes, through tradional

methods, which are costly and suscepble to variaon depending on the experience of

the professionals who carry out the process. Within the technical component, it is

essenal to have tools for recording informaon related to the pavement surface

condion in order to schedule prevenve maintenance or rehabilitaon. In addion, the

use of mathemacal models makes it possible to idenfy the nodes or elements that

would present indicators lower than those required for proper operaon.

In general, roads represent the most important road asset managed by the State and

constute the movement of goods, people and the supply of services for the benefit of

the country's socioeconomic development [1]. The evaluaon of roads involves

technical, funconal and structural evaluaons [2]. As part of the funconal evaluaon,

there is the pavement surface evaluaon, defined as the maintenance acvity carried

out to improve the condion of the road surface. From this evaluaon, it is possible to

correlate the structural condion of the pavement according to the magnitude and type

of failure, idenfying characteriscs of the pavement structural package [3], [4].

The applicaon of unmanned aerial vehicles has proven to be a low-cost applicaon with

acceptable accuracy that allows generang informaon for monitoring surface condion

indices, which allows planning, scheduling, priorizing and budgeng the maintenance

and rehabilitaon of its roads, opmizing the available resources efficiently [5].

Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the technical and economic

feasibility of determining surface condion indices through informaon captured with

drones and its implementaon through pavement management systems in geographic

informaon systems.

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References

[1] L. D. Herra Gómez, “Conceptualización del procesamiento digital de imágenes para la

evaluación de superficies de pavimento en Costa Rica,” Infraestruct. Vial, vol. 20, no. 35,

pp. 20–26, 2018, doi: 10.15517/iv.v20i35.34831.

[2] P. A. Pacha and B. A. Zárate Torres, “Evaluación superficial de pavimentos rígidos en

carreteras mediante ortoimágenes obtenidas mediante un vehículo aéreo no tripulado,”

Av. Investig. En Ing., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 1–15, 2020.

[3] S. Sarsam, A. Daham, and A. Ali, “Assessing Close Range Photogrammetric Approach to

Evaluate Pavement Surface Condion,” J. Eng., vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 1–14, 2016.

[4] H. Solminihac, T. Echaveguren, and A. Chamorro, Gestión de infraestructura vial.

Alfaomega, 2019.

[5] J. O. Cruz Toribio and J. W. Guerrez Lazares, “Evaluación Superficial de Vías Urbanas

empleando Vehículo Aéreo No Tripulado (VANT),” Métodos y Mater., vol. 8, pp. 23–32,

2019, doi: 10.15517/mym.v8i1.34113.

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USE OF DRONES AS PART OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN

CONSTRUCTION

1

Sebasán Vargas Clavelle.

1

Exchange student, Civil Construcon, Ponficia Universidad Católica de Chile.

sebasanvargasc@uc.cl

Keywords: Drones; building technology; development; building.

Abstract

In recent decades, development of drone technology for the civil sphere has allowed

these unmanned aerial vehicles (Remotely Piloted Aircra System, RPAS) to fulfill many

missions for industry sectors 1,2 .

Given this, the arcle seeks to describe the types of drones, recapitulate how drones can

be used in different sectors with their different characteriscs such as agriculture 3 ,

energy 4 and mining 5 . In turn we will address the construcon sector in more detail in all

its stages, design, construcon, compleon and its service stage and how these save us

me and money 6 .

Image 1: Drones in construcon. 7

As a way of working, we will study various applicaons, programs and soware that are

used in the industry such as Pix4D 8 , Agiso 9 , and the Checktobuild 10 startup package and

how it is possible that they provide different benefits to the industries. Understanding

the use of drones as a method of capturing images that are transformed into highly

precise informaon, being a perfect and great help when opmizing construcon

processes together with the linkage to BIM 10 .

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Image 2: Digital elevaon model. Through Agiso y Pix4D. 13

We can highlight the implementaon of drones presents a new trend and a great

technological advance for various sectors. Specially in the construcon sector, which is

the sector that is furthest behind in terms of technological advancement compared to

the other sectors of the industry, at least during the last few 15 years and that generates

linear producvity compared to other industries 11 given that construcon companies

have played a conservave role thanks to the fact that profitability is high, and their

competors do not seek to innovate either. Nowadays, the use of drones is achieved in

the construcon sector, generang savings of 75% in cost and 50% in me in certain

tasks 12 .

References:

Image 3: Progress Inspecon in housing works. 13

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[1] Reuter, F.; Pedenovi, A. Los drones y sus aplicaciones a la ingeniería. Universidad Nacional

de Santiago del Estero. Facultad de Ciencias Forestales. Serie Didáctica N, 2019, vol. 43.

[2] Dynatec, Los drones aportan nuevas soluciones a la Industria 4.0.

https://dynatec.es/2021/01/24/los-drones-aportan-nuevas-soluciones-a-la-industria-4-0/,

2021.

[3] Veroustraete, Frank. The rise of the drones in agriculture. EC agriculture, 2015, vol. 2, no 2,

p. 325-327.

[4] Energética21, El uso de los drones en las operaciones energéticas.

https://energetica21.com/articulos-y-entrevistas-online-ver/el-uso-de-los-drones-en-lasoperaciones-energeticas.

2021.

[5] Shahmoradi, Javad, et al. A comprehensive review of applications of drone technology in

the mining industry. MDPI Drones, 2020, vol. 4, no 3, p. 34.

[6] Zaychenko, Irina, Anna Smirnova, and Alexandra Borremans. "Digital transformation: the

case of the application of drones in construction." MATEC web of conferences. Vol. 193.

EDP Sciences, 2018.

[7] Ingeodron. Drones para el seguimiento de obras. [imagen] recuperado de

https://ingeodrone.es/construccion/seguimiento-de-obras-con-drones-madrid/.

[8] Pix4D. (2011). (Versión 4.7.5) [Windows], Pix4D. www.pix4d.com/es/

[9] Agisoft. (2006). Agisoft Metashape (versión 2.0.0) [Windows, Mac, Linux]. Agisoft.

www.agisoft.com

[10] Check To Build. Página principal. https://checktobuild.com/.

[11] Prof. Dr. Benjamin Dillenburger, Additive Manufacturing in Construction, Digital Building

Technologies, ETH Zürich. 2021

[12] Thomas, Orrin, Christian Stallings, and Benjamin Wilkinson. "Unmanned aerial vehicles can

accurately, reliably, and economically compete with terrestrial mapping methods." Journal

of Unmanned Vehicle Systems 8.1 (2019): 57-74.

[13] Own elaboration. Santiago de Chile, 2022.

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INFLUENCE OF SAND WASHING ON THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL

PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT MORTARS

1

Enrique Ruano Guérrez; 2 Daniel Ferrández Vega; 3 Evangelina Atanes Sánchez

1

Departamento de Construcción y Control Arquitectónico. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación. Avenida Juan de Herrera, 6. 28040 Madrid. España.

2

Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Escuela

Técnica Superior de Edificación. Avenida Juan de Herrera, 6. 28040 Madrid. España.

3

Departamento de ingeniería mecánica, química y diseño industrial. Universidad Politécnica de

Madrid. Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial. Rda. de Valencia, 3, 28012

Madrid

Keywords: Physical and mechanical characterisation; recycled aggregate; mortar; pre-washing;

curing time.

Abstract

The aim of this research is to study the physical and mechanical properes of four 1:3

cement mortars, manufactured with four different types of sand: standard sand (ANO),

natural sand (AN), recycled concrete sand (ARH) and recycled ceramic sand (ARC). All

sands are subjected to a washing stage prior to the manufacturing process, with a

comparave study of their properes with washing (L), and without washing ().

In general, washing river sands can improve the quality of the sand used in the

preparaon of cement mortars by reducing the presence of impuries and improving

the grain size and porosity of the sand. This can lead to increased mortar strength,

durability, and stability. However, it is important to note that the quality of the mortar

will also depend on other factors, such as the quality of the cement and the mixing

technique used.

A comparave study is carried out using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the SPSS

soware to determine whether the factors of type of aggregate, washing treatment and

curing me of washed (L) and unwashed () mortar specimens have a stascal impact

on their physical and mechanical properes. Once it has been determined that there are

differences between the means, post hoc rank tests and mulple pairwise comparisons

are used to determine which means differ, using the Tukey test.

Considering the results of the analyses carried out with the SPSS soware, the following

general conclusions can be drawn:

-The washing prior to the manufacture of the specimens leads to a modificaon of their

physical and mechanical properes in all the mortars, especially in the fineness modulus,

specific surface area and lower void volume, even in the standard sand.

-As the consistency of the fresh mortar has been regulated by increasing the mixing

water according to the type of aggregates used, the workability me has decreased in

all the mortars, except in the recycled ceramic sand mortar. An increase in retenon

capacity and a decrease in exudaon water are observed.

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-As for the hardened mortar, the capillarity coefficient shows a decrease in all mortars,

except for the recycled concrete aggregate. The strength of the mortars made with

washed sands has a higher strength the shorter the curing me, tending to be equal or

lower at 28 days of curing, except in the normalised sand where increases of 12% and in

the recycled concrete sand with increases of 6% are observed. For the flexural strength,

the washing of the sands leads to an increase in strength in the normalised sand and

natural sand and a decrease in the rest.

-It is worth nong the great difference in the compressive strength of the mortar made

with the normalised sand compared to the rest of the mortars, which is 50% higher with

the mortar made with recycled concrete sand. In terms of flexural strength, there is a

difference of 25% to 30% with the mortar made with natural and recycled concrete sand,

but less than 18% with the mortar made with ceramic sand.

References

[1] Poon, C. S.; Kou, S. C.; Lam, L.: “Use of recycled aggregates in molded concrete bricks and

blocks”, Construction and Building Materials, 16 (2002), pp. 281-289. doi:10.1016/S0950-

0618(02)00019-3.

[2] Vegas, I., Azcarate., Juarrero, A., Frías, M. 2009. Design and performance of masonry

mortars made winth recycled concrete aggregates.doi:10.3989/mc.2009.44207.

[3] Saiz, P., Gonzalez, M., Fernandez, F., Rodriguez,A. (2016). Estudio comparativo de tres

tipos de áridos finos reciclados a partir de residuos de construcción y demolición (RCD), y

su uso en la fabricación de morteros de albañilería.

[4] EN 1015-3, Norma Europea, ''Métodos de prueba para mortero para mampostería - Parte

3: Determinación de la consistencia de mortero fresco (por tabla de flujo)'', Comité

Europeo de Normalización (CEN), febrero de 1999.

[5] EN 1015-6, Norma europea, ''Métodos de prueba para mortero para mampostería - Parte

6: Determinación de la densidad aparente de mortero fresco'', Comité Europeo de

Normalización (CEN), octubre de 1998.

[6] Jairo José de Oliveira. , E. Possan , Zamboni Squiavon J. ,Possebon Ortolan. T. (2017).

Evaluation of mechanical properties and carbonation of mortars

produced with construction and demolition waste

[7] Nedeljkovic.M., Visser.J., , Nijland. T.G., Valcke S. , Schlangen.E.(2020). Physical, chemical

and mineralogical characterization of Dutch fine recycled concrete aggregates: A

comparative study

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INTRODUCTION OF PRODUCT INNOVATIONS IN SUSTAINABLE PRECAST

BUILDING PRODUCTS AND ANALYSIS OF THEIR SUPPLY CHAIN

1,4

Daniel Ferrández Vega; 2 Jorge Pablo Díaz Velilla; 3 Pablo Saiz Marnez; 4 Jose Ángel Zúñiga-

Vicente

1

Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Email:

daniel.fvga@upm.es

2

Departamento de Ingeniería de Organización, Administración de Empresas y Estadística.

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Email: jorge.diaz.velilla@upm.es

3

Departamento de Economía Financiera y Contabilidad e Idioma Moderno. Universidad Rey Juan

Carlos. Email: pablo.saiz@urjc.es

4

Departamento de Economía de la Empresa (ADO), Economía Aplicada II y Fundamentos Análisis

Económico. Universidad Rey Juan Carlos. Email: joseangel.zuniga@urjc.es

Keywords: Industrialised construction, sustainability, product innovation, supply chain

Abstract

Today, there is no doubt that technological innovaons have been a key element in the

economic development and producvity growth of modern economies with a higher

degree of industrialisaon. Spain has been characterised by a manifestly lower level of

internal technology generaon than other more advanced Western countries [1]. This

general context, together with the lack of innovaon in the construcon sector, makes

this industrial acvity one of the main causes of current energy consumpon and solid

waste generaon in cies [2].

For this reason, it is essenal to reorient the building sector towards the development

of more efficient acvies. In this sense, the development of new sustainable

prefabricated construcon products made under circular economy criteria, and which

are commited to the redesign of the tradional products used in construcon, is a

challenge for the countries of the European Union that is in line with the Sustainable

Development Goals [3].

In this work, the development of a new prefabricated mortar block for use in

industrialised modular construcon is proposed. This innovave product has been

designed using recycled raw materials, aggregates from construcon and demolion

waste and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) waste in pellets. This results in a lightweight

block with good mechanical performance and excellent thermal behaviour.

In turn, the development and characterisaon of this new product has been

complemented by carrying out a simulaon of its supply chain, mainly in relaon to

external logiscs. This simulaon, carried out using the FlexSIM tool, has made it

possible to determine the costs derived from the transport of these products to the

construcon site and the CO2 emissions derived from this supply process, comparing the

results with tradionally used construcon materials.

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Figure 1: Light microscopy image of the matrix of the mortars produced for this study: (a) Mortar with

natural sand; (b) Mortar with recycled concrete sand and HDPE waste in pellets (Source: own elaboration).

Finally, the results obtained for the new product reflect the good performance of mortars made

with recycled sand and plasc waste for the producon of prefabricated products. Although it is

true that there is a decrease in mechanical properes, at all mes they comply with the limits

established by current regulaons. In addion, prefabricated products made from recycled raw

materials have a lower apparent density, which has a posive effect on their greater thermal

resistance and lower economic and environmental costs derived from transport, so it could be

concluded that a more efficient and environmentally sustainable product is achieved.

Furthermore, it is worth highlighng the great usefulness of FlexSIM soware for the modelling,

visualisaon, control and opmisaon of logisc processes that can be applied to the building

sector [4].

References

[1] García Delgado, J.L.; Myro, R. Lecciones de Economía Española, 14th ed.; Publisher:

Thomson Reuters, Spain, pp. 109-120, ISBN: 978.84-9197-863-3.

[2] Santos P, Mateus D, Ferrandez D, Verdu A. Numerical Simulation and Experimental

Validation of Thermal Break Strips’ Improvement in Facade LSF Walls. Energies (2022),

15(21):8169. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15218169

[3] Naciones Unidas. Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible: Agenda 2030. Disponible en:

https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/es/objetivos-de-desarrollo-sostenible/,

(Último acceso 16 de Febrero de 2023).

[4] Konczak, A.; Paslawski, J. Decision support in production planning of precast concrete slabs

based on simulation and learning from examples. Procedia Engineering (2015), 122, 81-87,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.10.010

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Instalaons

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN THE MUNICIPAL MARKET OF LA PAZ (MADRID)

1

Marta Echevarría Gómez-Escolar; 1 Jesús García Herrero; 1 Miguel Ángel Gálvez Huerta; 2 María

Antonia Fernández Nieto; 3 José Luis Parada Rodríguez; 1 Jorge Gallego Sánchez-Torija.

1


Arquitectura, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. echevarria.marta.27@gmail.com

jorge.gallego@upm.es jesus.garciah@upm.es miguelangel.galvez@upm.es

2

Escuela Politécnica, Arquitectura, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria. a.fernandez.prof@ufv.es

3

UPM Departamento de Humanidades, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria. j.parada@ufv.es.

Keywords: Energy Efficiency Audit Market Energy Installations

Abstract

Over the last 50 years, as a society we have become aware of our dependence on fossil

fuels and the importance of energy in general. Since energy is necessary in the daily

life of all people, it can be assumed that since this discovery, research on how to reduce

our dependence began.

The alternatives and passive options to achieve the best energetic result in the

different buildings, companies, transports, etc. have been the object of study and

development. As they have been implemented, the regulations have changed,

adapting to the research. The regulations have also forced the adoption of measures

that otherwise would not have been so widespread. However, building installations

may be designed to be as efficient as possible, but the way they are used has an

important impact on final energy consumption. This document deals with the different

studies and subsequent improvements carried out in the Mercado de La Paz (Madrid),

trying to implement, from the methodology of 50/50 projects, changes in the

consumption habits of users that further reduce the energy consumption of the

building.

To carry out these proposals in the way the facilities are used, a study of the existing

facilities and a historical study of how these facilities have been reached and what has

been the trajectory of the building. Another key aspect of the study was to talk to the

people in charge of the market. The perspective and form of use, as well as the

objectives, needs and perspectives they have for the market in the future. These

realities have tried to be captured in the work.

By means of the study of the facilities, the future perspectives, and the knowledge of

the routines of the people who carry out the tasks of the market, an attempt is made

to provide a series of solutions to change habits to improve the efficiency of the

facilities and their use. By having the possibility of talking and carrying out the whole

project with the people who organize the market, a multidisciplinary work is carried

out that broadens the view of the reality of these facilities and routines.

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References

[1] Dahlbom, B., Greer, H., Egmond, C. y Jonkers, R. Cambiando los hábitos de consumo energético.

Directrices para programas dirigidos al cambio de comportamiento. Madrid, 2009.

[2] García San José, R, and A. Auditorías Energéticas En Edificios. Madrid. ATECYR, 2010.

[3] Gestión de Servicios Medioambientales, Diputació Barcelona, Euronet 50/50, Ventajas de aplicar

50/50 en edificios públicos. Barcelona, 2016.

[4] Norma UNE 216501:2009.

[5] Servicio de Gestión Medioambiental, Diputación de Barcelona. Ahorro Energético en Edificios

Públicos. Guía para introducir la metodología 50/50 en las instalaciones municipales. Barcelona,

2014.

[6] Alcocer Hernández, A. Certificación de Eficiencia Energética de Edificio Existentes. Madrid, 2014.

[7] Centro de Difusión de la Innovación (CDI) de la Cámara de Comercio e Industria de Madrid, Estudio

Energético en las Instalaciones de: Mercado de la Paz. Madrid, 2011.

[8] Iberdrola Clientes, S.A.U. Certificación Ibercli Instalaciones. Madrid, 2021. - Pérez Arroyo, S, y

Rodriguez Caro Arotos, C. Proyecto de restauración del Mercado de la Paz. Madrid, 1985.

[9] Suarez Santiago, A. Proyecto de obras de conservación en solados, cubiertas y exteriores en

Mercado CC la Paz. Madrid, 2013.

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TOWARDS AN ENERGY COMMUNITY: ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL

OF RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY

1María Domínguez Benito; 2Beatriz Arranz Arranz; 3Ana María Marn Ávila; 4Javier

Domínguez Bravo

1

ETSAM, UPM. maria.dominguez.benito@alumnos.upm.es

2

ETSAM, UPM. beatriz.arranz@upm.es

3

CIEMAT. ana.martavila@gmail.com

4

CIEMAT. javier.dominguez@ciemat.com

Keywords: Self-consumption, energy efficiency, solar energy, integration, photovoltaic potential

Abstract

Within the field of renewable energy and its integraon into the architectural design

process, this paper focuses on the generaon of photovoltaic solar energy for selfconsumpon.

The objecve of the work is to apply a methodology to determine the

photovoltaic generaon potenal using the roofs and facades of buildings.

As an example for its development, Poblado Dirigido de Orcasitas has been chosen;

which is part of the Orcasitas neighbourhood, located in the Usera district, in the

southern part of the city of Madrid. In the first place, an analysis has been carried out

on the current state of solar energy issues and its architectural integraon, as well as the

methods for calculang its potenal. In addion, the figure of the Energy Communies

is taken into consideraon, which is being developed in Orcasitas. Next, the

methodology is developed to calculate an esmate of the potenal of photovoltaic

electrical energy that can be generated. Finally, the results are analyzed to determine if

the energy producon serves to cover the electricity consumpon (figure 1).

Figure 1: Orcasitas, roof solar energy production. (Source: own elaboration)

The enre neighbourhood has been mapped and detailed studies have been carried out

on four buildings types; analyzing data on energy consumpon, available area for FV

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panels and the energy generated. In buildings, the balance between the energy

generated and consumed is approximately more than 50%, with values that can double

it. At the neighbourhood scale, the roofs alone generate more than 8,000 MWh, covering

about half of their consumpon.

As a main conclusion, it is determined that combining the energy generated in roofs and

facades could cover the energy demand; although a distribuon plan for said energy

would be needed. This can be achieved by developing the neighbourhood as an Energy

Community. Both the maps made for the study and the results analysis sheets are shown

in the paper.

References

[1] Martín Ávila, A.M., Metodología para la elaboración del mapa solar de la Habana (Cuba),

ed. CIEMAT, Informes Técnicos Ciemat, 2022. DOI 10.13140/RG.2.2.12643.02080

[2] Mosteiro, J.G., Integración Arquitectónica de la Energía Fotovoltaica, TFG, ETSAM, UPM,

2016.

[3] A.M. Martín, J. Dominguez, Solar Radiation Interpolation, in: J. Polo, L. Martín-Pomares, A.

Sanfilippo (Eds.) Solar Resources Mapping: Fundamentals and Applications, Springer

International Publishing, Cham, 2019, pp. 221-242. DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-97484-2_8

[4] Martín, A. M., J. Domínguez and J. Amador, Applying LIDAR datasets and GIS based model

to evaluate solar potential over roofs: a review, AIMS Energy, 2015.

http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/energy.2015.3.326

[5] Verso, A., A. Martin, J. Amador and J. Dominguez, GIS-based method to evaluate the

photovoltaic potential in the urban environments: the particular case of Miraflores de la

Sierra, Solar Energy, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2015.04.018

[6] PVdatabase. http://www.pvdatabase.org/ (accessed 13 January 2023).

[7] Solar Fotovoltaica, Idae. https://www.idae.es/tecnologias/energias-renovables/usoelectrico/solar-fotovoltaica

(accessed 13 January 2023).

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ACTIVE STRATEGIES IN THE TREATMENT OF AIR QUALITY IN RESIDENCES

FOR THE ELDERLY.

1

Carlos Marnez Espinosa; 2 Alfonso Aguilar Diaz; 3 Mercedes del Río Merino.

1

Jefe de producción de ARPADA S.A. cmar tinez@arpada.net

2

Director del departamento de instalaciones de ARPADA S.A. aaguilar@arpada.net

3


Keywords: Active strategies, facilities, residences for the elderly, indoor air quality.

Abstract

The air we breathe, as part of our vital needs, is an invisible combination of gases, mainly

nitrogen and oxygen, and is odourless and tasteless. The relationship between the

quality of that air and our health or our quality of life is increasingly confirmed[1] .

This air, especially in cities, contains a series of pollutants that are harmful to health such

as: ozone, carbon monoxide, lead, sulphur dioxide, etc., and although not all pollution is

the result of human action, our activity daily is the most damaging form of pollution

today [2].

The World Health Organization warned that atmospheric pollution (outside air) kills

about seven million people each year. In indoor spaces, pollution levels can be between

10 and 100 times higher than in outdoor concentrations [3]. Therefore, knowing which

pollutants are present in the air we breathe and their effects on our well-being is

essential. Additionally, understanding and controlling the most common contaminants

present inside our buildings will help us reduce the risk of health problems.

This paper will present some of the results obtained in a Project on air quality in

residences for the elderly, especially in common spaces. It is clear for us that elderly

people are, along with children, the ones who are most affected by breathing poor

quality air [4] .

The quality of the environment in residences is affected by pollutants typical of indoor

air such as dust, suspended particles, CO2, CO, bacteria, fungi, viruses, as well as

pollution from outside. Therefore, residences need special maintenance of the facilities

and environment (air renewal) due to causes such as the following:

• The elderly spends practically all of their time in these places (90%), since it would be

their home of residence.

• The quality of the environment in residences will be affected by a greater number of

viruses.

• Food and different types of drugs or medicines are kept in the residences, therefore,

these products require optimal air quality in the residences.

In this context, the Project's main objective is to seek strategies to improve the quality

of the indoor air in the common areas of residences for the elderly, through sustainable

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facilities, especially how to do it in the most efficient way, also seeing what particles we

should control, and to confirm that the design of the facility is efficient and not

expensive.

To this end, data collection has been carried out in various residences to determine the

most common pollutants in common spaces.

A bibliographical and documentary search has also been carried out on the active

strategies that are currently being implemented in residences for the elderly in Europe

and have been analyzed to, comparatively, determine which are the most appropriate,

considering the reduction of the most frequent contaminants in common spaces and

which are more efficient from an energy point of view.

Subsequently, a study will be carried out on three residences for the elderly of the

Arpada company to confirm the strategies selected.

References

[1] https://phsserkonten.com/aire-que-respiramos/

[2] https://www.solerpalau.com/es-es/blog/contiene-aire-respiramos/

[3] https://www.who.int/es/news/item/22-09-2021-new-who-global-air-quality-guidelinesaim-to-save-millions-of-lives-from-air-pollution

[4] Solá, X. G., Solá, X. G., Crump, D., Berenguer, M. J., Hoffmann, D., Wynder, E. L., Flannigan,

B. Calidad del aire interior riesgos generales. Enciclopedia de la salud y seguridad en el

trabajo. Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales, 1, 44-1.

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ADAPTATION OF CLIMATE FACILITIES IN THE MADRID EDUCATION

SYSTEM IN A PANDEMIC SITUATION.

1

Alberto Leal Malla; 2 Daniel Ferrández Vega; 3 Isabel Prieto Barrio; 4 Jorge Pablo Díaz Velilla

1

Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación. Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación.

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid alberto.leal.matilla@alumnos.upm.es daniel.fvega@upm.es


4

Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Informática. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

jorge.diaz.velilla@upm.es

Keywords: COVID-19, teaching, education community, school buildings, facilities.

Abstract

In the beginnings of the year 2020, a pandemic that changed completely our way of formalizing,

interact, work and live came up suddenly to Spain from China. COVID-19 affected every aspect

of our daily life changing this way completely our lives.

One of the most affected ones were schools. They had to stop their in-person teaching and

improvise new teaching methodologies for the students to get their academic objecves during

the remaining teaching months. This made us think about this new scenario, by considering that

our scholar buildings are not sufficiently prepared against a pandemic.

This dissertaon proposes some guidelines to remodel thermal installaons as well as venlaon

installaons producing in this way an improvement in its energec and students’ well-being and

efficiency. Moreover, this refurbishment will contribute to protect the environment.

By improving the air condioning system in Madrid school buildings, we can improve our

environment and develop our community, reducing in this way the polluon, reducing diseases

produced by that polluon and creang by this way a fairer and more sustainable world.

References

[1] Álvarez Sierra, J. (1933). Geografia Medica de Chamartin de la Rosa. Recuperado 23 abril

2021, de

https://books.google.es/books?id=cdeGFA0ExLIC&printsec=frontcover&hl=es&source=gbs

_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false

[2] Arquitectura y Espacio Escolar. (2020). Historia Y Memoria De La Educación, (Nº 13).

Recuperado de http://revistas.uned.es/index.php/HMe/issue/view/1422

[3] Bermejo, N. (2021). Mapas de calor II (Madrid Retiro). Recuperado 30 marzo 2021, de

https://aemetblog.es/2020/06/11/mapas-de-calor-ii-madrid-retiro/

[4] RECOMENDACIÓN (UE) 2020/1563 DE LA COMISIÓN de 14 de octubre de 2020 sobre la

pobreza energética. (2020). Recuperado 5 febrero 2021, de

https://www.boe.es/doue/2020/357/L00035-00041.pdf

[5] [5] Calidad del aire ambiente (exterior) y salud. (2021). Recuperado 22 marzo 2021, de

https://www.who.int/es/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ambient-%28outdoor%29-airquality-and-health

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Materials and construcve systems

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RESISTENCIA A LA PENETRACIÓN DE LOS IONES CLORURO EN

HORMIGONES FABRICADOS CON CEMENTOS TERNARIOS

1

Rosa Abnelia Rivera; 2 Domingo Alfonso Marn; 1 Esteban Estévez Fernández; 1 Daniel del Barrio

Saiz; 1 Beatriz Astudillo Malla; 2 José Luis Parra y Alfaro; 3 Miguel Ángel Sanjuán Barbudo

1

Master's degree in Mining Engineering, LOEMCO, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), Avda.

Eric Kandel 0001, LOEMCO Building, South Technological Area “Acedinos”, 28906 Getafe,

Madrid, Spain; rosa.rcornelio@alumnos.upm.es; eestevez@loemco.com;

dbarrio@loemco.com; bastudillo@loemco.com

2

Lecturer, Mining and Energy Engineering School, Madrid, Spain;

domingoalfonso.marn@upm.es; joseluis.parra@upm.es

3

Associate Professor, Department of Science and Technology of Building Materials, Civil

Engineering School, Technical University of Madrid (UPM), 28040 Madrid, Spain;

masanjuan@ieca.es

Keywords: Concrete; ground granulated blast-furnace slag; siliceous fly ash; ternary cements;

chloride ions diffusion.

Abstract

The cement industry is a significant carbon dioxide emiter, primarily due to the

calcinaon process of the limestone and clay and fuels’ combuson [1]. Accordingly,

cements with a high content of addions could be a paral soluon to reach the 2030

target of reducing carbon dioxide emissions to 55% below 1990 levels, and net zero

carbon emissions by 2050 [2]. One of the ways to achieve these commitments is the

producon and use of ternary cements made with addions.

Granulated blast furnace slags and coal fly ashes are two Portland cements constuents,

which are used worldwide due to their good durable properes in aggressive

environments, but one drawback to blended cements is that they carbonate faster than

Portland cement without addions. In addion, they are very sensive to the curing me

and type of curing, i.e., a long and precise curing process in humid condions posively

affects the durability and compressive strength [2].

Chloride ingress into concrete is one of the major processes that affect to the durability

of steel-reinforced concrete structures. Many studies use the Fick’s second law of

diffusion to assess the chloride ions transport into concrete. Accordingly, the general

assumpon is that diffusion is the main transport mechanism. Then, this process is

modelled by Equaon (1) [3]. By contrast, the rate of chloride ions diffusion into concrete

decreases with me due to the chloride binding, cement paste hydraon with me, and

so on.

∂∂∂∂

∂∂∂∂ = DD ∂∂ 2 CC

aa

∂∂xx 2

(1)

Equaon (2) is a soluon to Equaon (1), assuming that the flux of chlorides is

proporonal to the chloride ions concentraon gradient in the concrete: Thus, it could

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be ulized to calculate the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient by using the chloride

ion concentraon as a funcon of the depth.

xx

CC (xx,tt) = CC ss − CC ss − CC jj ∙ erf

2DD aa ∙ tt (2)

where Da is the apparent chloride diffusion coefficient; Cx,t is the chloride ion

concentraon at a depth x; t is the exposure me; Cs is the chloride ion concentraon at

the concrete surface; erf is the Gaussian error funcon.

Concrete cylindrical specimens (Ø15 × 30 cm) were tested for compressive strength at

28 and 90 days and chloride resistance. Chloride diffusion coefficients were determined

according to the method described in the NT BUILD 443 standard [4] and non-steadystate

chloride migraon coefficient according to the rapid chloride migraon (RCM) test

detailed in NT BUILD 492 [5].

The following conclusions can be drawn based on the experimental data on the diffusion

and migraon coefficients obtained in the present study:

• No relationship between diffusion and migration coefficients was found since

the tested concretes belong to different “concrete groups”.

• Blended cements with coal fly ash (25%) and ground granulated blast-furnace

slag (25% or 40%) improve the chloride resistance of concrete,

• Diffusion and migration coefficients of concrete made with coal fly ash and

ground granulated blast-furnace slag were 2-5 times lower than those found

in plain concrete (CEM I concrete).

References

[1] Sanjuán, M.A.; Argiz, C.; Mora, P.; Zaragoza, A. Carbon Dioxide Uptake in the Roadmap 2050

of the Spanish Cement Industry. Energies 2020, 13, 3452.

https://doi.org/10.3390/en13133452

[2] Sanjuán, M.A.; Estévez, E.; Argiz, C.; del Barrio, D. Effect of curing me on granulated blastfurnace

slag cement mortars carbonaon. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2018, 90, 257-265.

htps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.04.006

[3] F. K. Sell Junior, G. B. Wally, F. R. Teixeira, and F. C. Magalhães, “Experimental assessment of

accelerated test methods for determining chloride diffusion coefficient in concrete”,

IBRACON Struct. Mater. J., vol. 14, no. 4, e14407, 2021, htps://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-

41952021000400007

[4] NT BUILD 443. Concrete, hardened: Accelerated chloride penetration. Nordtest: DK-2630

Taastrup, Denmark, 1995.

[5] NT BUILD 492. Concrete, mortar and cement-based repair materials, chloride migration

coefficient from non-steady-state migration experiments. Nordtest: DK-2630 Taastrup,

Denmark, 1999.

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OPTIMIZING ENERGY IN BRICKS BY PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS, HEAT

FLUXE EVALUATION TROUGH NUMERICAL MODELING IN LINE-BY-LINE

1


1


Arquitectura


2


Arquitectura


Keywords: phase change materials, modern materials, low-energy building technique,

optimization brick

Abstract

Using new sources of energy and invenng new methods for energy consumpon has

always been the focus of researchers. The building sector is known to contribute largely

in total energy consumpon and CO2 [1]. One of the soluons whose importance is no

less than finding new energy sources is the expansion of energy storage equipment and

materials. The EIA, in its Internaonal Energy Outlook, analyses and forecasts future

trends in building energy consumpon. Energy use in the built environment will grow by

34% in the next 20 years, at an average rate of 1.5%. In 2030, consumpon atributed to

dwellings and the non-domesc sectors will be 67% and 33% respecvely

(approximately) [2]. One of the problems faced by technology in this field is to store

energy in a suitable form so that it can be converted into the required form when

necessary. Building materials play a very important role in reducing energy consumpon

and waste, and their advantages are evident in bioclimac architecture. Some of these

materials, in addion to energy storage, also play the role of thermal insulaon.

Reported that the building sector accounted for 38.9% of the total primary energy

requirements in the United States, of which 34.8% was used for heang, venlaon, and

air condioning [3]. This is why the principle of saving resources, on the one hand, deals

with the correct use of resources and energy to reduce consumpon [4]. The use of

energy storage systems not only increases the performance of the system and its

reliability, but also reduces energy consumpon. In thermal energy storage, phase

change materials are used. Phase change materials have many advantages, they can

store energy and recover it when necessary, so it is very important to use them as

building materials. They can be used on walls or floors and ceilings. In this study, the

thermal performance of phase change materials in bricks has been evaluated and the

results obtained show that to what extent their use can help in energy recovery in the

building.

References

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[1] Ardente F, Beccali M, Cellura M, Mistretta M. Building energy performance: a LCA case

study of kenaf-fibres insulation board. Energy Build. 2008;40:1–10.

[2] Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2006, U.S.

Department of Energy, June 2006.

[3] Kwok AG, Rajkovich NB. Addressing climate change in comfort standards. Build

Environ. 2010;45:18–22.

[4] Esbati, S., et al., Investigating the effect of using PCM in building materials for energy

saving: Case study of Sharif Energy Research Institute. Energy Science & Engineering,

2020. 8(4): p. 959-972.

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CONCRETE CARBONATION AND PH PROFILES SIMULATION IN URBAN

TUNNELS

1

Lucía López-de Abajo; 1 Jaime C. Gálvez; 1 Marcos G. Alber; 1 Amparo Moragues

1

Departamento de Ingeniería Civil, Construcción, E.T.S de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y

Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, c/Profesor Aranguren, s/n, 28040 Madrid, España.

lucia.lopezdeabajo@upm.es (L.L.-d.A.), jaime.galvez@upm.es (J.C.G.), marcos.garcia@upm.es (M.G.A.),

amparo.moragues@upm.es (A.M.)

Keywords: concrete carbonation; CO 2; urban tunnels; pH; numerical model

Abstract

The aim of the present study is to assess the evoluon of concrete carbonaon inside

urban tunnels, as the construcon materials inside these infrastructures are exposed to

high CO2 concentraons coming from the engines of the circulang vehicles.

Concrete carbonaon is a phenomenon that takes place when gaseous CO2 is absorbed

by the material in presence of humidity. When it ingresses in the porous structure, it

dissolves into the pore soluon as H2CO3, HCO 3

−

and CO 3 2− . In this pore soluon there

are also Ca 2+ ions coming from the cement hydraon products, mainly portlandite and

CSH gel. When carbonate and calcium ions react, they form calcium carbonate CaCO3.

The result of this reacon is the consumpon of the portlandite and the modificaon of

the structure or composion of other cement hydraon products. As a consequence,

concrete pH decreases, as concrete’s alkalinity is due to the presence of cement

hydraon products (pH of a sound concrete is around 12.6). When these hydraon

products are consumed as a consequence of concrete carbonaon, pH may fall up to the

surroundings of 8.3, compromising the durability of steel reinforcement, as its passive

layer is destroyed when the surrounding pH reaches values of 9 or lower, and then steel

corrosion can occur [1, 2].

Because of structural and economic impacts of reinforcement corrosion, it is essenal to

predict the evoluon of this damage. Nevertheless, it is not a simple task, as concrete

carbonaon is a complex phenomenon which involves a large amount of variable and

interdependent parameters [3]. In order to approach this issue, several predicon

models have been developed in the past decades, approaching concrete carbonaon

from different perspecves [4–9]. Among them, numerical models, although they

require the use of computaonal methods to solve the governing equaons, are highly

reliable methods which can predict the value and the variaon with me of the main

parameters related to concrete carbonaon.

For these reasons, a numerical model based on the one developed by Phung et al. [8]

has been adapted to the parcular condions of urban tunnels, and also the formulaon

proposed by Ishida and Maekawa [9] for the calculaon of the pH has been included.

The calibraon of the numerical model is being developed in two phases: one of them

with cement based materials manufactured in the laboratory; and the other one

performed inside a venlaon gallery of the Madrid Calle 30 urban tunnels, including

gas concentraon measures and concrete sampling and tesng. The proposed model,

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currently under calibraon, reasonably predicts the obtained experimental results and

also the results published by other authors.

References

[1] M. Richardson, Fundamentals of Durable Reinforced Concrete, First ed. London: Spon

Press, 2002.

[2] I. Galán, “Carbonatación del hormigón: combinación de CO 2 con las fases hidratadas del

cemento y frente de cambio de pH,” Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2011.

[3] K. T. Kunal Tongaria, S. M. S.Mandal, and D. M. Devendra Mohan, “A Review on

Carbonation of Concrete and Its Prediction Modelling,” J. Environ. Nanotechnol., vol. 7, no.

4, pp. 75–90, 2018, doi: 10.13074/jent.2018.12.184325.

[4] L. J. Parrott, “Design for avoiding damage due to carbonation‐induced corrosion,” in

CANMET/ACI Conference on Durability of Concrete, 1994.

[5] V. G. Papadakis, C. G. Vayenas, and M. N. Fardis, “A reaction engineering approach to the

problem of concrete carbonation,” AIChE J., vol. 35, no. 10, pp. 1639–1650, 1989, doi:

10.1002/aic.690351008.

[6] K. Y. Ann, S. W. Pack, J. P. Hwang, H. W. Song, and S. H. Kim, “Service life prediction of a

concrete bridge structure subjected to carbonation,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 24, no. 8,

pp. 1494–1501, 2010, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.01.023.

[7] T. P. Hills, F. Gordon, N. H. Florin, and P. S. Fennell, “Statistical analysis of the carbonation

rate of concrete,” Cem. Concr. Res., vol. 72, pp. 98–107, 2015, doi:

10.1016/j.cemconres.2015.02.007.

[8] Q. T. Phung, N. Maes, D. Jacques, G. De Schutter, G. Ye, and J. Perko, “Modelling the

carbonation of cement pastes under a CO2 pressure gradient considering both diffusive

and convective transport,” Constr. Build. Mater., vol. 114, pp. 333–351, 2016, doi:

10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.03.191.

[9] T. ISHIDA and K. MAEKAWA, “Modeling of Ph Profile in Pore Water Based on Mass

Transport and Chemical Equilibrium Theory,” Doboku Gakkai Ronbunshu, vol. 2000, no.

648, pp. 203–215, 2000, doi: 10.2208/jscej.2000.648_203.

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BIOSOLAR ENVELOPE IN THE VALLEHERMOSO MUNICIPAL MARKET

1

Jorge Gallego Sánchez-Torija; 2 Jesús García Herrero; 3 José Luis Parada Rodríguez; 4 Joaquín

Mosquera Casares; 5 María Antonia Fernández Nieto

1


Arquitectura, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. jorge.gallego@upm.es

2


Arquitectura, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. jesus.garciah@upm.es

3

Departamento de Humanidades, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria. j.parada@ufv.es

4

Escuela Politécnica, Arquitectura, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria. j.mosquera.prof@ufv.es

5

Escuela Politécnica, Arquitectura, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria. a.fernandez.prof@ufv.es

Keywords: municipal markets, energy efficiency, sustainability, biosolar envelope, built

environment

Abstract

Aer the development of the Strategic Plan for Municipal Markets of the City of Madrid

(PEMM 2017-2021) [1], the me has come for the Municipal Markets of the city to adapt

to a more sustainable and circular economy [2].

In line with this objecve, and in order to contribute to the energy efficiency and the

renaturalizaon of the city, it´s been analyzed the possible installaon of landscaping

and photovoltaic panels on both the roof and the façade of Vallehermoso Municipal

Market in four steps: 1) Descripon of the environmental condions: climate, sunlight

and vegetaon study. 2) Inventory of soluons for landscaped elements and photovoltaic

panels on exisng roofs and façades. 3) Analysis of the load-bearing structure of the roof

and façade. 4) Study of feasibility of a joint system of landscaping and photovoltaic

panels.

The are many benefits of implemenng a green envelope: it helps to purify the air [3],

to regulate the outside temperature by reducing the heat island effect [4], to reduce the

energy demand of the building by increasing the thermal insulaon and thermal inera

of the envelope [5] and to promote biodiversity in the city [6]. On the other hand, the

placement of photovoltaic panels leads to a reducon in primary energy consumpon

through the producon of renewable energy that does not generate pollung emissions

or noise, and that is produced in the place where it is consumed, avoiding energy losses

that occur in distribuon networks [7].

Besides the addion of benefits generated by these strategies separately, the fact of

combining them produces other addional advantages that are the result of the synergy

that arises between the photovoltaic use and the naturalizaon of roofs and façades.

Vegetaon improves the performance of photovoltaic elements and vice versa.

Due to the configuraon of the building and its surroundings, the greatest solar

radiaon, as shown in Figure 1, is received on the central roof, on the skirts of the central

crown of the roof facing southeast and southwest, and on the south side of the side

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building. The façades receive very litle solar radiaon due to the shade from the trees

and adjacent buildings.

Figure 1: Annual radiation on the envelope of the Vallehermoso market

It is found that the girders and purlins of the roof structure support most of the green

roof and photovoltaic panel soluons available on the market. Only the purlins of the

central crown are close to their maximum load capacity due to their large span, so it

would not be possible to install a green roof in this area. Only photovoltaic panels could

be placed in that area due to its light weight, while any soluon of vegetaon and

photovoltaic system could be atached to the façade without compromising its structural

stability.

Aer studying the possibilies offered by the market of plant elements and photovoltaic

systems, the soluon that has been considered as the most appropriate is combining e

classic photovoltaic panels with a small plant cover as much biodiverse as possible.

References

[1] Plan estratégico de los Mercados Municipales de Madrid 2017-2021.

https://www.madrid.es/UnidadesDescentralizadas/Comercio/Especiales%20Informativos/

mercados_especial_inf/ficheros/PlanEstrategicoMercadosDefEnero.pdf (accessed 20

December 2020).

[2] Parada Rodríguez, J. L., Fernández Nieto, M. A., Jaenike Fonato, M., Acosta Pérez, E.,

Rodríguez Calvo, L.A., Guía de sostenibilidad de los mercados municipales de Madrid,

univesidad Francisco de Vitoria, Madrid, 2022.

[3] Jamei, E., Chau, H. W., Seyedmahmoudian, M., & Stojcevski, A. (2021). Review on the

cooling potential of green roofs in different climates. Science of the Total Environment,

791, 148407.

[4] van Bohemen, H. D., Fraaij, A. L. A., & Ottele, M. (2009). Ecological Engineering; green

roofs and the greening of vertical walls of buildings. Landscape architecture, 1, 042-049.

[5] Hoyano, A. (1988). Climatological uses of plants for solar control and the effects on the

thermal environment of a building. Energy and buildings, 11(1-3), 181-199.

[6] Williams, N. S., Lundholm, J., & Scott MacIvor, J. (2014). Do green roofs help urban

biodiversity conservation? Journal of applied ecology, 51(6), 1643-1649.

[7] Rodríguez Gámez, M., Vázquez Pérez, A., Castro Fernández, M., & Vilaragut Llanes, M.

(2013). Sistemas fotovoltaicos y la ordenación territorial. Ingeniería Energética, 34(3), 247-

259.

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INFLUENCE OF NATURAL RENDERS IN COMPRESSED EARTH BLOCK WALLS

1

Félix Jové-Sandoval; 2B M. Mar Barbero-Barrera; 3 Eva M. García-Baños

1

Dep. Architectural Construction, ETSA, University of Valladolid (Spain), Avenida de Salamanca

18, 47014 Valladolid, Spain: fjove@arq.uva.es

2

Dep. Construction and Technology in Architecture, ETSA, Polytechnic University of Madrid

(Spain), Avenida Juan de Herrera 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain: mar.barbero@upm.es

3

Construction Materials Laboratory (MCLab) ETSA, University of Valladolid (Spain), Avenida de

Salamanca 18, 47014 Valladolid, Spain: bgar.eva@gmail.com

Keywords: Earth building; Renders; CEB; Weathering; Durability.

Abstract

There is a growing interest in building materials made from raw earth. This is due to the

low environmental impact of their manufacture as a result of the low embodied energy

consumpon (near zero CO2 emissions).

Among the different techniques and products made of raw earth, the Compressed Earth

Block (CEB) represents a real alternave for ecological and sustainable construcon in

the face of the challenge of climate change to which the planet is subjected (1).

CEB is defined as a block or brick obtained by compression (usually stac) of a qualified

earth mixture. It is introduced in a mould that gives it its shape. Addives such as lime

or cement are occasionally added. The material is standardised in many countries. In

Spain, the standard that regulates its use is UNE-41410:2008. The team of researchers

has been working for some years on the technificaon and improvement of the material.

However, as in the case of other earth techniques, one of the main drawbacks of CEB is

the risk of erosion. Indeed, in order to prevent weathering caused by the acon of water

and wind makes it advisable to use renders that improve their protecon and durability.

In the present invesgaon, a comparave analysis of the performance of five types of

natural earth renders executed on a sample wall (M0) built with CEB has been evaluated.

In the figure a sample of different coangs applied (Fig. 1a, b, c, d).

Figure 1a: M0 Figure 1b: R1 Figure 1c: R2 Figure 1d: R5

Figure 1 a, b, c, d: 1a, Sample wall Compressed Earth Blocks (M0); 1b, Earth/sand render (R1);

1c, Earth/sand/wheat straw render (R2); 1d, Earth/sand/ bulrush fibers render (R5)

Walls were built with CEB manufactured with the reference soil: GT02AMY (without

addives, stabilizers or addions) characterised by the GrupoTIERRA of the University of

Valladolid. The reference soil has been used by the team in different research works (2,

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3, 4). The characterisaon of the BTC has been carried out according to UNE-EN 772-

13:2021 and is published in (5). The control walls have been built outdoors, in the open

air, in the Experimental Field of the Construcon Materials Laboratory (MCLab) of the

University of Valladolid. The walls are supported on a foundaon that separates them

0.15 m from the ground and are covered by a metal sheet coping at the top. Their

dimensions are: 1.10 m width, 1.50 m height and 0.30 m thickness.

The coangs have been made with the same earth as that used for the manufacture of

the CEB. They have a thickness of 15mm and the following characteriscs: R1

(earth/sand); R2, R3, R4, R5 (earth/sand/fibres). The addion of vegetable fibres had

been carried out in order to eliminate shrinkage cracks in the drying process. In addion,

they were used to analyse their influence on the durability of the render. The four fibres

used (wheat, barley, rye, bulrush) have been characterized.

The walls were kept outdoors for a period of one year and subjected to the same actions

(rain, frost, wind and sunshine). The results obtained are discussed in this article. The

research carried out has demonstrated the viability of natural earth coatings in CEB walls

compared to the widespread use of cement mortar coatings. It is also possible to affirm

that the fibre incorporated into the covering improves its performance and durability,

with bulrush fibre (R5) being more favourable than wheat straw fibre (R2). The

behaviour of the four fibres within the coating matrix is analysed in the article. It has

been shown that the length of the fibre and its diameter are a determining factor in the

durability of the coating against erosion.

References

[1] M. Rocha, F. Jové, Técnicas de construcción con tierra, ed.: Argumentum, Lisbon, 2015.

[2] M. Barbero-Barrera, F. Jové-Sandoval, S. González Iglesias, Assessment of the effect of

natural hydraulic lime in the stabilization of Compresse Earth Blocks, Constr. Build. Mat.

260 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.119877

[3] F. Jové-Sandoval, M. Barbero-Barrera, N. Flores-Medina, Assessment of the mechanical

performance of three varieties of pine needles as natural reinforcement of adobe, Constr.

Build. Mat. 187 (2018) 205-213.

[4] F. Jové-Sandoval, E. García-Baños, M. Barbero-Barrera, Paneles aislantes de barbotina y

fibras naturales, investigación aplicada. PI Cod.: 061-223191 University of Valladolid.

[5] F. Jové-Sandoval, D. Muñoz de la Calle, L. Pahino-Rodríguez, Ensayos de erosión hídrica

sobre muros de tierra, fábrica de BTC. Método, resultados y discusión, in: Construcción con

Tierra, tecnología y arquitectura, Cátedra JdV, Valladolid, 2011, pp.193-204.

http://www5.uva.es/grupotierra/publicaciones.html

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TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION IN BUILDING. A LOOK BACK TO THE PAST

IN SEARCH OF SUSTAINABLE SOLUTIONS

1

Oswaldo Hurtado Figueroa; 2 Alfonso Cobo Escamilla; 3 Humberto Varum

1,2

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid-UPM, Madrid-España, Escuela Técnica Superior de

Edificación. os.hurtado@alumnos.upm.es ; alfonso.cobo@upm.es

3

Universidad do Porto-UP, Porto-Portugal, Departamento de Engenharia Civil – Faculdade de

Engenharia da UP. hvarum@fe.up.pt

Keywords: Plant fibres, Construction techniques, Ancestral construction, Raw soil, Grasses,

Abstract

The ecological design and sustainable development of composite materials is the path

taken by construcon professionals who are concerned about the constant cricism that

the construcon sector is subject to because of its direct parcipaon in global warming

due to the high consumpon of resources in the processing of synthec materials that

act as reinforcing elements [1]. Accordingly, and in search of composite materials of

natural origin with biodegradable characteriscs, technological innovaon in building

has taken a look back to idenfy ancient construcons by taking an interest in their

techniques and materials implemented in ancestral construcon systems [2]. For this

reason, the construcve soluons resulng from scienfic research focused on creang

alternaves in terms of mixtures, materials, processes and techniques, have yielded

notable contribuons that are nowadays taken into account in the design and execuon

of current construcon projects. Therefore, the use of innovaons in the construcon

sector is gaining strength due to the priorisaon of both economic and environmental

factors that result in the execuon of environmentally sustainable works adjusted to

temporally condioned schedules. For this reason, this research paper presents an

overview of Adobe, Tapia Pisada, Cob, Bahareque, Dry Stone and the implementaon of

earth and vegetable fibres for the formaon of ecological mixtures [3]. Ancestral

techniques and materials that inspired the use of this type of fibres for the elaboraon

of Green composites of excellent performance in order to be used in different sectors,

sasfying the needs and technical requirements of applicaon, promong the

replacement of synthec fibres by similar fibres of vegetable origin [4].

Figure 1 shows the processes corresponding to the collecon of rice straw, the

assembly of the structure in Guaduab, the incorporaon of the straw in the design of

the mixesc, and the reinforcement of walls with Caña bravad. These illustrate the

mulple uses of grasses in the Ancestral Construcon Techniques (ACT).

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Figure 1: Grasses in mix design and structure shaping in TCA. Source: Author's own research

Figure 2 projects the incorporaon of rice straw in mixtures with clay matrix where the

process starts with the preparaon of the material by size reducon according to the mix

designa "chopping or milling", giving way to the mix designb which subsequently allows

the preparaon of the test specimensc. Finally, the respecve tests are applied according

to the behaviour to be idenfied. For example, drying shrinkage.

Figure 2: Preparation of mixtures with clay matrix reinforced with rice straw.

Source: Author's own research

Figure 3 shows the pouring of the prepared mixture into a metal adobe mould with a

capacity of 21 adobes per batch.

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Figure 3: Elaboración de Adobes

Source: Investigaciones propias del autor

Table 1 shows the applicaon of plant fibres for the formaon of composite materials

for industrial applicaons.

Fibre

Coton

Cane

Hemp

Coconut

Kenaf

Flax

Wood

Straw

Palm

Ramie

Sisal

Jute

Tabla 1. Aplicación de fibras vegetales en el sector industrial [5]

Furniture, texles

Construcon, fencing

Área de aplicación

Construcon, texles, piping, furniture, furniture, packaging,

electrical systems, automove

Construcon, texles, personal protecve equipment, upholstery,

cleaning supplies.

Texle, packaging, construcon, automove

Construcon, sports, texles, fencing, automove, wind energy

components

Construcon, fencing, automove

Construcon, piping, automove, furniture, fencing

Construcon, fencing

Texle, texles, upholstery, packaging, fishing, furniture, paper

Construcon, automove, paper

Automove, construcon, texles

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References

[1] C. Nweze Nwogu, U. Nwaiwu, V. Uchechukwu Udo, O. James Nwosu, and C. Ezenwa

Hart, Effect of date seed granules on the mechanical properes of Glass fibre reinforced

epoxy composite, Clean. Mater. 6 (2022) 1-7.

htps://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2022.100160

[2] O. Hurtado-Figueroa and J. A. Cardenas-Guerrez, The Architecture on Land and its

Construcon Techniques , Millenary Tradion that is Reborn, Contemp. Eng. Sci. 11

(2018) 3371–3383. htps://doi.org/10.12988/ces.2018.87353

[3] A. Mellaikhafi, A. Tilioua, H. Souli, M. Garoum, and M. A. Alaoui Hamdi, Characterizaon

of different earthen construcon materials in oasis of south-eastern Morocco

(Errachidia Province), Case Stud. Constr. Mater. 14 (2021) 1-18.

htps://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00496

[4] S. D. S. Kopparthy and A. N. Netravali, Review: Green composites for structural

applicaons, Compos. Part C Open Access. 6 (2021) 1-17.

htps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2021.100169

[5] L. Mohammed, M. N. M. Ansari, G. Pua, M. Jawaid, and M. S. Islam, “A Review on

Natural Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite and Its Applicaons,” Int. J. Polym. Sci.

2015 (2015) 1-15. htp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/243947

245

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ANALYSIS OF THE BEHAVIOR OF BRICKS USING FINITE ELEMENTS

1

Alonso Zúñiga-Suárez; 1,2,4 Berenice Zúñiga-Torres; 3,4 Ramiro Correa-Jaramillo; 2 Guido

Gualpa-Guzmán; 4 Francisco Hernández-Olivares; 1 Ronald López

1

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Private Technical

University of Loja, Ecuador. arzunigax@utpl.edu.ec, bczuniga@utpl.edu.ec

2

Technical and Technological Academic Unit - UTPL TEC, Private Technical University of Loja,

gggualpa@utpl.edu.ec

3

Department of Architecture and Urbanism, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Private

Technical University of Loja, racorrea@utpl.edu.ec

4

Department of Construction and Architectural Technologies, Polytechnic University of

Madrid, Spain, f.hernandez@upm.es

Keywords: Bricks, finite elements, masonry

Abstract

At present, the determination of the resistance characteristics of a structure is

considered of primary attention in fields of application such as Civil Engineering,

Architecture, Geology, Solid Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics, among others [1]. The

technological advance together with the computational development has allowed great

advantages in the solution of new problems, that is, the continuous improvement of

applications regarding numerical methods and their implementation in software that

allow the characterization of the behavior of the different structures through their

modeling [2].

Some authors consider the need to use different and varied tools for the rapid evaluaon

of structures [3]. Thus, several invesgaons demonstrate the support of the

computaonal contribuon in determining the behavior of structures through which

correct and efficient results are achieved [4]. The soluon can be obtained for both

macro and micro models in reasonable computaonal run me periods [5].

In the southern region of Ecuador, particularly in the province of Loja, the main sectors

that produce and supply brick are: Catamayo canton and Malacatos parish. Additionally,

innovation in search of sustainable materials for construction has allowed the study of

new so-called ecological bricks based on soil - cement with additions that allow

improving their mechanical properties. In previous investigations, physical, chemical

and mechanical tests have been carried out on bricks from Catamayo and Malacatos [6]

and on ecological bricks [7, 8, 9]. Therefore, and in order to continue the line of research,

this project aims to analyze the behavior of bricks individually through the finite element

method (FEM) and the support of computational modeling carried out in the ANSYS

2020 simulation tool. , which is a software that contains extensive physical modeling

capabilities in solving the static and dynamic response of structures [10], considering the

chemical, physical and mechanical characteristics of the brick based on experimental

laboratory data. The characteristics considered for the model calibration involve

density, Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, compressive strength, flexural strength,

porosity, permeability, among others.

On the other hand, the physical and mechanical behavior of seven different geometric

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figures is evaluated, for which they are subjected to various types of loads, with which

the maximum stresses and deformations are determined.

The results of the analysis of different sections of bricks indicate that the geometric

figure that complies with the simple compression resistance regulatory framework [11]

and has been selected as optimal is the G5 shape, defined by the Ecuadorian standard

INEN 293 [12] as solid brick in a soil-cement plaster.

Finally, the opmum result in flexural resistance according to the INEN 297 [11] standard

is obtained in secon G5, a Catamayo fired brick mix.

References

[1] C. C. A. G. Edward Estid Ruiz Galeano, “Modelacion por el método de elementos finitos

(MEF), mediante el software ANSYS del elemnto de olaca.,” Univ. Dist. Fr. José caldas, p.

19, 2019.

[2] S. Botello, “Ejemplos de Aplicación de los Métodos Numéricos a Problemas de Ingeniería,”

Cent. Investig. en Matemáticas A.C., p. 19, 2011, [Online]. Available:

https://www.cs.buap.mx/~sandoval/MetodosNumericos/botello_rionda.pdf.

[3] J. A. Duarte, H. O. Reinert, F. D. Gattelli, A. E. Ares, and O. Möller, “Simulación Numerica

De Ensayos Mecánicos En Mampuestos Regionales De Misiones, Argentina,” vol. XXXIII, pp.

23–26, 2014.

[4] H. O. Reinert, “Modeling mixed-mode dynamic crack propagation using finite elements:

Theory and applications,” vol. XXXII, pp. 19–22, 2013.

[5] y I. A. R. Swenson D. V., “Modeling mixed-mode dynamic crack propagation using finite

elements: Theory and applications,” Comput. Mech., vol. 3, pp. 381–397, 1988, doi:

https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00301139.

[6] A. Zúñiga, “Ciencia e ingeniería de nuevos materiales en la fabricación mejorados

tecnologicamente,” Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 2018.

[7] L. Loaiza and B. Zúñiga, “Influencia de correctores orgánicos y yeso en la elaboración de

bloques de suelo – cemento.,” Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja, 2020.

[8] B. Noboa and B. Zúñiga, “Diseño de mezclas de suelo-cemento utilizando nano partículas

como alternativa de una construcción ecológica.,” Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja,

2020.

[9] C. Maza, “Ladrillos de suelo-cemento con adición de corrector orgánico como alternativa

de material para la construcción,” p. 99, 2019.

[10] J. J. Del Coz Díaz, P. J. García Nieto, F. P. Álvarez Rabanal, and A. Lozano Martínez-Luengas,

“Design and shape optimization of a new type of hollow concrete masonry block using the

finite element method,” Eng. Struct., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2011, doi:

10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.09.012.

[11] N. INEN 297, “Ladrillos cerámicos. Requisitos,” Inst. Ecuatoriano Norm., vol. 297, p. 7,

1978.

[12] INEC 293 NTE, “Ladrillos cerámicos. Definiciones. clasificación y condiciones generales,”

Instituto Ecuatoriano de Normalización. pp. 2–7, 2014.

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IMPACT OF LEAN CONSTRUCTION IMPLEMENTATION IN DIFFERENT

COUNTRIES.

1

Ana Francisca Jijón Ricaurte; 2 Claudia Sofia González Alvear; 3 Itzel Durán Bedolla

1

Ana F. Jijón R., anafrancisca.jijon@alumnos.upm.es

2

Claudia S. González A., cs.gonzalez@alumnos.upm.es

2

Itzel Duran B., itzel.duran.bedolla@alumnos.upm.es

Keywords: LEAN Production, construction, implementation.

Abstract

LEAN Production is a philosophy of management, seeking to provide value and benefits

to customer in the construction projects, optimizing the typical processes, and continue

better for twentieth century. In the construction case it represents with Lean

Construction.

In this moment had an important development in Europe and Latin America, the

developing of Lean Construction has a little changes, the reason is the specific case in

each country, city, or work, we based on different theses of engineers and architects

from different countries around the world.

In a complete work, we need a continue process throughout the project development,

we need to relearn at all levels involved and have the total opening of each person ,

the success is the achieve link, immediate intervention in each possible disagreement

or problems that present in the process, the correct communication and collaboration

of all persons involved, we think if the new generations learn this system, it can be

easier the implementation in the future.

We foresee a future with all stages, starting with the design, strategic planning,

construction, and maintenance, with the positive result of sustainable construction.

References

[1] Pau Seguí, Qué es Lean Construction: 7 Ventajas para mejorar la planificación, Directrices

Editoriales OVACEN, 2020.

[2] Domingo González Alcántara, Aplicación de herramientas lean en la gestión de proyectos de

edificación. Universidad de Valladolid, 2013.

[3] Daniela Andrea Díaz Montecino, “Aplicación del sistema de planificación 'LAST PLANNER' a

la construcción de un edificio habitacional de mediana altura”, Universidad de Chile, 2007.

[4] Jonathan De Jesús Bartolón Pérez, Filosofía lean Construction y su impacto en la

implementación en el desarrollo de proyectos de edificación, Universidad Nacional

Autónoma De México, 2020.

[5] Abner Guzmán Tejada, Aplicación de la filosofía Lean Construction en la planificación,

programación, ejecución y control de proyectos, Pontificia Universidad Católica Del Perú,

2014.

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"AQUALIGMUN", EXPERIMENTAL CHARACTERISATION OF

HYGROMORPHIC SYSTEMS

1

Sergio González Rodríguez

1

Alumno de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Madrid. Universidad Politécnica de

Madrid. Trabajo de final de Grado.

Keywords: Higromórfica · Caracterización · Responsiva · Integración · Humedad

Abstract

Faced with the climac and material crisis that the contemporary world is suffering, the

so-called adapve façades are appearing in the field of architecture and construcon.

These follow the current trend of reinvenng tradional materials in order to integrate

them into these façades, taking advantage of their intrinsic properes.

This experimental research work has focused on wood laminates and their hygromorphic

capacity. Based on the advances of Artem Hóltov [5,6], a façade cladding system has

been developed based on wood lamellas and their bending and recovery capacity of

three species (beech, oak and mahogany) when exposed to idencal hygrothermal

cycles. These tests will have different modifiable parameters for a beter understanding

between the samples.

Under the hypothesis of a possible curvature regulaon, the sampling definion has

shown that the parameters 'Wood type', 'thickness' and 'water vapour incidence' are the

variables responsible for the responsive differenaon of the different samples. Then,

on the basis of the results obtained, it was concluded that there are responses that allow

us to highlight the good behaviour of the beech wood laminates compared to the other

species (Figures 1-11).

Due to their loss of funconality due to the repeon of humificaon/dehumificaon

cycles (verified by tests on hygrothermal machines provided by the Eduardo Torroja

Instute), measures are proposed to extend the useful life of the wooden boards (figure

12). For this purpose, the applicaon of coangs such as varnish and lasur is used,

demonstrang a generalised loss of strength in the samples as well as deformaon aer

the applicaon of each coang (Figures 12-13).

Due to its complicated manufacturing and preconfiguraon process, this system has not

yet been integrated in a cost-effecve way in the architectural field. However, this novel

responsive system would reduce manufacturing me and costs, making it possible to

make use of surplus wood in industries and sawmills.

On the other hand, an experimental system for measuring curvature variaon and

geometric variaon between the different samples has been incorporated. Establishing

a first dra for the commercial characterisaon of wood planks. This measurement

model will collect the evoluon data collected in the graphs showing its geometry in the

final mes of its deformaon, liming its range of variaon and simplifying its

responsiveness (Figures 14-15).

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Figura 1: Secuencia de medición de curvatura. (Fuente: Elaboración propia)

Figura 2: Componentes del ensayo. (Fuente: Elaboración propia)

Tablas comparavas entre muestras (9/36 tablas)

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Figura 3: Gráfica comparativa A Figura 4: Gráfica comparativa B Figura 5: Gráfica comparativa C

Figura 6: Gráfica. C. 2ª Figura 7: Gráfica. C. 2B Figura 8: Gráfica. C. 2C

Figura 9: Gráfica. C. 2-1 Figura 10: Gráfica. C. 2-2 Figura 11: Gráfica. C. 2-3

(Fuente de las gráficas: Elaboración propia)

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Figura 12:: Estado inicial de las muestras de ensayo Figura 13: Estado inicial de las muestras de ensayo

(Fuente de las imágenes: Elaboración propia)

Figura 14: Orden de lectura de las gráficas de medición. (Fuente: Elaboración propia)

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Figura 15: Ejemplo de Tabla del gráfico 2B2 de medición experimental (Fuente: Elaboración propia)

References

[1] Peraza Oramas, César. “La madera y sus propiedades”. A.I.T.I.M.

[2] García Esteban, Luis; Guindeo Casasús, Antonio; de Palacios de Palacios, Paloma.

“Maderas de Coníferas. Anatomía de géneros”. Escuela Técnica Superior de

Ingenieros de Montes.

[3] Itzel Cardoso-Hernández; Josemanuel Luna-Nemecio; Fleur Gouttefanjat.

“Sustentabilidad y crisis climática global: tecnologías ambientalmente regenerativas

como fuerzas productivas de la humanidad”. Religación. Revista de ciencias sociales

y humanidades. Marzo, 2022

253

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[4] Luis GARCÍA ESTEBAN, Joseph GRIL, Paloma DE PALACIOS DE PALACIOS, Antonio GUINDEO

CASASÚS. “Reduction of wood hygroscopicity and associated dimensional response by

repeated humidity cycles”. Cátedra de Tecnología de la Madera, Departamento de

Ingeniería Forestal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes, Universidad

Politécnica de Madrid, Laboratoire de Mécanique et Génie Civil, Université Montpellier,

France. 31 August 2004.

[5] Artem Holstov; Graham Farmer, Ben Bridgens, Philip Morris. “Towards sustainable

adaptive building skins with embedded hygromorphic responsiveness”.Advanced

building skins. ResearchGate. Abril 2015.

[6] Artem Holstov; Graham Farmer, Ben Bridgens. “Implementing hygromorphic wood

composites into responsive building skins” ResearchGate. Octubre 2016.

[7] Pérez Cabrera, David Sebastian; Lozano Peña, Jorge Enrique. “Caracterización del

comportamiento higromórfico de un doble capa en madera bajo las características

climáticas de la ciudad de Bogotá”. CLEM. 2019.

[8] Peraza Sánchez, Fernando. “Protección preventiva de la madera”

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FRCM COMPOSITES FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS: A SYSTEMATIC

REVIEW

1

María Rodríguez Marcos; 2 Paula Villanueva Llauradó; 3 Jaime Fernández Gómez

1

Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Construcción, ETSICCP, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

(UPM), Spain; m.rmarcos@alumnos.upm.es

2

Departamento de Estructuras y Física de edificación, ETSAM, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

(UPM), Spain; paula.villanueva@upm.es

3

Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Construcción, ETSICCP, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid

(UPM), Spain; jaime.fernandez.gomez@upm.es

Keywords: Fibre Reinforced Cementitious Matrix; Tensile strength; Flexural strength; Retrofitting

system

Abstract

Fibre Reinforced Cemenous Matrices (FRCM) are composite materials which are being

increasingly used for retrofing of exisng structures due to their high strength-toweight

rao [1-3], following the development of Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP). While

both material types consist of fibres (mostly carbon, glass and basalt fibres), they present

differences caused by the matrix properes and the matrix-to-fibre interfacial behaviour.

FRCM consists of a texle or fabric embedded in a mortar matrix, typically exhibing

wider spacing between bundles of fibres than in FRP. Generally, the texle is an

orthogonal grid which can be made of carbon fibres, alkaline resistant (AR) glass, basalt,

aramid, or PBO. Mortars can either be lime-based or, more frequently, cemenous, and

can include several addions such as polymers, fibres and fly ash [6-28].

Previously reported advantages of FRCM compared with FRP are: ability to be applied in

wet substrates, higher compability with masonry structures, vapour permeability,

higher temperature resistance, and even fire resistance thanks to the cemenous

matrix [3-17]. On the other hand, FRP typically present reinforcement-to-substrate bond

failure, while FRCM may present poor fibre-to-matrix bond, characterised by a

premature slippage of the fibres within the matrix and loss of the composite behaviour,

which hinders full exploitaon of the reinforcement.

In this work, to systemically invesgate the mechanical performance of FRCM

composites subjected to tensile stresses as well as the behaviour in the FRCM-toconcrete

interface subjected to flexure, a comprehensive review was conducted on

experimental studies from 2015 to 2022 for tensile tests and from 2011 to 2022 for

flexural tests.

A protocol was designed for the systemac review, in which selecon of papers was

movated by the inclusion of experimental research, within the Web of Science corpus

of papers dealing with Carbon FRCM materials, by inclusion of “carbon” either in the

abstract or in the tle.

The parameters that were chosen for assessment of tensile tests were:

- Matrix properties: compressive strength, tensile strength and MoE.

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- Textile properties: grid spacing, coating (if any), density, tensile strength, MoE,

ultimate strength.

- Specimen characteristics: length, width, thickness, number of tensile

longitudinal threads, textile cross section or volumetric percentage of

reinforcement

- Monitorization and testing: type of monitorization and data acquisition, test type

and test parameters (test speed)

- Results: identification of modulus of elasticity and tensile strength for each

branch, number of identifiable branches in the stress-strain behaviour under

tensile stresses.

Similarly, for flexural tests the following parameters were studied:

- Support properties (size, material, in case of concrete compressive and tensile

strength) and existence and (in any), arrangement of internal reinforcement

- Reinforcement properties: textile and matrix properties, composite behaviour,

arrangement of main reinforcement and existence of shear/anchorage systems

- Monitorization and testing: type of monitorization and data acquisition, test

type and test parameters (test speed)

- Results: crack load and ultimate load, ratio of improvement with FRCM

reinforcement versus control tests, failure mode.

Following the construcon of a database and a crical discussion, several

recommendaons regarding future research lines are also presented.

References

[1] D’Antino T, Carloni C, Sneed LH, Pellegrino C. Matrix-fiber bond behavior in PBO FRCM

composites: A fracture mechanics approach. Eng Fract Mech 2014;117:94–111.

doi:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.01.011.

[2] Carozzi FG, Poggi C. Mechanical properties and debonding strength of Fabric Reinforced

Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) systems for masonry strengthening. Compos Part B Eng

2015;70:215–30. doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2014.10.056.

[3] Arboleda D, Carozzi FG, Nanni A, Poggi C. Testing Procedures for the Uniaxial Tensile

Characterization of Fabric-Reinforced Cementitious Matrix Composites. J Compos Constr

2016;20:04015063. doi:10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000626.

[4] Papanicolaou CG, Papantoniou IC. Optimum design of textile-reinforced concrete as

integrated formwork in slabs. Text. Fibre Compos. Civ. Eng., 2016, p. 246–74.

[5] Peled A, Mobasher B, Bentur A. Textile reinforced concrete. 1st editio. London: CRC Press;

2017. doi:10.1201/9781315119151.

[6] Bertolesi E, Carozzi FG, Milani G, Poggi C. Numerical modeling of Fabric Reinforce

Cementitious Matrix composites (FRCM) in tension. Constr Build Mater 2014;70:531–48.

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.08.006.

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EVALUATING RICE HUSK ASH AS A SUPPLEMENT FOR CEMENT IN

MIXTURES WITH RECYCLED COARSE AGGREGATES

1Nelson Galvis; 1Jeniffer Pérez; 1María Rodríguez

1

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, nelson.galvis@alumnos.upm.es

jennifer.perez@alumnos.upm.es mf.rodriguez@alumnos.upm.es

Keywords: rice husk ash, recycled aggregates, concrete

Abstract

The ulizaon of coarse recycled aggregates (RCA) derived from demolished concrete

(H) waste in substanal amounts, as much as feasible in new H mixes, has become an

atracve policy to achieve sustainability. The mortar residue atached to the RCA

weakens the bond with the new cement matrix, negavely impacng workability,

mechanical properes, and durability. To enhance the interface transion zone between

the RCA and the new mortar, a methodology of incorporang mineral mixes such as rice

husk ash (RHA) to parally replace ordinary Portland cement (OPC) has been proposed.

This substuon has the potenal to improve mechanical properes and durability. The

workability, compression resistance, and split tensile strength of samples with OPC

replacements by RHA in varying proporons (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, and 35%)

and 100% replacement of natural coarse aggregates with recycled aggregates were

invesgated. Results indicate that the opmal substuon lies between 20% and 25%

RHA for OPC.

Figure 1 shows that an increase in RHA content decreases setlement, indicang a

decrease in workability. Figure 2 shows that the compression strength inially increased

with increased RHA content but then decreased for values above 20% RHA. Figure 3

demonstrates that the split tensile strength of concrete at 28 days significantly

decreased for values above 20% RHA.

Figure 1: Concrete Workability with Various Proportions of OPC Substitution by RHA. (Source: Own

Creation)

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Figure 2: 28-Day Fresh Concrete Compressive Strength with Different Proportions of Cement Substitution

by RHA. (Source: Own Creation)

Figure 3: 28-Day Fresh Concrete Split Tensile Strength with Different Proportions of Cement Substitution

by RHA. (Source: Own Creation)

References

[1] Liu, C., Zhang, W., Liu, H., et al. "Recycled aggregate concrete with the incorporation of rice

husk ash: Mechanical properties and microstructure." Construction and Building Materials,

vol. 351, 2022, pp. 128934. Consulted on 17-10-2022. doi:

10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.128934. Available at:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061822025909.

[2] Rattanachu, P., Toolkasikorn, P., Tangchirapat, W., Chindaprasirt, P., Jaturapitakkul, C.

"Performance of recycled aggregate concrete with rice husk ash as cement binder." Cement

and Concrete Composites, vol. 108, 2020, pp. 103533. Consulted on 17-10-2022. doi:

10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2020.103533. Available at:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095894652030024X.

[3] Behera, M., Rahman, MR. "Evaluating the combined effect of recycled aggregate and rice

husk ash on concrete properties." Materials Today: Proceedings, vol. 61, 2022, pp. 370-378.

Consulted on 17-10-2022. doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.10.061. Available at:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214785321066281.

[4] Rupali Rupali, S., Rakesh, K., et al. "Influence of incorporation of rice husk ash and coarse

recycled concrete aggregates on properties of concrete." Construction and Building

Materials, vol. 173, 2018, pp. 289-297. Consulted on 31-10-2022. doi:

10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.07.026. Available at:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0950061818307803.

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE RELIABILITY OF CORROSION RESULTS OF

REINFORCEMENT OBTAINED IN THE LABORATORY

1

Marta María Sierra Llamas; 2 María Isabel Prieto Barrio

1

ETS de Edificación. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. martamaria.sierra@upm.es

2

ETS de Edificación. Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. mariaisabel.prieto@upm.es

Keywords: concrete, corrosion, corrosion rate, corrosion potential

Abstract

It has been proven that reinforced concrete deteriorates over me, both due to

degradaon processes of the concrete itself and through corrosion of the reinforcing

bars, this being the main cause of failure of a reinforced concrete structure. In order to

avoid premature deterioraon of these structures and to guarantee a considerable

useful life, it is necessary to predict their evoluon over me using, in situ, nondestrucve

systems, or by carrying out probabilisc tests in the laboratory to predict the

future behaviour of the reinforcement that could come into contact with corrosive

substances.

A structure is considered to be affected by corrosion when it shows external signs of the

corrosion process (staining, cracking, detachment of the concrete coang, etc.).

However, it is usually the case that all structures are in one of the stages into which the

corrosion process is divided [1]. From the very moment the structure is built, the

diffusion of species potenally aggressive to the steel of the bars through the porous

network of the concrete begins. The speed of entry of these species and the path they

take to reach the reinforcement are the factors that determine the kinecs of the

corrosion process and are therefore the ones that are important from an engineering

point of view.

This phase, invisible from the outside, is what we try to reproduce in the laboratory,

although the corrosion factors involved in natural environments are so numerous and

complex that it is praccally impossible to reproduce them arficially. For this reason,

carrying out these tests in the laboratory can be extremely complicated and tedious.

In this study we have tested 10 different cement mortar specimens, with different

percentages of Cl- in which we have introduced unprotected or galvanised steel

reinforcement. In order to obtain greater certainty in the measurements, from each of

these specimens we have simultaneously manufactured its pair, which has also been

preserved and tested under idencal condions.

For each of the bars, we made 26 measurements of the corrosion rate (icorr; A/cm2), the

corrosion potenal (Ecorr; mV) and the humidity of the specimens, over a period of 588

days.

We obtained these electrochemical measurements following the procedure established

in the standards [2] and with the help of an Autolab PGSTAT128N potenostat. The

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process is roune but potenally "dangerous" if certain precauons are not taken in the

measurement and the results are not interpreted with cauon.

The examinaon and comparison of these parameters (velocity, potenal, humidity and

me) has been done mainly through a series of easy-to-read graphs (Figure 1).

The purpose of this arcle is to provide a brief reminder of the theorecal concepts on

which these measurements are based, as well as to define their scope and limits for a

correct interpretaon of the results. This study offers some recommendaons to obtain

more reliable results.

Figure 1: Corrosion potencial normal distribution bell curve of the 1 and 3 speciments (black bars)

References

[5] J. Orte Crespo, Prevención y reparación de estructuras de hormigón ante la corrosión,

Zuncho, Nº 24 (2010) 31–38.

[6] Comité técnico AEN/CTN 112, Norma Española UNE-EN ISO 17475, AENOR, Madrid, 2009.

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EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT OF PACKAGING WASTE, WITH CIRCULAR

ECONOMY CRITERIA, IN CONSTRUCTION WORKS IN THE COMMUNITY OF

MADRID

1

Armando Plaza Rodrigo; 2 Manuel Ramos Arias; 3 Mercedes del Río Merino; 4 Esther Ramos

Fernández;

1

Jefe de producción Arpada S.A. aplaza@arpada.net

2

Director del departamento de Sostenibilidad, innovación y mejora de ARPADA S.A.

calidadymedioambiente@arpada.net

3


4

Departamento de PRL, calidad y medioambiente ARPADA S.A. eramos@arpada.net

Keywords: waste; packaging; construction; waste management; circular economy

Abstract

In the current situaon of the planet regarding climate change and trying to achieve the

sustainable development objecves of the 2030 agenda, there is a need to promote and

follow a circular economy model in the construcon sector, to generate less waste, thus

avoiding the use of natural resources to the extent possible [1, 2].

The construcon sector is one of the largest responsible for the consumpon of natural

resources and energy and is also one of the sectors that generates the largest amount of

waste. This waste (CDW) represents more than 500 million tons per year in Europe and

represents the largest flow, represenng approximately 30% of the 2,500 million tons of

waste produced annually by the EU. For all these reasons, in 2008, the European

Parliament set the objecve that Member States reduce up to 70% of this waste by 2020

and in Spain, and despite the various laws draed to improve its management, we are

far from achieving it [3].

Given this situaon, it is necessary to apply circular economy criteria from the beginning

of any construcon work, designing and planning the storage, collecon and

management of waste to be able to value it and reuse the greatest amount of it, going

more beyond the requirements of RD 105/2008 [4] .

Historically, iron and steel residues have been managed and valued, for the benefit

obtained from them, and wood, which is either returned to the manufacturer or sold as

fuel. However, many other CDW that could be recovered are not separated at source and

are mixed, making their subsequent recycling difficult, such as waste from plasc and

cellulose packaging that protects expensive materials, which is generated in almost all

the phases of the construcon process and that have been increasing more and more in

the works [5].

In this sense, we believe that collaboraon with manufacturers of construcon materials

and products is essenal to achieve progress towards efficient waste management. We

have already had experiences in this regard, which are giving very good results with

manufacturers of laminated plaster [6].

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This paper summarizes some results of a research project whose purpose is to know the

amount of plasc and cellulose packaging waste generated on site and to propose

strategies to improve its separaon to avoid its contaminaon with other waste, and

reduce its volume.

To achieve this, the management of this waste will be analyzed in four works of the

Community of Madrid (CM), of the construcon company Arpada, calculang the

quanty in weight and volume of the same in each phase of the work.

In addion, collaboraon between CM managers will be sought to properly manage the

waste and two compactors will be rented to treat the waste managed aer its selecve

separaon on site, reducing its volume for opmal transfer to the valorizer.

References

[1] https://www.mdsocialesa2030.gob.es/agenda2030/index.htm

[2] https://www.sostenibilidad.com/desarrollo-sostenible/

[3] Oficina europea de estadística (EUROSTAT). Sistema Estadístico Europeo (ESS).(CE)

(2002).n.º 2150/2002.

[4] Real Decreto 105/2008, de 1 de febrero, por el que se regula la producción y gestión de los

residuos de construcción y demolición. BOE-A-2008-2486.

https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2008/02/01/105

[5] Natalia González Pericot et al. Production patterns of packaging waste categories

generated at typical Mediterranean residential building worksites. Waste management,

2014, vol. 34, no 11, p. 1932-1938.

[6] Manuel Ramos Arias, et al. Proyecto de reciclaje de placas de yeso laminado en ARPADA.

Workshop of Environmental Impact of Buildings, Madrid, España, 2013.

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REINFORCEMENT OF RUBBER MORTARS WITH STEEL FIBERS FROM END-

OF-LIFE TIRES

1

Nicoleta Napolitano; 2 Paola Villoria; 3 Mercedes del Río

1

Alumna de la Universidad Federico II de Nápoles. nicolet.napolitano@studenti.unina.it

2

Profesora Contratada doctor ETSEM UPM.Grupo TEMA. paola.villoria@upm.es

2

Catedrática de Universidad ETSEM UPM. Grupo TEMA. mercedes.delrio@upm.es

Keywords: CDW, waste, cement mortar, rubber, rubber mortar.

Abstract

Numerous studies that analyze the fresh and hardened properties of cement mortars

with rubber aggregates from end-of-life tires have been found. However, studies about

mechanical behavior of rubber mortars reinforced with steel fibers from tires waste

have not been found [1-5].

This paper summarizes the results of using these fibers as reinforcement in rubber

mortars, substituting traditional steel fibers and thus improving the recycling of end-oflife

tires in developing countries.

From the analysis of the consulted bibliography, it is concluded that rubber additions

greater than 25% by weight of cement obtain decreases in compressive and flexural

strength and that steel fibers improve this behavior .

For this reason, a study about the feasibility of replacing steel fibers with fibers from

tires was carried out. This paper summarizes some of the results obtained.

Cement mortar reference samples: cement mortar samples substituting the sand for

recycled rubber from used tires (granulometry 4 and 1 mm) and samples of the previous

mortars with 20 mm long steel fibers from Sika [6] and recycled from tire rims (Sacyr)

[7]. were manufactured. The percentage of substitution of sand for rubber has been 5%

and 10%; and the fibers were added in a percentage of 0.5%. Tests of mechanical

resistance and surface hardness were carried out on the specimens, according to

standards.

From the results obtained it is concluded that:

The apparent density in the fresh state of the mortars made with the addition of rubber

from end-of-life tires and commercial and recycled fibers is lower than the density of

the reference mortar.

The samples with the addition of 4 mm and 1 mm rubber, with and without fibers,

considerably increase the surface hardness with the addition percentage of 5% both at

7 and 28 days. Obtaining better results with 1 mm rubber and steel fibers.

After 7 days, the flexural resistance for 10% rubber additions is reduced, but after 28

days the mortars made with 5% 4 mm rubber and recycled fibers, obtained increases of

11.4% compared to the reference value.

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However, in all cases, the mortars suffer a progressive loss of compressive strength,

greater with higher percentages of rubber addition.

References

[1] I.B. Topcu. The properties of rubberized concretes. Cement Concrete Res.1995

[2] F. Hernandez-Olivares et al. Static and dynamic behavior of recycled tire rubber-filled

concrete. Cement Concrete Res.2002

[3] N. Segre et al. Use for tire rubber particles as addition to cement paste. Cement Concrete

Res.2000

[4] H.A. Toutanji. The use of rubber tire particles in concrete to replace mineral aggregates.

Cement Concrete Compos.1996

[5] Ali. K. R. Khaloo et al. Mechanical properties of concrete containing a high volume of tire–

rubber particlesWaste Management. Volume 28, Issue 12, December 2008, Pages 2472-

2482

[6] https://esp.sika.com/

[7] https://www.sacyr.com/

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UPGRADING FLY ASH FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATION

(RSUP!)

1

Danilo Jara Echeverría, 1 Javier Alejandro Rivas Seijas; 1 Irene Sánchez Redondo, 1 José Antonio

Díaz López, 1 María José Marn de Vidales Calvo, 1 Antonio Nieto-Márquez Ballesteros,

1

Evangelina Atanes Sánchez

1

Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Química y Diseño Industrial. Escuela Técnica Superior

de Ingeniería y Diseño Industrial, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

danilo.jarae93@gmail.com jose.dlopez@upm.es mariajose.martindevidales@upm.es

antonio.nieto@upm.es evangelina.atanes@upm.es, Irene.sanchezred@alumnos.upm.es,

ja.rivas@alumnos.upm.es

Keywords: Fly ash, upgrading, mortars, MSW, inertization

Abstract

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) management is currently one of the hugest environmental

challenges that society must face, given the generaon of large amounts of urban

residues associated to current standard of life. MSW treatment plants recover all the

valuable parts of mixed MSW (the so-called grey bin) through various processes with the

aim of minimizing the amount of MSW finally deposited in landfills, which implies

groundwater and soil polluon.

Within these processes, the incineraon of the irrecoverable fracon of MSW to produce

electricity generates fly ash (MSWI-FA) that is currently sent to hazardous waste landfills.

Based on previous works of the team [1] and on the exposed above, the main hypothesis

of this proposal is that MSWI-FA can have a second chance by developing valorisaon

routes that allow to bring this waste back into the value chain, which consequent

contribuon to circular economy (Figure 1).

The following developments are proposed to fulfil the main objecve of this project,

funded by the Ministry of Science and Innovaon in the 2021 call (reference PID2021-

126499OB-I00):

- A method to turn MSWI-FA from hazardous to non-hazardous waste, as a pretreatment

process prior to use this material in further applicaons. Previous promising

results of our group will be used as starng point to carry out an opmisaon of the wet

carbonaon process parameters. A thorough characterisaon and analysis of final

product (MSWI-TFA) and derived liquid waste will be also carried out.

- New adsorbents of gaseous pollutants from MSWI-TFA will be developed. Once

these new adsorbents have been synthesized, they will be characterized and then tested

for the adsorpon of gaseous pollutants released in thermal power plants and

incinerators or wastewater treatment plants.

- MSWI-TFA as raw material in concrete manufacturing for Thermal Energy Storage

applicaons. Different MSWI-TFA concrete samples will be synthesized and

characterised by different techniques, paying special atenon to thermal properes.

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- MSWI-TFA as material for Thermochemical Storage Applicaons. As MSWI-TFA is

a calcium-rich source, reversible reacons associated to calcium-based components that

may appear in MSWI-TFA will be studied, with the aim to explore the feasibility of

including MSWI-TFA in systems that can store heat through these reacons.

Environmental impact of some of these developments will be exhausvely analysed

using Life Cycle Analysis. The results of this project will turn a waste that is currently

deposited in hazardous waste landfills into raw materials that can be used in different

applicaons with a wide market. This fact will guarantee that the results of the project

will be sustainable in the long term, being able to manage a big quanty of the MSWI-

FA that is currently produced.

MSW Rejected Fraction

MSWI-BA

INCINERATION

Energy

Gases

To hazardous

waste landfill

To non-hazardous

waste landfill

MSWI-FA

Solidification

Stabilisation

MSWI-TFA

MSWI-FA treatment

Life Cycle Analysis

MSWI-TFA Valorisation

Mortar upgrading

Gas-phase pollutant adsorption

Thermal Energy Storage

Figure 1: Strategies proposed in the project for the management of MSW Fly Ash.

References

[1] E. Atanes, B. Cuesta-García, A. Nieto-Márquez, F. Fernández-Martínez. A mixed separationimmobilization

method for soluble salts removal and stabilization of heavy metals in

municipal solid waste incineration fly ash. J. Environ. Manage. 240 (2019) 359–367.

doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.03.122.

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STUDY OF THE FLEXURAL BEHAVIOR OF POLYOLEFIN FIBER REINFORCED

CONCRETE SUBJECTED TO HIGH TEMPERATURE

1

Pablo Mazón, 2 Álvaro Picazo, 1 Alejandro Enfedaque, 1 Jaime C. Gálvez, 1 Marcos G. Alber,

1

Sergio Mendo.

1

Departamento de Ingeniería Civil: Construcción, E.T.S. de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y

Puertos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. C/ Profesor Aranguren, s/n, 28040, Madrid,

España. e-mail: pablo.mazon.ortiz@upm.es, alejandro.enfedaque@upm.es,

jaime.galvez@upm.es, marcos.garcia@upm.es, s.mendo@alumnos.upm.es.

2


Madrid. Avda. Juan de Herrera, 6, 28040, Madrid, España. e-mail: a.picazo@upm.es.

Keywords: Polyolefin fibers, reinforced concrete, flexural tensile test, high temperature, crack

opening.

Abstract

Fiber Reinforced Concrete (FRC) has become a widely used type of concrete in both

building structures and civil works. Short fibers are randomly distributed when added to

concrete to improve the mechanical behavior of the material, especially its tensile and

flexural behavior. Nowadays, there is a large variety of fibers used for the manufacture

of (FRC), among them: steel, polyolefin and alkali-resistant glass fibers [1].

The fibers improve duclity, fracture energy and allow beter control of concrete

cracking, in addion to improving the behavior of concrete in applicaons subjected to

abrasion, impact or bending, among others. However, there is sll a lack of studies

dealing with the behavior of (FRC) subjected to high temperature or exposed to fire [2].

The mechanical properes and surface treatments of polymeric fibers have been

improved enhancing the energy absorpon mechanisms in the composite material.

These aspects allow obtaining analogous results to those shown by steel fibers and, in

addion, have the advantage of being chemically stable and having a beter resistance

to spalling[3], an effect produced by the increase of the intersal pressure inside the

concrete when the structure is subjected to high temperatures [2], [4], [5]

Research in recent years have shown that polyolefin fibers meet the residual flexural

tensile strengths that are required in the structural design for the paral or total

replacement of reinforcing steel bars. In addion, fibers allow reducing the internal

pressures when the element is subjected to high temperature, although there is sll no

clear evidence of the behavior of the fibers at the me they are subjected to high

temperature and if this type of fibers maintain their structural properes at that precise

moment [6]

According to the indicated background, this work has as main objecve to analyse the

flexural tensile behavior of polyolefin fibers reinforced concrete (PFRC) at high

temperature. For this purpose, an experimental campaign was carried out to evaluate

the fracture behavior in Mode I of PFRC, with a fiber dosage of 10 kg/m 3 , at temperatures

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ranging from 20 ° C to 200 ° C, comparing this behavior with a reference concrete without

fibers in order to assess the behavior of PFRC due to the effect of increasing temperature.

References

[1] M. G. Alberti, A. Enfedaque, and J. C. Gálvez, “On the mechanical properties and fracture

behavior of polyolefin fiber-reinforced self-compacting concrete,” Constr Build Mater, vol.

55, pp. 274–288, 2014, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.01.024.

[2] J. Gálvez, M. Alberti, A. Enfedaque, and Á. Picazo, Fundamentos de hormigón reforzado

con fibras, vol. 1. Madrid: García-Maroto Editores, 2019.

[3] C. G. Han, Y. S. Hwang, S. H. Yang, and N. Gowripalan, “Performance of spalling resistance

of high performance concrete with polypropylene fiber contents and lateral confinement,”

Cem Concr Res, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 1747–1753, Sep. 2005, doi:

10.1016/J.CEMCONRES.2004.11.013.

[4] F. B. Varona, F. J. Baeza, D. Bru, and S. Ivorra, “Influence of high temperature on the

mechanical properties of hybrid fibre reinforced normal and high strength concrete,”

Constr Build Mater, vol. 159, pp. 73–82, Jan. 2018, doi:

10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.10.129.

[5] F. B. Varona, F. J. Baeza, D. Bru, and S. Ivorra, “Evolution of the bond strength between

reinforcing steel and fibre reinforced concrete after high temperature exposure,” Constr

Build Mater, vol. 176, pp. 359–370, Jul. 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.065.

[6] M. G. Alberti, J. C. Gálvez, A. Enfedaque, and R. Castellanos, “Influence of high

temperature on the fracture properties of polyolefin fibre reinforced concrete,” Materials,

vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 1–21, Feb. 2021, doi: 10.3390/ma14030601.

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NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC FIBRE REINFORCEMENT OF GYPSUM

PLASTERS: PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL ANALYSIS

1

M. Alejandro Pedreño-Rojas; 2 Mª Jesús Morales-Conde; 3 Mª Isabel Romero-Gómez; 4 Marco

Antonio Sánchez-Burgos;

1

Grupo de Tecnología de la Edificación y Medio Ambiente (TEMA). E.T.S. de Edificación.

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Av. Juan de Herrera, 6. 28040, Madrid.

alejandro.pedreno@upm.es

2

Dpto. de Construcciones Arquitectónicas I. E.T.S. de Arquitectura. Universidad de Sevilla. Av.

Reina Mercedes, 2. 41012, Sevilla. mmorales@us.es

3


Reina Mercedes, 2. 41012, Sevilla. mariaisabelromero@us.es

4


Reina Mercedes, 2. 41012, Sevilla. msanchez2@us.es

Keywords: gypsum plasters; eco-efficient materials; sustainable construction; straw; glass fibre.

Abstract

Many reasearchers have already conducted several researches in which different types

of materials were used as fibre reinforcement in the generation of new building

materials [1-3]. Thus, this work analyzes the reinforcement of gypsum plaster using

natural and synthetic and their influence on the physical and mechanical performance

of the composites. To conduct the comparison, two different fibres were used: straw as

a natural fibre and glass fibre as a synthetic one. Both of them were employed using two

different percentages by weight of gypsum: 1.25 and 2.50%.

In order to conduct the characterization of the new plasters, dry state bulk density,

water absorption by capillarity and termal conductivity were measered as physical

properties. Also, the flexural and compressive strength of the new gypsum composites

were evaluated.

Finally, the results show a significant improvement on the flexural strength of the

plasters when glass fibre was used as a reinforcement. Also, lighter composites with

improved thermal properties were obtained for all the reincorcement scenarios.

References

[1] M. del Río Merino, Elaboración y aplicaciones constructivas de paneles prefabricados de

escayola aligerada y reforzada con fibras de vidrio E y otros aditivos, Universidad Politécnica

de Madrid, 1999.

[2] Morales-Conde, M. J., Rodríguez-Liñán, C., Pedreño-Rojas, M. A. (2016). Physical and

mechanical properties of wood-gypsum composites from demolition material in

rehabilitation works. Constr. Build. Mat., 114, 6-14.

[3] Rovero, L., Galassi, S., Misseri, G. (2020). Experimental and analytical investigation of bond

behavior in glass fiber-reinforced composites based on gypsum and cement matrices.

Comp. Part B: Eng., 194, 108051.

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REUSE AND VALORIZATION OF PLASTIC WASTE FOR SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY

1

Ilaria Capasso; 2 Barbara Liguori; 2 Fabio Iucolano

1

Department of Engineering and Geology, University of Chieti-Pescara “G d’Annunzio”, Viale

Pindaro 42, Pescara 65122, Italy; ilaria.capasso@unich.it

2

ACLabs - Applied Chemistry Labs, Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial

Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy;

barbara.liguori@unina.it; fabio.iucolano@unina.it

Keywords: waste reuse; plastic waste; sustainable binders.

Abstract

In recent years, the massive growth of plasc consumpons led to an exponenal

increase of the producon of plasc-related waste[1,2]. Plasc recycling appears as a

valid soluon to reduce the huge amount of plasc waste and increase environmental

and economic benefits. In parcular, plasc waste use in civil engineering represents an

effecve response both to polluon and to a more sustainable and cost-effecve

construcon design challenge. Plasc wastes have already been widely used as soil

stabilizers, alternave aggregates for lightweight concrete/mortars and for asphalt

producon [3–6], but also as fibers for reinforcement purposes [7]. The most used

polymers in building industry are polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene

terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and also polystyrene

(PS). Different types of binders can be selected as matrices, such as gypsum, hydraulic

lime and Portland cement. In parcular, the use of plasc in form of fiber or powder in

tradional concrete improved duclity, toughness and energy absorpon with

consequent increase of the flexural and spling tensile strength [1,7]. Powdered plasc

waste is generally employed as replacement of paral amounts of natural aggregates,

both coarse and fine ones. Many scienfic findings revealed that building materials

produced with plasc aggregates, comply with the construcon standards and showed

a promising potenal for suitable applicaon, thanks to their enhanced chemicalphysical

and funconal properes. In parcular, the use of plasc waste, mainly

consisng of polyolefins (mostly PE and PS) and PET, as paral replacement of siliceous

sand in the manufacturing of hydraulic lime-based mortars, led to a decrease in

mechanical properes, but didn’t affect the opportunies to use mortars for applicaons

that do not required a structural funcon [3,8]. In fact, the above-composite hydraulic

mortars showed interesng potenality as green building materials, combining the

typical qualies of natural hydraulic lime (widespread availability, low energy

consumpon during producon, dehumidifying capacity) with addional features such

as lightness, low thermal conducvity, high vapor permeability due to porosity increase

related to plasc addion. Moreover, several studies on gypsum composites

incorporang recycled plasc have been developed. The influence of crushed PC waste

from shredded CDs and DVDs and also of PP-based reinforcement fibers, deriving from

single-use wet-wipes, on the performance of gypsum composites were invesgated

[9,10]. Gypsum replacement by PC with different parcle sizes, up to 60%, caused

density decrease of ∼15% and improved flexural strength for mixes with up to 10% of

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smaller parcles. This is due both to good adhesion between plaster and plasc shreds

and to the nature of PC, which is a high-strength plasc so, when used in low

percentages, can contribute to improve matrix compactness [9]. Improvement in the

flexural strength of gypsum plaster blends was achieved also by incorporaon of recycled

PP fibers [10] which produced also a reducon in compressive strengths whose values

are, in any case, over the minimum required by standards. The reuse of plasc waste in

building materials definitely represents a promising possibility to lighten their ecological

burden as well as to create a sustainable future in the construcon industry.

Figure 1: Graphical schematization of plastic waste recycling for sustainable development of construction

industry.

References

[1] M. Nodehi, Vahid, M. Taghvaee, Applying Circular Economy to Construction Industry

through Use of Waste Materials: A Review of Supplementary Cementitious Materials,

Plastics, and Ceramics, Circ. Econ. Sustain. 2022 23. 2 (2022) 987–1020.

https://doi.org/10.1007/S43615-022-00149-X.

[2] L. Lebreton, A. Andrady, Future scenarios of global plastic waste generation and disposal,

Palgrave Commun. 2019 51. 5 (2019) 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0212-7.

[3] B. Liguori, F. Iucolano, I. Capasso, M. Lavorgna, L. Verdolotti, The effect of recycled plastic

aggregate on chemico-physical and functional properties of composite mortars, Mater.

Des. 57 (2014) 578–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2014.01.006.

[4] I. Mercante, C. Alejandrino, J.P. Ojeda, J. Chini, C. Maroto, N. Fajardo, Mortar and concrete

composites with recycled plastic: A review, Sci. Technol. Mater. 30 (2018) 69–79.

https://doi.org/10.1016/J.STMAT.2018.11.003.

[5] A.J. Babafemi, B. Šavija, S.C. Paul, V. Anggraini, Engineering properties of concrete with

waste recycled plastic: A review, Sustain. 10 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10113875.

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[6] Y. Ma, H. Zhou, X. Jiang, P. Polaczyk, R. Xiao, M. Zhang, B. Huang, The utilization of waste

plastics in asphalt pavements: A review, Clean. Mater. 2 (2021) 100031.

https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLEMA.2021.100031.

[7] A.I. Al-Hadithi, A.T. Noaman, W.K. Mosleh, Mechanical properties and impact behavior of

PET fiber reinforced self-compacting concrete (SCC), Compos. Struct. 224 (2019) 111021.

https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPSTRUCT.2019.111021.

[8] F. Iucolano, B. Liguori, D. Caputo, F. Colangelo, R. Cioffi, Recycled plastic aggregate in

mortars composition: Effect on physical and mechanical properties, Mater. Des. 52 (2013)

916–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.06.025.

[9] M.A. Pedreño-Rojas, M.J. Morales-Conde, F. Pérez-Gálvez, P. Rubio-de-Hita, Influence of

polycarbonate waste on gypsum composites: Mechanical and environmental study, J.

Clean. Prod. 218 (2019) 21–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2019.01.200.

[10] M.I. Romero-Gómez, M.A. Pedreño-Rojas, F. Pérez-Gálvez, P. Rubio-de-Hita,

Characterization of gypsum composites with polypropylene fibers from non-degradable

wet wipes, J. Build. Eng. 34 (2021) 101874. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JOBE.2020.101874.

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WASTE VALORISATION BY ALKALINE ACTIVATION

1

Barbara Liguori

1

Applied Chemistry Labs-Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Engineering,

University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. barbara.liguori@unina.it

Keywords: 5 words maximum (Calibri 11, lower-case, italics)

Abstract

The use of secondary raw materials for manufacturing geopolymer-based materials

represents an interesng alternave to disposal, due to their low cost and easy

availability. Geopolymerizaon is proposed as a realisc technology for a sustainable

management of large amounts of abundant wastes, potenally hazardous or nonhazardous,

which makes possible the fabricaon of new products for construcon as

well as to minimize their environmental impact (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Sustainable approach for valorisation of natural and industrial wastes by alkaline activation

Geopolymers are obtained through a chemical reacon of a starng alumino-silicate

powder with a strongly concentrated aqueous alkali hydroxide and/or silicate soluon

with the producon of a synthec amorphous-to-semicrystalline alkali alumino-silicate

new phase [1]. They are atracve materials because of their excellent properes in

terms of mechanical performances [2], thermal stability [3]and durability [4], in fact,

thanks to their low calcium content, they result to be more resistant to acid atack than

materials based on Portland cement. Moreover, they are of great interest because of

their high sustainability also due to the reduced energy requirement for their producon

[5]. In fact, the geopolymer manufacturing has the potenal to reduce emissions by 80%

compared to that of Portland cement. In principle, any natural or synthec material

containing proper amount of silica and alumina can be used as precursor for

geopolymerizaon process [1, 6]. In the last decade, the producon of geopolymeric

materials from industrial by-products has been widely explored [7-8]. Furthermore,

considering the chemical nature of construcon and demolion (C&D) wastes,

geopolymerizaon technology started to be considered as an advantageous and smart

reuse possibility for them instead of landfilling [9]. Finally, considering that all these

wastes can contain considerable amounts of elements strongly hazardous for

environment, ecosystems and humans too, geopolymerizaon process allows to stabilize

and immobilize the eventual toxic elements and at the same me to consolidate

incoherent wastes. In fact, exploing their “cage” structure like zeolite, geopolymers are

characterized by a great capability of immobilizaon of heavy metals. In parcular,

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several studies demonstrated that the geopolymer showed excellent immobilizaon

effect especially for metal caons (i.e. Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, etc) [6]. Future perspecves

involve further studies about the feasibility of other types of wastes and to explore

eventual different fields of applicaon of this technology.

References

[1] B., Liguori, I., Capasso, M., De Pertis, C., Ferone, R. Cioffi, Geopolymerization ability of

natural and secondary raw materials by solubility test in alkaline media. Environments,

4(3) (2017). 56 https://doi.org/10.3390/environments4030056

[2] G., Sung, Y., Bok, K., Taek, Y., Soo, The mechanical properties of fly ash-based geopolymer

concrete with alkaline activators. Constr. Build. Mater. 47 (2015) 409–418.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.069

[3] F., Colangelo, R., Cioffi, G., Roviello, I., Capasso, D., Caputo, P., Aprea, B., Liguori, C.,

Ferone, Thermal cycling stability of fly ash based geopolymer mortars. Compos. Part B Eng.

129, (2017) 11–17 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.06.029

[4] T., Bakharev,. Resistance of geopolymer materials to acid attack. Cem. Concr. Res. 35,

(2005) 658–670. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2004.06.005

[5] S., Das, P., Saha, S. P., Jena, P., Panda, Geopolymer concrete: Sustainable green concrete

for reduced greenhouse gas emission–A review. Materials Today: Proceedings, 60, (2022)

62-71 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.11.588

[6] I., Capasso, B., Liguori, C., Ferone, D., Caputo, Cioffi, Strategies for the valorization of soil

waste by geopolymer production: An R. overview. Journal of Cleaner Production, 288,

(2021) 125646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125646

[7] S., Lirer, B., Liguori, I., Capasso, A., Flora, D. Caputo, Mechanical and chemical properties of

composite materials made of dredged sediments in a fly-ash based geopolymer. Journal of

Environmental Management, 191, (2017) 1-7

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.01.001

[8] I., Capasso, S., Lirer, A., Flora, C., Ferone, R., Cioffi, D., Caputo, B. Liguori, Reuse of mining

waste as aggregates in fly ash-based geopolymers. Journal of Cleaner Production, 220,

(2019) 65-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.164

[9] G., D’Angelo, M., Fumo, M. D. R., Merino, I., Capasso, A., Campanile, F., Iucolano, D.

Caputo, B. Liguori, Crushed Bricks: Demolition Waste as a Sustainable Raw Material for

Geopolymers. Sustainability, 13(14), (2021) 7572. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13147572

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APPLICATIONS OF TEXTILE WASTE IN THE CONSTRUCTION SECTOR

1

Anabel Casllo-Rodríguez; 2 Antonia Pacios-Álvarez; 3 Justo García-Navarro

1

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - anabel.castillo@upm.es

2

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - antonia.pacios@upm.es

3

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid - justo.gnavarro@upm.es

Keywords: Textile waste, recycling, mechanical properties, acoustic insulation, thermal

insulation, textile recovery, sustainable materials

Abstract

The producon of building materials has environmental impacts throughout their enre

life cycle, and efforts must be made to transform the material flow towards a circular

economy [1-2]. Sustainability in construcon is key to reducing CO2 emissions and the

consumpon of natural resources; according to stascs, the construcon sector

accounts for about 40% of the total final energy consumpon of the European Union

and 36% of total CO2 emissions [3].

Achieving this sustainability implies evaluang efficiency in terms of saving resources, as

well as reducing waste generaon and promong its reuse. The use of sustainable and

environmentally friendly materials, made from secondary raw materials and sustainable

recycling processes, could contribute to the reducon of CO2 emissions, and the

reincorporaon of waste from other sectors such as texles, in the producon of

construcon materials and products [4].

In line with the above, texle waste represents a huge amount of secondary raw material

that is not used [5]. In 2017, 73% of the garments produced ended up in landfills or

incinerators and it is expected that unl 2030 the texle industry will have a growth of

up to 81%, which will represent an unprecedented environmental impact [6-7]. The

demand for texles has increased due to economic and populaon development. About

60% of texle fibers are of petrochemical origin (synthec fibers such as polyester), the

remaining 37% are of natural origin where coton predominates, a plant associated with

water depleon and pescide contaminaon in their crops; however, coton is the most

widely grown non-food commodity globally [8-9].

Texle fibres are not only notable for the thousands of tons discarded, but also for their

physical properes such as high mechanical strength, low density, and elascity. These

characteriscs can improve the performance of some construcon materials and

products [10-11]. This paper carries out a documentary review on the incorporaon of

texle waste in construcon, through a quantave analysis of the physical-mechanical

behavior of materials and products that incorporate or are manufactured from texle

waste. The objecve is to analyse the feasibility of incorporang texle waste and the influence

of the fibres on the flexural strength, compression, density, hardness, water absorpon, acousc

and thermal insulaon of the composites; likewise, to analyse the recycling processes, fibre

treatment, type of natural and arficial fibres used in the studies, fibre diameter and length,

maximum and minimum dosages and their different applicaons in construcon materials and

products.

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References

[1] Green Building Council España, Asociación Sostenibilidad y Arquitectura and Centro

Complutense de Estudios e Información Ambiental. (2010). Cambio global España 2020-

2050. Sector Edificación. La imprescindible reconversión del sector frente al reto de la

sostenibilidad. Cambio Global España 2020/50. Sector Edificación, abril. Retrieved from

https://gbce.es/archivos/ckfinderfiles/Investigacion/CGE_Edificacion_baja.pdf.

[2] Cândido L., Kindlein W., Demori R., Carli L., Mauler R. and Oliveira R. (2011). The recycling

cycle of materials as a design project tool. J.Clean.Prod., vol. 19, no. 13, pp. 1438-1445.

doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2011.04.017.

[3] González Vallejo P., Solís Guzmán J., Llácer Pantión R. and Marrero Méndez M. (2015). La

construcción de edificios residenciales en España en el período 2007-2010 y su impacto

según el indicador Huella Ecológica. Informes de la Construcción, vol. 67, no. 539, pp. 1-13.

doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ic.14.017.

[4] Giesekam J., Barrett J., Taylor P. and Owen A. (2014). The greenhouse gas emissions and

mitigation options for materials used in UK construction. Energy Build., vol. 78, pp. 202-

214. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.04.035

[5] A. Briga-Sá, D. Nascimento, N. Teixeira, J. Pinto, F. Caldeira, H. Varum and A. Paiva. "Textile

waste as an alternative thermal insulation building material solution". Construction and

Building Materials, vol. 38, pp. 155-160. doi:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.08.037

[6] Ellen Macarthur Foundation and Circular fibres initiative. A new textiles economy:

Redesigning fashion's future. Retrieved from

http://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications (accessed 13 January 2023)

[7] Global Fashion Agenda. Copenhagen Fashion Summit. Presented ad Global Fashion

Agenda. Retrieved from https://www.globalfashionagenda.com/ (accessed 14 January

2000)

[8] Sandin G. and Peters G.M. (2018). Environmental impact of textile reuse and recycling – A

review. Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 184, pp. 353-365. Retrieved from

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652618305985.

[9] Textile Exchange (2018). Textile Sustainability united in action: Accelerating Sustainability

in Textiles & Fashion. Presented in Textile Sustainability Conference.

[10] S. Spadea, I. Farina, A. Carrafiello and F. Fraternali, "Recycled nylon fibers as cement

mortar reinforcement," Constr.Build.Mater., vol. 80, pp. 200-209, 2015. doi:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.01.075. [Online]. Available:

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061815001099.

[11] A. Habib, R. Begum and M. Alam, "Mechanical Properties of Synthetic Fibers Reinforced

Mortars," International journal of scientific & engineergin research, vol. 4, 2013.

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NEW PRODUCTS FOR BUILDING CONSTRUCTION BASED ON

GEOPOLYMER FROM DEMOLITION WASTE: INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH

EXPERIENCE

1

Gigliola D’Angelo

1

University of Naples Federico II

Keywords: residuos de demolición, sostenibilidad, materiales innovadores

Abstract

According to a study by the Green Building Council, the construcon sector is responsible

for 40% of global energy consumpon and produces 40% of atmospheric emissions,

making it the sector with the greatest environmental impact of all. The European Green

Deal demonstrates that the challenge of global decarbonisaon by 2050 cannot fail to

priorise the sustainability of the building sector through the transion from "zero

energy building" to "carbon neutral building". In parcular, almost all products used

during the construcon process are unsustainable in terms of producon due to the

intensive extracon of raw materials, but also due to energy consumpon during

producon and use, both in the construcon phase and in the eventual end-of-life phase

with demolion, transport and landfill. For this reason, the use of secondary raw

materials, derived from construcon and demolion acvies, in the producon process

of sustainable materials for reintroducon into the construcon market can represent a

sustainable soluon to the significant environmental problem of both raw material

extracon and disposal of construcon waste materials. The proposed research presents

the results of an internaonal interdisciplinary cooperaon between the laboratory of

the University of Naples and the laboratory of the University of Madrid with the aim of

idenfying the technical and technological possibilies for the producon of new

materials using waste materials from construcon and demolion acvies, in order to

reintroduce them into the producon chain of the construcon market. The research

pursues a double sustainability objecve: on the one hand, the recovery of widely

available resources from demolion waste and, on the other hand, a sustainability that

is also assessed in the producon process. For this reason, it has been decided to focus

on the producon of innovave materials based on geopolymers, which are of great

interest due to their high sustainability, also thanks to the lower energy requirement for

their producon, which allows an 80% reducon in emissions compared to the

producon of Portland cement. [1] Geopolymers are the result of the chemical reacon

of an inial aluminosilicate powder with a highly concentrated aqueous soluon of

hydroxide and/or alkali silicate with the producon of a new synthec amorphous-semicrystalline

aluminosilicate phase[1-2] , thus produced, these materials show excellent

properes in terms of mechanical performance[3], thermal stability[4] and durability[5].

The selecon of the waste materials used in the project was made taking into account

those produced in larger quanes, in view of the environmental impact that these

percentages have in the final stages of the life cycle of buildings, as well as the increased

demand in the market for new construcons and heritage recovery. For this reason, the

materials most commonly used in the Campania and Madrilenian areas and in the

construcon sector in general were analysed, produced and tested: tuff, brick and

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cement, respecvely. From these demolion wastes, forty-five prismac samples, fortynine

cubic and cylindrical specimens and six sample les were produced in the

laboratory. [6] In parculary for bricks, the results obtained showed that geopolymers

produced from crushed bricks are characterised by good properes in terms of open

porosity, water absorpon and also mechanical strength and surface strength values

when compared to building materials produced with tradional technologies.

References

[1] Davidovits, J. Global Warming Impact on the Cement and Aggregates Industries. 1994, 6,

263–278.

[2] Liguori, B.; Capasso, I.; De Pertis, M.; Ferone, C.; Cioffi, R. Geopolymerization Ability of

Natural and Secondary Raw Materials by Solubility Test in Alkaline Media.

Environments2017,4,56,doi:10.3390/environments4030056.

[3] Ryu, G.S.; Lee, Y.B.; Koh, K.T.; Chung, Y.S. The mechanical properties of fly ash-based

geopolymer concrete with alkaline activators. Constr. Build. Mater. 2013, 47, 409–418,

doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.05.069.

[4] Colangelo, F.; Cioffi, R.; Roviello,G.; Capasso,I.; Caputo, D.; Aprea, P.; Liguori, B.; Ferone, C.

Thermal cycling stability of fly ash based geopolymer

mortars.Compos.Part.B.Eng.2017,129,11–17,doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2017.06.029.

[5] Luhar, S.; Cheng, T.W.; Nicolaides, D.; Luhar, I.; Panias, D.; Sakkas, K. Valorisation of glass

waste for development of Geopolymer composites – Mechanical properties and rheological

characteristics: A review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 220, 547–564.

[6] D'Angelo, G. From demolition to reuse Innovative techniques for the recovery of

construction and demolition waste materials (Dalla demolizione al riuso Tecniche innovative

per il recupero dei materiali di scarto edile). Napoli, Luciano Editore, maggio 2022

9788860263247

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SUSTAINABLE BUILDINGS IN THE 21st CENTURY TRANSITION

1

Roberto Castelluccio

1

University of Naples Federico II, Roberto.castelluccio@unina.it

Keywords: Ecological transition - Natural resources - Spontaneous architectures - Circular

economy – Recycling

Abstract

Environmental issues are the order of the day, even though it is an extremely topical

subject, the focus on sustainable development has its roots back in the 1980s when the

Brundtland report laid the foundaons of the so-called zero impact, defining sustainable

"development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of

future generaons to meet their own needs".

More than thirty years later, the need to create the condions for advancing that sll

underdeveloped concept of sustainability has condioned the acons of the EC, which

since 2015 has introduced the concept of the circular economy as a response to a flow

of goods produced, used and discarded typical of the linear economy, through a

rethinking of the design and producon chain. [1]

Building design must aim at the three main dimensions of sustainability: environmental,

social and economic [2]. The applicaon of the renewed methodological approach

translates into an overall rethinking of the design paradigm that conceives buildings as

an integrated part of the environmental system both in relaon to their own

characteriscs, in terms of materials and construcon techniques, and in terms of endof-life

management by foreseeing the recycling and reuse of materials [3].

From this point of view, the achievement of performance requirements in terms of

comfort is entrusted to the extensive use of natural resources through tradional and

innovave systems that reduce the environmental impact and achieve economic stability

in the medium and long term, mainly affecng the cost rates related to management,

maintenance, consumpon, and end of life [4].

The proposed contribuon reflects on the issues that characterise today's ecological

transion [5] and target global energy objecves by means of a substanal return to a

methodological approach analogous to that of ancient "spontaneous" architectures that

had the environmental context of reference as their energy and supply source [6].

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References

[1] Canepa, M. (2018). Riflessioni sullo sviluppo sostenibile in architettura: A trent’anni dal

Rapporto Brundtland. Mimesis.

[2] Bassi, A., Ottone, C., & Dell’Ovo, M. (2019). I Criteri Ambientali Minimi nel progetto di

architettura. Trade-off tra sostenibilità ambientale, economica e sociale. Valori e

Valutazioni, (22).

[3] Longo, D. (2007).Decostruzione e riuso: procedure e tecniche di valorizzazione dei residui

edilizi in Italia. Alinea Editrice.

[4] Campioli, A., Torricelli, M. C., & Mannino, I. (2017). Approccio life cycle per la sostenibilità

nel settore delle costruzioni e nelle trasformazioni del territorio.Antonini, E., Tucci, F.,

Architettura, città e territorio verso la Green Economy. La costruzione di un manifesto

della Green economy per l’architettura e la città del futuro, Edizioni Ambiente, Milano.

[5] Pergolizzi, L. (2022). PNRR e transizione ecologica: un duplice percorso.PNRR e transizione

ecologica: un duplice percorso, 443-472.

[6] Castelluccio R., et al. (2016) “Coming Back to Sustainability: Technological Solutions for an

nZEB” - Atti del convegno: 3rd International Balkans Conference on Challenges of Civil

Engineering 19-21 May 2016, Epoka University, Tirana, Albania. ISBN 978-9928-135-19-3,

pp. 564-572, 2016.

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NEW PREFABRICATED FAÇADE MODULE FOR FAST CONSTRUCTION FOR

SPECIAL EVENTS

1

Silvia López Luengo; 1 Manuel Álvarez Dorado; 1 Daniel Ferrández Vega; 1 Alicia Zaragoza Benzal

1

Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación de

Madrid, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. Silvia.lopez@alumnos.upm.es

Manuel.alvarezd@upm.es Daniel.fvega@upm.es Alicia.zaragoza@upm.es

Keywords: Façade; Precast; Fast-construction; special conditions; ephemeral

Abstract

Precast façades offer several advantages over traditional construction methods, making

them an increasingly popular choice in modern building projects. Firstly, precast façades

are manufactured offsite, reducing construction time on-site and minimizing disruption

to surrounding areas[1]. Secondly, they provide a high level of design flexibility, allowing

for customization of the building's appearance to meet the architect's vision. Thirdly,

precast façades are highly durable and low maintenance, providing a long-lasting and

cost-effective solution. Additionally, precast façades offer improved energy efficiency,

sound insulation, and fire resistance, contributing to the overall sustainability and safety

of the building[2]. Finally, precast façades offer increased accuracy and consistency in

production, ensuring high-quality finishes and reducing the risk of errors during

construction.

The use of EPS foam insulation, plaster-based, and cement mortars mixture in precast

construction is becoming an increasingly viable option for modern building materials.

The precast method involves manufacturing the mixture off-site, ensuring greater

accuracy, consistency, and quality control[3]. The precast mixture can be easily moulded

into different shapes, allowing for greater design flexibility and customization. The use

of precast XPS, plaster-based, and cement mortars mixture offers excellent insulation,

soundproofing, and fire resistance properties, making it an ideal choice for commercial,

industrial, and residential buildings [4]. Furthermore, precast construction can reduce

overall construction time, minimize waste, and decrease the environmental impact of

the building project. Overall, the use of precast EPS, plaster-based, and cement mortars

mixture provides a sustainable, durable, and versatile solution for modern construction

projects, offering a range of benefits over traditional construction methods.

This paper shows the design of a new precast façade module using EPS as a core, and a

mortar and plaster layer in each side. Thus, produce a faster constructed, better

performance module to be used in scenarios where it is needed to develop a quick

solution to host people such as natural disasters.

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References

[1] Y. Zhai, G. Xu, and G. Q. Huang, “Buffer space hedging enabled production time variation

coordination in prefabricated construction,” Comput Ind Eng, vol. 137, p. 106082, Nov.

2019, doi: 10.1016/J.CIE.2019.106082.

[2] P. Santos and T. Ribeiro, “Thermal performance improvement of double-pane lightweight

steel framed walls using thermal break strips and reflective foils,” Energies (Basel), vol. 14,

no. 21, 2021, doi: 10.3390/en14216927.

[3] J. S. C. Astorqui, M. del Río Merino, P. V. Sáez, and C. P. Amores, “Analysis of the viability of

prefabricated elements for partitions manufactured with plaster and eps from waste

recycling,” Dyna (Spain), vol. 94, no. 4, 2019, doi: 10.6036/8984.

[4] I. Capasso, L. Pappalardo, R. A. Romano, and F. Iucolano, “Foamed gypsum for multipurpose

applications in building,” Constr Build Mater, vol. 307, p. 124948, Nov. 2021, doi:

10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2021.124948.

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NEW PRECAST DESIGN FOR FALSE CEILING WITH HIGH THERMAL AND

ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE USING RECYCLED MATERIALS

1

Mariola López Carreras; 1 Manuel Álvarez Dorado; 1 Daniel Ferrández Vega; 1 Alicia Zaragoza

Benzal;

1

Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación de

Madrid

Keywords: Precast; Recycled materials; plaster-based; Thermal performance.

Abstract

Plaster-based materials have been used for centuries to create decorative and

functional ceilings in buildings, and the use of recycled materials in this process is

becoming increasingly popular [1]. Recycled plaster materials can be made from a

variety of sources, including recycled gypsum from construction sites, recycled paper

and cardboard, or even recycled glass. Using recycled materials in plaster-based ceiling

construction can help to reduce waste, conserve natural resources, and lower the

overall carbon footprint of the building [2]. Recycled plaster materials can also be more

affordable than traditional plaster, making it a cost-effective option for environmentally

conscious builders. Moreover, recycled plaster-based materials can provide unique

aesthetic benefits, as the use of recycled materials can result in a visually interesting and

textured finish. By using plaster-based materials made from recycled materials, builders

can create beautiful and sustainable ceilings while minimizing their impact on the

environment[3]. Recycled glass wool is a popular choice for reinforcing plaster-based

materials due to its thermal and acoustic advantages. As a thermal insulator, glass wool

helps to prevent heat transfer between indoor and outdoor environments, which can

improve energy efficiency and reduce heating and cooling costs[4]. Additionally, glass

wool has excellent sound absorption properties, which can help to reduce noise levels

and create a more comfortable indoor environment. When used as a reinforcement in

plaster-based materials, recycled glass wool can also improve the strength and durability

of the plaster, making it less susceptible to cracking and other forms of damage.

Moreover, the use of recycled glass wool in plaster-based materials can contribute to

sustainable building practices by reducing waste and conserving natural resources.

Overall, the thermal and acoustic advantages of using recycled glass wool make it an

ideal choice for builders seeking to create energy-efficient and acoustically comfortable

indoor spaces[5]. This paper shows the results of designing a new plaster-based precast

for their use in ceilings. Precast is designed and prepared by layers, which allows to

maintain thermal flux constant through the element, instead of being irregular as when

is used in fibres.

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References

[1] M. Álvarez, D. Ferrández, C. Morón, and E. Atanes‐sánchez, “Characterization of a new

lightened gypsum‐based material reinforced with fibers,” Materials, vol. 14, no. 5, pp. 1–

19, 2021, doi: 10.3390/ma14051203.

[2] R. M. Gonçalves, A. Martinho, and J. P. Oliveira, “Evaluating the potential use of recycled

glass fibers for the development of gypsum-based composites,” Constr Build Mater, vol.

321, p. 126320, Feb. 2022, doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2022.126320.

[3] Á. Serna, M. del Río, J. G. Palomo, and M. González, “Improvement of gypsum plaster

strain capacity by the addition of rubber particles from recycled tyres,” Constr Build Mater,

vol. 35, pp. 633–641, Oct. 2012, doi: 10.1016/J.CONBUILDMAT.2012.04.093.

[4] F. Asdrubali, F. D’Alessandro, and S. Schiavoni, “A review of unconventional sustainable

building insulation materials,” Sustainable Materials and Technologies, vol. 4, pp. 1–17, Jul.

2015, doi: 10.1016/j.susmat.2015.05.002.

[5] F. N. Arroyo et al., “Development of plaster foam for thermal and acoustic applications,”

Constr Build Mater, vol. 262, p. 120800, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120800.J.

van der Geer, J.A.J. Hanraads, R.A. Lupton, The art of writing a scientific article, J. Sci.

Commun. 163 (2010) 51–59.

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CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING IN-PLANT HANDLING OF PRECAST

CONCRETE ELEMENTS

1

Deisi Estefani Gonzáles Coronel; 2 María de las Nieves González García; 2 Antonio José Carpio

de los Pinos; 2 Alfonso Cobo Escamilla

1

Universidad San Martin de Porres, de.gonzales.coronel@alumnos.upm.es

2

Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación, Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación,

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, mariadelasnieves.gonzalez@upm.es aj.carpio@upm.es

alfonso.cobo@upm.es

Keywords: precast, concrete, prevention, safety, lifting

Abstract

Most probably the most crical condions throughout the service life of a precast

element occur during its handling, from the removal of the mold to its final placement

on site. All these operaons must give rise to one or more projects independent of the

structural design for the in-service life of the precast element [1].

The operaon that takes place in the prefabricaon plant of demolding of the part and

its immediate liing for its transfer, generally to a place of stockpiling, is a very delicate

acvity that requires a previous study to avoid accidents at work and pathologies in the

element being handled [2].

The design loads to be considered in the stage of extracon of the part from the mold

should consider the following acons:

- Self-weight of the precast element.

- Sucon occurring between the concrete and the formwork surface.

- Dynamic load originated when the element separates from the mold and is lied

by the crane.

The effect of these acons must be taken into account both on the concrete elements

and on the crane handling them. The obtaining of the safety coefficients, the increase of

acons and decrease of the resistance of the materials, as well as the combinaons of

acons to be performed are not always indicated in the regulaons of the different

countries and it is necessary to resort to documents internaonally accepted by the

professional pracce [1,3,4].

At the me of handling, the concrete must have sufficient flexural strength to prevent

cracking. This implies two major differences with the condions of the element already

placed on site and working in service:

- The elements are handled at very early concrete ages, between 3 and 7 days

aer concreng, to facilitate mold rotaon and increase producon. This means

that the concrete at that age has not yet developed its full strength.

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- The cracking condions required of the elements are usually more demanding

during handling. At this stage, no cracking is required in the concrete element,

whereas controlled cracking is allowed in service. Thus, when during handling it

cannot be guaranteed that the cracking stress of the concrete will not be

exceeded in any secon, it is necessary to include the necessary reinforcement

to resist all tensile stresses.

Obtaining the maximum tensile stresses that occur in the elements is a complex

operaon in most cases due to the variaon of the angle that occurs as the panel is lied

from its horizontal posion and is suspended from the crane without any lower support.

When the element is also superficial and/or there are disconnuies in the element,

such as recesses or gaps, the complicaon increases significantly. In these cases the

resoluon of the problem requires the use of programs using the finite element method.

References

[1] Concrete Institute of Australia, Guide to Tilt-up Design and Construction, Cement Concrete

& Aggregates Australia, Sydney, Australia, 2005.

[2] PCI, PCI Industry Handbook, 6th Edition, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Illinois,

USA, 2004.

[3] American Society of Civil Engineers, Design Loads on Structures During Construction, ASCE

Standard, Structural engineering Institute, Virginia, USA, 2015.

[4] Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), Occupational Safety and health

standards (Parts 1910 and 1926), Department of Labor, Washington DC, USA, 2013.

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REINFORCED MASONRY GAUSSIAN VAULTS IN ELADIO DIESTE’S WORK

1

Ana María Marín Palma

1

Construcciones Arquitectónicas y su Control. ETS de Edificación. Universidad Politécnica de

Madrid. anamaria.marin@upm.es

Keywords: Eladio Dieste, reinforced masonry, gaussian vaults, construction Systems.

Abstract

This paper analyses the components and the construcon process of a reinforced

ceramic vault in the work of the Uruguayan engineer Eladio Dieste (Argas, 1917 -

Montevideo, 2000).

A gaussian vault is a double curvature shell, composed by a succession of catenary

curves, where the deflection varies in the longitudinal direction, and in the transverse

direction the amplitude of the wave varies, from a maximum at the keystone to zero at

the extreme edge elements [1].

The gaussian vaults were designed by E. Dieste to resist their own weight and the wind

pressure. They were intended to cover transverse spans up to 50 metres long.

This engineer began his profession as a designer and calculator of large-span reinforced

concrete shells. Then, he realised that this material required expensive technology that

his country could not afford. It required large quantities of cement, steel, a specialised

workforce and the use of formwork that had to be maintained over a long period of

time.

Taking all of this into account, he decided to replace concrete with ceramic, the native

material of his country. This change involved the creation of a new formal language,

adjusting the structural calculations and fine-tuning the technology necessary for its

implementation. Nevertheless, the most significant change was to relegate himself from

the international scene, as he changed a material that represented the modern spirit for

a traditional one.

He used the catenary curve as the geometrical form for developing his lamellar roof

structure. With it, the pieces were compressed, so the arches were very thin as they did

not have to withstand bending stresses. Also, less material was used, less weight, less

dimensions for the supporting structures, and less manpower were needed.

The ceramic pieces were placed and aligned on a horizontal plane. Furthermore, as the

mortar joints were continuous, the reinforcement bars embedded in them were also

continuous. The transversal reinforcement was used to support possible bending

stresses. The longitudinal reinforcement was placed to give continuity to the sheet,

since, as it was made by catenaries with different deflections, the structural behaviour

varied from one to another, also varying the stresses and shortening to which they were

subjected.

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As the mortar in the joints was the only material that had to harden, and it did it just in

a few hours, this meant that the shell could become rigid enough to be stripped daily,

reusing the same mould only by moving it.

Reinforced ceramics, with its construction technique, represented an alternative to

reinforced concrete for the Southern Cone área countries, achieving constructions of

great beauty, strong visual impact, very efficient and economical.

Figure 1: Left: ribs and curves of a gaussian vault. (Source: drawing by the autor).

Right: Sagrada Familia Churd in Torrejón de Ardoz, Madrid, 1998. General interior

view of the meeting of the vaults with the enclosure. (Source: photo by the autor).

References

[1] A.M. Marín Palma. Eladio Dieste, forma y estructura. La creación de un nuevo material: la

cerámica armada (Doctoral thesis). Universidad de Alcalá, 2021.

http://hdl.handle.net/10017/50789 (permanent link)

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ANALYSIS OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METAKAOLIN AND COCOA

HUSK ASH BASED GEOPOLYMERS

1

Sara Peña; 2 Carol Ladino; 3 Karol Roa; 4 Hugo Castro

1

Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, sara.pena@uptc.edu.co

2

Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, carol.ladino@uptc.edu.co

3

Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, karol.roa@uptc.edu.co

4

Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, lizbohor@gmail.com

Keywords: geopolymer; cocoa husk ash; mechanical properties; metakaolin

Abstract

In the search for new sustainable materials to replace the use of Portland cement and

reduce CO2 emissions, different geopolymers based on biomass, fly ash, rice husks, red

sludge, among others, have been reported. By contributing to the use of waste with

properties comparable to those of conventional cement and reducing emissions in its

production, environmental and economic benefits are obtained. This study evaluates a

new construction material based on geopolymers made from metakaolin and cocoa

husk ash as precursors, allowing the use of up to 20% of organic waste in its production

[1], thus favouring public health and environmental impact [2]. The project has four

phases for its development: Phase 1: Characterisation of the raw material; Phase 2:

Synthesis of the geopolymer with alkaline concentrations of 8, 12 and 16M, maintaining

a constant L/S ratio of 0.85 and varying the cocoa husk ash content from 0 to 50% by

weight in each of the concentrations, in order to characterise different specimens at a

curing temperature of 60 °C for 24 hours and different ages (7, 14 and 28 days); Phase

3: Characterisation of the final product; Phase 4: Selection of the material with optimum

properties. The influence of cocoa husk ash on the mechanical properties of the

geopolymers was evaluated by addressing their chemical composition, synthesis and

test methods.

References

[1] J.A. Gutiérrez,. (2020). Estrategias para la valorización de la biomasa generada en la

producción y transformación del cacao (Theobroma cacao).


[2] L. M. Rojas Aprovechamiento de la cáscara de Cacao para la elaboración de un biocomposito

con aplicación en la construcción sostenible. [online]. Disponible en:

http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12495/2817.

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN MUNICIPAL BUILDINGS IN ARGENTINA FOR THE

EUROCLIMA+ PROJECT

1

María Belén Birche; 2 José Antonio Ferrer Tévar; 3 Jorge Daniel Czajkowski

1

Laboratory of Architecture and Sustainable Habitat LAYHS FAU-UNLP / CIC.

mariabelen.birche@ing.unlp.edu.ar

2

Energy Efficiency in Buildings Unit, CIEMAT. ja.ferrer@ciemat.es

3

Laboratory of Architecture and Sustainable Habitat LAYHS FAU-UNLP / CIC / CONICET.

jdczajko@gmail.com

Keywords: energy efficiency, construction, sustainability, audits, Argentina.

Abstract

Within the framework of the Euroclima+ project “Energetically Sustainable Municipal

Buildings”, 47 energy audits of municipal buildings have been carried out in 15

municipalities in Argentina. The aim of the project is to determine the state of the

municipal building network in terms of energy efficiency and the environmental

perception of its employees. Subsequently, to propose refurbishment plans and to

materialize a reduced sample with the support of the European Union (EUROCLIMA+)

and the French Development Agency (AFD). The project is coordinated by the National

University of La Plata, the Argentinean Network of Municipalities for Climate Change

(RAMCC) and the Copenhagen Centre on Energy Efficiency (C2E2) [1].

Information provided by the municipalities and information collected by the auditors

during the fieldwork was used to study the buildings. Temperature and humidity

measurements were taken during one week in winter and one week in summer.

Psychrometric Givoni graphs were produced with the information from the

measurements. Also, based on climatic data provided by the national IRAM standard

and its calculation methodology, a programme was developed to obtain energy

demand results.

Three buildings are presented, located in different climates and with different

architectural programmes. All three buildings were built after the year 2000 and using

different materials. One of them is the school “Escuela Municipal General Manuel

Belgrano”. It is located in San Antonio de Areco, a municipality in the province of

Buenos Aires, 177 km from the city of La Plata. The climate is temperate-warm and

humid (latitude 34° south). Another case is the healthcare “Centro de Salud Selma

Kärst” located in the municipality of San Carlos Sud, Santa Fe province. This site is 515

km from the city of La Plata. It has a warm and humid climate (latitude 32° south). The

third building is the community center “Centro Comunitario El Molino” located in San

Martín de los Andes, a municipality located in a valley in the Andes Mountains, at 640

m above sea level. The climate there is very cold (latitude 40° south).

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It has been found that the buildings do not meet adequate hygrothermal comfort

conditions despite their high energy consumption, showing a high energy inefficiency.

The results show that in the school “Escuela Municipal General Manuel Belgrano” in

San Antonio de Areco the reduction of the annual energy demand by applying the

improvements is 44% (from 168626 kWh/year to 94914 kWh/year). At the healthcare

“Centro de Salud Selma Kärst”, the reduction of the annual energy demand by

applying the improvements is 46% (from 13572 kWh/year to 7302 kWh/year). And at

the community center “Centro Comunitario El Molino”, located in San Martín de los

Andes, the reduction in annual energy demand by applying the improvements is 45%

(from 119394 kWh/year to 66252 kWh/year).

References

[1] EUROCLIMA+, Edificios Municipales Energéticamente Sustentables.

https://www.euroclima.org/proyectos-energia/edificios-municipales-energeticamentesustentables,

2021 (accessed 20 February 2023)

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FIRE BEHAVIOUR OF REINFORCEMENT IN CONCRETE STRUCTURES

1

Virginia La Piana; 1 Marna Pedone; 3 Alfonso Cobo Escamilla

1

Corso di laurea in Ingegneria Edile – Architettura, Universitá degli studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy;

Virginia.lapiana@community.unipa.it martina.pedone01@community.unipa.it

2

Escuela técnica Superior de Edificación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;

Alfonso.cobo@upm.es

Keywords: Steel reinforcement, fire, high temperatura, strenght, mechanical properties.

Abstract

The aim of this work is to study and analyse the effects of high temperatures on the steel

reinforcement of reinforced concrete structures by studying the changes in their

mechanical and physical properes. Depending on the temperature they are exposed to

and related to the me of exposure to heat, the rebars can decrease their mechanical

properes. This decrease depends on the coang, since the greater the thickness of the

coang, the lower the percentage of loss of strength; depending on whether flame

retardant materials are used and the type of steel. Concrete exposed to high

temperatures loses less capacity than steel because it is a non-combusble material that

has a low heat transmission rate and, therefore, it is a material that protects the steel

reinforcement.

The acon of fire on a reinforced concrete structure affects its structural behaviour, so it

is important to evaluate this acon, which affects the safety of people in and around the

building and also the safety of potenal rescuers in emergency situaons.

The acon of fire not only influences the structural behaviour during the fire, but also

the cooling phase can be decisive for the loss of mechanical performance. This loss can

be verified by considering parameters such as yield strength, Young's modulus or

elongaon. By analysing different arcles, it is observed that passive steel retains its

properes up to a temperature of 500 °C; this value, however, may be lower or higher

for different types of steel or for reinforcement with or without corrugaon; moreover,

it has been shown that, in the case of prestressing, the acon of fire is more influenal,

hence the more rapid loss of properes. Already at a temperature of 400 °C, the steel is

more ducle and therefore undergoes deformaons, while at a temperature of 700 °C

there is an almost total loss of properes.

On the other hand, experimental studies have shown that the diameter of the bars has

litle influence on the loss of properes, so it can be said that the mechanical response

of bars of different diameters is similar, since the type of steel has more influence.

References

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[1] Norma Española UNE – EN 1992-1-2, Eurocódigo 2: proyecto de estructuras de hormigón,

Parte 1- 2 reglas generales, página 9.

[2] R. Felicetti, Strutture in calcestruzzo armato, La valutazione del danno da incendio, stima

del danno da incendio con tecniche non distruttive, 2009, página 26.

[3] Elaborex Digital, inspección y análisis de estructuras de hormigón afectadas por incendios.

[4] https://www.elaborex.es/estructuras-de-hormigon-afectadas-por-incendios/ (accessed 16

febrero 2023).

[5] L.Vega Catalán, M. Burón Maestro, Seguridad frente al fuego de las estructuras de

hormigón, 916, 2008, página 45.

[6] T. Wang, W. Gao, L. Hu, E. Hamed, Y. Bai, J. Zeng, J. Yang, Analytical model for predicting

the post-fire bond behaviour between steel bars and concrete; in Construction and

Building Materials, 2022, Volume 343.

[7] T. Kiran, N. Anand, M. Mathews, B. Kanagaraj, A. Andrushia, E. Lubloy, Jayakumar G,

Investigation on improving the residual mechanical properties of reinforcement steel and

bond strength of concrete exposed to elevated temperature; in Case studies in

construction materials, 2022, Volume 16.

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PARTIAL DEMOLITION AND RECYCLING OF MATERIALS ON SITE: THE

MISSED OPPORTUNITIES IN THE MULTIPURPOSE CENTRE IN TRES

CANTOS

1

Alessia Verniero; 2 Giuseppe Trinchese; 3 Gregorio García López de la Osa

1

Sapienza Università di Roma, alessia.verniero@uniroma1.it

Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, alessia.verniero@unina.it

2

Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, giuseppe.trinchese@unina.it

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, giuseppe.trinchese@almnos.upm.es

3

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, g.garcia.lopezosa@upm.es

Keywords: waste, demolition, sustainability, recycled aggregate, reusing concrete

Abstract

The paper proposes a sustainable alternave to the demolion of an office building in

Tres Cantos, in the autonomous community of Madrid, Spain. The project aims to reduce

waste in terms of environmental and economic sustainability, so the parts of the building

that presented the real need for demolion were disnguished from those that could be

salvageable by carrying out a preliminary on-site diagnosc assessment that allowed the

acquision, processing and control of parameters representave of the structural

behavior of the invesgaon’s object. Selecve demolion (Figure 1) incenvizes the

control of materials at the site of waste producon, encouraging their separaon

according to their characteriscs and the treatment of demolished material directly on

site, saving me and resources. This approach provides a lot of benefits such as land

consumpon reducon, due to a proporonal decrease in the quarrying of materials

taken from the environment, and a decrease in the pracce of landfill disposal. Material

recovery is not a prerogave of the modern age, the prehistoric man already found more

convenient to modify an already worked stone than a new rock [1], passing through the

Greeks who reused plaster from old walls as bricks [2] to spolia in medieval mes, which

was fundamental in the start-up of new construcon sites [3]. The study of the

techniques carried out throughout history and the latest results that have indicated the

feasibility of producing mortars for use in masonry using one hundred percent recycled

aggregates in compliance with current regulaons [4] have determined the scienfic

basis for the draing of the state of the art in the field of the valorizaon of waste from

collapse or demolion, fed back into the producon cycle as secondary raw materials.

By evaluang the materials’ volumes to be demolished, a laboratory study of some

samples taken in the structure, and by planning the prevenve eliminaon of all other

elements present, fixtures, installaons, piping, glazing, false ceilings, etc., it was

possible to outline a suitable soluon for the reuse of waste materials on site. Especially,

while it is customary for large residuals of concrete elements to be reused by arranging

for their outdoor draining paving [5], the project emphasizes reuse of fine-grained

quanes, promong their new uses, one among them, the construcon of building

finishes [6]. The real challenge of the reuse included phases of site survey, invesgaon,

to gather the laboratory’s data through physical, chemical and mechanical tests on the

samples taken. The design of a mulpurpose center, the result of selecve and no longer

total demolion, incenvizes both the research and development of innovave soluons

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involving the diminishing use of energy resources in the recycling process, and progress

in the field of construcon waste treatment through the development of the circular

economy [7].

Figure 1: Selective demolition of an office building in Tres Cantos, 2022 (Photos from Alessia Verniero).

References

[1] Vaquero, M., The history of stones: behavioural inferences and temporal resolution of an

archaeological assemblage from the Middle Palaeolithic. In: Journal of Archaeological

Science, Volume 35, Issue 12, December 2008, pagg. 3178-3185.

[2] Trinchese, G., Il riuso dei materiali dal De Architectura di Vitruvio. In: Conte, A. e Guida, G.,

Patrimonio in divenire, conoscere, valorizzare, abitare, ReUSO Matera, Gangemi Editore

International, pages 1181-1192. ISBN: 9788849238006.

[3] Trinchese, G., Il riciclo dei materiali a difesa del territorio. In: Fumo, M. e Trinchese, G.,

Differenti strategie difensive. Dai muri di cinta alle barriere invisibili di protezione, Luciano

Editore, Naples 2020, pages 113-120. ISBN: 9788860262776.

[4] Sáiz Martínez, P., Utilización de arenas procedentes de Residuos de Construcción y

Demolición, RCD, en la fabricación de morteros de albañilería. Doctoral Thesis, Universidad

Politécnica De Madrid. Available from: https://oa.upm.es/39585/.

[5] Etxeberria, M., Gonzalez-Corominas, A., Galindo, A., Estudio de la aplicación del árido

reciclado mixto en hormigón poroso y como relleno de zanjas en la ciudad de Barcelona. In

Informes de la Construcción, Vol. 68, 542, e142, June 2016, ISSN-L: 0020-0883.

[6] Muscalu, M.T., Radu, A., Taranu, N., Budescu, M., Lungu I., Innovative Technologies and

Logistical Solutions for the Reuse of Demolished Concrete in the Construction of Cement

Concrete Pavements. In Advanced Engineering Forum (Volumes 8-9), June 2013, pages 259-

268, DOI https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/AEF.8-9.259.

[7] Trinchese, G., Verniero, A., García López de la Osa, G., ”New recycling technologies of

demolished materials for sustainable finishes: the project of concrete reuse on site in Tres

Cantos, Madrid”. In: Vitruvio, International Journal of Architectural Technology and

Sustainability, Research Journal, Volume 7, Issue 2, December 2022, Universitat Politècnica

de València, DOI: https://doi.org/10.4995/vitruvioijats.2022.18844 .

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THE RESEARCH PROJECT TYRE4BUILDINS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION FOR

WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY

1

Paulo Santos; 2 Luísa Durães

1

University of Coimbra, ISISE, ARISE, Department of Civil Engineering, 3030-788 Coimbra,

Portugal. pfsantos@dec.uc.pt

2

University of Coimbra, CIEPQPF, Department of Chemical Engineering, 3030-790 Coimbra,

Portugal. luisa@eq.uc.pt

Keywords: Tyre4BuildIns research project, Recycled tyre rubber, Waste management,

Thermal/noise insulation, Energy efficiency

Abstract

Presently, energy consumpon and waste management are two of the major concerns

of humankind. In Europe are produced around 355 million tyres per year and buildings

account for 40% of the total primary energy consumpon. Thermal bridges may be

responsible for up to 30% of heat losses in buildings. The Lightweight Steel Framed (LSF)

system has proliferated worldwide over the last years. The economic panorama

triggered the need for innovave construcon processes, also in Portugal. LSF system

emerged as a new trend that could be implemented indoors and exported, represenng

a major economic opportunity for naonal industry. Moreover, LSF system is very

suitable also to buildings refurbishment, being this one of the main current strands in

the construcon sector. LSF system outstrips tradion construcon in such fields as prefabricaon,

construcon process (e.g. dry construcon), building quality and

sustainability. As an industrialized system, LSF buildings benefit from superior quality

achieved by factory high quality control. The main goal of the research project

Tyre4BuildIns – “Recycled tyre rubber resin-bonded for building insulaon systems

towards energy efficiency” was to develop a new cost-effecve eco-friendly thermal

insulaon composite material, that will be used mainly, but not exclusively, as a thermal

break in LSF building structures. The main idea was to take advantage of recycled tyre

rubber as a main raw-material and mixing it with an advanced state-of-the-art insulaon

material (aerogel). The performance of this new composite insulaon was evaluated and

opmized at material level and building elements level (e.g. walls), in order to take

maximum thermal and acousc advantage of it. Moreover, its environmental impacts

and costs were also assessed from a life cycle perspecve. In this communicaon, it will

be presented an overview of the research performed under the scope of the

Tyre4BuildIns project, as well as the main outputs achieved.

Funding: This research was funded by FEDER funds through the Compevity Factors

Operaonal Programme–COMPETE, and by naonal funds through FCT, Foundaon for Science

and Technology, within the scope of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032061.

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References

Figure 1: Print-screen of the Tyre4BuildIns webpage [6].

[1] United Nations, “Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),” The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable

Development, 2015. [Online]. Available: https://sdgs.un.org/goals. [Accessed: 15-Jan-2021].

[2] ETRMA, “European Tyre & Rubber Industry, Statistics, Edition 2021, N. 11,” European Tyre

and Rubber Manufactures Association. p. 48, 2021.

[3] European Commission, “In focus: Energy efficiency in buildings,” 2020. [Online]. Available:

https://commission.europa.eu/news/focus-energy-efficiency-buildings-2020-02-17_en.

[Accessed: 20-Jan-2023].

[4] H. Erhorn-Klutting and H. Erhorn, “ASIEPI - Impact of thermal bridges on the energy

performance of buildings,” Fraunhofer Institute for Building Physics, Germany. pp. 1–8,

2009.

[5] P. Santos, L. Simões da Silva, and V. Ungureanu, Energy Efficiency of Light-weight Steelframed

Buildings, 1st ed. European Convention for Constructional Steelwork (ECCS),

Technical Committee 14 - Sustainability & Eco-Efficiency of Steel Construction, ISBN 978-92-

9147-105-8, N. 129, 2012.

[6] Tyre4BuildIns, “Research project Tyre4BuildIns - ‘Recycled tyre rubber resin-bonded

for building insulation systems towards energy efficiency’, funded by FEDER

European and FCT National funds. Reference: POCI-01-0145-FEDER-032061.

University of Coimbra, PT,” 2018. [Online]. Available: www.tyre4buildins.dec.uc.pt.

[Accessed: 19-Jan-2023].

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EL AUGE DE LOS GEOPOLÍMEROS COMO MATERIAL AISLANTE PARA

MEJORAR LA SOSTENIBILIDAD Y EFICIENCIA ENERGÉTICA EN LA

CONSTRUCCIÓN DE EDIFICIOS

1Sara Peña; 2 Carol Ladino; 3Karol Roa; 4Hugo Castro

1

Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, sara.pena@uptc.edu.co

2

Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, carol.ladino@uptc.edu.co

3

Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, karol.roa@uptc.edu.co

4

Universidad Pedagógica y Tecnológica de Colombia, lizbohor@gmail.com

Keywords: geopolímero, ceniza de cascarilla de cacao, propiedades mecánicas, metacaolín

Abstract

Como nuevo material sostenible, los geopolímeros introducidos por Joseph Davidovits,

poseen propiedades que le permiten ser un sustituto eficaz del cemento; no obstante,

su evolución ha permitido ahondar en nuevas posibilidades de síntesis para encontrar

distintos campos de aplicación en la industria de la construcción. Dentro de las

propiedades de los geopolímeros, cabe resaltar, el desarrollo de sus características

térmicas durante los últimos años debido a los beneficios que pueden proporcionar en

aplicaciones de aislamiento o almacenamiento térmico [1]. En su mayoría, las revisiones

se centran en propiedades mecánicas y de resistencia al fuego, dejando un vacío en sus

propiedades térmicas. Por tanto, se pretende profundizar en la revisión minuciosa de

las propiedades térmicas, contemplando los efectos que ejercen los precursores,

agregados y agentes espumantes que han sido reportados recientemente. Permitiendo

un análisis de los materiales geopoliméricos con mejores rendimientos respecto a su

conductividad térmica, difusividad térmica y calor específico que aportan a la eficiencia

energética de los edificios y demás aplicaciones

References

[1] Kamseu, E., Ceron, B., Tobias, H., Leonelli, E., Bignozzi, M. C., Muscio, A., & Libbra, A. (2012).

Insulating behavior of metakaolin-based geopolymer materials assess with heat flux meter

and laser flash techniques. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 108(3), 1189–1199.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-011-1798-9

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ANALYSIS OF OLIVE STONE USE AS LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE IN

CONSTRUCTION MORTARS

1

Luz Alejandra Santander Peralta; 2 Justo García Navarro

1

Luz Alejandra Santander Peralta, alejandra.santander.peralta@alumnos.upm.es

2

Justo García Navarro, justo.gnavarro@upm.es

Keywords: "construction" + "olive stone" + “Biomass ashes” + “mortar”

Abstract

The dependence on many agents in construcon industry allows the applicaon of

circular economy concept, such as extractors of raw materials, manufacturer and

industrial associaons, carriers, universies, construcon and developer companies, etc.

The intervenon of each agent involves a different management process; actually, the

European Union has collaboraon networks for industrial symbiosis and European

innovaon associaons [01].

In Spain, the cement industry is related to 88 economic sectors, which contribute their

waste valued in materials and energy, which is why, since 2004, 60 million tons of waste

generated by other acvies has been incorporated again [02]. Therefore, one of the

industries with rising consumpon and producon indicators in Spain is the one related

to olive oil. Consequently, a high number of by-products is generated, and its uses

include animal feed, direct incorporaon into the soil, composng and bioenergy

producon, etc.

However, the incorporaon of the resources-waste of olive industry, it has been studied

incorporang into insulaon, brick, concrete, etc. Therefore, the objecve of the study

is to analyze the physical-mechanical behavior of the incorporaon of waste-resources

obtained from the olive oil producon industry as mortar. The content of olives seeds

considering as a potenal energy source, it would be also have to take into account the

chemical composion of this material and its thermal properes, also its goint to depend

on the kind of olives [03].

One of analyzed studies uses crushed olive stone as a format, which is available and

exceeds the needs for lightweight aggregate, in order to obtain beter results, it

recommends that cements with a more robust resistant behavior assimilate a greater

amount of ground olive stone [04].

The replacement of lightweight aggregates, such as expanded clay by olive stones, it’s

possible, therefor the study analyzes the incorporaon of olive stone in formats such as

whole stone, broken stone and calcined stone, idenfying that the density decrease [05].

However, if it is possible to improve the compressive strength and workability, another

study incorporates a superplascizer that increases the compression of the cement

mortar by 7% to 28%, close to standard values, and decreases water absorpon [06].

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The research of paral cement replacement using burnt olive waste ash shows a beter

result if its calcinate at 600°C contribung to strength with addions of 7%, if the

calcinate temperature increase, shows that the water absorpon also increments [07].

On the other hand, another study also show that the compressive and flexural strength

of mortar decreased when it’s replaced the cement was replaced with olive waste ash,

but if is used silica sand instead of limestone sand, the mechanical properes showed

higher values [08].

To sum up, the amounts of olive ash that contains organic minerals that its not having

another use cause major damage on the environment due to it chemical hazards

produced by the interacon with humidity. The management of this ash in construcon

its an opon to obtain more ecological mortars.

References

[1] Congreso Nacional del Medio Ambiente, Economía Circular en el Sector de la Construcción,

http://www.conama.org/conama/download/files/conama2018/GTs%202018/6_final.pdf/,

2018 (accessed 10 January 2023).

[2] MAPEI, Crece la importancia de la ‘simbiosis industrial’. Entrevista a Aniceto Zaragoza,

director general de Oficemen, https://www.mapei.com/es/es/noticias-y-eventos/noticiasy-eventos/news/2022/05/23/crece-la-importancia-de-la-simbiosis-industrial-entrevista-aaniceto-zaragoza-director-general-de-oficemen/,

2022 (accessed 10 January 2023).

[3] Bryś, A., Bryś, J., Obranović, M., Škevin, D., Głowacki, S., Tulej, W., ... & Górska, A.,

Application of the Calorimetric Methods to the Characteristics of Seeds from

Olives, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute Proceedings. (2020) 70(1), 90.

[4] J. Ferreiro C., E. Fraile G., A. Pernia E., & F. J. Martinez de P., Strength, Performance of

Different Mortars Doped Using Olive Stones as Lightweight Aggregate, Buildings. 1668

(2022) 12(10).

[5] del Río Merino, M., Rodríguez, J. G., Martínez, F. F., & Astorqui, J. S. C., Viability of using olive

stones as lightweight aggregate in construction mortars, Revista de la Construcción.

(2017), 16(3), 431-438.

[6] M. A. Abdulkarem, D. Adil R., & J. Nabhan, Utilization of Olive and Pumice Stones to Improve

the Thermal Properties of Cement Mortar, International Journal of Nanoelectronics and

Materials. (2020) 13(1), 181-188.

[7] M. M. Aburawia, H. M. Al-Madanib, The effect of using ash residues of olive fruits on the

properties of cement mortar, Civil Engineering Department, El-mergib University, AlKhoms

– Libya. (2018).

[8] N. M. Al-Akhras, Performance of olive waste ash concrete exposed to alkali-silica reaction,

Structural Concrete. (2010) 13(4), 221-226.

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Rehabilitaon pahotology and

building maintenance

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ENERGY STUDY FOR THE REFURBISHMENT OF THE OLD ABBEY OF SALAS

DE BUREBA (BURGOS) FOR RESIDENTIAL USE. A CASE STUDY.

1

Raúl Briones-Llorente; 2 Juan María Hidalgo-Betanzos; 3 Paula Montoya Saiz; 4 Imanol Ruiz de

Vergara Ruiz de Azúa; 5 Gabriel Rubio-Pérez; 6 Natalia Muñoz-Rujas; 7 Fernando Aguilar Romero

1

Energy Engineering Research Group, Department of Mathematics and Computing, University

of Burgos, Faculty of Science, Plaza Misael Bañuelos, s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain, rbriones@ubu.es

2

ENEDI Research Group, Department of Energy Engineering, University of the Basque Country

UPV/EHU, Bilbao School of Engineering, Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain,

juanmaria.hidalgo@ehu.eus

3

Department of Architectural Projects, Polytechnic University of Madrid, Higher Technical

School of Architecture of Madrid, Avenida Juan de Herrera 4, 28040 Madrid, Spain,

paula.montoya@upm.es

4

ENEDI Research Group, Department of Energy Engineering, University of the Basque Country

UPV/EHU, Bilbao School of Engineering, Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain,

imanolruizdevergara@gmail.com

5

Energy Engineering Research Group, Department of Electromechanical Engineering, University

of Burgos, Higher Polytechnic School, Avenida de Cantabria s/n, 09006 Burgos, Spain,

grubio@ubu.es

6



nmrujas@ubu.es

7



faguilar@ubu.es

Keywords: demographic challenge, energy efficiency, heritage, refurbishment

Abstract

We are at a historic moment in which the refurbishment of buildings is key to combang

climate change, and offers opportunies to fix populaon in rural areas, revalue their

heritage and help decongest cies.

Building renovaon has a lower environmental impact than new construcon. In

addion it is more important in small towns, since it revitalizes the rural network, the

populaon and nearby business acvies.

These approaches are aligned with the European strategy and the Sustainable

Development Goals (SDG) of the 2030 Agenda of the Government of Spain [1], of

Sustainable Cies and Communies, and of Climate Acon.

There are specific financing programs, such as the Next Generaon EU Funds and the

PREE 5000 Program for municipalies with fewer than 5,000 inhabitants [2].

The energy study for the rehabilitaon of the old Abbey of Salas de Bureba, located in

the Caderechas Valley, north of Burgos, is presented with this contribuon

It is a historic building from the 17 th century with a two-story semi-cloister in the shape

of an "L" and a tower in the centre (Figure 1).

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Figure 1: View of the cloister façades with the tower in the background. (Source: Raúl Briones Llorente)

The inial study showed that the ashlar walls are in good condion, and since the

objecve is to return the building to its original state, only a few walls are insulated,

which constricts the energy improvements to be adopted. The rest of the elements are

in poor condion or do not have great value, so they are going to be rebuilt applying

energy saving criteria.

The building has been simulated in detail (Figure 2) with the Herramienta Unificada

LIDER-CALENER (HULC) [4] and all viable opons have been analysed.

Figure 2: Energy simulation of the building with HULC. (Source: Raúl Briones Llorente)

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The renovaon proposal applies passive improvements following the criteria of: (i) nondeterioraon,

(ii) flexibility, and (iii) damage repair, of the DB-HE Ahorro de Energía of

the CTE [3]:

• Thermal insulation on roofs: 16 cm of mineral wool (Uroof: 0.18 W/m 2 K).

• Thermal insulation of slabs and floors: 8 cm of expanded polystyrene (Ufloor: 0.40

W/m 2 K).

• New windows: American cedar wood frames (Uframe: 1.15 W/m 2 K) and double low-e

glass, with solar control 4+4le/14Ar/6sc mm (Uglazing: 1.10 W/m 2 K, g: 0.19), with class

4 tightness.

• Thermal insulation in deteriorated walls: 16 cm of mineral wool (Uwall: 0.37 W/m 2 K).

Regarding facilies, a 45 kW biomass boiler covers all heang and DHW needs.

The project achieves a A-A Energy Cerficaon and a C demand, which are very good for

a building of these characteriscs (Table 1). This has allowed this project, whose

execuon has already begun, to qualify for aid from the PREE 5000 Program.

Table 1: Results of the building refurbishment project

Non-renewable primary

energy consumpon

(kWh/m 2 year)

CO2 emissions

(KgCO2/m 2 year)

Heang demand

(kWh/m 2 year)

Cooling demand

(kWh/m 2 year)

7.17

(A)

1.52

(A)

87.76

(C)

0.08

-

References

[1] Agenda 2030, Ministerio de Derechos Sociales y Agenda 2030 del Gobierno de España.

https://www.mdsocialesa2030.gob.es/agenda2030/index.htm, 2021 (accessed 3 January

2023) (in Spanish).

[2] Programa PREE 5000 de rehabilitación energética para edificios existentes en municipios de

reto demográfico, Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica y el Reto Demográfico del

Gobierno de España. https://www.idae.es/ayudas-y-financiacion/para-la-rehabilitacionde-edificios/programa-pree-5000-rehabilitacion,

2021 (accessed 3 January 2023) (in

Spanish).

[3] Documento Básico de Ahorro de Energía (DB-HE) del Código Técnico de la Edificación (CTE),

Ministerio de Fomento del Gobierno de España.

https://www.codigotecnico.org/DocumentosCTE/AhorroEnergia.html, 2022 (accessed 3

January 2023) (in Spanish).

[4] Herramienta Unificada LIDER-CALNER (HULC), Ministerio de Fomento del Gobierno de

España.

https://www.codigotecnico.org/Programas/HerramientaUnificadaLIDERCALENER.html,

2022 (accessed 3 January 2023) (in Spanish).

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ANÁLISIS DE PARÁMETROS DE DISEÑO PARA EL CONTROL DE LA

CONDENSACIÓN EN VIVIENDAS DE INTERÉS SOCIAL EN CLIMA

TEMPLADO HÚMEDO

1

Roberto Arriagada; 2 Ariel Bobadilla; 3 Carlos Rubio

1

Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Construcción, Universidad del Bío-Bío, rarriaga@ubiobio.cl

2

Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías de la Construcción, Universidad del Bío-Bío, abobadil@ubiobio.cl

3

Departamento de Construcciones Arquitectónicas II, Universidad de Sevilla, carlosrubio@us.es

Keywords: Desempeño higrotérmico – Humedad en viviendas – Aislamiento térmico – Criterios

de diseño- Habitabilidad

Abstract

The global need to migrate to a society that promotes sustainable development has

prompted different countries to adopt control measures that guarantee the integraon

of this concept in buildings [1]. Energy efficiency has been a priority issue, and new

regulaons and standards have been implemented with specific objecves associated

with the reducon of energy demand or consumpon in buildings. The higher standards

of thermal insulaon and airghtness incorporated in European buildings have

generated a hygrothermal imbalance in them, causing condensaon phenomena that

affect habitability [2][3]. Chile has improved the thermal insulaon standards of building

envelopes in residenal buildings with the same objecves set at the European level,

however, and parcularly in social housing, pathologies due to condensaon problems

remain [4]. The aim of this research was to analyse the influence of the design

parameters of opaque wall envelopes to reduce the risk of condensaon and improve

the habitable quality of social housing in humid temperate climates.

Methodologically, an integrated analysis of the variables associated with condensaon

phenomena in wall elements was developed, taking as a base case the typical social

housing of the Biobío-Chile region, using experimental evaluaon techniques by means

of Hygrothermal Test Module (arficial-controlled indoor climate and real outdoor

climate) and dynamic simulaons by means of WUFI soware. Two wall construcon

soluons were evaluated at experimental and simulaon level, in one locaon, with the

objecve of calibrang a predicve model that would allow the evaluaon of four other

wall soluons at simulaon level in two other locaons within the same region.

The results show that there is a higher risk of condensaon in heavy construcon

soluons (concrete - masonry) that have interior thermal linings, mainly at the

insulaon-supporng structure interface. The risks of surface condensaon decrease as

the insulang power increases, which does not occur at the level of surface

condensaon, where the property of permeability to the passage of water vapour, the

thermal conducvity of the materials and the arrangement of these within the

construcon soluon is more decisive in reducing the risk.

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The thermal transmitance levels of the building soluons with the lowest risk of

condensaon fluctuate between 0.31 and 0.5 W/m 2 K. 75% of the evaluated soluons

are able to admit up to 90% indoor relave humidity, without presenng surface and

intersal condensaon.

Finally, from the point of view of hygrothermal design in temperate-humid climates, it

can be said that the most influenal design parameter, together with the insulang

power, is the arrangement of the different materials that make up the construcon

soluon according to their thermal conducvity and permeability to the passage of

water vapour, resulng in beter performance when the mulplicaon factor between

the resistance to the passage of heat and vapour is greater as we move towards the

interior face of the construcon soluon.

References

[1] World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987. Brutland Report: Our Common

Future. World Commission on Environment and Development.

[2] Bui, R., Labat, M. y Lorente, S., 2019. Impact of the occupancy scenario on the hygrothermal

performance of a room. Building and Environment, Vol.160, pp. 106 - 178.

[3] Pihelo, P., Kikkas, H. y Kalamees, T., 2016. Hygrothermal Performance of Highly Insulated

Timber-frame External Wall. Energy Procedia, Vol. 96, pp.685-695.

[4] CITECUBB; SERVIU, 2018. Informe final. Proyecto InnovaBioBio 15.244-in. IIP. Chile.

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ASSESSMENT OF THERMAL BEHAVIOR IN CULTURAL HERITAGE

BUILDINGS. CASE STUDY OF THE HOSPITAL REAL OF GRANADA

1

Mª Paz Sáez-Pérez; 1 Jorge A. Durán-Suárez; 1 Luisa Mª García Ruiz; 2 Mª Ángeles Villegas-

Broncano; 3 Joao Castro Gomes

1

University of Granada. mpsaez@ugr.es; giorgio@ugr.es; lumagr@correo.ugr.es

2

CSIC, Madrid. mariangeles.villegas@cchs.csic.es

3

University of Beira Interior. jpcg@ubi.pt

Keywords: energy efficiency; architectural heritage; intervention; stone facades; sustainability.

Abstract

By definion, Cultural Heritage includes the set of goods that are received from the past,

that is lived in the present and that are transmited to future generaons. For society, its

conservaon is recognized as of great interest for various reasons, among which cultural,

social and economic ones stand out, so finding soluons that improve its condions and

allow its use, occupaon and enjoyment is recognized today as one of the main

objecves worldwide [1].

At present, it is considered to have great potenal, which is why its intervenon is

encouraged through different acons and policies. Today, the requirements of direcves

[2], the Sustainable Development objecves [3] and state, regional and local regulaons

[4, 5] focus on an essenal aspect, incorporang sustainability as the main goal, with

acons that improve energy efficiency and recognize good conservaon intervenons.

This represents a challenge of great interest, since it goes beyond formal and regulatory

requirements, guaranteeing that buildings can be used again, allowing their survival over

me and that their conservaon is also of interest from an environmental point of view

[6].

A large part of this heritage is made up of public and private buildings, in which their

architectural value is focused in many cases on their facades. This circumstance requires

that the conservaon, restoraon or rehabilitaon acons carried out on them are

aimed at not altering their image and at achieving conservaon without alteraons [7].

Based on specific studies [8] on the behaviour of materials and construcon systems,

determining efficient soluons from the energy point of view requires knowing the

thermal parameters and specific calculaon procedures. These have to be linked to the

exposure and state condions that finally allow for establishing the type of measures to

be applied. The present study proposes, through the use of non-destrucve techniques

and specific soware, to check and evaluate the thermal behaviour of a building with a

stone facade. The invesgaon is carried out in different climac seasons and

orientaons to correctly evaluate the behaviour of the building throughout the year and

thus know the influence of periods of sunshine on it through simulaons.

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The case study deals with a BIC building of special relevance, the Hospital Real, currently

the Rector's Office of the University of Granada (built during the 16th to 18th centuries),

which responds to a variety of styles that also recognise different intervenons.

The results obtained make it possible to determine the suitability of the original

materials based on their condions, as well as the insulaon thickness necessary to

equalize the different values of thermal resistance and their variaons, offering a more

precise energy rehabilitaon performance, in architectural heritage.

The local and specific study, differenated by areas, provides relevant informaon for

future intervenons, being relevant to establish an evaluaon protocol in singular

buildings.

References

[1] Cultural heritage. https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice/santiago/cultura/patrimonio (accessed

20 January 2023).

[2] Directive (EU) 2018/844 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018

amending Directive 2010/31/EU on the energy performance of buildings and Directive

2012/27/EU on energy efficiency. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2018/844/oj (accesed

18 January 2023)

[3] Culture: at the heart of SDGs. https://es.unesco.org/courier/april-june-2017/culturaelemento-central-ods.

(accesed 20 December 2022)

[4] European Standard EN 16883-2017. Conservation of cultural heritage. Guidelines for

improving the energy performance of historic buildings (2017).

[5] ASHRAE. ASHRAE Guideline 34-2019. Energy Guideline for Historic Buildings; American

Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers: Atlanta, GA, USA, (2019).

[6] S. Lidelöw, T. Örn, A. Luciani, A. Rizzo. Energy-efficiency measures for heritage buildings: A

literature review. Sustain. Cities Soc., 45, (2019) 231-242 242.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2018.09.029

[7] CEN, EN. Conservation of Cultural Heritage—Guidelines for Improving the Energy

Performance of Historic Buildings; European Committee for Standardization (CEN): Brussels,

Belgium, 2017; Volume 16883.

[8] A. Cabeza-Prieto, M.S. Camino-Olea, M.P. Sáez-Pérez, A. Llorente-Álvarez, A.B. Ramos

Gavilán, M.A. Rodríguez-Esteban. Comparative Analysis of the Thermal Conductivity of

Handmade and Mechanical Bricks Used in the Cultural Heritage. Materials. 15 (2022).

https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15114001

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ANALYSIS OF THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF RESTORING CONCRETE

AFFECTED BY HIGH TEMPERATURES USING CARBON FIBER FABRICS

1

Borja Jiménez Salado, 2 María Isabel Prieto Barrio, 3 Kenzo Hosokawa Menéndez, 4 Alfonso Cobo

Escamilla

1

Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación de Madrid, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid.

borja.jimenez.salado@alumnos.upm.es mariaisabel.prieto@upm.es k.hosokawa@upm.es

alfonso.cobo@upm.es

Keywords: heating and cooling process, compression strength, carbon fiber fabrics

Abstract

When a concrete structure is subjected to high temperatures, for example due to the

acon of a fire, the degradaon generated makes necessary to demolish it or, in case it

has a certain residual resistance, to make its repair and reinforcement technically

feasible. In addion, given the state of deterioraon in which these structures may be

found, it is necessary to assess whether this type of intervenon is also viable from an

economic point of view.

Among the most used reinforcement methods for reinforced concrete structures is the

use of carbon fibers, which is the type of reinforcement analysed inthis study. Taking into

account the previous ideas, in the current work has been economically quanfied the

intervenon for rehabilitaon purposes of reinforced concrete structures subjected to

thermal processes using carbon fiber fabrics. For this purpose, the following premises

have been considered, based on current regulaons and exisng studies [1]:

• It has been considered that the removal of the damaged concrete will be carried

out by the use of mechanical or manual means [2].

• It has been decided that the thickness of concrete to be removed will be up to

60 mm, based on the results of the studies analyzed [3-6].

• It has been decided to consider the application of a passivator to restore the

durability of the reinforcement as a step prior to reconstruction [7].

• A cementitious reconstruction mortar type R3 with CE marking according to the

European standard UNE EN1504 - 3 would be used [1].

• Finally, the reinforcement would be carried out using the fabrics tested in the

research [8].

Based on the above, taking the CENTRO price base in its March 2022 version, the work

units referring to a square meter (m 2 ) of reinforced concrete structure have been

elaborated. The labor yields of the previous price base have been used, as well as the

consumpons indicated by the manufacturer of the products in their technical data

sheets.

The reconstrucon acon using mortars, including the preparaon of the concrete,

reaches values between €123 and €166, depending on the method of surface

preparaon and use of the mortars. Regarding the cost of the reinforcement applied, the

230 g/m 2 fabric reaches €97, while the 300 g/m 2 fabric reaches €111. These costs show

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an impact on the total performance of up to 77.14% in the case of the fabric with the

lowest grammage, reaching 89.34% in the case of the later.

From the point of view of the hours of use, the complete acons prior to the execuon

of the reinforcement suppose from 3 to 10 mes the me it takes to carry out the

reinforcements using carbon fiber. It is obtained that despite the cost of the

reinforcement intervenon through fabrics, which reaches an impact of up to 90% of the

total intervenon, in the same case the reinforcement requires an installaon me of

just over an hour, which, together with the short period of entry into charge, means that

today they are reinforcement systems that are highly taken into account in the

development of building and civil engineering projects and works.

References

[1] AENOR. EN 1504. European Standard. Parts 1-10: "Products and systems for the repair and

protection of concrete structures" (2009).

[2] 310.2R-2013 (Spanish PDF) - Selection and specification of concrete surface preparation

for sealing, coating, polymer coating and concrete repair.

[3] D. Yang, F. Liu, ISO 834 standard fire test and mechanism analysis of square tubed

reinforced-concrete columns. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 175 (2020).

[4] F. L. Bolina, A.M. Gil, B. Fernandes, G. G. Hennemann, J. Gonçalves, B. F. Tutikian, Influence

of design durability on concrete columns fire performance. Journal of aterials Research

and Technology, 9(3), (2020) 4968-4977.

[5] G. Frappa., M. Pauletta, C. D. Marco, G. Russo, Experimental tests for the assessment of

residual strength of r.c. structures after fire – Case study. Engineering structures, 252

(2022).

[6] S. Ni, T. Gernay, A framework for probabilistic fire loss estimation in concrete building

structures. Structural Safety, 88 (2021).

[7] D. Suescum-Morales, J. Ríos, A. Martínez, H. Cifuentes, J. R. Jiménez, Effect of moderate

temperatures on compressive strength of ultra-high-performance concrete: A

microstructural analysis. Cement and Concrete Research, 140 (2021).

[8] B. Jiménez, SikaWrap® System. Dry application. Madrid: Sika SAU (2020).

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EVALUATION OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CORRUGATED STEEL

BARS BASED ON ITS EFFECTIVE CORROSION LENGTH

1

Rocío García Valbuena; 2 María Isabel Prieto Barrio; 3 Alfonso Cobo Escamilla

1


rocio.garcia.valbuena@alumnos.upm.es

2



3


alfonso.cobo@upm.es

Keywords: effective corrosion lengths, steel bars, mechanical capacities

Abstract

One of the major concerns surrounding reinforced concrete structures is the problem of

corrosion. This pathology affects the bar, reducing its own mechanical capacies and the

capacies of the concrete-steel assembly. The most important damages caused by

corrosion in these structures is a decrease in mechanical resistance and in the maximum

deformaon. The corrosion also generates increase in volume that can produce cracks

in the concrete and/or a reducon in the adhesion of the steel to the concrete [1]–[3].

These damages occur based on the decrease in the secon of the bars, so it has been

necessary to evaluate how the effecve corrosion length affects the mechanical

capacies of the reinforcement.

For this purpose, this study has been carried out to analyze the mechanical

characteriscs of rebars with two different effecve corrosion lengths. 55 B500SD rebars

with a diameter of 16 mm and an average length of 50 cm were studied. 50 of these bars

were embedded in a mortar containing 2% chloride ion, according to the weight of the

cement, and corroded in an accelerated way by means of a circuit. Of the 55 rebars, 5 of

them were le uncorroded for reference analysis. 25 reinforcements have suffered an

effecve corrosion of 30 cm (Figure 1. Le) and the other 25 bars have an effecve

corrosion of 3 cm (Figure 1. Right). The 55 bars have been tensile tested with a

hydraulically driven machine. In figure 2 we can observe the tensile test performed on

rebars with an effecve length of 30cm, we can also see the extensometer placed in the

corroded length. From the results obtained in the rebars with 30 cm of effecve

corrosion length, a direct relaonship is shown between the decrease in the rao

between the maximum stress and the yield stress based on the loss of mass experienced

by the rebars.

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Figure 1: formwork scheme for specimens with effective corrosion of 30 cm (left) and 3 cm (right).

Figure 2: tensile test of a bar with the extensometer placed.

References

[1] M. D. Garcia Alonso and M. C. Alonso Alonso, “Influencia de la corrosión en las

propiedades mecánicas del acero,” Hormigón y Acero, vol. 49, no. 210, Art. no. 210, Jan.

1998.

[2] J. Sánchez Montero, N. Rebolledo Ramos, and J. E. Torres Martín, “Comportamiento frágil

de las armaduras corroídas,” Hormigón y acero, 2020, doi: 10.33586/hya.2020.2434.

[3] M. Molina Huelva, “Comportamiento de estructuras de hormigón armado con una

deficiente transferencia de tensiones hormigón-acero: análisis experimental y propuesta

de un modelo de evaluación estructural,” phd, E.T.S. Arquitectura (UPM), 2005.

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DEVICE FOR MONITORING BUILDING CRACKS AND

LOADING/UNLOADING TESTS

1Jesús M. Rodríguez-Rego; 2Juan P. Carrasco-Amador; 3Antonio Macías-García; 4Laura

Mendoza-Cerezo; 5Alfonso C. Marcos-Romero

1

Department of Graphic Expression. School of Industrial Engineering. University of Extremadura.

Avda. de Elvas s/n. 06006-Badajoz (Spain), jesusrodriguezrego@unex.es

2


Avda. de Elvas s/n. 06006-Badajoz (Spain), jpcarrascoamador@unex.es

3

Department of Mechanical, Energy and Materials Engineering. School of Industrial Engineering.

University of Extremadura. Avda. de Elvas s/n. 06006-Badajoz (Spain), amacgar@unex.es

4


Avda. de Elvas s/n. 06006-Badajoz (Spain), lmencer@unex.es

5


Avda. de Elvas s/n. 06006-Badajoz (Spain), acmarcos@unex.es

Keywords: fisuras; grietas; pruebas de carga; dispositivo; monitorización (Calibri 11, lower-case,

italics)

Abstract

Structures, defined as the set of elements that, joined together, must withstand different

loads or forces acng on them [1]. Due to these different forces that structures must

withstand, it is vital to monitor the possible deterioraon of these, both to maintain the

safety of the structures themselves and of the different equipment related to them, as

well as the safety of people.

Structural cracks that directly affect columns, beams and girders can pose an enormous

risk to the integrity of a building's structure, as they can progress to extend through its

enre thickness. Therefore, full control and monitoring of cracks and crevices is

necessary to avoid increasing structural risks and, where possible, to propose measures

to repair them. This increases the likelihood of taking acon before structural collapse

occurs.

In this work, a device has been manufactured and patented (ES1293890 U) to remotely

monitor cracks in buildings and load tests capable of recording the millimetric variaons

suffered by cracks and fissures in buildings in order to carry out detailed monitoring of

the same, as well as the humidity and temperature condions at any given moment

thanks to the use of different sensors, providing exhausve informaon on their

evoluon.

This device can also be used in building load tests to control the deformaons and

deflecons that occur.

To check its operaon, the longitudinal measurements recorded by the device in the

laboratory were validated by adapng an Autograph AG-IS machine [2]. Subsequently,

the longitudinal fluctuaons of a real crack were evaluated with respect to the values

shown by a crack tester [3] and, following the EHE-08 instrucon, Arcle 101.2 and the

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UNE 7457:1986 standard, a loading and unloading test was prepared in a building and

the results were compared with a dial gauge [4].

The device resulng from this work did not register significant differences in the values

collected with respect to the crack tester and the dial gauge, so it can be concluded that

the device has great potenal for use in building construcon, improving the current

state of the art.

References

Figure 1: Patented device (ES1293890 U).

[1] P. Iranzo, “MEDIOS DE UNIÓN DE ESTRUCTURAS METÁLICAS”.

[2] “Máquinas de ensayo universales Autograph .”

https://www.shimadzu.com/an/products/material-nondestructive/test/retrofits/retrofits2.html

(accessed Jan. 21, 2023).

[3] “Fisurómetro - Elcometer 143 - Elcometer.”

https://www.directindustry.es/prod/elcometer/product-21009-1744133.html (accessed

Jan. 21, 2023).

[4] “Reloj comparador RS PRO.” https://es.rs-online.com/web/p/relojescomparadores/9140494

(accessed Jan. 21, 2023).

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GUIDE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION

WASTE IN THE FIELD OF ENERGY REHABILITATION OF HOUSING

1

Juan López-Asiain Marnez; 2

Helena Granados Menéndez; 3

José Fernández Casllo;

4

Alejandro Payán de Tejada Alonso

1

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. E.T.S. Edificación. Dpto. Tecnología de la Edificación;

juan.lopezasiain@upm.es

2

Consejo Superior de los Colegios de Arquitectos de España; hgranados@hg-arctres.es

3

Consejo General de la Arquitectura Técnica de España; jose.fernandez@arquitecturatecnica.com

4

Consejo General de la Arquitectura Técnica de España; apayan@arquitectura-tecnica.com

Keywords: Management of construction and demolition waste; Energy rehabilitation;

Rehabilitation grants

Abstract

The Law 7/2022 of Waste and Contaminated Soils for a Circular Economy [1] sets as a

target to meet high levels of resource efficiency, reuse, recycling and other types of

material valorizaon of at least 70% in weight of the products for those non-hazardous

waste generated in construcon and demolion works.

Furthermore, Royal Decree 853/2021 [2], which regulates the aid programs for energy

rehabilitaon, has incorporated as an essenal requirement for obtaining of these aids

the compliance with the objecve set forth in Law 7/2022.

The impact of the aid to energy rehabilitaon will not only mean an injecon of

resources, but is parto f as strategy to consolidate the rehabilitaon sector in our

country, so that we will increase the number of refurbishment acons fivefold by the

year 2030.

In view of the need to comply with Law 7/2022 and RD 853/2021 to reach the reuse

percentages stated, work has been done within the bilateral commission formed by the

Superior Council of Architects of Spain (CSCAE) and the Spainsh General Council of

Technical Architecture (CGATE) on the preparaon of a document that facilitates the best

pracces to achieve the objecves in the management of construcon and demolion

waste.

This communicaon addresses the most relevant points on the waste management

process in these types of rehabilitaon works, oriented to the correct jusficaon by the

technician of the reuse of at least 70% in weight of the waste generated in the work. The

result of this study is collected in the Guide for the Management of Construcon and

Demolion Waste in the framework of Energy Rehabilitaon.

The document is divided into five secons explaining the regulatory changes affecng

waste management and the strategies for compliance, dealing separately with

hazardous waste, such as asbestos, and non-hazardous waste. These strategies follow

the canons established in different documents of the European Commission where the

idenficaon of waste by its LER Code is promoted, to esmate the amount of waste

that will be generated and thus beter plan its management. Good pracces are also

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indicated to carry out an exhausve documentary control to verify the quanes and

thus guarantee compliance with the regulaons.

This work tries to be a praccal document that can help to solve the numerous quesons

that arise to the technicians in this new regulatory framework. That is why it also

includes the most common waste associated with the most frequent acons in the field

of energy rehabilitaon. Finally, we find a praccal example that encompasses all these

previously menoned acons where procedurally the required management of the

waste is jusfied.

References

[1] Head of State. Government of Spain. Ley 7/2022, de 8 de abril, de residuos y suelos

contaminados para una economía circular. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/2022/04/08/7/con

, 2022 (accessed 15 February 2023)

[2] Ministry of Transport, Mobility and Urban Agenda. Government of Spain. Real Decreto

853/2021, de 5 de octubre, por el que se regulan los programas de ayuda en materia de

rehabilitación residencial y vivienda social del Plan de Recuperación, Transformación y

Resiliencia. https://www.boe.es/eli/es/rd/2021/10/05/853, 2021 (accessed 15 February

2023)

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MITIGATING THERMAL BRIDGES IN CURRENT INFRASTRUCTURES WITH

GYPSUM PLASTERBOARDS INCORPORATING GRAPHENE NANOFIBERS

1

Alejandro Marnez Gordon; 2 Manuel Álvarez

1

PhD student - Innovation in Building Technology. Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación.

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. a.mgordon@alumnos.upm.es

2

Departamento de Tecnología de la Edificación. Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación.

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. manuel.alvarezd@upm.es

Keywords: Gypsum; Thermal bridges; Graphene nanofibers; Energy Efficiency; Composites

Abstract

Thermal bridges are a common problem in current infrastructure, oen leading to heat

loss, energy inefficiency, and increased energy consumpon[1]. In this study, we

invesgate the potenal of gypsum plasterboards incorporang graphene nanofibers

(GNFs) as a soluon to migate thermal bridges. Gypsum plasterboards are widely used

in construcon due to their affordability and easy use. However, they have poor

insulaon properes which can exacerbate thermal bridging[2]. The addion of GNFs to

gypsum plasterboards has the potenal to improve thermal insulaon properes and

migate thermal bridging, making them a praccal soluon for retrofing exisng

infrastructure to improve their energy efficiency[3]. Gypsum plasterboards incorporang

different concentraons of GNFs and their thermal properes were evaluated. The

opmal concentraon of GNFs was found to be 1% by weight of gypsum mixture. This

composite could also provide a more sustainable alternave to tradional insulaon

materials, as they are eco-friendly and can be prepared from renewable sources. This

study highlights the possibility of implemenng modern materials and techniques to

improve the energy efficiency of current infrastructures. The use of gypsum

plasterboards incorporang GNFs could play an important role in reducing energy

consumpon and migang thermal bridges, leading to cost savings and environmental

benefits[4]. These results can promote the emergence of energy-efficient retrofits and

new construcon projects, contribung to the development of a more sustainable and

energy-efficient built environments.

References

[1] K. Zhao et al., “The method of reducing heat loss from thermal bridges in residential

buildings with internal insulation in the hot summer and cold winter zone of China,”

Journal of Building Engineering, vol. 62, p. 105421, Dec. 2022,

[2] A. Erbs, A. Nagalli, K. Querne de Carvalho, V. Mymrin, F. H. Passig, and W. Mazer,

“Properties of recycled gypsum from gypsum plasterboards and commercial gypsum

throughout recycling cycles,” J Clean Prod, vol. 183, pp. 1314–1322, May 2018,

[3] S. Kim, J. Seo, H. Jeong, and J. Kim, “In situ measurement of the heat loss coefficient of

thermal bridges in a building envelope,” Energy Build, vol. 256, p. 111627, Feb. 2022,

[4] Y. Suo, R. Guo, H. Xia, Y. Yang, B. Zhou, and Z. Zhao, “A review of graphene oxide/cement

composites: Performance, functionality, mechanisms, and prospects,” Journal of Building

Engineering, vol. 53, p. 104502, Aug. 2022,

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EVALUATION OF STRUCTURES AFFECTED BY EARTHQUAKE FOR RESCUE

INTERVENTION

1Gregorio García López de la Osa; 2Sonsoles González Rodrigo

1




2


D080 Construcciones arquitectónicas y su control, sonsoles.gonzalez@upm.es

Keywords: evaluación, estructura, construcción, sísmico, riesgo

Abstract

After a seismic event, rescue teams intervene immediately to rescue people trapped

inside buildings. The evaluation of the state of the buildings where it is necessary to

intervene is essential for the safety of the rescue team itself and the subject to be

rescued. There are several protocols developed for this function. In general, as far as

rescue procedures are concerned, these protocols are intended to [1]:

a.- Assess, in this emergency situation, the state of the structure and the non-structural

elements of the building after the earthquake, making decisions about the possibility of

intervening/inhabiting the building or not.

b.- Reduce the damage that can occur after the earthquake as a result of the state of

the structure, the fall of objects and the effects of the expected seismic aftershocks.

The basic characteristics of these protocols should be speed, effectiveness and the

greatest possible simplicity. In any case, carried out by professional construction

technicians with the appropriate experience and knowledge, which will proceed, at

least, in pairs.

In general, for the sake of simplification and effectiveness of the process, buildings are

usually classified into a limited number of risk categories, between three and five [2].

Categories are usually classified either according to low or high vulnerability in terms of

damage and safety of occupants or according to the need for access restriction. Unsafe

areas are also delimited within spaces classified as safe.

The greater the vulnerability, the higher the level of specialization and competence

required on the part of the technical inspector.

In general terms, inspections are divided into internal and external, the latter being

carried out or not depending on the conclusions of the first. The external inspection

requires an investment of between 15 and 30 minutes depending on multiple factors

such as the severity of the damage, the extent of the building, its topographic location,

its height, the technology used in its construction, etc. This inspection must also include

the floor of the building environment.

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The internal inspection requires a longer time, between 30 and 60 minutes. The safety

of non-structural interior elements will be examined, identifying those elements whose

failure may represent a danger to the lives of the participants. Likewise, the structure

will be evaluated, analyzing the degree of damage, depending on the structural system.

In the case of collapsed buildings, possible survival spaces must be identified in order to

better locate the possible trapped survivors [3].

References

[1] E. Meseguer Peña, H. Corres Pere, F. Prieto Aguilera, and F. I. Consultores, Guía de

inspección y evaluación en situación de emergencia de daños debidos al sismo en

edificios (I). 2013.

[2] J. Maffei, C. D. Comarn, B. Kehoe, G. R. Kingsley, and B. Lizundia, “Evaluaon of

Earthquake-Damaged Concrete and Masonry Wall Buildings,” Earthq. Spectra, vol. 16,

no. 1, pp. 263–283, 2000, doi: 10.1193/1.1586111.

[3] G. García López de la Osa, “Factores de supervivencia en colapsos estructurales,”

Madrid, 2021. doi: htp://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10934.22087.

319

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BIM BASED METHODOLOGY FOR WOOD STRUCTURE.

1

Sergio D. Alejo Buenabad; 1 Edward Mauricio Melo Ospina; 1 Nicolas Marnez; 1 Veronica María

Marnez; 2 Maria Alejandra Vidales Barriguete

1

Double master technology innovation and rehabilitation and restoration works, ETSEM, UPM,

Madrid, Spain. sd.alejo@alumnos.upm.es edward.melo@alumnos.upm.es

ni.martinez@alumnos.upm.es ve.martinez@alumnos.upm.es

2

Department of building technology, ETSEM, UPM, Madrid, Spain. alejandra.vidales@upm.es

Keywords: Quality, BIM, Performance, Site Manager.

Abstract

Wood is a construcon material that year aer year is gaining more strength as a

substute material to the tradional ones (concrete and steel), due to its own

characteriscs, such as its thermo-acousc capacity, physical-mechanical characteriscs,

added to its capacity to connue absorbing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) from the environment

during its useful life as a construcon material [2]. For this reason, this material should

be well monitored in order to maintain it as long as possible over me, avoiding

correcve processes and destrucve tests.

The purpose of this work is to generate a simple inspecon model using tools based on

BIM environment, which provides those who enter the world of structural mber in

buildings, the necessary tools for their study, trying as far as possible, performing nondestrucve

tesng, showing the qualies and capabilies of these, and not performing

destrucve tesng, unless these are necessary, in order to maintain the quality of the

element.

The inspecon model presented below has as its starng point the ideas developed in

the arcle "Analysis of structural wood diagnosc techniques in exisng buildings and

proposal for project-oriented integraon" [5]. This implies an update of the abovemenoned

model and incorporates certain improvements that facilitate its

understanding, based on a methodology that is governed in three levels and three

phases. As for the phases, they are divided into A, B and C respecvely, these affect all

levels; in Phase A, the process of inspecon, sampling and data collecon is performed,

Phase B, is the results phase, where the determinaon of the state of the element and

the required recommendaons are made, finally, Phase C, is in charge of the Intervenon

of the elements [1][3].

Regarding the levels, Level 0 is where an ocular inspecon is performed, using basic

instruments for review and data recording, this being a non-invasive level to the

element, which seeks to determine the state of the element, its characteriscs and

evaluate the acons to be implemented at the next level. Level 1 is where nondestrucve

and quasi-destrucve analyses are carried out, obtaining informaon on the

state of the material in the face of abrasive agents that could deteriorate it. Finally, in

Level 2, we find tests to determine the mechanical characteriscs and responses of the

element, the safety levels and the degree of intervenon to be performed.

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Figure 1: Analysis of structural timber diagnostic techniques (Source: Own)

In conclusion, the use of BIM tools in the inspecon of mber structures can provide

greater accuracy and efficiency in the evaluaon of the condion of the structures. In

addion, it allows for beter documentaon and communicaon of inspecon results,

which facilitates decision making regarding the repair or replacement of the structure,

without losing the inspecon workflow.

References

[1] J. Santa Cruz Astorqui, “Estudio tipológico, constructivo y estructural de las casas de

corredor en Madrid.” 2012, doi: 10.20868/UPM.thesis.14326.

[2] T. Smedley, “CONSTRUIR CON MADERA ES LA ÚLTIMA TECNOLOGÍA DE CAPTURA DE

CARBONO,” MEDIUM, 2019.

[3] F. Arriaga Martitegui and (Madrid) Corcho Asociación de Investigación Técnica de las

Industrias de la Madera,y, Intervención en estructuras de madera. Madrid: Madrid AITIM,

2002.

[4] M. Iglesias Gutiérrez del Álamo and F. Lasheras Merino, “Vigencia de las estrategias

constructivas originales para la conservación de los entramados estructurales de madera, a

través del ejemplo de un edificio madrileño del S. XIX,” vol. 72, no. 560, p. e363, 2020, doi:

10.3989/ic.73119.

[5] G. Ramon, A. Basterra, M. Casado, and L. Acuña, “Análisis de las técnicas de diagnóstico de

madera estructural en edificios existentes y propuesta de integración orientada al

proyecto,” pp. 1–18, 2005, [Online]. Available: https://maderas.uva.es/files/2019/03/2005-

Ram%c3%b3n-et-al-An%c3%a1lisis-de-TecDiag-orientada-al-proyecto-1-Torroja.pdf.

[6] Benachio, G. L. F., Freitas, M. do C. D., & Tavares, S. F. (2020). Circular economy in the

construction industry: A systematic literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 260.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121046

[7] Karlstrom, D., & Runeson, P. (2005). Combining agile methods with stage-gate project

management. IEEE Software, 22(3), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.1109/MS.2005.59

[8] Oyegoke, A. S., Powell, R., Ajayi, S., Godawatte, G. A. G. R., & Akenroye, T. (2022). Factors

affecting the selection of effective cost control techniques in the UK construction industry.

Journal of Financial Management of Property and Construction, 27(2), 141–160.

https://doi.org/10.1108/JFMPC-07-2020-0050

[9] Reiff, J., & Schlegel, D. (2022). Hybrid project management – a systematic literature review.

International Journal of Information Systems and Project Management, 10(2), 45–63.

https://doi.org/10.12821/ijispm100203

321

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SIMULATION A RESIDENTIAL HOUSE IN THE ECUADORIAN HIGHLAND BY

DESIGN BUILDER

1

Mónica Moreno Damián; 2 Carmen Viñas Arrebola

1

Student at Master in Building Refurbishing and Restoraon Works, Escuela Técnica Superior

de Edificación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, monica.morenod@alumnos.upm.es

2

Tutor at Master in Building Refurbishing and Restoraon Works, Escuela Técnica Superior de

Edificación, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, carmen.vinas@upm.es

Keywords: Design Builder, HVAC Simulation, Active and Passive Systems, Passivhaus, Thermal

bridge.

Abstract

In Ecuador as a country with seismic risk, the structural part of the buildings has been

focused on the execution control, in terms of air conditioning there are regulations

which only function as a recommendation. During the COVID 19 pandemic, we were

confined to do our daily activities indoors, this situation evidenced a necessity to

improve the buildings in air conditioning; based on these two factors, I have studied

the original state and its possible rehabilitation to guarantee thermal comfort through

the use of the climate simulation software, Design Builder.

The selected case of study belongs to the project "Residencia Flores de La Cueva"

which was built in 2019, It is located in the Ecuador highland region (Pichincha,

Machachi) with a temperature ranging between 9-19°C. The building was built with

reinforced concrete for the structure, floor and slab, solid brick for the exterior walls

and concrete block for the partitions. Nowadays, there are not heating or cooling

systems in the building.

Heang Simulation

Cooling Simulation

Figure 1: Original Model. (Source: Design

Builder)

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The climate simulation of the original and optimized project was created using the

Design Builder software, I inputted the original building data and the restrictive data

according to the Regulation of Thermal Installations in Buildings, which requires

guaranteeing the thermal quality of the environment using a temperature range of 20-

25°C and humidity of 40-60%. [1]

The results generated to the initial simulation showed that the heating in winter is

affected by the existing thermal bridges in the building envelope and glazing.

Table 1: Data comparison - Simulation Results.

Improvement Points Standard Original Proposal

1 Enclosures

External

Walls

0,27 1,58 0,17

Slab

Thermal

Transmission

0,48 0,27 0,27

Foundation

W/m²K

Slab 0,22 0,27 0,13

2 Windows Holes 1,60 5,76 1,30

3 y 4

5

Passive

and Active

HVAC

System

Hot

Temperature 20 a 23 6,72 20

Cool [°C] 23 a 25 25 25

Ventilation

Energetic Consume

Relative

Humidity [%] 40 – 60 36 40

Consume

[kWh/m²]

120 58,98 53,96

The rehabilitation proposal, according to Passivhaus parameters, is focused on five

points of improvement:

1. Thermal envelope: Interior lining with insulating material, it achieves

airtightness and reduces the appearance risk of pathologies. [4]

2. High-performance windows: Windows with low-emissivity double glazing

and air chambers, PVC insulating frames and profiles. [5]

3. Passive system: The current skylight of the house will be modified to work as

a greenhouse, it will receive the heat and distribute it to the communal areas,

which represent 70% of the building.

4. Active System: Mechanical ventilation with thermal recovery, to allow

continuous ventilation of the interior without losing energy (temperature) [3]

and electric heating system (ceiling or radiant floor) that it will work through

the ventilation.

5. Energy consumes: The implementation of active systems requires electricity;

it increases the energy consumption building. To solve this problem, a

photovoltaic solar collector system is implemented, reducing the consume in

813,91 kWh.

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Heang Simulation

Cooling Simulation

Figure 2: Optimal Model. (Source: Design

Builder)

After the final simulation, the optimized model results shows that the proposed

interventions achieve the climatic comfort required by regulations and Passivhaus

standards, so we can confirm the use of Design Builder as a climatic simulation tool

that allows to configure an optimal rehabilitation design, which guarantees the

climatic comfort inside the buildings, keeping the energy consume and the quality

edifications, these factors contribute to the customer's satisfaction and the

environment's sustainability.

References

[1] Gobierno de España, Ministerio de la Presidencia, Reglamento de Instalaciones Térmicas en

los Edificios, BOE-A-2007-15820, Number 207(2007) 35945.

[2] A. Ordoñez, Manual de ayuda Design Builder en español, Versión 5, Sol-Arq, 2017.

[3] PEP, Plataforma de Edificación Passivhaus. Principios y Proyectos.

[4] https://www.plataforma-pep.org/principios-passivhaus/, 2002 (accessed 06 February

2023).

[5] ISOVER Saint Gobain Spain, ISOVER Soluciones Residenciales.

https://www.isover.es/soluciones/aislamiento-en-la-edificacion/edificacion-residencial/,

1942 (accessed 06 February 2023).

[6] PROFINE IBERIA S.A., Kömmerling Configura tu ventana.

https://www.kommerling.es/ventana-cinco-pasos/, 2023 (accessed 06 February 2023).

324

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THE PILAR-FOUNDATION CONNECTION IN SEISMIC ZONE

1

Simone Semilia; 2 Alfonso Cobo Escamilla

1

Corso di Laurea in Ingegneria Edile-Architettura, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Italy

Simone.semilia@community.unipa.it

2

Escuela Tecnica Superior de Edificacion, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, Spain

Alfonso.cobo@upm.es

Keywords: Damping, Safety, Precast concrete

Abstract

The document will discuss essenal issues related to construcon in seismic areas and problem

migaon measures. Atenon to this issue arises for construcon in seismic zones on the globe,

usually coinciding with the boundaries of tectonic plates, such as southeastern Europe, the

Middle East and coastal areas of the Pacific Ocean. Despite the more or less high levels of seismic

risk, naons have increasingly tried to legislate on the subject, for the safety of exisng buildings

and new construcons, which will have to respond to certain regulaons also using specific

technological systems.

The criteria for the design and dimensioning of reinforced concrete structural elements will be

illustrated, because due to a seismic movement of the ground, the building begins to vibrate and

inera forces proporonal to the masses inside are born, which oppose the movement.

Several methods of building nodes will be explained to increase damping, caused by fricon

between the different elements of a construcon and determines a reducon in the amplitude

of vibraons. The damping effect is beneficial because it dissipates some of the earthquake

energy and reduces the structural response. According to studies, the damage is concentrated

in established areas indicated with the term plasc hinges, usually coinciding with the ends of

the beams, thus avoiding the pillars, which constute the most crical elements for the survival

of the building. The nodes with the pillars should be monitored because damage to them can

lead to the collapse of the enre structural organism. For this purpose, the node must be

designed in such a way as to prevent premature breakage with respect to the areas of the beams

and pillars that compete in it. All this will make you understand how the correct design of the

node plays a key role. Several studies have led to soluons of concrete connecons both in the

case where the earthquake maintains a wave movement and shakes, especially in those beamcolumn

nodes and in the column-foundaon nodes. The former is the most affected by this

phenomenon, while the later will be used to transfer shares from the elevated structure to the

base. Among the foundaon nodes will be addressed those with baseboards in some variants,

also with the use of metal foongs in which the prefabricated pillars are inserted, all fixed with

pressure anchor bolts anchored in the foundaon. In the end, the paper will focus on the

praccal aspects, both from the theorecal point of view and at the detailing of the abutmentfoundaon

connecons in order to make sure that the seismic behavior of the structural system,

its components and individual connecons is controlled. [1]

References

[1] S. Tsoukantas, Precast-concrete buildings in seismic areas, fourth ed., PCI, 2016.

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APPLICATION OF THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR THE SEISMIC

ASSESSMENT OF CÓRDOBA´S MOSQUE

1

María-Victoria Requena-Garcia-Cruz; 2 Emilio Romero-Sánchez; 23 Antonio Morales-Esteban;

Natalia; 2 Natalia Fernández-Pérez

1

Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Design. University of Cadiz Spain

mariavictoria.requena@uca.es

2

Department of Building Structures and Geotechnical Engineering. University of Seville. Spain.

eromero13@us.es; Natalia.fdez@msn.com

3

Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Construcción. University of Seville. Spain. ame@us.es

Keywords: Finite element method, heritage buildings, seismic performance, pushover, cultural

heritage.

Abstract

Ancient buildings have suffered significant damage aer the recent earthquakes that

several European cies have had to endure. Hence, the conservaon of the cultural

heritage against these natural disasters has become one of the greatest challenges for

the public authories. For that, structural and seismic assessment is a key aspect to

beter understand the behaviour of these buildings and to idenfy their vulnerabilies.

However, this results in a complex task due to the configuraon of historical buildings.

They were usually built with masonry walls (which are very vulnerable to seismic loading)

and using very heterogeneous materials. They were also constructed in several phases

(or extensions) and without considering the horizontal loading. Therefore, they might be

seriously damaged by an earthquake. In this sense, sophiscated research and special

technical skills are required to properly assess their structural and their seismic

behaviour. For that, the finite element (FE) method is one of the most implemented

modelling approaches as it allows obtaining accurate and robust results [2]–[4].

The main objecve of this work is applying the FE method to model the Abd’ al-Rahman

I sector of the Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba (Spain). The Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba

has a great value and it is one of the most visited monuments in Spain. It has a renown

architectural richness, integrang different styles in the same building. Its structural

system is based on parallel arcades and naves. The construcon began in the 8 th century

and it was expanded several mes. The building and its surroundings were inscribed in

the UNESCO Word Heritage List in 1984. This monumental building is located in southern

Iberian Peninsula (IP), characterized by a moderate seismic acvity [1]. For this reason,

it is important to assess its seismic behaviour for its preservaon.

In this work, a new 3D FE model is presented. For this purpose, a geometrical model has

been done in the Rhinoceros soware. Then, a FE numerical model has been defined

using the STKO and the OpenSees framework. The model has been calibrated

considering different in situ tests. Gravity and horizontal nonlinear stac analysis were

performed to determine its structural and its seismic capacies [5]. As a result, it has

been found that the building exhibits the worst seismic behaviour in the direcon

perpendicular to the arcades.

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References

[1] J. L. Amaro-Mellado, A. Morales-Esteban, G. Asencio-Cortés, and F. Martínez-Álvarez,

“Comparing seismic parameters for different source zone models in the Iberian Peninsula,”

Tectonophysics, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2017.08.032.

[2] A. M. D’Altri et al., “Modeling Strategies for the Computational Analysis of Unreinforced

Masonry Structures: Review and Classification,” Archives of Computational Methods in

Engineering, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1153–1185, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11831-019-09351-x.

[3] S. Cattari et al., Nonlinear modeling of the seismic response of masonry structures: critical

review and open issues towards engineering practice, no. 0123456789. Springer

Netherlands, 2021. doi: 10.1007/s10518-021-01263-1.

[4] S. Cattari and G. Magenes, “Benchmarking the software packages to model and assess the

seismic response of unreinforced masonry existing buildings through nonlinear static

analyses,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1901–1936, Mar. 2022,

doi: 10.1007/s10518-021-01078-0.

[5] S. Lagomarsino and S. Cattari, “PERPETUATE guidelines for seismic performance-based

assessment of cultural heritage masonry structures,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,

vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 13–47, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s10518-014-9674-1.

327

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PRELIMINARY SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF GIRALDA TOWER APLYING A FINITE

ELEMENT MODEL

1

Emilio Romero-Sánchez; 2 María-Victoria Requena-Garcia-Cruz; 13 Antonio Morales-Esteban.

1

Department of Building Structures and Geotechnical Engineering. University of Seville. Spain.

eromero13@us.es

2

Department of Mechanical Engineering and Industrial Design. University of Cadiz. Spain

mariavictoria.requena@uca.es

3

Instituto Universitario de Ciencias de la Construcción. University of Seville. Spain. ame@us.es

Keywords: Finite element model, heritage buildings, seismic assessment, pushover, cultural

heritage.

Abstract

A great number of masonry towers are spread throughout the European countries. They

are part of the cultural heritage of different cies and represent an economic asset for

most of them. These buildings are very vulnerable to earthquakes due to their aseismic

design and configuraon. Especially because only vercal loads were considered in their

construcon. Furthermore, many of them were built in seismically prone areas, resulng

in a potenal seismic risk. Hence, the will for the protecon and the conservaon of

these heritage buildings is strong in these European countries.

In this context, the Giralda tower is the most important building in the Seville (Spain). It

is in the southwestern of the Iberian Peninsula (IP). This area is characterised by a

moderate seismic acvity with large earthquakes with long-return periods [1]. The tower

was built whit brick masonry walls reaching up to 95 m of height. Its cultural and historic

value is undoubul since it integrates several architectonical styles added in different

construcon phases. For this reason, it was listed by the UNESCO as a Word Heritage Site

in 1987 and it later achieved the highest level of protecon: Outstanding Universal Value.

The main aim of this work is the development of an accurate numerical model of the

tower by applying the Finite Element method (FEM) [2]–[4]. This model will be used to

preliminary assess the seismic behaviour of the tower [5]. In that sense, a first

geometrical model has been done using the Rhinoceros soware. Then, an accurate

numerical model has been defined in the STKO Soware and calculated in the OpenSees

framework. The FEM model calibraon has been carried out according to nondestrucve

in situ tests. Several load paterns have been applied in order to compare

the results of the seismic capacity and the damage localisaon. As a result, this work

shows that damage can be concentrated near the openings and in the belfry levels.

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References

[1] J. L. Amaro-Mellado, A. Morales-Esteban, G. Asencio-Cortés, and F. Martínez-Álvarez,

“Comparing seismic parameters for different source zone models in the Iberian Peninsula,”

Tectonophysics, Oct. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.tecto.2017.08.032.

[2] S. Cattari and G. Magenes, “Benchmarking the software packages to model and assess the

seismic response of unreinforced masonry existing buildings through nonlinear static

analyses,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 1901–1936, Mar. 2022,

doi: 10.1007/s10518-021-01078-0.

[3] S. Cattari et al., Nonlinear modeling of the seismic response of masonry structures: critical

review and open issues towards engineering practice, no. 0123456789. Springer

Netherlands, 2021. doi: 10.1007/s10518-021-01263-1.

[4] A. M. D’Altri et al., “Modeling Strategies for the Computational Analysis of Unreinforced

Masonry Structures: Review and Classification,” Archives of Computational Methods in

Engineering, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 1153–1185, 2020, doi: 10.1007/s11831-019-09351-x.

[5] S. Lagomarsino and S. Cattari, “PERPETUATE guidelines for seismic performance-based

assessment of cultural heritage masonry structures,” Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering,

vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 13–47, 2015, doi: 10.1007/s10518-014-9674-1.

329

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MORPHO-TYPOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION FROM GRAPHIC

COMBINATION OF OPTICAL, DIFFRACTOMETRIC AND PETROGRAPHIC

TECHNIQUES IN THE DEFENSIVE HERITAGE OF THE MEDITERRANEAN

COAST OF THE XVI-XVIII CENTURIES. THE CASE OF THE TORREÓN DEL

CAMBRÓN (GRANADA).

1,2

Juan Diego López-Arquillo; 3 Sharline Mendoza Rojas

1

Architecture Department, Campus La Orotava, c/ Inocencio García Feo, 1. 38300 La Orotava,

Tenerife. European University of Canary Islands, Spain

juandiego.lopez@universidadeuropea.es

2

Tesela materials, innovation and heritage.

2

CITPA est, Campus Fuentenueva, c/ Severo Ochoa, s/n, 18071,

University of Granada, Spain. Universidad de Granada, arq.smendozar@gmail.com

Keywords: Morphotypological, coastal, tower, architectural project.

Abstract

The lack of documentaon of the successive maintenance and conservaon operaons

unl the beginning of the 20th century, together with the lack of documentary certainty

about the historical phases of its construcon, causes architectural pieces of the

Mediterranean coast to be installed -either new plant, or through consolidaon of preexisng

medieval pieces - during the ss. XVI to XVIII, mulple difficules for proper

intervenon. Although the material characterizaon is not complex and this allows

adaptaon in the choice of intervenon procedures and materials, the concepon of the

ideographic generaon of the project does not have adequate conceptual support in

pieces such as the Torreón del Cambrón (14th century). -XVIII) that are the result of

superimposions that occurred in various historical periods. It could be characterized as

a "cumulave superimposion heritage" that is repeated sequenally on the coast of

the Kingdom of Granada, current coastlines of Granada, Málaga and Almería, in front of

what is defined as the "Alborán Sea".

In some cases, like this concerning us since 2017, pieces protected by heritage but not

put into use, the lack of atenon and the proximity to the sea have caused significant

damage, which together with the complexity of factories, materials and systems, In a

certain way, the conceptual support remains for the combined project of consolidaon,

intervenon and rehabilitaon - unavoidable phases for the integral intervenon with

the objecve of updang it to use, primarily for tourism - for which reason the

morphotypological knowledge of the element is essenal.

Any architectural soluon that seeks to integrate into exisng cultural heritage historical

elements represents a challenge, due to the difficules and limitaons that a heritage

architect currently faces, especially the opinion of others who in the process are not

responsible for the element or the building process. This challenge has a conceptual

certainty in understanding the implementaon, architecture, construcon materials and

systems, as well as the history and evoluon of the property, as integrated principles of

project and intervenon in heritage. For this, a compound characterizaon method was

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designed from the combinaon of opcal (1), diffractometric (2) and petrographic (3)

analycal techniques:

1. Mineral macrophotography: to idenfy small macrotextural differences, as well as

certain relevant characteriscs, when classifying the different samples, with a UEB 2MP

1000x 8 LED device.

2. X-ray diffracon (XRD): allows characterizing and semiquanfying the mineral phases

that make up the samples of the different construcon materials, with a sample in each

of the wall stragraphic units, using a PAN-alycal X'Pert3 diffractometer equipped with

automac slit.

3. Petrographic study: it allows to describe the structural, composional and textural

properes that characterize each sample, with an opcal microscope (OM) of polarized

light, using a Carl Zeiss “Jenapol-U” equipment equipped with a DLSR digital camera with

APS-format. C.

With these three characterizaons and from the elevaon plan of the tower, several

documents derive: lithotype idenficaon map, construcon materials map, and

stragraphic map. Addionally, we will also obtain a deterioraon mapping plan and

some mechanical diagnosis sheets.

With these 4 maps (3 analycal + 1 deterioraon) a complex map of morphotypological

characterizaon is formed from the composite superposion from which to integrate the

proposals for immediate acons for the structural consolidaon, uses and operaon of

the tower and its project as a sustainable element. and a proposal for its integraon with

the environment, for which a project process that is not arsc or interpreve, but

analycal and finalist, is promoted, which also validates the assumpons of historical

classificaon of the different UEm's.

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Figure 1: Global characterization proposed map prior to intervention, with validation of the assumption

of historical classification of the existing stratigraphic units and, therefore, the basis of the intervention

project. (Source: authors)

References

[1] Varas, M. J., Molina, E., & Vicente, M. A. Caracterización petrofísica de las areniscas

utilizadas en la construcción del Conjunto Monumental de Ciudad Rodrigo, Salamanca,

España, 2003.

[2] RUIZ, J.C., Los valores propios del Patrimonio Histórico: gestación y caracterización.

Cuadernos de Arte de la Universidad de Granada, 1998, vol. 29, p. 229-239.

[3] GUTIERREZ-CARRILLO, M.L., et al. Study of the state of conservation and the building

materials used in defensive constructions in south-eastern Spain: the example of Mula castle

in Murcia. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 2019.

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